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The 1987 Montreal Protocol, which phased out the production and use of chemicals that were depleting the ozone layer, has long been considered one of the most successful environmental treaties in history. New research finds that the global pact achieved another unforeseen benefit: delaying the melting of Arctic sea ice.
In a study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers from the University of Exeter and Columbia University found that the implementation of the Montreal Protocol is delaying the first ice-free Arctic summer by up to 15 years. That’s because the chemicals banned under the agreement are also potent greenhouse gases.
“Our results show that the climate benefits from the Montreal Protocol are not in some faraway future: the protocol is delaying the melting of Arctic sea ice at this very moment,” Lorenzo Polvani, one of the study’s authors, said in a press release.
The study authors ran a series of climate models based on two different scenarios: one that included levels of ozone-depleting substances that would be expected if the Montreal Protocol never existed, and another accounting for the global treaty. The researchers concluded that the protocol is postponing the first ice-free Arctic summer by a decade or more, and entirely due to the phasedown of ozone-depleting chemicals.
The Montreal Protocol was created to address a hole in the stratospheric ozone layer over the Antarctic. The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation that causes skin cancer and cataracts in humans. The treaty phased out almost 100 chemicals — including aerosols used in hair spray and other products, refrigerants, and solvents — that were found to be responsible for destroying stratospheric ozone.
Those banned chemicals, collectively called ozone-depleting substances, or ODS, are also potent greenhouse gases, with up to tens of thousands times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. The report authors estimate that 1 metric ton of avoided ODS emissions leads to 7,000 square meters (more than 75,000 square feet) of avoided Arctic sea loss. By way of comparison, 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide emissions results in about 3 square meters (about 32 square feet) of sea ice loss.
Given the potency of ODSs as a greenhouse gas, the authors are not surprised at this outsize impact on Arctic sea ice levels. “Nonetheless, such a large mitigating impact of the Montreal Protocol on Arctic sea ice loss is remarkable if one keeps in mind that the protocol was aimed at preventing ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere, and little was known of its effect on Arctic sea ice when the protocol was signed,” the authors noted.
According to their projections, the Montreal Protocol has already prevented more than half a million square kilometers (about 193,000 square miles) of sea ice loss. By 2030, that amount will rise to more than 1 million square kilometers, and to 2 million square kilometers of prevented Arctic sea ice loss by 2040.
-via Grist, 5/24/23
#arctic#arctic circle#arctic ocean#arctic ice#sea ice#climate change#global warming#sea level rise#montreal protocol#cfc#hfc#greenhouse gasses#carbon dioxide#if we hurry#we can absolutely buy ourselves the time to save ourselves#as someone constantly looking at good news developments in the environment and green tech I truly believe that#good news#hope
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37 Dialogue Prompts from my favorite movie of all time “10 Things I Hate About You”
not because I think they’d be great for Eddie Munson fics
1.) “Well, maybe you’re not afraid of me, but I’m sure you’ve thought about me naked, huh?���
2.) “Don’t let anyone ever make you feel like you don’t deserve what you want.”
3.) “I don’t like to do what people expect. Why should I live up to other people’s expectations instead of my own?”
4.) “I want you to stop trying to control my life just because you can’t control yours!”
5.) “You don’t always have to be who they want you to be, you know.”
6.) “That’s a touching story. It really is… Not my problem.”
7.) “Are you telling me I’m not a pretty guy?”
8.) “You’re not surrounded by your usual cloud of smoke.”
9.) “I was watching you out there before. I’ve never seen you look so sexy.”
10.) “I’m getting trashed man, isn’t that what you’re supposed to do at a party?
11.) “Is it me or does this party all of a sudden suck?”
12.) “Then I’d have to start taking out girls that actually like me.”
13.) “Well, you’ve found the perfect revenge. Mainlining tequila.”
14.) “You don’t strike me as the type that would ask your father for permission.”
15.) “The only thing people know about me is that I’m scary.”
16.) “You know, you’re not as vile as I thought you were.”
17.) “Have you always been this selfish?”
18.) “Just ‘cause your beautiful, that doesn’t mean you can treat people like they don’t matter.”
19.) “Yeah babe, what do we owe you for the table dance?”
20.) “You’re not as badass as you think you are.”
21.) “Don’t think for one second that you had any affect on my panties.”
22.) “Tell me something true. Something real, something no one else knows”
23.) “You are amazingly self assured. Has anyone ever told you that?”
24.) “Go to the prom with me.”
25.) “So now I need to have a motive to want to be with you?”
26.) “Everyone was doing it so, I did it.”
27.) “I warned him that if he told anyone, the cheerleading squad would find out how tiny his dick is.”
28.) “You were paid to take me out by the person I hate most?”
29.) “You are so not who I thought you were.”
30.) ”Some asshole paid me to take out this really great girl.”
31.) “It’s not everyday you find a girl who’ll flash someone to get you out of detention.”
32.) “You’re sweet, and sexy, and completely hot for me.”
33.) “You’re asking me out? That’s so cute! What’s your name again?”
34.) “I guess, in this society, being male and an asshole makes you worthy of our time.”
35.) “Do you even know my name, screw-boy?”
36.) “She used to be really popular, and then it was like… she got sick of it or something.”
37.) “A girls room is very personal.”
#eddie munson#10 things i hate about you#eddie munson x reader#stranger things#10tihayedit#stranger things x reader#eddie munson fanfiction#em#eddie munson fic#hellfire#eddie munson smut#eddie munson fluff#eddie munson x female original character#eddie munson x female character#reader x eddie munson#st eddie munson#hfc#ten things i hate about you#prompts#Eddie munson prompts#stranger things prompts#eddie prompts#eddie prompt#eddie munson prompt#joe Quinn#Joseph Quinn#joe Quinn prompt#Joseph quinn prompt#joe Quinn fic
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“You want somethin’ freak?!”
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hockey husbands in lavender (november 3, 2022: chi vs lak)
#hfc#hockey fights cancer#as a purple person this is very aesthetically pleasing#wish they would wear purple more#hockey husbands#blackhawks#jonathan toews#patrick kane#1988#the 1988 theory#2022/2023 szn#chi vs lak
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Tell me why I’m taking a test and I didn’t know the answer so I fr put “…woopsie?”
I’m flunking Jesus fucking Christ Harvard don’t want me
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baby baby bays ohhhh
#hifi rush chai#hifi rush#hfc#hifi rush korsica#hifi rush peppermint#take his hand please#hifi rush sona#hifi sona
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grabbing the holy flying circus creatives by the collar and shaking them. whAt in brian's name possessed you to make a genuinely well-made entertaining hilarious gripping dramedy about MONTY PYTHON. with HOMOEROTIC UNDERTONES. wHY do you want to torture me. wHY must you rack me with excruciating thoughts. shakes them harder WHYYYY
#i have an interview tomorrow morning god's sake i cant be reeling.#hfc#holy flying circus#monty python#monpy#caps#unintelligible rants
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Home For Christmas by *NSYNC
#nsync#nsyncedit#lyrics#lyricsedit#hfc#home for christmas album#mine#edits#nsync lyrics#sadbeautifultragic#christmas
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Sticking this here for archive purposes mostly because none of you fuckers know who these characters are. (Unfortunate)
I've been animating, life is fun but also hell
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hellfire club cropped t-shirt ༺♡︎༻
download ʚ♡⃛ɞ
mesh required ˚ ༘♡ ⋆｡˚
#stranger things#sims#the sims cc#cas#create a sim#hellfire#hfc#strangerthings#the sims 4#sims 4#sims4
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I really enjoy the simplyified cutesy hellfire club logo I use when I draw Eddie and was up at 1am drawing this out.
It is on my redbubble as many many things from t-shirts to stickers, to an apron, so please have a look! Link to my shop is pinned on my blog!
[If you like my art then please consider reblogging! It helps me out a lot!]
#hellfire club#hell fire club#hfc#stranger things#my art#art#drawing#digital art#illustration#artists on tumblr#character design
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“It’s amazing what humanity can accomplish when we all pull together: This week, [a UN-backed scientific panel] announced that the ozone layer will be completely recovered within the next 40 years.
The ozone layer shields Earth from the full force of the sun’s cancer-causing radiation. In the 1970s, gasses released from products like air conditioners, aerosol hairspray and deodorants sped its depletion. [The hole was first discovered in 1985.] In response, 197 countries and the EU agreed to ban such chemicals with the globally endorsed 1987 Montreal Protocol treaty. The agreement is considered a paragon of international cooperation.
“Ozone action sets a precedent for climate action. Our success in phasing out ozone-eating chemicals shows us what can and must be done — as a matter of urgency — to transition away from fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gases and so limit temperature increase,” said the head of the World Meteorological Organization.”” -via Reasons to Be Cheerful, 1/11/23
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More info from Bloomberg:
“Since the chemicals were banned, there has been a “notable recovery” in the upper layer of the stratosphere, according to the report by the Scientific Assessment Panel to the Montreal Protocol, which is updated every four years. The [Montreal Protocol’s] phase-out has also avoided an estimated 0.5C of warming by 2100.” -via Bloomberg, 1/9/23
#ozone layer#ozone#hfc#cfc#greenhouse gasses#uv rays#sunlight#cancer#cw cancer#united nations#science and technology#montreal protocol
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Imagine you and Eddie haven’t been dating for very long so it’s all still very new to him but he notices you have a picture of him hanging in your locker at school and he just gets all smiley and flustered and adORABLE SOMEONE PLEASE WRITE THIS FOR ME
#joe quinn#eddie munson#stranger things#eddie munson x reader#stranger things x reader#hellfire#eddie munson fic#eddie munson smut#eddie munson fanfiction#eddie munson fluff#eddie munson x female character#reader x eddie munson#hfc#st eddie munson#eddie munson x female original character#em#joseph quinn#Joseph Quinn fluff
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Another classic bar-scarf is added to our collection. ✅ You got to love all of the Scottish club-badges as well, all very historic. 😍 Two down and a lot more to go! 🙌🏻 | #stickersandscarfs #spfl #hibernianfc #ggtth #hibernian #hibs #hfc #easterroad
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💜 🤍 via x (november 3, 2022: chi vs lak)
#jonathan toews#patrick kane#1988#hockey fights cancer#hfc#chi vs lak#2022/2023 szn#hockey husbands#blackhawks
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