Rare Language Learning: Polari
If you have ever used the words:
- Naff
- Butch
- Camp
You have unknowingly been speaking the sociolect known as Polari, the language of queer people primarily used in the 30s to the 70s. Polari is now and endangered language, as labelled by the University of Cambridge
Something of note: Many resources out there imply (or state) that Polari was a language invented and used solely by white cis gay men, which is decidedly untrue. Many words of Polari come from drag culture, lesbians, and the Romani people and their language. The use of ‘the language of British gay men’ may be a more palatable title to the general public, but it is not to me. I did my best to curate a variety of resources, but unfortunately much of queer history has been lost many more decades than I’ve been alive, if you have any other resources for studying Polari I would love to read them, message me or leave a link in the replies.
Articles
Learn Polari, the Secret Language of the Gays ⚢ Out Magazine
Polari: The code language gay men used to survive ⚢ BBC
Polari and the Hidden History of Gay Seafarers ⚢ National Museums Liverpool
The Story of Polari, Britain’s Secret Gay Language ⚢ Fabulosa!
Polari People ⚢ Fabulosa!
Polari: a language born from prejudice ⚢ Englishpanish
The secretive gay language that gave LGBTQ people a voice ⚢ GAYTIMES
A brief history of Polari: the curious after-life of the dead language for gay men ⚢ The Conversation
Study Material
The Polari Bible ⚢ Internet Archive
Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang ⚢ Internet Archive
Sociolinguistics / Polari ⚢ StudySmarter
FlashCards ⚢ Quizlet
New Polari Translator ⚢ LingoJam
Polari: A sociohistorical study of the life and decline of a secret language. ⚢ Dissertation, University of Manchester
Polari: a language born from prejudice ⚢ Englishpanish
Simon Bowkett: a short blog in Polari for LGBT+ History Month ⚢ Civil Service LGBT+ Network
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Women in Classical Antiquity
Hey so I’ve compiled a list of surces I have used at some point or other and/or seen reccomended when it comes to the stuy of Women in Classical Antiquity. Feel free to add anything you have also found useful, though please try to keep it mainly to scholarly and balancrf sources.
Historical Studies
New Directions in the Study of Women in the Greco-Roman World by Georgia Tsouvala, Ronnie Ancona
Women in Antiquity: Real Women Across the Ancient World by Jean Macintosh Turfa, Stephanie Lynn Budin
Women and Monarchy in Macedonia by Elizabeth Carney
Roman Women by Eve D'Ambra
Women in Antiquity: New Assessments by Richard Hawley, et al.
A Companion to Women in the Ancient World by Sheila Dillon, Sharon L. James
Pandora’s Daughters: The Role & Status of Women in Greek & Roman Antiquity by Mauren Fant, Mary Lefkowitz
Women in the Classical World: Image and Text by Elaine Fantham, et al.
Women in Greek Myth by Mary Lefkowitz
Women in Classical Antiquity: From Birth to Death by Laura K. McClure
Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity by Sarah Pomeroy
Spartan Women by Sarah Pomeroy
Women’s History and Ancient History by Sarah Pomeroy
Women in Hellenistic Egypt: From Alexander to Cleopatra by Sarah Pomeroy
Arguments with Silence: Writing the History of Roman Women by Amy Richland
The Women of Pliny’s Letters by Jo-Ann Shelton
Sourcebooks
Clodia: A Sourcebook by Julia Dyson Hejduk
Cleopatra: A Sourcebook by Prudence J. Jones
Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation
by Mary Lefkowitz, Maureen B. Fant
Women in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook by Bonnie MacLachlan
Women in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook by Bonnie MacLachlan
Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook by Jane Rowlandson
Biographies
Zenobia: Shooting Star of Palmyra by Nathanael J. Andrade
Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire by Anthony A. Barrett
Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome by Anthony A. Barrett
Sabina Augusta: An Imperial Journey by T. Corey Brennan
Arsinoe of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life by Elizabeth Carney
Eurydice and the Birth of Macedonian Power by Elizabeth Donnelly Carney
Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great by Elizabeth Carney
Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt by Dee L. Clayman
Cornelia: Mother of the Gracchi by Suzanne Dixon
Hypatia of Alexandria by Maria Dzielska
Julia Augusti: The Emperor’s Daughter by Elaine Fantham
Clodia: A Sourcebook by Julia Dyson Hejduk
Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age by Barbara M. Levick
Julia Domna: Syrian Empress by Barbara Levick
Turia: A Roman Woman’s Civil War by Josiah Osgood
Cleopatra: A Biography by Duane W. Roller
Cleopatra’s Daughter: and Other Royal Women of the Augustan Age by Duane W. Roller
Clodia Metelli: The Tribune’s Sister by Marilyn Berglund Skinner
Terentia, Tullia and Publilia: The Women of Cicero’s Family by Susan Treggiari
Lectures, Documentaries, & Online Sources
Cleopatra: The Most Famous Woman of Classical Antiquity (Lecure by Dr. Duane Roller, 2021)
Lucretia and the Politics of Violence (Lecture by Dr. Mary Beard, 2019)
Mothers, Murderers and Mistresses: Empresses of Ancient Rome (2013)
Virgil: Aeneid: Women (lecture by Llewelyn Morgan, 2012)
Women in Antiquity: An Online Resource for the Study of Women in the Ancient World
Women Who Made History: Cleopatra (2015)
Women’s Classical Caucus
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