FINALLY DONE WITH THE ISAT OC! SOLEIL!!!

The creature... So first things first is some info about them pre- disappearance of The Country. They're a loyal follower and avid worshipper of The Country. They love the Universe sooo much that they made a wish to be able to read the stars, and the Universe answered. I like to think that the stars are talkative, some can predict what will happen in the near future, some are just "chatting" to each other about the stuff happening in the world they overlook. It's a somewhat useful ability that Soleil used to use to be able to either predict someone's future (rarely though, the stars hold many different futures and it's hard to figure out which is whose) or use it during funeral rites to have a more reassuring experience to the ones mourning that their loved one arrived safely among the stars.

And then they found out about The Cursing of Chateau Castle-- they kiiiinda got Really obsessed with the book series that they wanted to know more about it but there wasn't any more copies of it in the Country's language so what better way to deal with that but teaching itself how to understand the Vaugardian language, and by doing that they got to learn more about the Vaugardian culture and was really amazed by it (considering that they spent most of their life with the Country's culture instead, learning about a different culture is a great feeling). One thing led to the other and it also led Soleil to travelling to Vaugarde (something that their family wasn't all that happy with but they stay silly).

And so we're back at the present time! Now to talk about some details on its appearance.

Its Craft type is Scissors! The eye on the center of its chest and the eye by its nape are in fact EYES and not just accessories (although they did try to make the eye on its chest appear to be like a mix between a star shape and the Change Symbol).

After spending some time in Vaugarde, they learned about Body Craft in which case they decided to experiment with it in regards to its eyes.

Since being in Vaugarde, there wasn't much use to its star sight and there also isn't a way to "turn it off." So instead, they decided to separate its Normal sight from the Star sight by adding another pair of eyes on its body.

The eyes on its face are blind. They can't see through it anymore but they Can still see the stars (they can't read it anymore however cuz of the Country's disappearance).

If they focus on the stars using those eyes, they'd get a REALLY bad headache and a star sign appears on its eyes. Nothing to be afraid of probably, its head just Really hurts.

The glass covering the eye on its nape is a one way mirror. You won't be able to see the eye but the eye can still see you.

With its vision split, it actually took them awhile to get used to that. It takes a lot of concentration and focus to see both from behind and from the front. When Soleil gets tired from doing that, they either close the eye on its nape (if the place is safe enough) or unfocus it enough to the point that most of its vision becomes blurry with only being able to see blobs of shapes and shadows which helps them be alert enough in case something comes running at them from behind.

All the round objects you see on its body are Bombs. They found out about Bomb Craft in Jouvente and was so fascinated by it that their inventor brain (inventing, crafting, and repairing stuff is a special interest of theirs). They now like making bombs and inventing new ones (only they have the recipe of those).

The bombs they invented only detonates via a Craft spell, it's basically as safe as an ordinary ball to handle unless detonated. Also the scissors at the top of their head has a cover on its tip. It's Very Sharp. They mainly use that (either the tip or the scissor blades itself) to cut the bombs dangling on its body.

Despite the multitude of bombs they carry, they aren't actually much of a fighter (they just like bombs). Most of its Craft spells are basic/beginner level. The one and only Powerful Craft spell they have is a shield/defense spell that they practiced several times. It's capable of negating all damage for 2 turns with a 5 turn cooldown, they wanted to master that spell to make it so that bombs won't hurt them no matter the close proximity.

Its hand signs are "broken." They used to mimic the hand signs that the Universe (I'm mainly referring to my design of the Universe) makes. But after forgetting about everything in regards to it, they can't remember what hand signs they used to make but the familiar feeling was still there.

A huge fan of The Cursing of Chateau Castle, to the point of practically making it part of its identity now that a HUGE chunk of its memory is missing. Its outfit is a modified version of what they think Lady Irene-Janine-Karine wears.

Its personality is a mixture of Lord Josephandre, Pierre-Jacques-Erneste, and Lady Irene-Janine-Karine (aka the Chateau Trio!!! Love those three...).

Its name, "Soleil" is just something they found in a book and decided to use for itself. They don't remember its name anymore.

Chapter III. Economic Evolutions. — First Period. — The Division of Labor.

1. — Antagonistic effects of the principle of division.

All men are equal in the state of primitive communism, equal in their nakedness and ignorance, equal in the indefinite power of their faculties. The economists generally look at only the first of these aspects; they neglect or overlook the second. Nevertheless, according to the profoundest philosophers of modern times, La Rochefoucault, Helvetius, Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Jacotot, intelligence differs in individuals only qualitatively, each having thereby his own specialty or genius; in its essence, — namely, judgment, — it is quantitatively equal in all. Hence it follows that, a little sooner or a little later, according as circumstances shall be more or less favorable, general progress must lead all men from original and negative equality to a positive equivalence of talents and acquirements.

I insist upon this precious datum of psychology, the necessary consequence of which is that the hierarchy of capacities henceforth cannot be allowed as a principle and law of organization: equality alone is our rule, as it is also our ideal. Then, just as the equality of misery must change gradually into equality of well-being, as we have proved by the theory of value, so the equality of minds, negative in the beginning, since it represents only emptiness, must reappear in a positive form at the completion of humanity’s education. The intellectual movement proceeds parallelly with the economic movement; they are the expression, the translation, of each other; psychology and social economy are in accord, or rather, they but unroll the same history, each from a different point of view. This appears especially in Smith’s great law, the division of labor.

Considered in its essence, the division of labor is the way in which equality of condition and intelligence is realized. Through diversity of function, it gives rise to proportionality of products and equilibrium in exchange, and consequently opens for us the road to wealth; as also, in showing us infinity everywhere in art and Nature, it leads us to idealize our acts, and makes the creative mind — that is, divinity itself, mentem diviniorem — immanent and perceptible in all laborers.

Division of labor, then, is the first phase of economic evolution as well as of intellectual development: our point of departure is true as regards both man and things, and the progress of our exposition is in no wise arbitrary.

But, at this solemn hour of the division of labor, tempestuous winds begin to blow upon humanity. Progress does not improve the condition of all equally and uniformly, although in the end it must include and transfigure every intelligent and industrious being. It commences by taking possession of a small number of privileged persons, who thus compose the elite of nations, while the mass continues, or even buries itself deeper, in barbarism. It is this exception of persons on the part of progress which has perpetuated the belief in the natural and providential inequality of conditions, engendered caste, and given an hierarchical form to all societies. It has not been understood that all inequality, never being more than a negation, carries in itself the proof of its illegitimacy and the announcement of its downfall: much less still has it been imagined that this same inequality proceeds accidentally from a cause the ulterior effect of which must be its entire disappearance.

Thus, the antinomy of value reappearing in the law of division, it is found that the first and most potent instrument of knowledge and wealth which Providence has placed in our hands has become for us an instrument of misery and imbecility. Here is the formula of this new law of antagonism, to which we owe the two oldest maladies of civilization, aristocracy and the proletariat: Labor, in dividing itself according to the law which is peculiar to it, and which is the primary condition of its productivity, ends in the frustration of its own objects, and destroys itself, in other words: Division, in the absence of which there is no progress, no wealth, no equality, subordinates the workingman, and renders intelligence useless, wealth harmful, and equality impossible.

All the economists, since Adam Smith, have pointed out the advantages and the inconveniences of the law of division, but at the same time insisting much more strenuously upon the first than the second, because such a course was more in harmony with their optimistic views, and not one of them ever asking how a law can have inconveniences. This is the way in which J. B. Say summed up the question: —

“A man who during his whole life performs but one operation, certainly acquires the power to execute it better and more readily than another; but at the same time he becomes less capable of any other occupation, whether physical or moral; his other faculties become extinct, and there results a degeneracy in the individual man. That one has made only the eighteenth part of a pin is a sad account to give of one’s self: but let no one imagine that it is the workingman who spends his life in handling a file or a hammer that alone degenerates in this way from the dignity of his nature; it is the same with the man whose position leads him to exercise the most subtle faculties of his mind... On the whole, it may be said that the separation of tasks is an advantageous use of human forces; that it increases enormously the products of society; but that it takes something from the capacity of each man taken individually.” [11]

What, then, after labor, is the primary cause of the multiplication of wealth and the skill of laborers? Division.

What is the primary cause of intellectual degeneracy and, as we shall show continually, civilized misery? Division.

How does the same principle, rigorously followed to its conclusions, lead to effects diametrically opposite? There is not an economist, either before or since Adam Smith, who has even perceived that here is a problem to be solved. Say goes so far as to recognize that in the division of labor the same cause which produces the good engenders the evil; then, after a few words of pity for the victims of the separation of industries, content with having given an impartial and faithful exhibition of the facts, he leaves the matter there. “You know,” he seems to say, “that the more we divide the workmen’s tasks, the more we increase the productive power of labor; but at the same time the more does labor, gradually reducing itself to a mechanical operation, stupefy intelligence.”

In vain do we express our indignation against a theory which, creating by labor itself an aristocracy of capacities, leads inevitably to political inequality; in vain do we protest in the name of democracy and progress that in the future there will be no nobility, no bourgeoisie no pariahs. The economist replies, with the impassibility of destiny: You are condemned to produce much, and to produce cheaply; otherwise your industry will be always insignificant, your commerce will amount to nothing, and you will drag in the rear of civilization instead of taking the lead. — What! among us, generous men, there are some predestined to brutishness; and the more perfect our industry becomes, the larger will grow the number of our accursed brothers!..... — Alas!..... That is the last word of the economist.

We cannot fail to recognize in the division of labor, as a general fact and as a cause, all the characteristics of a LAW; but as this law governs two orders of phenomena radically opposite and destructive of each other, it must be confessed also that this law is of a sort unknown in the exact sciences, — that it is, strange to say, a contradictory law, a counter-law an antinomy. Let us add, in anticipation, that such appears to be the identifying feature of social economy, and consequently of philosophy.

Now, without a RECOMPOSITION of labor which shall obviate the inconveniences of division while preserving its useful effects, the contradiction inherent in the principle is irremediable. It is necessary, — following the style of the Jewish priests, plotting the death of Christ, — it is necessary that the poor should perish to secure the proprietor his for tune, expedit unum hominem pro populo mori. I am going to demonstrate the necessity of this decree; after which, if the parcellaire laborer still retains a glimmer of intelligence, he will console himself with the thought that he dies according to the rules of political economy.

Labor, which ought to give scope to the conscience and render it more and more worthy of happiness, leading through parcellaire division to prostration of mind, dwarfs man in his noblest part, minorat capitis, and throws him back into animality. Thenceforth the fallen man labors as a brute, and consequently must be treated as a brute. This sentence of Nature and necessity society will execute.

The first effect of parcellaire labor, after the depravation of the mind, is the lengthening of the hours of labor, which increase in inverse proportion to the amount of intelligence expended. For, the product increasing in quantity and quality at once, if, by any industrial improvement whatever, labor is lightened in one way, it must pay for it in another. But as the length of the working-day cannot exceed from sixteen to eighteen hours, when compensation no longer can be made in time, it will be taken from the price, and wages will decrease. And this decrease will take place, not, as has been foolishly imagined, because value is essentially arbitrary, but because it is essentially determinable. Little matters it that the struggle between supply and demand ends, now to the advantage of the employer, now to the benefit of the employee; such oscillations may vary in amplitude, this depending on well-known accessory circumstances which have been estimated a thousand times. The certain point, and the only one for us to notice now, is that the universal conscience does not set the same price upon the labor of an overseer and the work of a hod-carrier. A reduction in the price of the day’s work, then, is necessary: so that the laborer, after having been afflicted in mind by a degrading function, cannot fail to be struck also in his body by the meagreness of his reward. This is the literal application of the words of the Gospel: He that hath not, from him shall be taken even that which he hath.

There is in economic accidents a pitiless reason which laughs at religion and equity as political aphorisms, and which renders man happy or unhappy according as he obeys or escapes the prescriptions of destiny. Certainly this is far from that Christian charity with which so many honorable writers today are inspired, and which, penetrating to the heart of the bourgeoisie, endeavors to temper the rigors of the law by numerous religious institutions. Political economy knows only justice, justice as inflexible and unyielding as the miser’s purse; and it is because political economy is the effect of social spontaneity and the expression of the divine will that I have been able to say: God is man’s adversary, and Providence a misanthrope. God makes us pay, in weight of blood and measure of tears, for each of our lessons; and to complete the evil, we, in our relations with our fellows, all act like him. Where, then, is this love of the celestial father for his creatures? Where is human fraternity?

Can he do otherwise? say the theists. Man falling, the animal remains: how could the Creator recognize in him his own image? And what plainer than that he treats him then as a beast of burden? But the trial will not last for ever, and sooner or later labor, having been particularized, will be synthetized.

Such is the ordinary argument of all those who seek to justify Providence, but generally succeed only in lending new weapons to atheism. That is to say, then, that God would have envied us, for six thousand years, an idea which would have saved millions of victims, a distribution of labor at once special and synthetic! In return, he has given us, through his servants Moses, Buddha, Zoroaster, Mahomet, etc., those insipid writings, the disgrace of our reason, which have killed more men than they contain letters! Further, if we must believe primitive revelation, social economy was the cursed science, the fruit of the tree reserved for God, which man was forbidden to touch! Why this religious depreciation of labor, if it is true, as economic science already shows, that labor is the father of love and the organ of happiness? Why this jealousy of our advancement? But if, as now sufficiently appears, our progress depends upon ourselves alone, of what use is it to adore this phantom of divinity, and what does he still ask of us through the multitude of inspired persons who pursue us with their sermons? All of you, Christians, protestant and orthodox, neo-revelators, charlatans and dupes, listen to the first verse of the humanitarian hymn upon God’s mercy: “In proportion as the principle of division of labor receives complete application, the worker becomes weaker, narrower, and more dependent. Art advances: the artisan recedes!” [12]

Then let us guard against anticipating conclusions and prejudging the latest revelation of experience. At present God seems less favorable than hostile: let us confine ourselves to establishing the fact.

Just as political economy, then, at its point of departure, has made us understand these mysterious and dismal words: In proportion as the production of utility increases, venality decreases; so arrived at its first station, it warns us in a terrible voice: In proportion as art advances, the artisan recedes. To fix the ideas better, let us cite a few examples.

In all the branches of metal-working, who are the least industrious of the wage-laborers? Precisely those who are called machinists. Since tools have been so admirably perfected, a machinist is simply a man who knows how to handle a file or a plane: as for mechanics, that is the business of engineers and foremen. A country blacksmith often unites in his own person, by the very necessity of his position, the various talents of the locksmith, the edge-tool maker, the gunsmith, the machinist, the wheel-wright, and the horse-doctor: the world of thought would be astonished at the knowledge that is under the hammer of this man, whom the people, always inclined to jest, nickname brule-fer. A workingman of Creuzot, who for ten years has seen the grandest and finest that his profession can offer, on leaving his shop, finds himself unable to render the slightest service or to earn his living. The incapacity of the subject is directly proportional to the perfection of the art; and this is as true of all the trades as of metal-working.

The wages of machinists are maintained as yet at a high rate: sooner or later their pay must decrease, the poor quality of the labor being unable to maintain it.

I have just cited a mechanical art; let us now cite a liberal industry.

Would Gutenburg and his industrious companions, Faust and Schoffer, ever have believed that, by the division of labor, their sublime invention would fall into the domain of ignorance — I had almost said idiocy? There are few men so weak-minded, so unlettered, as the mass of workers who follow the various branches of the typographic industry, — compositors, pressmen, type-founders, book-binders, and paper-makers. The printer, as he existed even in the days of the Estiennes, has become almost an abstraction. The employment of women in type-setting has struck this noble industry to the heart, and consummated its degradation. I have seen a female compositor — and she was one of the best — who did not know how to read, and was acquainted only with the forms of the letters. The whole art has been withdrawn into the hands of foremen and proof-readers, modest men of learning whom the impertinence of authors and patrons still humiliates, and a few workmen who are real artists. The press, in a word, fallen into mere mechanism, is no longer, in its personnel, at the level of civilization: soon there will be left of it but a few souvenirs.

I am told that the printers of Paris are endeavoring by association to rise again from their degradation: may their efforts not be exhausted in vain empiricism or misled into barren utopias!

After private industries, let us look at public administration.

In the public service, the effects of parcellaire labor are no less frightful, no less intense: in all the departments of administration, in proportion as the art develops, most of the employees see their salaries diminish. A letter-carrier receives from four hundred to six hundred francs per annum, of which the administration retains about a tenth for the retiring pension. After thirty years of labor, the pension, or rather the restitution, is three hundred francs per annum, which, when given to an alms-house by the pensioner, entitles him to a bed, soup, and washing. My heart bleeds to say it, but I think, nevertheless, that the administration is generous: what reward would you give to a man whose whole function consists in walking? The legend gives but five sous to the Wandering Jew; the letter-carriers receive twenty or thirty; true, the greater part of them have a family. That part of the service which calls into exercise the intellectual faculties is reserved for the postmasters and clerks: these are better paid; they do the work of men.

Everywhere, then, in public service as well as free industry, things are so ordered that nine-tenths of the laborers serve as beasts of burden for the other tenth: such is the inevitable effect of industrial progress and the indispensable condition of all wealth. It is important to look well at this elementary truth before talking to the people of equality, liberty, democratic institutions, and other utopias, the realization of which involves a previous complete revolution in the relations of laborers.

The most remarkable effect of the division of labor is the decay of literature.

In the Middle Ages and in antiquity the man of letters, a sort of encyclopaedic doctor, a successor of the troubadour and the poet, all-knowing, was almighty. Literature lorded it over society with a high hand; kings sought the favor of authors, or revenged themselves for their contempt by burning them, — them and their books. This, too, was a way of recognizing literary sovereignty.

Today we have manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, bankers, merchants, professors, engineers, librarians, etc.; we have no men of letters. Or rather, whoever has risen to a remarkable height in his profession is thereby and of necessity lettered: literature, like the baccalaureate, has become an elementary part of every profession. The man of letters, reduced to his simplest expression, is the public writer, a sort of writing commissioner in the pay of everybody, whose best-known variety is the journalist.

It was a strange idea that occurred to the Chambers four years ago, -that of making a law on literary property! As if henceforth the idea was not to become more and more the all-important point, the style nothing. Thanks to God, there is an end of parliamentary eloquence as of epic poetry and mythology; the theatre rarely attracts business men and savants; and while the connoisseurs are astonished at the decline of art, the philosophic observer sees only the progress of manly reason, troubled rather than rejoiced at these dainty trifles. The interest in romance is sustained only as long as it resembles reality; history is reducing itself to anthropological exegesis; everywhere, indeed, the art of talking well appears as a subordinate auxiliary of the idea, the fact. The worship of speech, too mazy and slow for impatient minds, is neglected, and its artifices are losing daily their power of seduction. The language of the nineteenth century is made up of facts and figures, and he is the most eloquent among us who, with the fewest words, can say the most things. Whoever cannot speak this language is mercilessly relegated to the ranks of the rhetoricians; he is said to have no ideas.

In a young society the progress of letters necessarily outstrips philosophical and industrial progress, and for a long time serves for the expression of both. But there comes a day when thought leaves language in the rear, and when, consequently, the continued preeminence of literature in a society becomes a sure symptom of decline. Language, in fact, is to every people the collection of its native ideas, the encyclopædia which Providence first reveals to it; it is the field which its reason must cultivate before directly attacking Nature through observation and experience. Now, as soon as a nation, after having exhausted the knowledge contained in its vocabulary, instead of pursuing its education by a superior philosophy, wraps itself in its poetic mantle, and begins to play with its periods and its hemistichs, we may safely say that such a society is lost. Everything in it will become subtle, narrow, and false; it will not have even the advantage of maintaining in its splendor the language of which it is foolishly enamored; instead of going forward in the path of the geniuses of transition, the Tacituses, the Thucydides, the Machiavels, and the Montesquieus, it will be seen to fall, with irresistible force, from the majesty of Cicero to the subtleties of Seneca, the antitheses of St. Augustine, and the puns of St. Bernard.

Let no one, then, be deceived: from the moment that the mind, at first entirely occupied with speech, passes to experience and labor, the man of letters, properly speaking, is simply the puny personification of the least of our faculties; and literature, the refuse of intelligent industry, finds a market only with the idlers whom it amuses and the proletaires whom it fascinates, the jugglers who besiege power and the charlatans who shelter themselves behind it, the hierophants of divine right who blow the trumpet of Sinai, and the fanatical proclaimers of the sovereignty of the people, whose few mouth-pieces, compelled to practise their tribunician eloquence from tombs until they can shower it from the height of rostrums, know no better than to give to the public parodies of Gracchus and Demosthenes.

All the powers of society, then, agree in indefinitely deteriorating the condition of the parcellaire laborer; and experience, universally confirming the theory, proves that this worker is condemned to misfortune from his mother’s womb, no political reform, no association of interests, no effort either of public charity or of instruction, having the power to aid him. The various specifics proposed in these latter days, far from being able to cure the evil, would tend rather to inflame it by irritation; and all that has been written on this point has only exhibited in a clear light the vicious circle of political economy.

This we shall demonstrate in a few words.

SUN IN GEMINI.

Gemini: Mutable Air   

Ruler: Mercury

Keywords: Communication, Interaction, Exchange

Functional Expression: Lighthearted, cheerful, intelligent, adept, versatile, responsive, dexterity, sociable, engaged.

Dysfunctional Expression: Superficial, silly, gossip, unfocussed, nervous, unemotional, cold, erratic.

Communication is Key.

When the Sun is found in Gemini, the focus is on the exchange of information. The world of ideas – the intellect and mind – is Gemini’s natural domain.

Geminis are often motivated by a healthy curiosity, and consequent need to communicate. For these reasons, this sign is often characterized by highly sociable and interactive individuals.

This is a sign of adaptability, flexibility, and change. That may vary from changing associates, to changing outfits and changing their minds. At its core, the freedom to be flexible is an essential part of the Gemini journey. Those with the Sun in Gemini can easily switch between their thinking or feeling modes. They react immediately to any stimulation within their environment, swapping opinions and points of focus, depending on prevailing circumstances.

As mentioned, the principle of communication is prominent here. The Gemini individual can seem like a veritable social butterfly, moving from one topic or group of people to the next with ease. Geminis bring something to share with one group, at the same time as leaving a piece of information behind in their wake. They will move about, taking something else from one “experience-set” and sharing it with the next.

Accordingly, Geminis are often noted for a high degree of sociability, and those born with the Sun in Gemini can be quite refined, charming or gracious, knowing exactly how to quip and sparkle at just the right time to keep others entertained.

In many ways, they need the flexibility, freedom and choice to be constantly circulating or moving about. Versatility and adaptability is the key note of this sign, and Gemini is often happiest when able to jump from one situation to the next.

The Need for Variety.

Gemini is the sign of the Twins, and this is an important feature of the Gemini temperament.

The Twins embody the principle of duality, and so those born to this sign can be constantly aware of opposing points of view, divergent opinions, and the various options in any situation. They can shift or change as the moment does, depending on their mood.

The need for options is paramount, and even if the Gemini individual has no real intent on taking a certain path, they need to feel they could do should the opportunity arise.

Rather than choosing one career, one option, or even one partner, Gemini may feel more comfortable seeing themselves in a constant state of flux. Knowing that change is inevitable, Gemini will be more able to focus on current circumstances and relationships in their lives if they feel that there is room for other opportunities.

With the potential for surprise around every corner, they can then happily adjust to what is in front of them now. Trying to limit Gemini to a set number of outcomes can be problematic. This may be a source of nervous tension without knowing why.

Gemini is a sign which is highly prone to episodes of anxiety based on too much or not enough mental stimulation. At their best, Geminis stay balanced through experiencing a steady stream of stimuli without taking on too much. 

Those with the Sun in Gemini like to have options, and need to feel the freedom to be able to choose. This then leads to the tendency to create numerous options for themselves, which can mean becoming scattered. Too many choices can lead to overwhelm, and sometimes they will find that less equals more.

This propensity to change their mind, or hold apparently contrasting opinions has lead Gemini to earning a reputation for being two-faced, unreliable or fickle. Whilst all of that may possible, it is often untrue, and does not do justice to the true motivation of this sign.

Geminis prefer to keep their options open, which can mean allowing for a multitude of possibilities to exist within any given circumstance.

Logic and Intellect.

As an intellectual and rational sign, Gemini is on the one hand likely to be concerned with analysis, figures and facts. Life is often approached from a detached and ‘reasonable’ point-of-view. They obtain a ‘fact’ then circulate it.

This concern for facts and figures can manifest at its simplest level through becoming a source of gossip. At a more refined level, it can operate through gathering of facts, data and information to be used for complex analysis further down the track.

Sun in Gemini can be the position of the researcher, writer or accountant – someone who gathers information for the benefit of all concerned. Commerce and trade also fall under the influence of this sign, and individuals who work with figures, finance and exchange may have strong Geminian influences in their chart.

Usually quick-minded, those born under this sign have a natural aptitude for keeping abreast of changing conditions, and can making lightning fast decisions based on logic and intuition when they are free of any emotional involvement or potential limitation.

Gemini has a natural wit and love of gathering facts that makes all forms of communication an easy avenue for self-expression. With a strong fascination for anything bright, shiny and new Gemini can find great delight in the latest gadget, headline or turn of phrase.

Many writers, promoters, marketers and agents are born under this sign, preferring to work in environments where the capacity to adapt and keep abreast of constant change are assets to be used on a daily basis.

Irrationally Rational.

On the other hand, Gemini can also be prone to episodes of irrationality with changeable moods that serve as counterbalance to such levels of analytical thinking.

As much as this is a sociable sign, the need to reflect and go within is also highly pronounced. There will be times when the social drawbridge must be closed in order to process complex states of mind. Reason can quickly follow eccentricity in the sign of The Twins.

Those with the Sun in Gemini individual are continually moving between rational and irrational reactions within their own psyche, internally exploring the myriad of possibilities across a spectrum of potential responses. Having analyzed all possible outcomes and responses from within, Gemini can then return to the bright and bubbly social mode of being that is their natural birthright.

With the accent on all things intellectual, the emotional side of life is often less pronounced. Gemini’s prefer to keep things light and bright and breezy, so avoiding the complexity and weight of deep, emotional scenes.

Unless other Watery influences appear in the birth chart, there may be a tendency to avoid commitments and obligations of an emotional nature, preferring to explore the options available ‘out there’ rather than get caught up in the web of someone else’s emotional ties.

Gemini can be strangely uncomfortable with emotional concerns, and will seek to find ways to analyse what in essence needs to be felt. This can lead to conflict within the self, as well as in relationships, if the tendency to detach is not recognized and actively worked upon.

Recognizing the value of feeling is an important component of effective communication.

On another level, this is also the sign of the flirt. Gemini may prefer the fun of endless possibilities and the excitement of “the chase” over the routine of traditional partnership roles. Consequently, sometimes the need for freedom and variety can undermine that ability to make commitments and create lasting structures.

Sun in Gemini: Your Solar Journey.

Born with The Sun in Gemini you are here to ask questions and find out. This is the sign most concerned with the exchange of information and ideas, and you may find your life experiences seem to work out so that you have the freedom and opportunity to do just that. The ability to communicate comes from the capacity to see every side of a situation. In time, your versatility and willingness to learn helps you become a valuable friend, source of fun and well-informed ally. Your challenge is to explore the realm of possibilities, whilst recognizing the support that structure brings. Then you can communicate all that you know with depth as well as conviction.

Problem Solving from First Principle!

On one side tech entrepreneur like Jack Ma advocating for 9-9-6 work culture & other side people fight for 40 hours equality! But, there are some global leaders like Narendra Modi, Warren Buffett, Marissa Mayer, Elon Musk who work more than 100+ hours to accomplish their goals.

In this diverse argument, At the age of 46, Elon Musk has innovated and built four revolutionary multibillion-dollar companies in completely different fields — Paypal (Financial Services), Tesla Motors (Automotive) and SpaceX (Aerospace), Boring (Transportation).

How these people achieve so much within a short span of time??

How did he able to manage all these things ??

What is the secret behind there success??

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.

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The answer is simple:

Read, Read & More Read!!!

No doubt Reading plays an important role in unlocking your inner creative genius and becoming the best at what you do — but there’s more to this —

Reading new things continuously over a period of time. (power of compounding) will change the way you think!!

Learning is the single best investment of our time that we can make. Or as Benjamin Franklin said, “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.”

Thinking from the First Principle gives many Out of box & innovative solutions to hard problems.

Your brain encourages you to think in analogies, as this is the most efficient and safest way of thinking. So how do you break this programming, take a step back and start thinking in basic principles?

First Principle: The Building Blocks of True Knowledge!!

First-principles thinking is one of the best ways to reverse-engineer complicated problems. the idea is to break down complicated problems into basic elements and then reassemble them from the ground up. It’s one of the best ways to learn to think for yourself, unlock your creative potential, and move from linear to non-linear results.

When Elon Musk’s started development of the TESLA electric car, many experts felt that electric vehicles could not be popular because of battery costs. The $600/kW is the market price, The battery has always been so expensive. Which increased in 2/3rd of production cost.

Why it's $600/kW ??

“That’s just the way they will always be because that’s the way they have been in the past”.

However, Elon Musk does not agree!! He needs to understand the root cause of the Problem, He applied First-principles methodology!!

What are the material constituents of the batteries?

What is the spot market value of the material constituents?

When he dig dipper into the ground, basic things like cobalt, nickel, aluminum, carbon, and some polymers for separation, and steel can enough to produce a battery pack;

Next, If we bought that on a London Metal Exchange, what would each of these things cost? Oh, god, it’s … $80 per kilowatt-hour. So, clearly, you just need to think of clever ways to take those materials and combine them into the shape of a battery cell, and you can have batteries that are much, much cheaper than anyone realizes.

Through these “basic facts”, Elon Musk and the team will further analyze and experiment each part of the raw materials and re-engineer each work process.

Finally, he and the team will optimize the original parts and add a comprehensive improvement of the production method, which significantly reduces the Cost-of electric vehicles.

Musk used first principles thinking not only for making inexpensive battery packs for his Tesla cars but also for building cheaper rockets for his other space exploration company SpaceX.

The result of such thinking was astonishing!!

The Basic: Analogy vs Axioms

“I think it is important to reason from first principles rather than by analogy.” — Elon Musk

Your brain encourages you to think in analogies, as this is the most efficient and safest way of thinking. So how do you break this programming, take a step back and start thinking in first principles?

In our day to day life, we tend to use what is known as Comparison Thinking, this is when we do what comes naturally and normally to us and reason through analogy. What this means is that we make decisions and judgment calls based on what we’ve seen, heard or done from our experiences or from others. Knowing the outcome due to past experiences, we either repeat or iterate slightly to suit the current situation. This is an easy mode of thinking, and for the most part effective, but also offers no innovation or large changes.

Thinking from First Principles. In this, you take a problem and break it down into its fundamental parts and truths, until you get to the bare bones as it were. Once you’ve eliminated everything down to its constituent parts then you start reasoning up from there. This is a harder mode of thinking, but does offer better results, is far more effective and creates recognizable change.

Analogy thinking: Cook vs Chef ?? He compares people and how they behave to cooks and chefs. With a chef, he means a person who invents their own recipe, while a cook is someone who follows an already existing recipe.

Some people usually behave like cooks and follow recipes from a cookbook, while others prefer to come up with their own. A cook takes some ingredients and goes through a series of steps to come up with a standard dish. On the other hand, a chef might use those same ingredients, but mix them up in new and original ways and come up with a new dish. For both of these guys, the ingredients were the first principles, but the way they used them was different.

🔸Iteration: doing the same things again.

🔸Innovation: doing new things.

🔸Disruption: doing new things that make old things obsolete.

Examples of First Principles in ActionSpaceX:

Problem: Elon musk childhood dream is to send the First Rocket to Mars.🚀

Reasoning from analogy: Build Vs Hire? As a startup, It's difficult to understand the new rocket technology & build from scratch. so purchase the unused rocket from existing companies/Govt agencies like NASA/ISRO but the cost of purchasing a rocket was astronomical — up to $65 million.

Reasoning from first principles: let’s look at the first principles. What is a rocket made of? Aerospace-grade aluminum alloys, plus some titanium, copper, carbon fiber. Then I asked, what is the value of those materials on the commodity market? It turned out that the materials cost of a rocket was around two percent of the typical price.

Within a few years, SpaceX had cut the price of launching a rocket by nearly 10x while still making a profit. Musk used first principles thinking to break the situation down to the fundamentals, bypass the high prices of the aerospace industry, and create a more effective solution.

Minimal Product Design:

Problem: Create a login system for a web/mobile app.

Reasoning from analogy: Most apps require a user to provide a username, email address and password, with the password confirmed twice!! That seems to be the best practice, so I’ll do the same.

Reasoning from first principles: What’s the least information I need to collect from the user to make the app functional? The app creates a page for each user that is their online identity hub. I want their full name to be displayed at the top of the page, so I need to collect that. I won’t display a username anywhere in the app, so Do I really need that?

But if two users have the same name, how will I create a unique URL slug for each? I guess I could add a randomized number to the slug, and do a check before saving that ensures the number is unique. I’ll then need to collect the user’s email in-case they forget their password. I probably don’t need to verify their password twice, since the app will allow them to easily reset it as long as they have access to their email account.

Artists thinking:

Problem: Even after 500 years, we are unable to produce one more world-class painting like Mona-lisa??

Reasoning from analogy: This generation artist learns drawing & painting. Mostly they expertise in one specific area. they unable to visualize depth & authenticity of the image. (not a polymath).

Reasoning from first principles: It’s hard to talk about the First principle thinking without mentioning the impressive genius of Leonardo da Vinci. Before writes in the world famous Mona Lisa, he knows the art, anatomy, engineer, science, biology, optics & experimenter which makes him a renaissance!! With all these basics principle, da Vinci will draw the picture of the millennium.

Neem Coated Urea

Problem: The urea was subsidized for agriculture use but it was being diverted to non-agricultural purposes, chemical factories.This lead to a shortage of urea to the farmer.

How to solve this ??

How it reaches to the Farmers or beneficiaries??

Reasoning from analogy: Think to avoid the middlemen & directly distribute to the farmers. But It's a challenging job to distribute proper fertilizers, seeds to the 110 million farmers across India. Either we need to * Produce excess adequate amount of the Urea. * Create a task force which monitors the distributions on various level.

Reasoning from first principles: The GoI has mandated neem coating of urea while producing it in the Factories!! Expect Agriculture, coated urea is not good for any other commercial usage.

Why ??

🔸Urea is highly subsidized in India for agricultural usage. However, people were using the subsidized urea for other industrial applications due to its high nitrogen content. Hence Neem coating was adopted to prevent usage of Urea for any other application than farming as Neem coating doesn’t affect agriculture but does so for industrial usage.

🔸Urea is very volatile in nature. If it is applied directly on the crops, it is released very rapidly. This results in high usage of urea by farmers on the crop thereby hampering the quality crop and soil. Neem coating slow downs the release of urea to crops. Also, Neem is an excellent ingredient for farming which improves plant and soil quality.

What Are You?

Who we are ??

How This Universe Created??

How can something appear without nothing??

The best way to understand the Universe, Physics laws, Human evolution, Culture, Consumer behavior or predict the future is to deduce that from the First Principle.

Reasoning from the first principle allows gives a structured framework for thinking & gives a solution to the above-mentioned complex problem!

Timeline: Big Bang Theory: (13.5 Billion years ago)

Big Bang Theory A starting point for all the above Questions!! It gives an explanation about how the universe began.

At its simplest, it says the universe as we know it started with a small singularity. Physicist define Bigbang as Singularity! Its a point at which all known laws of nature id not exists, even time too did not exist.

Once all the matter, energy & space in the universe were once squeezed into an infinitesimally small volume, which erupted in a cataclysmic “explosion” which has become known as the Big Bang. Thus, space, time, energy and matter all came into being at an infinitely dense, infinitely hot gravitational singularity, and began expanding everywhere at once.

String Theory :(4.5 Billion years ago)

String theory helps us to group all Physics laws into the theoretical framework. which helps to understand the substance, matters & species formation of the Planet Earth leads to the Evolution of Biology & leaving organisms over a period of time to evolve the Homo Sapiens

Homo Sapiens : (2.5 million years ago)

The story of humanity is a story of adaptation. Over the past 200,000 years, ever since the first modern humans (Homo sapiens) appeared in Africa, people have been spreading outward from that continent in every possible direction. As they encountered new environments and challenges, our ancestors had to change in many ways to survive.

Discovered how to make fire. (300000 years ago) This small event transformed the way we ate, the way we grew to live on heated food, it changed our digestive system, it transformed our groups and societies as we literally came to gather around the fire and told each other stories. (Cognitive Revolution)

Above timeline from Bigbang exploration, String theory, Homo sapiens to the build a culture & creating a History. we come in a long way. This will give an answer to all the fundamental questions in the discipline of science, technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)

How to cultivate the First Principle Thinking :

If I had an hour to solve a problem and my life depended on the solution, I would spend the first 55 minutes determining the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper question, I could solve the problem in less than five minutes. — Albert Einstein

✨ Most don’t know where to begin or how to attack the problem? ✨ Most lack a structured approach and don’t have the patience or time to dig deep enough? ✨ How you frame the problem is important??

How to think in a First Principles way: 🔸Keep asking “WHY” to get into the deeper layers of understanding 🔸Read more classics in the field 🔸 Learn the subjects that form the foundation of the field you are exploring. (math, physics, biology, etc)

✔️Want to learn marketing? Read Psychology.

✔️Want to learn Health and Fitness? Read Biology.

✔️Want to learn Economy ?? Read supply and demand.

✔️Want to learn Data Analyst/Science ?? Understand Excel, statistics.

✔️Want to understand relationships and trust work ?? Read Game theory.

✔️Want to understand Blockchain ?? Read Edge computing, attack vector, Encryption.

Moreover, try to study the fundamentals of *different* fields.

“The secret to a great life is to nail the basics.” — @Naval

Bottom line: The Future

Now, We are in the exact middle in the spectrum of the transformation of the Biological evolution to the Technological transform.

Globalization effect & rapid change in the competitive environment it's difficult to understand/learn everything!

learn from basic principle help to sustain in future!!

Understand the concept from First principles. First, deconstructs knowledge into fundamental principles Next, reconstructs the fundamental principles in new fields to become world-class Modern Polymath!

Footnote:

* https://medium.com/the-mission/elon-musks-3-step-first-principles-thinking-how-to-think-and-solve-difficult-problems-like-a-ba1e73a9f6c0

* https://gainweightjournal.com/elon-musk-problem-solving-applications-of-first-principles-thinking/ 

*https://twitter.com/ARanganathan72/status/846697666608189441

*https://iascurrentaffairsbyamityadav.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/what-are-the-benefits-of-neam-coated-urea-ncu/  

*http://theengineeringmanager.com/growth/first-principles-and-asking-why/ 

BADUKI People who do definitely not recognize well by title frequently think that this is related to Baduk, but it is in fact the card game.

People which do not know well by identity frequently think that it will be in connection with Baduk, but this is actually a new credit card game. Korean kind playing card game similar to help low ball. My partner and i notice it as a new type of poker game. In standard, a high level00 badger, you imply 99. 9% unconditionally reduced badger. It is a new game that has recently been addressed much in this early portion of Taji (Manga). That is famous in international countries, especially in the United Areas. In some foreign gambling dens, it is called "Low Offsuit 4-Card". In Wikipedia, Baduk is called Badugi. Having said that, inside the foreign nations, the Korean language origin together with the Canadian foundation happen to be in conflict. The foundation of the name appears to be named 'Baduk', which in turn is attached to a doggie with some sort of sturdy entire body, because this is made with a new high genealogy like that makes the hand considerably more colorful. 2. genealogy [edit] The maid will certainly win the base unconditionally, plus the base will gain both base. In the same type, the particular person with the highest variety wins. Because Baduk employs only 4 cards, no matter if the same family members are working together, this king comes out. In such a case, it is a great orthodox principle to divide typically the blind levels by looking at the particular pegs without taking into consideration often the styles. 2. 1. Manufactured [edit] Case in point: ♠ A new ♣ 4 ♦ your five ♥ 6 This means that will four cards are different within structure and number. Generally, a new pawn that has recently been maid wins the pawn which includes not really been made. The same cleaning service benefits the man while using top number. Simply make use of the highest number to call that the X tower system. Regarding reference, A will be regarded as unconditional a single in the case of beginnings. A, only two, 3, four (different pattern): aka tennis, or excellent (low perfection). [1] A, a couple of, 3, your five (different pattern): second most effective, so named second. A good, 2, five, 5 (different pattern): The idea is the 3 rd most robust, and is called Suda. For reference, the 6th picture of the fighting with each other is often called 'seconds' [2]. In the last part of Taji (comics), the second and 3 rd are called "MBC-chi" together with "Isa-chi" respectively. 2. only two. Bass [edit] Illustration: ♠ A ♣ five ♦ 5 ♦ 6th instructions The patterns of a few and 6 usually are the same. In the non-maize hand, other than for 1, this remaining three patterns and even numbers are different. Typically the same foundation with often the highest number among the many a few wins. A, only two, several: The best of this transitoire is that often the cards except a person usually are A, 2, and three or more of different patterns. [3] In improvement, if you still have the opportunity to exchange playing cards, you can try typically the high ranking ancestors and family history according to the last part. 2 . not 3. To bottom [edit] Example of this: ♠ A good ♣ A ♦ 5 ♦ 6 -- a few and 6 usually are the same routine, plus A 2 is typically the same number. Out associated with the cards that are not maid, with the exception of for 2, the residual 2 cards and amounts are different. It is in fact not even close often the game. 2. 4. Different [edit] Four charge cards are all the similar number, or even they all of have the same structure. A typical texas holdem is some sort of strong family tree that is equivalent to some sort of pokemon or even a clean, but that is the most detrimental in the game. It is not effortless to try to help it become purposefully in the usual three times exchanges. 3. Essential policies [edit] Typically the rule of the many common rookie. My spouse and i see the genealogy along with 4 cards in my give. Basically, it is much better to have a different pattern and number. If BADUKI People who do definitely not find out well by identity usually think that this is related to Baduk, but it is truly a good card game. and card differ, you only need to know that the lower the number, the far better. If the form of this card is the equal, remove the higher number regarding cards. ♠ 4 ♠ 5 ♦ 6 ♥ 7 (♠ Often the rebirth of bell tear gas poker for the most effective gamblers! can be higher than ♠ 4, so ♠ 5 various is usually excluded). If the quantity of cards is the very same, rule out one of them all. ♠ 4 ♣ 5 various ♦ 6 ♥ 6th Is calculated as 456 in the case involving & quot; If typically the card has the identical shape, and the range is the same as the number of cards, ♠ two ♦ 4 ♥ four ♥ J (♥ some together with ♥ J are the same center, but ♦ 5 and ♥ 4 will be equivalent, so 24J, not really 244). This is the finalized decision with all the number regarding cards remaining in your hand. 5. How to proceed [edit] It is a game the fact that lowers the particular number of patterns in addition to numbers like the standard principle mentioned above. Begin with 4 greeting cards in addition to start betting. You can certainly change it up to several times [4], plus break down into breakfast every day, lunch and dinner in order [5]. [6] If you do not really adjust cards to be able to be maid or maybe decide to bluff, you can say of which you are likely to pass (online terminology) or maybe stay. The adventure method is very easy, nonetheless that can be easily seen that it is definitely basically quite hard to implement with a few editions. Firstly, the idea is definitely not easy to make cleaning service even after breakfast and even meal. [7] This is a pattern stay that will you have the initial credit card you received therefore you carry out not cut it, although the possibilities of being truly made will be low in addition to the chances of being made right by the family history and genealogy you can try to fight with are far not as likely, so [8] If you do definitely not give up or quit, you will be linked up and holding right up, so if you carry out a routine stay, anyone will often get fatigued until the end of the table unless an individual have a very superior genealogical. Of course, truth be told there is no way in order to be a reduced best pattern maid. This is a game in which the emotional conflict which is not necessarily stood because the participant usually can not discover the palm of the particular opponent is important as the gamer usually plays the sport in the dark. Around fact, Baduk is likely for you to win a new wager compared to how to get the good ancestry. 5. Different variation activities [edit] In the above, most of us have only introduced Revenue Baiku, nonetheless as right now there are several kinds associated with transformation rules inside poker, there are various versions associated with rules. I get pleasure from only a new part of it, so I know. 5. 1. Variation based on the standard of the elevation from the hand [edit] 5 various. 1. 1. Hey baduk [Edit] As with rookie, playing inside four chapters, doing three exchanges is the same, helping to make the maid succeed typically the base, and the base succeeding the two basic. Nevertheless, often the order regarding the maid or base is different from each other. The comparison while using maid is as uses. Lower Blood: The participant with the minimum range of the four credit cards wins the lowest. Even so, A is determined to be able to be 1. High Bloodstream: The player with typically the lowest number among the particular four credit cards wins. On the other hand, A is determined to get the most powerful higher than T. Merely put, A-K-Q-J Produced (High Perfect) is usually the most powerful. A-K-Q-10, A-K-J-10, A-Q-J-10, K-Q-J-10 and A-K-Q-9. Unlike high-low in different sports of poker, typically the value of cards apart from Ace is reversed, and since the genealogy is usually the same, the adventure on its own does not change slightly. In the variation of fair game, the guidelines are automatically converted to high-priority, and most of typically the time, high-genealogy is performed while trying to play high-low video games. 5. one 2. [Edit] It can be a game that plays the two High Baduk and Poor Baduk in the same time. At the third part connected with the cartoons, the sunrise swings to A-5-6-7 cleaning service. Since A can be used advantageously at high / very low respectively, that turns into seven towers using A-5-6-7 within low, plus Batum a few [9] along with A-7-6-5 around high. 5 various. 2. Variation relying within the combination associated with patterns and figures [edit] You are Deluxe A common monster is a non-flush game of which creates various patterns in addition to different numbers. Flushing Visit Unlike the clean, a person can play a match that fits different numbers regarding the same routine. This specific is called a good clear away bad. The strongest palm is A-2-3-4 of the particular same style as the particular low standard. That is sometimes more tough for making A-2-3-4 with the exact same chance than with A-2-3-4 with additional patterns, so you may possibly have a likelihood of 4 cuts. Pairing This is a means to help make two styles the same. Fairbreak Anyone have a fairy storyline like a remove, like a good poker, just like a poker. Badugi started in Asia and will be some sort of , triple, 2 pairs, one pair, and no pair are the most robust, and the most robust card within this game is usually A 4 greeting cards involving different patterns, namely, Expert of cards. Fair Baduk plays with "High Baduk" as a feature that will follows the particular genealogy of poker. For case in point, Nited kingdom forkard benefits the Q fork. 5. 3. Variance according to the means of disclosure of the hand [edit] Thunderstorm A new typical Baduk is a new draw holdem poker type of which does not necessarily present his hand at almost all. Wide open monkey There is likewise an open baduk game (stud texas holdem style) where some of the cards usually are uncovered and performed. Around general, Open Baduk animal hides one and reveals 3. If you play the game in this manner, you may receive a hidden card and an open greeting card at the beginning, start the 1st bet, have one even more bet, and slash together with add the bet. Typically the cut opportunity is usually two, and the quantity of bets inside a two-cut game is 5. your five. 4. Variation caused by trim opportunity [edit] Some sort of typical Go game grants or loans three cut options, however it can be modified in order to give one particular, two, three, or four cut prospects depending on the video game. They are called a single time, only two time, a few time and some time period, respectively. The idea is also critical to take into account that the chances connected with a good higher genealogy increase because cut opportunities increase plus the number of playing increases. your five. 5. Limited number of slice charge cards [edit] There are limits in order to the number of cards for being exchanged when some sort of standard monster is lower. It is usually possible to change all four items in case desired. In fact, its certainly not common to alternate almost all 4 cards except when there is a higher card, and so it is common to exchange about 3 playing cards. In case all four cards are bad enough to become exchanged, that is better to give up the particular plate quickly and pledge the next one particular. Having said that, some game policies restriction the number of reduce playing cards. For example, anyone can play an activity along with limitations of up in order to 3 or more pieces in the first trim, 2 bits in the 2nd slash, and 1 bit around the third cut. 6. Eyalam [edit] The complete name of a standard Go game will become about 3 times as longer as you are flushing for the ground. No one would call it up like this.

Litigation Funding Is Right Here To Remain

 About : Ben Delanghe

Now, every personal injury attorney has become aware of "litigation financing" - the non-recourse sale of a portion of a complainant's future negotiation earnings in exchange for cash money today. In recent times, the accessibility and use litigation funding has actually proliferated and most attorneys currently acknowledge the demand for complainant financial backing. A 2001 study by Attorneys Weekly asked an easy question: Should Lawsuits Funding Be Allowed? Of the 1,876 ballots cast, 82.5% reacted of course.

Nevertheless, similar to the objection faced by test lawyers over backup costs, litigation financing business must respond to the exact same disparagements. Defenders of the status seek to brand litigation financing as profiteering by rascals taking advantage of the down trodden. They trot out such false trails as champerty, usury and far flung theories of intrinsic disputes to show how vexatious the technique truly is. Noise familiar?

In spite of the criticism, we know the following: complainants love it; defendants hate it; it is right here to remain!

 Equal Protection Calls For Equal Accessibility

The lynchpin for every benefit considered by our founding fathers and also codified in our constitution rests in one easy concept-- equivalent protection under the legislation.

Given that 1786 when pamphleteer Benjamin Austin called it "a destructive practice", contingent lawful costs have actually been slammed non-stop. Yet today, it is one of the most widely made use of cost arrangement in the USA. Why? Straightforward-- since it functions! The contingent charge system aids to achieve the goal of equal protection by promoting accessibility.

It is axiomatic that there can be no equal security when access to the court system is expensive by a significant section of the population. The entire raison d'etre for backup costs stocks this fundamental access issue. So convincing is this factor that, for many years, courts, have actually methodically removed virtually every barrier preventing access to the court system. From backup fees to attorney advertising to champerty, laws avoiding access, in even one of the most indirect ways, have actually bitten the dust.

Perhaps Judge Michael A. Musmanno stated it finest:

" If it were except contingent charges, indigent victims of tortious mishaps would certainly be subject to the unchecked, self-willed partisanship of their tortfeasors. The individual who has, without mistake on his component, been injured and also that, due to his injury, is unable to work, and also has a huge household to support, and also has no money to engage a lawyer, would certainly be at the mercy of the person who disabled him because, remaining in a superior financial placement, the harming individual could force on his victim, seriously seeking cash to keep the candle of life burning in himself and his dependent ones, an entirely unconscionably meager amount in settlement, or even reject to pay him anything at all. Any society, as well as specifically a democratic one, worthwhile of respect in the spectrum of human being, need to never ever endure such a victimization of the weak by the mighty." Richette v. Solomon, 187 A. 2d 910, 919 (Pa. 1963).

However, managing an attorney is just one part of a complainant's obstacle. A plaintiff must likewise have the capacity to maintain themselves during the pendancy of their action. Nevertheless, what good is preserving an attorney, if you can not pay for the standard necessities of life? How are economically stressed plaintiffs to maintain themselves during the pendancy of their litigation which may be the source of their economic condition in the first place

Litigation Funding

One response is litigation financing. Being able to stay the course is a prerequisite to fair treatment as well as this basic transaction can aid level the playing field with a well-off opponent. This truth was acknowledged by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in the 1997 situation of Saladini v. Righellis, (426 Mass. 231, 234) when it kept in mind:

" We have long abandoned the sight that litigation is suspicious, and also have actually acknowledged that contracts to buy an interest in an activity may real foster resolution of a conflict."

Various other superior courts seem to be encouraged by the Massachusetts court including the High court of South Carolina which relied heavily on Saladini when it eliminated champerty in Osprey, Inc. v. Cabana Limited Collaboration, 532 S.E. 2d 269 (S.C. 2000).

In justness it must be noted that the High court of Ohio held a various view in Rancman v. Interim Settlement Funding Corp. 99 Ohio St. 3d 121, 2003-Ohio-2721. Nevertheless, Ohio is in the minority and also the doctrine of champerty may eventually satisfy its last just death penalty at the US Supreme Court when the applicability of the 14th Amendment is determined. (Bennett v NCAAP 370 S.W. 2nd 79 82 (Ark 1963)).

What are the real issues?

In Addition To 15th Century English Legislation, what are the real issues today? The assumption exists is absolutely nothing in it for lawyers, a minimum of not instantly or straight. Providing details to the financing business, administering the execution of the contract as well as observing the lien are all an annoyance for complainant's advice. However, regardless of this, an increasing number of PI attorneys are building relationships with financing companies due to the fact that their clients require it, and they have actually discovered that reputable seasoned business can show to be an invaluable resource.

Price.

The most typical criticism is the cost.

The typical quantity paid for bodily injury insurance policy claims suffered in automobile crashes is little - less than $10,000. Hence, it ought to not be surprising that the average litigation funding agreement is also little. Many contracts are for $1,000 to $5,000. Consumer financial products have reasonably fixed transaction costs suggesting that smaller sized offers are virtually as pricey as larger ones. It adheres to that, because of their tiny size, the average costs on lawsuits funding contracts will unavoidably be high.

  That having been claimed, the very development of business will solve the issue of price. The marketplace will certainly set rates equally as it makes with contingent lawful charges. As soon as the there is enough experience for the true dangers of these transactions to be commonly understood, capitalists will certainly value the risk to an equivalent level. Currently, costs have actually dropped substantially. Just a couple of years ago it was not uncommon to find fees of 15% per month worsened-- with no cap! This is now rare.

There are three fundamental fee approaches made use of by a lot of financing business:.

 1. Month-to-month interest or fees. These can vary 3% to as high as 15% each month without any cap.

2. A percent of the recuperation.

3. Apartment charges that are capped and also might or may not have a discount for early payment.

( Attorneys must be cautious of large costs at shutting that offer to increase real cost considerably).

A legitimate issue is that, with regular monthly costs climbing without any cap, customers may be tempted to take a negotiation simply to stop the fee increases. This not only injures the customer's opportunities of a fair recovery yet additionally restricts the lawyer's fees. The good news is, topped charges are constantly offered out there.

While the industry place will remain to drive price levels towards stability, it needs to be soothing for those without faith in market forces to remember that, in the last analysis, the court has the last word and also can allot violent charges. Schlesinger v Teitelbaum, 475 F2nd 137, 141 (3rd Cir), cert. rejected, 414 U.S. 1111 (1973 ).

On this problem Saladini is significantly on factor:.

" This indicates that if an agreement to finance a suit is challenged, we will think about whether the fees billed are excessive or whether any type of healing by a prevailing celebration is vitiated because of some impermissible overreaching by the sponsor.".

Is it truly a finance in camouflage?

Litigation financing agreements are nearly globally non-recourse. The interpretation of a car loan is blackletter law. If any type of part of the principal or rate of interest is contingent on an occasion that is "more than a mere colorable threat", the agreement is not a loan. A difficulty because the requisite degree of threat is absent would need to be adjudicated case by situation, each situation being distinct. Remember that the funding company is subordinate to lawyer's costs and also expenses, statutory liens as well as previous liens. The risk for an attorney is significantly much better than for the financing company that is last in line. Many regulatory authorities from attorneys general to banking commissioners have actually examined the practice and taken no action. It appears clear that non-recourse methods non-recourse which litigation funding is a danger.

Severe Agreements.

A 2nd widely had problem is making use of contracts with oppressive stipulations. While the enforceability of such clauses is suspicious at best, they still offer an awesome problem worth. Regular undesirable conditions are:.

 - Prior consent of funding business called for to change lawyers.

- High sold off problems.

- Waiver of all defenses.

- Disclosure of non-discoverable info.

 Most respectable business, including CapTran ® have actually modified their agreements to resolve these problems.

Principles

George Kuhlman, principles advice for the American Bar Association, was quoted in Lawyers Weekly UNITED STATES as stating: "The trouble just can be found in when legal representatives are getting an interest in the subject of the litigation, however anyone can get a piece of somebody's judgment. I do not see any type of attorney involvement so I do not see any trouble. This is a 3rd party becoming involved; making certain individuals can endure their judgments.".

With one exception, all Principles Opinions of which we understand locate lawsuits financing ethical. Michigan finds contracts with certain provisions to be impermissible.

State Bar of Michigan Ethics Board Opinion RI-321, June 29, 2000. 

" 1. The best control of the litigation may be transferred to the equity capital firm as a result of the reality that the attorney is completely assigned to the situation;.

2. The original legal representative can not be terminated without the equity capital company's permission in light of the reality that as needed of the equity capital firm all documents and also things should be demanded by that group; as well as.

 3. Privileged materials might be disclosed.".

 We need to likewise keep in mind that some states require particular details procedural problems to be observed.

Where do we go from here?

As experience expands, capital will go into business in ever raising quantities, making it fairly commonplace while competitors will most certainly mold the item, as well as deal with most, otherwise all, of the problems.

 Several wise lawyers understand that litigation funding is not going away anytime quickly as well as they are welcoming it and also discovering how ideal to use it. They are creating relationships with funding companies and using their services to satisfy the demands of their clients. In doing so, they get the added benefit of bargaining for a client that is no more under the scary and destabilizing result of financial pressure.

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First law of Thermodynamics Equation & Definition

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First law of Thermodynamics Equation & Definition

A law on energy conservation and, in exchange, a definite description of heat is the first law of thermodynamics. The amount of energy transferred to a system in the form of heat plus the amount of energy transferred in the form of work on the system must be equal to the increase in internal energy(U) of the system, because energy can not be produced or destroyed (leaving aside the subsequent implications of mass-energy equivalence). Mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with each other are heat and work.

Q + L = U (1)

or more precisely:

Delta Q + Delta L = DeltaU (2)

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Thermodynamics’ first law defines heat as a source of energy. It   may become mechanical and be stored.

On any machine, it takes a certain amount of energy to produce work; it is impossible for a machine to do work without the need for energy. A hypothetical machine of these characteristics is called a perpetual motion machine. The energy conservation law rules out that such a machine can be invented. Sometimes the first law of thermodynamics is stated as the impossibility of the existence of a perpetual motion machines.

Heat, like work, corresponds to energy in transit (energy exchange process). Heat is an energy transfer and can cause the same changes in a body as the work. Mechanical energy can be converted to heat through friction and the mechanical work needed to produce 1 calorie is known as mechanical heat equivalent. 

According to the energy conservation law, all mechanical work done to produce frictional heat appears in the form of energy in the objects on which the work is performed. James Prescott Joule was the first to prove it in a classic experiment: he heated water in a closed container by turning a pair of paddle wheels and found that the increased energy level of the water was proportional to the work done to move the wheels.

First law of thermodynamics definition

When heat is converted to mechanical energy, as in an internal combustion engine, the energy conservation law is also valid. However, energy is always lost or dissipated in the form of heat because no motor has perfect efficiency.

Q = m.ce.Delta T ° (3)

Replacing (3) in (1):

m.ce.Delta T ° + L = U (4)

The following equation rigorously expresses the first law of thermodynamics:

dQ = dW + dU (5)

The figures (1) or (2) or any combination may be used for the general representation of the equation and the signs.

Equation (5) and figures (1) and (2) are valid in any system, conceptually it is the synthesis of the principle of energy conservation in a closed system. Remember that the thermodynamic system (S T D) is a set of elements of known characteristics and with relationships with each other also known that have a continent of geometry and known properties through which or not exchanges of different types occur with the medium.

Our theme is in all cases the determination of what is the S T D, for which we must have a perfectly defined continent and contents.

Next we will analyze the following cases:

1. Case 1: An ideally elastic ball that is the S T D and which is at a distance h of a comparison plane, to apply equation (2) to this case we take into account the following considerations:

i. We despise friction with air and therefore:

DeltaQ = 0

And we have:

0 = DeltaW + DeltaU (6)

ii. As there are no forces applied, there is no work on the system or the system on the medium, therefore DeltaW 0 and the expression of the first law of thermodynamics remains:

DeltaU = 0

iii. dU is the mathematical expression of the variation of energy between two infinitesimally distanced points, its integration between point 1 and 2 gives us the following expression:

Delta dU = U2 – U1 (7)

iv. From (7) it arises that:

U2 = U1

v. The S T D analyzed may possess in the terms raised E Mt . This type of energy in position (1) is only potential from rest, and in (2) it is only kinetic because it is the distance to the reference axis equal to zero, therefore remembering the expressions of the Ep and the Ec, we can write:

½.m.v ² = m.g.h (8)

vi. If we would like to analyze conceptually that it happens if there is exchange of thermal energy between the S T D and the middle, we must do another analysis, before that we notice that the system described is absolutely reversible and the ball – low-bounce-ups, low-bounce-up…

Let’s look at a sequence of the same case considering the friction, we highlight that it is verified in two ways:

a) external: there is friction of the S T D in the path (1)-(2) that causes a thermal contribution to it.

b) internal: occurs at the moment of shock in which a storage of the kinetic energy is recorded in elastic potential of the S T D, which is used almost instantly to change the direction of movement, in the period in which the accumulation and return of energy in the pelletation begins intramolecular frictions that generate thermal energy that is provided to the medium. With all these considerations the sequence would be:

i. On the descent the S T D receives true ? Q (consider that, if it also receives issues).

ii. In the shock-accumulation of energy-inversion of the path, partially or totally transformed? Q is produced. We clarify that the transformations in the path and in the crash are functions closely linked to the speed of the process.

iii. The expression (2) is in this case:

DeltaQ = DeltaU

iv. Making the same considerations as in the preceding example we can write:

U1– U2 = DeltaQ

Without going into the detailed analysis of the value of where the DeltaQ occurred, we can infer the expression:

U1 = deltaQ + U2

that is telling us that the E MT1 becomes E MT2plus thermal energy, in this case we note that we will have when we reverse the path of an energy, in this case kinetic, less than that provided for the S T D at the beginning, therefore, it is clear that it will not be able to reach the original height, even if it does not have a new friction in the trajectory (2) – (1), therefore we could represent what happens in the following approximate form :

In the graph we represent schematically the bounce height that is 0 after ncycles, the graph also indicates that the total energy remains constant, having been transformed in the case of the irreversible process into thermal energy.

When we talk about U as internal energy we actually refer to variations with respect to a basic energy level containing another type of energy (molecular and nuclear) therefore the DeltaU refers only to the variation of thermal energy and this symbolic expression is comprehensive of the expression already known:

Q = m.ce.Delta T °

In the case of explosion engines, the S T D is composed of a gas contained in known and variable volumes, which receives and delivers thermal energy from the medium and on which it performs positive work, part of this mechanically stored constitutes the energy resource to complete the cycle.

Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials 6th Edition

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The Beginners Guide To Best Trading Strategy

Forex is a combination of foreign currency and exchange. exchange is that the method of fixing one currency into another currency for a huge sort of reasons, including:

• Commerce • Trading • Tourism

Forex, or exchange, is explained as a network of patrons and sellers, WHO transfers currency between associateother} at an united value. By doing these people, corporations and central banks convert one currency into another. whereas plenty of exchange is finished for sensible functions, the overwhelming majority of currency conversion is undertaken with the aim of earning a profit.

Learning the way to trade Forex are often an advanced method for beginners. the general public have a dream of obtaining wealthy long, which can prove precisely as false because it sounds. the globe of Forex commerce are often overwhelming, particularly after you area unit new the sport, and don’t grasp or perceive the principles yet. There area unit plenty of figures concerning several|what percentage|what number} traders with success build cash and the way many traders occur a loss of cash. the foremost common figure appears to be that ninetieth of traders occur a loss of cash, and solely 100 percent of traders area unit systematically profitable. what's it that this 100 percent do that place them during this league? initial, you'll need:

• A fast wit • The ability to figure and keep calm below stress • The courageousness to require risks • Persistence a • The ability to create fast selections

Decoding the foremost common terms employed in forex can speed up traders understanding of the globe of currencies: Currency Nicknames:

• Single Currency – EUR (Euro) • Loonie – CAD (Canadian dollar) • Swissie– CHF (Swiss franc) • Aussie – AUD (Australian dollar) • Kiwi – NZD (New Seeland dollar) • Greenback, Buck – USD (U.S. dollar) • Sterling, quid – GBP (British pound)

-Popular phrases

• Going Long – gap a optimistic (buying) trade • Going Short – gap a pessimistic (selling) trade • Cutting Short – to shut a losing position early • Plunging – A value that’s sinking or falling from its previous worth • Currency rallying – A value that recovers when a amount of its decline • Position Trading–Trading with Brobdingnagian stop-losses for many months to years, while not being too involved with short term movements in quality costs

Technical Indicators in Forex commerce methods Technical indicators area unit the calculations supported the worth and volume of security and area unit used each to substantiate the trend and therefore the quality of chart patterns, and to assist traders verify the obtain and sell signals.

• Moving Average • Bollinger Bands • Relative Strength Index (RSI) • Stochastic generator • Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD) • RSI-Bars • ADX • Momentum

In Forex technical analysis a chart may be a graphical depiction of value movements over an explicit time-frame. It will show security’s value movement over a month or a year amount.

The Best Forex commerce methods are:

Perhaps the most important a part of forex commerce methods relies on the most sorts of Forex marketing research wont to perceive the market movement.

1. Forex Technical Analysis methods

What is Forex technical analysis? Forex technical analysis is that the study of market action by the first use of charts for the aim of prediction future value trends. Forex traders can develop best strategies and tips of trading based on various technical analysis tools together with –

• Market trends • Volume • Range • Support • Resistance levels • Chart patterns • Indicators

Forex traders will conduct a Multiple time-frame Analysis by the utilization of various timeframe charts. Technical analysis methods area unit an important methodology of evaluating assets supported the analysis and statistics of past market action, past costs and past volume.

2. Forex trend commerce Strategy

Trends represents one in every of the foremost essential ideas in technical analysis.All the technical analysis tools that area unit used have one purpose which is to assist determine the market trends. what's Forex Trend? very like the other trend as an example in fashion- it's the direction within which the market moves. a lot of exactly sensible to grasp, the exchange market doesn't move in an exceedingly line, however a lot of in sequent waves with clear peaks or highs and lows. looking on the movement of those ‘highs and lows’ one will then perceive the trend’s sort. There area unit 3 sorts of trends that the market will move in:

• Uptrend • Downtrend • Sideways Traders and investors confront 3 sorts of decisions: • To buy • To sell • Do nothing

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During any kind of trend, traders ought to develop a particular strategy. The shopping for strategy is desirable once the market goes up and equally the commercialism strategy may be profitable once the market goes down. however once the market moves sideways the third possibility – to remain aside– are the cleverest call.

3. Support and Resistance commerce Strategy

In order to completely perceive the core of the support and resistance commerce strategy, traders ought to perceive what a horizontal level is. A horizontal level is:

 A price index indicating either a support or resistance within the market. In technical terms – value lows and highs severally.

The term support indicates:

The space on the chart wherever the shopping for interest ispointedlystrong and exceeds the commercialism pressure.

The Resistance level indicates:

An space on the chart wherever commercialism interest overpowers shopping for pressure. It isusually markedby previous peaks.

In order to develop a support andresistance strategy traders ought to be conscious of however the trend is known through these horizontal levels.

4. Forex RangeTrading Strategy

What is vary trading?

• A vary commerce strategy (Channel trading) is generally related to the shortage of market direction and it's used throughout the absence of a trend.

Range trading identifies currency price movement in channels to find the range. This process is carried out by connecting a series of highs and lows with a horizontal trendline.

5. Forex Volume trading strategy

The volume shows the number of securities that are traded over a particular time.

• Higher volume = higher degree of intensity or pressure.

In order to determine the upward or downward movement of the volume, traders should look at the trading volume bars usually presented at the bottom of the chart.Any price movement is more significant if accompanied by a relatively high volume + a weak volume. Take note:Not all volume types may influence the trade, it’s the volume of large amounts of money that is traded within the same day and greatly affects the market.

6. Multiple Time Frame Analysis Strategy

Using Multiple Time Frame Analysis suggests following a certain security price over different time frames. Itisa very useful strategy for traders to analyse various time frames while determining the “trading circle” of the security. Through the Multiple Time Frame Analysis (MTFA) traders can regulate the trend both on smaller and bigger scales and recognize the overall market trend. The whole process of MTFA starts with the exact identification of the market direction on higher time frames (long, short or intermediary) and analysing it through lower time frames starting from a 5-minute chart.

7. Forex Trading Strategy Based on Fundamental Analysis

While technical analysis is focused on the study and past performance of market action, Forex fundamental analysis focusses on the fundamental reasons that make an influence on the market direction.

8. Forex Trading Strategy Based on Market Sentiment

Market sentiment is defined by investors’ attitude towards the financial market or particular security. What and how people feel and how it behaves in Forex market is the notion behind the market sentiment strategy. Forex trading strategies can also be developed by following popular trading styles including day trading, carry trade, buy and hold strategy, hedging, portfolio trading, spread trading, swing trading, order trading and algorithmic trading.

Selecting A Trading Strategy

Selecting a trading strategy doesn’t have to be complicated and you don’t have to stick with just one. A key thing to remember is that the best traders are adaptable and can change their trading strategy based on opportunities. Therefore, it’s a good idea to learn about each individual trading strategy and by combining different approaches to trading, you will become adaptive to each situation. Nevertheless, remember not to become disheartened if you encounter initial losses on your capital. Patience is key when learning to become a successful trader, and mistakes and losses are inevitable in order to grow and develop your trading skills. Successful traders often track their profits and losses, which helps to maintain their consistency and discipline across all trades. Read full review and article- Tips and Strategies for trading on Xlntrade that could help to improve your trade performance.

Ma Qianzu said _ There might have been some misunderstandings about blockchain games before

What is the game? The essence of the game is: the art of passing time supported by high-tech. Thus, the game must 1st be fun and fun. High-tech is a fun way to accomplish it. Only by being full of fun can the time be exceeded more easily. Combining the nature of the game to speak about chain game titles, it can be explained from the viewpoint of three "indeed" and three "no". Say three "nos" first. Some misunderstandings about chain games First of all, games are not financial products. The goal of playing financial loans is one: to make money, but if you only concentrate on income, you'll totally lose the original intention of the game. Combining the nature of the game described above, the game is used to pass the time, so fun is the most essential. It's really not fun to buy something and await the cost to go up and resell it. Many game designers discuss the seven deadly sins of human being nature, so using the characteristics of the blockchain to blindly emphasize that playing games can make money is in fact putting the cart before the horse.

Secondly, the game isn't a so-called "project" within the chain circle. Quite simply, the game isn't used to concern coins. It really is correct that game gamers are born with the very best acceptance of digital possessions, but this is not the reason why an electronic currency must be released in the game. Especially at the moment, you can easily misunderstand that the game is just a fake shot, and the real goal is to send a coin to harvest a wave of leeks. Therefore if the real purpose is to make the game nicely for customers to play, why bother to provoke suspicion. As the U.S. lawmakers reported in the news headlines recently considered, if Facebook straight adopted Bitcoin rather than having to write-up Libra itself, the result would be "much better." Just as, if you play games purely, the existing native tokens on the public chain are enough to understand the payment functionality, and it is not necessary to issue the coin yourself.

Third, the game isn't dice. Although randomness can be an important assistance for the fun of the game, the game should create the process of random results full of fun and artistry through a variety of packaging, rather than straightforwardly presenting the results to an individual. This is rude and immediate. It is a great destruction of the beauty of the game, and it is hard to be recognized and accepted by actual game players. Having said three things, they can actually end up being summarized into a single. Blockchain games can't be provided the "functions" of the blockchain just because they are built along with the blockchain (in addition these features are not all reasonable). Blockchain games should first end up being games. Just what a chain visit should appear to be First of all, like other styles of games inside the annals of information technology development, the first objective of blockchain games should be to help more common people learn, adapt and accept the blockchain. Stand-alone games have helped us get familiar with computers, online games have helped us get familiar with the web, mobile games have helped us get familiar with the cellular Web, and so on... Blockchain games shouldn't only concentrate on the foreign currency circle and chain circle from the beginning. For customers, it should focus on the general public and shoulder the same historic mission as the predecessors. Secondly, to spell it out the game from an academic perspective, it must provide a well-defined worldview and let the player simply understand and enjoy it, so the player can interact with the game under this worldview and obtain pleasure, and this pleasure happens to be his life experience Not available or especially desire to experience. For instance, "Horseman Move" follows this principle and introduces the planet of horse racing, allowing gamers to use the racecourse such as a actual race owner, cultivate horses, participate in competitions, win prizes, and obtain pleasure. non-e of the processes can be omitted, normally the conversation will not be benign. The best pleasure can be problematic for ordinary gamers to experience in real life, which just displays the meaning of the game.

Third, "de-blockchainization" is specially important for chain games at the moment. It could be strange to say that, since what I am doing is a blockchain game, why should we emphasize de-blockchainization? In fact, this formulation can be an echo of the prior article. You can't point out that chain games must discuss finance, must discuss issuance, must discuss NFT, etc. They are not wrong, nevertheless, you can't blindly pursue these "blockchain functions" and ignore them. The game itself should have the playability and artistry. From an great perspective, blockchain being an infrastructure ought to be invisible to gamers (though it is difficult at the moment), so that makers can concentrate on providing fun games, and gamers can more easily accept the new This content of the gameplay. Thus, a chain game must first solve the issue of whether it's a qualified game, and then it needs to deeply explore what the blockchain can achieve before to help make the game more fun, rather than basically applying "blockchain functions" to The game can be called a chain game. What does blockchain bring to games The most well-known standard definition of large-scale online games in the PC era is MMORPG, Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game, and Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game. Among them, the pioneering function is "Network Genesis" released in 1997. It really is usually called "UO", which is the abbreviation of its English name Ultima Online. The developer Origin is a generation game player, and the publisher is the aspect game industry. Years of enduring giants-EA, Electronic Arts. And the most well-known function in MMORPG is "World of Warcraft", which recently launched the nostalgic service. The developer is the number one get better at of the game business in the Computer era-Blizzard Entertainment, known as glass slag.

World of Warcraft Classic Nostalgia The definition of MMORPG should be considered in two parts. The RPG in the second half is a standard game classification. There are also numerous RPGs in stand-alone games. This is simply not the concentrate of the article. The MMO in the first half refers to the new vitality injected into the game by the web. Massively-large-scale, different from the past few individuals in the neighborhood area system, online games are performed on the scale of hundreds of thousands of people together, but also refers to the game's planet view, gameplay, and articles are relatively complex. Multiplayer-Multiplayer, as mentioned above, many people play jointly, rather than adventure by yourself. Online--Online, this is the core part. MMORPG creates a virtual planet that continues to operate. Even if the ball player ends the game, the virtual planet continues to use in the main server, other gamers can continue to participate. To place it another method: numerous gamers and players may fully exchange info through system interconnection inside MMO, and then create this generation of immortal game types. Because this sort of gameplay is more pleasurable than playing on your own or enjoying CS or StarCraft in the LAN. As the blockchain technology matures, the network which we live will gradually evolve from the web of Information to the web of Value. As a decentralized distributed accounting technology, blockchain may bring the most core things to games. It really is trust. Because the first data can't be tampered with, the second smart contract is immediately executed. From information tranny to trust tranny, this can make the creation and operation of games undergo deeper modifications, and a larger-scale division of labor can be carried out than previously. The complete game ecology has become unprecedentedly fair and simply, and between game producers and gamers The status of between can also be completely equal. As game practitioners, the only thing we need to do is to actively embrace such changes. Before blockchain technology is accepted on a large scale, this type of faith is difficult to speak about. Even very companies like Facebook will be questioned, let alone startups. Because trust can't be disappointed, complete openness is the greatest choice. Therefore MMO will evolve into MMC in this fresh era-Massively Multiplayer Cooperation, a massively multiplayer cooperative game.

The Lay of the Land in Blockchain Dispute Resolution and Governance Designs

In the rapidly developing public chain and dApp landscape, decentralized governance and dispute resolution has emerged as the key missing piece to protecting users’ rights and assets and driving user adoption.

In short, blockchain security should have two layers: (1) cybersecurity and (2) governance. Although the focus tends to be on cybersecurity, regular users encounter conflicts/disputes more often than security hacks in their day-to-day usage, making governance just as important as cybersecurity. This is even more true in decentralized ecosystems that do not (or should not) have centralized arbitration services.

In this article, I examine different approaches to blockchain governance and dispute resolution and compare them with what I am working on at Oath Protocol.

ECAF

The EOSIO Core Arbitration Forum

The EOSIO Core Arbitration Forum, or ECAF, is established by the EOS Constitution. Here is the specific language that mentions ECAF:

All disputes arising out of or in connection with this Constitution shall be finally settled under the Rules of Dispute Resolution of the EOS Core Arbitration Forum by one or more arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said Rules.

The ECAF is comprised of vetted arbitrators, trained to consider the special context of blockchain disputes. The arbitrators have to meet certain criteria, including fluency in English and minimum education level, and complete an apprenticeship training process, in which they are mentored by a more experienced arbitrator, before being allowed to rule on a dispute in their own right. Currently, there are six arbitrators who have been cleared to arbitrate mostly complex cases, which are then executed by EOS block-producers (BPs).

By default, one arbitrator is appointed to decide the case. Appeals and disciplinary cases are heard by a panel of three, led by a senior arbitrator. In exceptional circumstances, the (single) arbitrator may request the appointment of two additional arbitrators.

To review and arbitrate a case, ECAF charges a nonrefundable filing fee, paid by the claimant. The minimum fee is 6 EOS, for disputes valued at 1–250 EOS, and goes up to 7,560 EOS for claims valued at 5,000,000+ EOS. At the current exchange rate of USD ~$2.40/EOS (historically, on the low end, per CoinMarketCap), the minimum filing fee equals USD ~$12. For cases with no immediately calculable monetary damages, the default filing fee is 150 EOS (USD $360). The final arbitration cost is decided by the arbitrator and takes into account the arbitrator’s fees and expenses, the costs of experts and translators, and any other costs related to the conduction of the case.

What is the difference between ECAF and Oath Protocol?

While ECAF’s jurisdiction is limited to the EOS chain, Oath Protocol provides a scalable and chain-agnostic solution that is compatible with any public chains and dApps. This also allows us to tap into the entire blockchain ecosystem to grow our juror community.

ECAF imposes a minimum arbitration fee that varies depending on the value of the case at issue, whereas Oath uses the free-market principle, allowing the disputing parties to set juror awards.

ECAF sets strict criteria for potential arbitrators. At Oath, practically anyone can become a juror after completing our community-led KYC process to establish identity and assign attributes, and our credit level system will differentiate among jurors with differing experience and expertise levels to ensure appropriate juror selection for cases of varying complexity.

Kleros

The Blockchain Dispute Resolution Layer

Kleros is a dispute resolution protocol, built on Ethereum, that works as a decentralized third party to arbitrate contract disputes. It “relies on game theoretic incentives to have jurors rule cases correctly.”

Kleros is an opt-in court system, comprised of the General Court and specialized courts and sub-courts. Each token holder (and potential juror) can register in at most one sub-court of each specialized court where they have activated their token during the sign-up. This ensures that jurors self-select the specialized courts they believe they are most skilled at.

The arbitration fees are determined by the sub-courts. Once the dispute is initiated, disputants deposit the fees in the smart contract, and failure to do so results in a default judgment in favor of the depositing party. At the conclusion of the case, the losing party pays the arbitration fees, and the other deposits are refunded.

Kleros implements a staking incentive as their juror reward mechanism. This means two things: (1) the more tokens a potential juror deposits in the sub-court, the more likely he is to be selected to decide cases, and (2) at the conclusion of the case, the losing jurors’ staked tokens are distributed to the winning jurors who correctly voted for the winning party. In addition to receiving the losing jurors’ tokens, the winning jurors also receive the arbitration fee.

The figure below demonstrates token redistribution after the vote with seven jurors. Tokens are redistributed from jurors who voted incoherently to jurors who voted coherently. Bob lost the dispute and pays the arbitration fees.

Kleros allows unlimited appeals, but disincentivizes them by automatically “doubling plus one” the number of jurors on each follow-up appeal, which exponentially increases the fees.

What is the difference between Kleros and Oath Protocol?

Kleros requires its jurors to hold and stake the native platform tokens, whereas anyone can become an Oath Protocol juror, no token required.

Kleros’s staking and re-distribution incentive system may prevent tentative jurors from voting (and risk losing their staked tokens), thereby lowering the overall participation rate. Oath’s positive incentive system, combined with juror reputation system, ensures a robust and high-quality juror pool.

All actions on Kleros occur as on-chain transactions. This means two things: (1) Kleros will depend on technological milestones to solve scalability on the Ethereum network and (2) the cost of dispute resolution on Kleros will depend on gas fees needed to record those transactions. As a semi-off-chain solution that requires only two on-chain transactions (dispute initiation and recording of result), Oath can scale right away and manage high traffic as well as maintain relatively low gas fees.

In contrast to Kleros’s unlimited appeals, Oath Protocol allows two appeals, keeping the same number of jurors, but selecting more experienced jurors with higher credit levels for subsequent appeals.

Aragon

Democratizing Governance

Aragon aims to “be the first community governed decentralized organization whose goal is to act as a digital jurisdiction, an online decentralized court system that isn’t bound by traditional artificial barriers such as national jurisdictions or the borders of a single country.”

The arbitration mechanism requires an individual that has a dispute to open a case and post a bond. The bond will be locked for the period of the arbitration process and returned if the case is resolved in the applicant’s favor. If not, the bond will be kept as a “network reserve.”

When the arbitration begins, five judges will be randomly selected from a pool of volunteers. Volunteers are individuals that have posted a bond indicating their interest in serving as a Judge. The five selected judges will vote on the outcome of the case.

If the applicant is unsatisfied with the ruling, he or she has the option to appeal by posting an even larger bond than before. For the appeal round, all the judges of the Aragon Network will be able to participate. If the applicant is still unsatisfied, there is the Supreme Court of the Aragon Network Jurisdiction, where the judges will be composed of the top 9 judges by ANJ payout. In other words, these are the individuals with the highest ranking in resolving Aragon Network Jurisdiction cases. The judges of the previous round will get rewarded or penalized according to the ruling of the Supreme Court. If they agree with the previous round’s judges, the judges from that round will be rewarded. And in the opposite decision, the judges of that round get penalized for a call that was overturned.

Currently, Aragon is still investigating the most efficient arbitration criteria for its platform, and the above framework is subject to change.

What is the difference between Aragon and Oath Protocol?

Aragon implements a bond (i.e., staking) system to select case jurors, whereas anyone can be a juror on the Oath Protocol platform.

Aragon uses a group of five judges to resolve first-instance disputes. Oath Protocol allows the disputing parties to select the number of jurors, with a minimum set at eleven, to ensure a more decentralized and fair process.

Aragon’s five-person jury is selected randomly, whereas Oath Protocol relies on computing algorithms and party input to create diverse and fair juries.

Aragon does not appear to set time limits on juror deliberation and dispute resolution process. On Oath Protocol, the entire process takes eight days, start to finish.

Aragon Network Jurisdiction appears to be designed for dispute resolution within the Aragon Network. Oath Protocol is a a scalable and chain-agnostic solution that is compatible with any public chains and dApps via APIs.

JUR

Justice as a Service on the Blockchain

Jur proposes a dispute resolution system that utilizes blockchain technology to instill transparency and immutability in the legal industry. Jur’s dispute resolution solution uses a series of smart contracts to provide an incorruptible decentralized oracle that delivers fair and fast dispute resolution at near zero cost.

To participate in dispute resolution, voters on the Jur platform will need to stake tokens in a smart contract. Voting is therefore restricted to JUR token-holders, which is meant to incentivize outsiders to purchase the token.

Jur provides two different models of voting: open votes or closed Hub votes. Users can choose to enter their contracts in the open dispute resolution or any closed Hub in the Jur ecosystem.

In open votes, any voter can choose to participate. Although there is no centralized barrier to entry, rational voters will only choose to vote when they are more than 50% confident that they can predict the majority position, or else they risk losing their staked tokens.

In closed Hubs, only certain voters are allowed to vote. Admins can establish Hubs with requirements that Oracles must meet in order to vote, creating an ecosystem in which Hubs with vetted oracles are in competition to provide the best service. Hubs do not charge fees directly. Hub administrators earn revenue by selling the contracts that are used on the Hub.

Built on Ethereum, Jur depends on the further development of the technology as it relates to scalability. Presently, Jur is considering the implementation of side-chains, modeled on Loom or Raiden Network, for example.

Jur is available to third parties via APIs for a monthly subscription fee, making it less likely to become the standard industry solution.

What is the difference between Jur and Oath Protocol?

Built on Ethereum, Jur depends on solving the scalability dilemma and is actively researching alternative solutions, such as side chains. Oath Protocol offers a semi-decentralized solution, where only two transactions are recorded on-chain (case initiation and resolution), allowing for immediate scalability.

Jur charges third parties monthly subscription fees to use their APIs and refer disputes to the Jur Platform. Oath Protocol charges a one-time implementation fee for partner integration via APIs.

Jur’s staking system is intended to prevent tentative jurors from voting, thereby increasing vote confidence level, but lowering the overall participation rate. Oath’s juror incentive system, combined with juror reputation system, ensures a robust and high-quality juror pool.

The Jur jury pool is limited to JUR token holders. With Oath Protocol, anyone can become a juror, which allows us to create a large and more diverse jury pool.

Mattereum

Smart Contracts for the Real World

Mattereum is an “Internet of Agreements” project to manage legal rights over physical property, intellectual property, and eventually even real estate, on the blockchain. It combines smart contract engineering and legal expertise to enable legally enforceable digital agreements or, in other words, pair the smart contract code with a written legal contract. In parallel, part of this project is to build the ecosystem on the other side of this infrastructure, including mechanisms for ensuring that disputes are handled by suitably equipped dispute resolution professionals.

What is the difference between Mattereum and Oath Protocol?

Mattereum is building a platform for creating legally enforceable blockchain-based contracts, linked to an arbitration panel for dispute resolution. Oath Protocol is building a layer 2 infrastructure to resolve disputes through a decentralized community.

Mattereum will create a decentralized, international panel of independent, technically competent arbitrators for dispute resolution. Oath Protocol relies on a diverse jury pool of regular blockchain users.

Mattereum contracts will interface with a system for selecting and appointing an arbitrator, who will then be able to give a binding ruling on any disputes that arise. Oath Protocol will use computing algorithms to select a jury of at least eleven peers to resolve factual disputes, leaving execution to our partner dApps and chains via smart contracts.

Oath Protocol

Decentralized Governance and Dispute Resolution

Oath Protocol is a blockchain dispute resolution and governance protocol. Modeled on the common law jury system, it combines one of the most reliable legal systems from the real world with blockchain technology, cryptography, and other concepts to provide a layer 2 cross-chain infrastructure for a decentralized, standard, and extensible public chain-agnostic protocol that protects dApp users’ rights and assets.

What are some of the key features of Oath Protocol?

Community decisionmaking: Oath Protocol relies on regular blockchain users to form its juror community and decide cases. Jurors do not need to hold OATH tokens to qualify for juries (no staking), therefore eliminating concentration of power and potential for improper control of the platform. Larger juries (minimum of 11 jurors) more accurately represent community consensus and ensure decentralized decisionmaking.

Semi-decentralized voting process: only two transactions take place on-chain (and require gas fees to record): initiation of the case and recording of the case result. The evidence submission and voting take place off-chain, facilitating more robust case participation by the jurors and eliminating gas fees associated with fully on-chain voting.

Layer 2 protocol: as an infrastructure layer, Oath Protocol does not have to solve the problem of enforcing case decisions. When chains or dApps use a smart contract that incorporates Oath, once the case is decided, the outcome is returned to the smart contract, which then self-executes.

Algorithms and safeguards to ensure fairness: Oath’s dynamic allocation algorithm reduces the odds of the same jury members resolving multiple disputes to avoid collusion, and the categorized random algorithm, designed for reducing bias, selects jurors with diverse backgrounds to ensure fairness. The jury members’ identities are kept confidential through cryptographic techniques to ensure objectivity.

Compatibility with any public chains or dApps: via APIs, Oath Protocol is compatible with any chains or dApps, and our smart contract template library allows easy integration.

Credit level system and data analytics: Oath’s credit level system and token reward mechanism incentivize good-faith decisionmaking and protect the ecosystem from bots and bad actors. Oath will also collect and analyze data relating to jurors’ behavior to enable our selection algorithms to select the best jurors for cases.

Scalability and tiers: Because users are not required to have specialized expertise to become jurors, the jury community can grow significantly. The credit level system will reflect the jurors’ decisionmaking reputation. For complex or high-impact cases, Oath will be able to select top-tier jurors with the highest credit levels. For simplest cases, Oath may use a broader juror pool, with no minimum credit level requirement.

Transparency: Oath Protocol saves the jurors’ votes and stated reasons therefor on the blockchain to create an immutable and searchable record.

In Summary

Each project takes different approaches to jury selection, voting, recording of transactions, and juror incentives. In all cases, the goal is to create a system that is fair to users and incentivizes good decisionmaking by the jurors.

Kleros, Aragon, and Jur all require their jurors to hold and stake tokens to be selected to decide cases, whereas anyone can be a juror on the Oath Protocol Platform, and our juror credit level system incentivizes good decisionmaking and inhibits bad actors. Both Oath and Kleros intend to be used as a layer 2 solution for other chains and dApps, and Aragon and Jur are working on independent, self-contained platforms. Only Oath Protocol offers a semi-decentralized solution, whereby only two transactions are recorded on-chain, which reduces gas fees and offers immediate scalability, not tied to the scalability limitations of the Ethereum network.

As with any protocol, the value will ultimately come from the users’ trust and use, and the ability to remain robust and relevant in an ever-evolving ecosystem.

With Oath Protocol, we have decided to uniquely focus on low-value/high-volume disputes in a semi-decentralized way that allows us to maintain scalability while preserving a fair and robust community decision making process.

To learn more about Oath Protocol, sign up for email updates on our website. To stay up to date on Oath Protocol news and announcements, follow us on Medium, Telegram, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and join the conversation on Telegram.

Special thanks to Michael Wurzinger and Xu Yin.

The Lay of the Land in Blockchain Dispute Resolution and Governance Designs was originally published in Hacker Noon on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

[Telegram Channel | Original Article ]

Part 6: Wages Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respective Price) of Labour-Power into Wages On the surface of bourgeois society the wage of the labourer appears as the price of labour, a certain quantity of money that is paid for a certain quantity of labour. Thus people speak of the value of labour and call its expression in money its necessary or natural price. On the other hand they speak of the market-prices of labour, i.e., prices oscillating above or below its natural price. But what is the value of a commodity? The objective form of the social labour expended in its production. And how do we measure the quantity of this value? By the quantity of the labour contained in it. How then is the value, e.g., of a 12 hour working day to be determined?. By the 12 working-hours contained in a working day of 12 hours, which is an absurd tautology.1 In order to be sold as a commodity in the market, labour must at all events exist before it is sold. But, could the labourer give it an independent objective existence, he would sell a commodity and not labour.2 Apart from these contradictions, a direct exchange of money, i.e., of realized labour, with living labour would either do away with the law of value which only begins to develop itself freely on the basis of capitalist production, or do away with capitalist production itself, which rests directly on wage-labour. The working day of 12 hours embodies itself, e.g., in a money-value of 6s. Either equivalents are exchanged, and then the labourer receives 6s, for 12 hours’ labour; the price of his labour would be equal to the price of his product. In this case he produces no surplus value for the buyer of his labour, the 6s. are not transformed into capital, the basis of capitalist production vanishes. But it is on this very basis that he sells his labour and that his labour is wage-labour. Or else he receives for 12 hours’ labour less than 6s., i.e., less than 12 hours’ labour. Twelve hours’ labour are exchanged against 10, 6, &c., hours’ labour. This equalization of unequal quantities not merely does away with the determination of value. Such a selfdestructive contradiction cannot be in any way even enunciated or formulated as a law.3 It is of no avail to deduce the exchange of more labour against less, from their difference of form, the one being realized, the other living.4 This is the more absurd as the value of a commodity is determined not by the quantity of labour actually realized in it, but by the quantity of living labour necessary for its production. A commodity represents, say, 6 working-hours. If an invention is made by which it can be produced in 3 hours, the value, even of the commodity already produced, falls by half. It represents now 3 hours of social labour instead of the 6 formerly necessary. It is the quantity of labour required for its production, not the realized form of that labour, by which the amount of the value of a commodity is determined. That which comes directly face to face with the possessor of money on the market, is in fact not labour, but the labourer. What the latter sells is his labour-power. As soon as his labour actually begins, it has already ceased to belong to him; it can therefore no longer be sold by him. Labour is the substance, and the immanent measure of value, but has itself no value.5 267 Chapter XIX In the expression “value of labour,” the idea of value is not only completely obliterated, but actually reversed. It is an expression as imaginary as the value of the earth. These imaginary expressions, arise, however, from the relations of production themselves. They are categories for the phenomenal forms of essential relations. That in their appearance things often represent themselves in inverted form is pretty well known in every science except Political Economy. 6 Classical Political Economy borrowed from every-day life the category “price of labour” without further criticism, and then simply asked the question, how is this price determined? It soon recognized that the change in the relations of demand and supply explained in regard to the price of labour, as of all other commodities, nothing except its changes i.e., the oscillations of the market-price above or below a certain mean. If demand and supply balance, the oscillation of prices ceases, all other conditions remaining the same. But then demand and supply also cease to explain anything. The price of labour, at the moment when demand and supply are in equilibrium, is its natural price, determined independently of the relation of demand and supply. And how this price is determined is just the question. Or a larger period of oscillations in the market-price is taken, e.g., a year, and they are found to cancel one the other, leaving a mean average quantity, a relatively constant magnitude. This had naturally to be determined otherwise than by its own compensating variations. This price which always finally predominates over the accidental market-prices of labour and regulates them, this “necessary price” (Physiocrats) or “natural price” of labour (Adam Smith) can, as with all other commodities, be nothing else than its value expressed in money. In this way Political Economy expected to penetrate athwart the accidental prices of labour, to the value of labour. As with other commodities, this value was determined by the cost of production. But what is the cost of production-of the labourer, i.e., the cost of producing or reproducing the labourer himself? This question unconsciously substituted itself in Political Economy for the original one; for the search after the cost of production of labour as such turned in a circle and never left the spot. What economists therefore call value of labour, is in fact the value of labour-power, as it exists in the personality of the labourer, which is as different from its function, labour, as a machine is from the work it performs. Occupied with the difference between the market-price of labour and its so-called value, with the relation of this value to the rate of profit, and to the values of the commodities produced by means of labour, &c., they never discovered that the course of the analysis had led not only from the market-prices of labour to its presumed value, but had led to the resolution of this value of labour itself into the value of labour-power. Classical economy never arrived at a consciousness of the results of its own analysis; it accepted uncritically the categories “value of labour,” “natural price of labour,” &c.,. as final and as adequate expressions for the value-relation under consideration, and was thus led, as will be seen later, into inextricable confusion and contradiction, while it offered to the vulgar economists a secure basis of operations for their shallowness, which on principle worships appearances only. Let us next see how value (and price) of labour-power, present themselves in this transformed condition as wages. We know that the daily value of labour-power is calculated upon a certain length of the labourer’s life, to which, again, corresponds a certain length of working day. Assume the habitual working day as 12 hours, the daily value of labour-power as 3s., the expression in money of a value that embodies 6 hours of labour. If the labourer receives 3s., then he receives the value of his labourpower functioning through 12 hours. If, now, this value of a day’s labour-power is expressed as the value of a day’s labour itself, we have the formula: Twelve hours’ labour has a value of 3s. The value of labour-power thus determines the value of labour, or, expressed in money, its necessary price. If, on the other hand, the price of labour-power differs from its value, in like manner the price of labour differs from its so-called value. As the value of labour is only an irrational expression for the value of labour-power, it follows, of course, that the value of labour must always be less than the value it produces, for the capitalist 268 Chapter XIX always makes labour-power work longer than is necessary for the reproduction of its own value. In the above example, the value of the labour-power that functions through 12 hours is 3s., a value for the reproduction of which 6 hours are required. The value which the labour-power produces is, on the other hand, 6s., because it, in fact, functions during 12 hours, and the value it produces depends, not on its own value, but on the length of time it is in action. Thus, we have a result absurd at first sight that labour which creates a value of 6s. possesses a value of 3s.7 We see, further: The value of 3s. by which a part only of the working day – i.e., 6 hours’ labour-is paid for, appears as the value or price of the whole working day of 12 hours, which thus includes 6 hours unpaid for. The wage form thus extinguishes every trace of the division of the working day into necessary labour and surplus labour, into paid and unpaid labour. All labour appears as paid labour. In the corvée, the labour of the worker for himself, and his compulsory labour for his lord, differ in space and time in the clearest possible way. In slave labour, even that part of the working day in which the slave is only replacing the value of his own means of existence, in which, therefore, in fact, he works for himself alone, appears as labour for his master. All the slave’s labour appears as unpaid labour.8 In wage labour, on the contrary, even surplus labour, or unpaid labour, appears as paid. There the property-relation conceals the labour of the slave for himself; here the money-relation conceals the unrequited labour of the wage labourer. Hence, we may understand the decisive importance of the transformation of value and price of labour-power into the form of wages, or into the value and price of labour itself. This phenomenal form, which makes the actual relation invisible, and, indeed, shows the direct opposite of that relation, forms the basis of all the juridical notions of both labourer and capitalist, of all the mystifications of the capitalistic mode of production, of all its illusions as to liberty, of all the apologetic shifts of the vulgar economists. If history took a long time to get at the bottom of the mystery of wages, nothing, on the other hand, is more easy to understand than the necessity, the raison d’etre, of this phenomenon. The exchange between capital and labour at first presents itself to the mind in the same guise as the buying and selling of all other commodities. The buyer gives a certain sum of money, the seller an article of a nature different from money. The jurist’s consciousness recognizes in this, at most, a material difference, expressed in the juridically equivalent formula: “Do ut des, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias.” 9 Furthermore, exchange-value and use-value, being intrinsically incommensurable magnitudes, the expressions “value of labour,” “price of labour,” do not seem more irrational than the expressions “value of cotton,” “price of cotton.” Moreover, the labourer is paid after he has given his labour. In its function of means of payment, money realizes subsequently the value or price of the article supplied – i.e., in this particular case, the value or price of the labour supplied. Finally, the usevalue supplied by the labourer to the capitalist is not, in fact, his labour-power, but its function, some definite useful labour, the work of tailoring, shoemaking, spinning, &c. That this same labour is, on the other hand, the universal value-creating element, and thus possesses a property by which it differs from all other commodities, is beyond the cognizance of the ordinary mind. Let us put ourselves in the place of the labourer who receives for 12 hours’ labour, say the value produced by 6 hours’ labour, say 3s. For him, in fact, his 12 hours’ labour is the means of buying the 3s. The value of his labour-power may vary, with the value of his usual means of subsistence, from 3 to 4 shillings, or from 3 to 2 shillings; or, if the value of his labour-power remains constant, its price may, in consequence of changing relations of demand and supply, rise to 4s. or fall to 2s. He always gives 12 hours of labour. Every change in the amount of the equivalent that he receives appears to him, therefore, necessarily as a change in the value or price of his 12 hours’ work. This circumstance misled Adam Smith, who treated the working day as a constant quantity,10 to the assertion that the value of labour is constant, although the value of the means of 269 Chapter XIX subsistence may vary, and the same working day, therefore, may represent itself in more or less money for the labourer. Let us consider, on the other hand, the capitalist. He wishes to receive as much labour as possible for as little money as possible. Practically, therefore, the only thing that interests him is the difference between the price of labour-power and the value which its function creates. But, then, he tries to buy all commodities as cheaply as possible, and always accounts for his profit by simple cheating, by buying under, and selling over the value. Hence, he never comes to see that, if such a thing as the value of labour really existed, and he really paid this value, no capital would exist, his money would not be turned into capital. Moreover, the actual movement of wages presents phenomena which seem to prove that not the value of labour-power is paid, but the value of its function, of labour itself. We may reduce these phenomena to two great classes: 1.) Change of wages with the changing length of the working day. One might as well conclude that not the value of a machine is paid, but that of its working, because it costs more to hire a machine for a week than for a day. 2.) The individual difference in the wages of different labourers who do the same kind of work. We find this individual difference, but are not deceived by it, in the system of slavery, where, frankly and openly, without any circumlocution, labour-power itself is sold. Only, in the slave system, the advantage of a labour-power above the average, and the disadvantage of a labour-power below the average, affects the slave-owner; in the wage-labour system, it affects the labourer himself, because his labour-power is, in the one case, sold by himself, in the other, by a third person. For the rest, in respect to the phenomenal form, “value and price of labour,” or “wages,” as contrasted with the essential relation manifested therein, viz., the value and price of labourpower, the same difference holds that holds in respect to all phenomena and their hidden substratum. The former appear directly and spontaneously as current modes of thought; the latter must first be discovered by science. Classical Political Economy nearly touches the true relation of things, without, however, consciously formulating it. This it cannot, so long as it sticks in its bourgeois skin

Auto Insurance Principles Should Apply to Health Insurance

Numerous Americans depend on their vehicles to get the chance to work. No vehicle implies no activity, no lease or home loan cash, no nourishment. A solitary parent, battling to make a decent living in suburbia with 100,000 miles on the odometer, would apparently invite the ensured open door for low-estimated protection that would deal with each conceivable fix on her auto until the day that it arrives at 200,000 miles or self-destructs, whichever starts things out. Particularly if the protection is substantial whether or not she even replaces the oil in the meantime. 

So for what reason aren't the collision protection organizations composing such inclusion, either straightforwardly or through utilized car vendors? Also, given the significance of solid transportation, for what reason isn't the open requesting such inclusion? The appropriate response is that both auto safety net providers and the open realize that such protection can't be composed for a premium the safeguarded can manage, while as yet permitting the back up plans to remain dissolvable and make a benefit. As a general public, we instinctively comprehend that the expenses related with dealing with each mechanical need of an old vehicle, especially without customary support, aren't insurable. However we don't appear to have these equivalent instincts as for medical coverage. 

On the off chance that we haul the feelings out of medical coverage, which is as a matter of fact difficult to do in any event, for this creator, and take a gander at health care coverage from the financial point of view, there are a few bits of knowledge from accident protection that can light up the structure, chance determination, and rating of health care coverage. 

Accident coverage comes in two structures: the conventional protection you purchase from your operator or direct from an insurance agency, and guarantees that are bought from automobile producers and sellers. Both are chance exchange and sharing gadgets and I'll conventionally allude to both as protection. Since auto outsider risk protection has no equal in medical coverage, for customary accident protection, I'll look at just impact and extensive protection - protection covering the vehicle - and not outsider obligation protection. 

Heavily congested 

Coming up next are some ordinarily acknowledged standards from accident coverage: 

* Bad upkeep voids certain protection. On the off chance that a car proprietor never replaces the oil, the auto's capacity train guarantee is void. Actually, not exclusively does the oil should be changed, the change should be performed by a confirmed technician and recorded. Crash protection doesn't cover vehicles deliberately driven over a precipice. 

* The best protection is offered for new models. Heavily congested guarantees are offered uniquely on new vehicles. As they move off the mechanical production system, vehicles have a low and generally predictable hazard profile, fulfilling the actuarial test for protection valuing. Moreover, car producers as a rule wrap probably some inclusion into the cost of the new auto so as to energize a continuous relationship with the proprietor. 

* Limited protection is offered for old model automobiles. Progressively restricted protection is offered for old model automobiles. The packed in guarantee terminates, the force train guarantee in the end lapses, and the measure of impact and far reaching protection consistently diminishes dependent available estimation of the auto. 

* Certain more seasoned cars meet all requirements for extra protection. Certain more established cars can fit the bill for extra inclusion, either as far as guarantees for utilized automobiles or expanded impact and extensive protection for vintage cars. Be that as it may, such protection is offered simply after a cautious investigation of the vehicle itself. 

* No protection is offered for ordinary mileage. Wiper edges need substitution, brake cushions wear out, and guards get dings. These aren't insurable occasions. To the degree that another vehicle seller will at times spread a portion of these costs, we instinctively comprehend that we're "paying for it" in the expense of the car and that it's "not so much" protection. 

* Accidents are the main insurable occasion for the most seasoned autos. Mishaps are commonly insurable occasions in any event, for the most seasoned cars; with barely any special cases administration work isn't. 

* Insurance doesn't reestablish all vehicles to pre-mishap condition. Collision protection is constrained. In the event that the harm to the auto at any age surpasses the estimation of the auto, the guarantor at that point pays just the estimation of the auto. Except for vintage cars, the worth doled out to the auto goes down after some time. So while mishaps are insurable at any vehicle age, the measure of the mishap protection is progressively restricted. 

* Insurance is estimated to the hazard. Protection is evaluated dependent on the hazard profile of both the car and the driver. The auto back up plan cautiously analyzes both when setting rates. 

* We pay for our own protection. What's more, with not many special cases, accident protection isn't charge deductible. Accordingly, the dread of expanding protection rates because of criminal traffic offenses or potentially mishaps changes our driving conduct and we once in a while select our autos dependent on their insurability. 

Every one of the above standards is upheld by strong actuarial hypothesis. Albeit most Americans can't portray the fundamental actuarial hypotheses, most everybody comprehends the above standards of collision protection at the instinctive level. Without a doubt, as vital autos are to our ways of life, there is no boisterous national development, joined by moral shock, to change these standards. 

Impractical Market 

Conversely, comparable standards are routinely abused in medical coverage. To exhibit this current, how about we come back to the equivalent rural mother from the initial passage. She's bustling working, heading to and from work, and driving her children to class and exercises. She closes every day depleted, sitting on the lounge chair with inexpensive food. She's corpulent, has a stationary life, a terrible eating routine, and hasn't set aside the effort to go to the specialist in years. After a straightforward physical issue doesn't recuperate for quite a long time, she turns up at the crisis room and learns she has type II diabetes. In spite of the fact that type II diabetes is controllable, changing eating regimen and exercise propensities and appropriately following her condition requires significant investment and exertion and she's never fully effective in executing the fundamental way of life changes. 

So the underlying crisis room visit is just the first of an extensive rundown of social insurance identified with non-controlled diabetes and different issues related with heftiness. Regardless of whether she has individual or gathering protection, her protection pays for every scene of care, without singling her out for an exceptional increment, and without charging her any more cost sharing than is charged to the most advantageous and most restoratively constant insureds. Her inclusion proceeds until she willfully changes insurance agencies and additionally managers or gets qualified for Medicare. On the off chance that she's secured under gathering protection she may not pay any premium. Her protection proceeds with unabated, despite the fact that the infection was brought about by ignoring her body and she keeps up her poor way of life considerably after the malady gets known. 

This fair wouldn't occur in accident coverage. This situation is the collision protection likeness ensured access to low-evaluated accident coverage that deals with each conceivable fix, including harm previously done, until the day the vehicle self-destructs so totally it's unsalvageable (demise) or arrives at 200,000 miles (Medicare), whether or not she even replaces the oil (deals with herself) in the meantime. 

As a general public, we don't expect this in private-advertise accident protection, yet we expect it in private-showcase medical coverage. Besides, there's a tune of national and state interests, which constantly drives us further away from the collision protection standards. 

The present private medical coverage showcase isn't practical. Costs have been reliably expanding quicker than expansion for quite a long time. Every year, insureds utilize more medicinal services than any other time in recent memory and more individuals have no protection by any stretch of the imagination. Most statisticians and others in the private medical coverage showcase don't need national health care coverage with its administration and one-size-fits-all advantages. However, we're attempting to continue a private protection framework, which disregards the very standards we know are essential for private protection markets. 

Truly, medical coverage includes the holiness of human life and is accordingly not the same as accident protection. In any case, in case we're to support a private-showcase answer for medical coverage, statisticians need to disclose to the bigger society, in wording that society comprehends, the basis for the accompanying standards: 

* As holy as human services may be, it's as yet a monetary exchange that must be adjusted by people and social orders, against other financial decisions. It can't be boundless. Here and there it will be auxiliary to different decisions. On a given day, for instance, the mother in our situation may esteem her vehicle more than her wellbeing. 

* Insurance premiums ought to be paid by the individual and attached to controllable hazard factors. This will give the best motivation to the control of hazard factors. 

* Although it's difficult to adhere to a meaningful boundary between misuse, disregard and obliviousness, self-misuse shouldn't be safeguarded and we have to draw that line some place. 

* The private market can't give boundless, self-coordinated medical coverage. 

* Routine consideration and continuous medications of ceaseless conditions can be pre-supported, can even be financed, yet they don't establish "insurable occasions." 

* Insurance can't be relied upon to keep each human body in flawless condition. No measure of human services will forestall everybody's definitive demise. 

* Comprehensive, boundless, non-sponsored private-advertise inclusion isn't workable for individuals with seriously weakened wellbeing. 

* The private wellbeing business sector can give restricted non-financed medical coverage, for example, assurance from mishaps, to even wellbeing weakened people. 

* Individuals who can bear to do as such and who take great consideration of themselves ought to have the option to "purchase up" to better inclusion. Individuals have the alternative of purchasing in the mood for everything else throughout everyday life. 

Dis

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De Bethune Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia – De Bethune plunges into the fantasy universe of designer and scenographer François Schuiten, nicknamed the “Watchmaker of Dreams”, while engaging in a dialogue with the enigmatic world of The Obscure Cities through signature motif highlighted on the very structure of its DW5.

Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

A reality shift, a parallel universe in which humans are often left to their own devices – even though the reality is never very far away – this imaginary world is composed of enigmas and mysteries. Through shadows and unusual reflections of our world subject to the principle of worrying strangeness, the authors of The Obscure Cities usher their readers into spectacularly extravagant settings while maintaining a distinctly human approach.

Within this retro-futuristic aesthetic free of any nostalgia, the stunning architecture, imaginary cartography, and oft heavy and imposing machines together constitute the driving elements of plots where science and engineering mingle with fantasy.

It is precisely in the context of this rich and extraordinary universe that De Bethune has taken an interest in Armilia: a submerged, almost entirely underground city. It is in this remote place in the far North of the imaginary Continent that the control of Time is handled, a concept oddly mingling chronology and climate disruptions.

Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia – Dialogue between two civilisations

De Bethune observes the exchanges permitted between the real world and the world of The Obscure Cities, recognizing that time does not have the same value in this parallel world. Raising the question of perfect and imperfect time, exploring this “white zone” of the work’s nonetheless incredibly rich universe, De Bethune has imagined a time measurement object, a watch directly inspired by the depiction of Armilia and its universe.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

As a watch movement, it refers to observing time from a different angle. The model was indeed almost called Reflet (reflection). A reflection of this non-human world, but into which humans make regular incursions.

The boundary between art and artisanship

A watchmaker’s work is mainly based on the search for precision, for all that is perfect, the ideal touch… This quest for perfection, this reference to the perfect and the imperfect, the acceptance of imperfection, the relative borderline between perfection and imperfection: it is this almost schizophrenic path that gives rise to emotions when facing matter. Matter that resists, that can be worked on, that can be tamed.

Watchmaker, and passionate about The Obscure Cities, has imagined a wrist-sized sculpture, engraved as a direct reference to a drawing of the City of Armilia.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

Reflecting similar gestures, a dialogue was established between Schuiten’s pen & ink drawings and renowned Swiss engraver Michelle Roten, whose talents were enlisted for this particular project. The structure of the watch thus comes to life or rather creates a reflection of Armilia’s imaginary world, as if the watch were a ship setting out to explore this world. Bearing in mind the idea of achieving a depiction similar to the original drawings, it is no coincidence that De Bethune chose 18K pink gold. The warm colour of the precious metal recalls the equally warm colours characterising the drawings of the city at sunset.

Outside, a totally imaginary world. Inside this watch, the real world of precision and watch engineering.

With Armilia, De Bethune has created a fascinating work that it is placing like a landmark on the frontier between art and watchmaking. The watch testifies to a vision of unbridled creativity while remaining based on profound understanding and respect for the great master watchmakers of the past, whose work it transcends and magnifies.

Exploring the past so as to reinterpret it even more effectively, knowing its heritage, pushing its limits and finally inventing the future. Mastering its codes to the point of breaking free of them in order to transform expertise into emotion and technique into pure beauty. For De Bethune, the approach applies to both art and watchmaking. Armilia belongs to both worlds. It speaks of space, movement and speed as much as precision and complications.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

Armilia is the result of extreme miniaturisation of its mechanism, entirely dedicated to design, of which time is only one element. A De Bethune interpretation appearing as a nod or a signature, a small two-coloured sphere indicates the moon phases. Composed of two assembled and polished blued steel and palladium half-spheres, it guides the eye towards the digital and minimalist display of the hours and minutes. All this is visible through a hand-cut cabochon-shaped tempered glass such as only a rare few are capable of producing, providing a chance to get a better view of this mechanism that counts off time, within a fantasy world that approaches it from an entirely different standpoint.

Denis Flageollet – Master watchmaker & Creative Talent

Denis is the son, grandson and great-grandson of watchmakers.

Known today as one of the finest watchmakers of his times, he promotes a contemporary vision of watchmaking: that of the founding fathers, meaning the mastery of a perpetually changing art. It is a case of age-old expertise dedicated to constant innovation. For him, tradition is not just about building conventional watches, but rather about remaining innovative on a daily basis while following tradition. He aims to continually rejuvenate the spirit of mechanical watchmaking.

A lover of science, culture and art, he is passionate about mechanics and quality workmanship, constantly building on the past while looking firmly to the future.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

It is in this spirit that he founded De Bethune in 2002 with David Zanetta. Their creative inspiration continues to be nurtured by several centuries of watchmaking history, interpreted through the prism of contemporary culture. Since its foundation, De Bethune has been distinguished by its capacity to create mechanical timepieces featuring vanguard technology. It has also demonstrated its ability to imagine a contemporary aesthetic. In bringing these watches to life, each mechanism is assembled with that same vision of marrying new technologies with the beautiful watchmaking expertise of bygone years.

Having majored in science at secondary school in France, he went to Switzerland to study watchmaking and micro-engineering. He then completed his training by joining the “Musée du Locle” as a technician in antique watchmaking.

He finally decided to launch his own method, and in 1989 he co-founded the THA society with François-Paul Journe. Together, they created the first “sympathique” clock inspired by the work of Abraham-Louis Breguet. During these twelve years spent developing THA, he set up the mechanical and watchmaking production workshops, handled technical management, as well as heading the R&D workshop where more than 120 watchmaking developments were successfully undertaken in the fields of watch exterior components, jewellery and horological mechanisms, including the development of numerous calibres.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

Alongside his passion for manual and traditional technical work throughout his career, he has taken further watch construction training with a focus on learning 3D computer-assisted design (CAD) technology and he was one of the first to use it for watchmaking purposes. He has been lucky enough to live in a pivotal period enabling him to learn from the master engineers, watchmakers and jewellers, who in turn have helped him master the production of one-of-a-kind models or prototypes using traditional methods and machines. At the same time, he has shown a consistent interest in state-of-the-art technical progress, which has enabled him to leverage modern CAD and CNC technologies.

He has indeed developed his own method through which he combines necessary know-how and contemporary techniques in order to develop his design and prototypes. This applies both to the movement and to watch exterior components.

His work with De Bethune has been rewarded by two national prizes, 15 international prizes, and is research has resulted in eight patents and two registered designs. Today, in working to build a training course on “Mécanique d’Art” (artistic mechanics) with his fellow artisans, alongside his engagement with De Bethune, his main aim is to pass on his experience and knowledge to watch enthusiasts and the up-and-coming generation of watchmakers.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

Keynote by Denis Flageollet – at the press conference “(Im)Perfect World” at Maison d’Ailleurs – Yverdon, 13 November 2019

I will spare you reading from the press kit you have in your hands. Instead, I will try to share with you, through our respective professions, callings, my personal vision of the ‘Perfect’ and the ‘Imperfect.’

Watches – “Time Pieces” – present a perfect platform for dreams and the idea one can conjure of a utopia. The origin of some of our watches aims to connect various worlds of technical and artistic know-how. When I designed the DW5, my desire was to leave plenty of room for the various possibilities of dealing with its external structure. I am pleased to be able to present to you, as a review, the Armillia, one of the unique timepieces resulting from this desire.

On one hand, I admire the extraordinary drawing talent which François Schuiten translates into a universe that allows us to escape from this world. On the other, I have a friend, Michèle Rothen, whom I consider to be the greatest metal engraver in the world. For 35 years now I have been asking her for the impossible; she has never failed.

That’s all it took to make me want to build a bridge between these two art forms. As craftsmen, it’s not about “more.” It’s better.” We always seek to push our limits. I will speak to you as a craftsman because, beyond the exceptional creativity of the works on display (works that challenge us to question ourselves in a clinical way about our human condition), there is the work of the craftsman – craftsperson –, the work done by his or her hands.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

We are on a daily quest for the perfect gesture, the perfect way of crafting something, which obviously does not exist. Very fortunately for us, however, these small imperfections that arise from an imperfect or not quite perfect gesture are what, in the end, make up the uniqueness of a handcrafted piece of work.

That boundary between perfection and relative imperfection is what we need to reach in order to bring out our emotion through the material we work with. A material that fascinates us and often resists us.

Although works that amaze us are not perfect in every detail, they conjure a sensation far beyond comprehension.

This is how I feel when I see the work of François Schuiten or Michèle Rothen. Or any object created with extraordinary know-how, regardless of the field or discipline. I feel this when I stand before such works because they are human, the result of having done one’s best, of having made it with heart, with passion, but also with slight imperfections. All this makes them human, and reassuringly so because they do not come out of machines and industries that format everything they produce.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

They are perfect in their imperfection. And it is because of these imperfections that their creator loses something fundamental: he or she can no longer be moved by their own work. Somehow, the creator leaves a part of him or herself behind in the work.

Ask Michèle or François and they will tell you that at the end of their work they only see the defects.

In my case, they haunt me, and I must wait for them to fade from memory before I can look at my work with more objectivity. This continuously forces us to question ourselves, pushing us to keep doing better next time. What drives us is all these phases and stages of concentration, failure, determination, doubt and success.

The strength great artists have is what enables them to build on this experience and to keep crafting a better result. That’s what I admire in their works. And when, like the works of François, they also question us, challenge us, and send us a message of hope but also of warning on the razor-fine border between utopia and dystopia, there is only one thing for me to do, and that is to try to capture it in a watch.

Making of Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia

I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank François, who allowed me to work on Dream Watch 5 Armillia, and Michèle, who allowed me to take on this new challenge. Try to imagine, while you look at the piece and at the drawing, all the hours and hours (there are hundreds) that went into the slightest strokes of the pen, the slightest strokes of the chisel. By François, to transport us to other worlds with his strokes of genius. By Michèle, to miniaturize this universe and suspend it forever in solid gold.

At De Bethune, we spent weeks to manufacture each component with the greatest care, to finish it in the greatest watchmaking tradition and to assemble it into an object that indicates the hours and minutes through a window, and accurately displays the phases of our unique satellite, the moon, in the form of a sphere. This watch, which points towards our future, encapsulates an invisible know-how that goes back several centuries and involves 10 craft disciplines.

I would like to conclude with a wish: May we long have the chance to keep our crafts alive, and continue to awaken a sense of wonder. Far from industrialization and growth for its own sake. Far from the “always more” that every day seems to drag us closer to the brink of disaster.

De Bethune Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia Technical specifications

Name:

Maestri���Art DW5 Armilia

Reference:

DW5RMA

Functions:

Hours,

Minutes,

Spherical moon-phase indication

Movement:

DB2144V2

Type:

Mechanical hand-wound movement

Adjustment:

Spherical moon-phase adjustment and setting the time by means of the crown, adorned by 1-carat sapphire (3 positions)

Technical features of calibre DB2144V2

Number of parts:

320

Jewelling:

32 jewels

Diameter:

30 mm

Power reserve:

5 days, ensured by a self-regulating twin barrel De Bethune Innovation (2004)

Specificities:

Silicon annular balance encircled by a white gold ring De Bethune Patent (2010)

“De Bethune” balance-spring with flat terminal curve De Bethune Patent (2006)

Silicon escape wheel

Spherical moon-phase indication with an accuracy of one lunar day every 1112 years – De Bethune Patent (2004)

Frequency:

28’800 vibrations per hour

Adornment:

Hand-crafted finishing and decoration

Display

Display:

Jumping-hour aperture at 3 o’clock

Analogue minutes indicator on a dragging rotating disc

Spherical moon-phase indication in palladium and flamedblued steel with an accuracy of one lunar day every 1112 years at 6 o’clock – De Bethune Patent (2004)

Dial :

Frame of the jumping-hour aperture in blued grade 5 titanium

Case and strap

Case material :

Delta shaped in polished rose gold 18K

Case diameter:

lenght 58 mm

width 47 mm

Case thickness:

16 mm

Crystal:

curved Hard-mineral crystal cut by hand

Case back:

Closed and screwed down case back in black titanium with aperture on balance wheel

Hard-mineral crystal (1800 Vickers hardness) with double anti-reflective coating

Water resistance :

3 ATM

Strap:

Extra-supple alligator leather, alligator lining

Buckle:

Pin in rose gold and buckle in black titanium

De Bethune presents the DW5 Armilia, a unique piece from its Maestri’art collection De Bethune Maestri’Art DW5 Armilia - De Bethune plunges into the fantasy universe of designer and scenographer François Schuiten, nicknamed the “Watchmaker of Dreams”, while engaging in a dialogue with the enigmatic world of The Obscure Cities through signature motif highlighted on the very structure of its DW5.

The Blockchain Paradox – CoinDesk

Pindar Wong is the chairman of VeriFi (Hong Kong) Ltd and a member of CoinDesk’s advisory board. An internet pioneer, he co­founded the first licensed Internet Service Provider in Hong Kong in 1993.

The following article originally appeared in Consensus Magazine, distributed exclusively to attendees of CoinDesk’s Consensus 2019 event.

From ethereum’s conflicted handling of The DAO attack to bitcoin’s block size “civil war,” to the new staking, baking and voting models for upgrading protocols and electing delegates in more recent blockchain projects, “governance” has long been a heated topic in blockchain communities

As pressure for capacity upgrades has grown along with blockchain adoption, communities have struggled to find an idealized “decentralized governance” model for agreeing on code changes and software forks. The difficulty is understandable. After all, the very idea of blockchain governance can seem like a paradox wrapped in a dilemma. The paradox: “How do you change something which is ‘immutable’?”

The dilemma: “In choosing between a hard fork or soft fork: do you split the very value of using a blockchain in the first place?”

I used to characterize the distinct approaches to these fundamental questions as either “on-chain” governance, where code change negotiations are baked into the protocol’s consensus mechanisms (Decred, DFINITY, EOS, Tezos), or “off-chain” governance (bitcoin, ethereum), where upgrade proposals are negotiated offline before being implemented. (Within the latter camp I also saw further division, as some, particularly in the bitcoin community, forswear any form of off-chain governance at all.)

I say “used to” because I no longer think it’s productive to address this puzzle in purely ‘decentralized’ or ‘governance’ terms. Learning from the confusion and heartache of the past 20 years in which governments – the traditional, offline kind – have struggled to understand who “governs the Internet,” I think we need to change the taxonomy.

I suggest substituting “polycentric” for “decentralized,” and “stewardship” for “governance.”

Decentralized governance: ‘Polycentric stewardship’

While authorities took years to understand what “Internet Governance” meant, billions of hosts and multiple “stakeholders” continued to come online worldwide. This meant that, much like blockchain technology, the Internet had its own “scaling issues.” We didn’t run out of block weight or block gas limit, but we did run out of numbers to name each network interface (IPv4 address exhaustion).

In addressing these challenges, a complex ecosystem of stewardship emerged, almost organically. The Internet’s governance came to comprise many independent but interrelated groups, each managing the development of distinctly different but equally important protocols.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) stewarded the core internet protocols that connect hosts on the network (TCP/IP, BGP, HTTPS); the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) stewarded the standards for the Web (HTML); and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) stewarded the Domain Name System (DNS), to name but a few groups.

Today, the Internet is not a single complex legal protocol agreed to by 195 nation states, but a mix of technical protocols that are voluntarily adopted by over 70,000 Autonomous Systems(AS): each of which independently operates its own network.

This complexity in the stewardship ecosystem evolved as the demand for online commercial services generated it’s many scaling challenges. But while it meant there would be no single centralized body responsible for all the policies and protocols that Internet users’ rely upon, it did leave a concentration of authority within each group. Each organically evolved its own distinct culture and community norms, its form, to follow its unique function and pursue a common goal of stewarding the development of specific protocols and policy standards.

Together, these groups now comprise a “polycentralized” ecosystem, having many centers. I see blockchain protocol development following a similar trajectory, with complexity growing as networks become more layered (e.g. the Lightning Network), as different consensus algorithms develop, and as different kinds of specific blockchain hardware such as hardware wallets are deployed. While it’s true that the overall blockchain ecosystem is “not centralized” – that it lacks an overarching center of power or control – I would argue that it is already polycentralized.

As such, it’s not helpful to fixate on a “decentralized” ideal.

Immutability and immunity

How then can we also frame and simplify reasoning about the different roles, and complex interests, within a single family of blockchain protocols? For example, between bitcoin’s multiple stakeholders: developers, exchange operators, full-node operators, miners and end-users.

One lesson I learned from helping organise the 2015 “Scaling Bitcoin” workshops was that thoughtful protocol designers gave careful attention to the overall sustainability of an immutable blockchain. They sought to address not only classic computational “space and time” tradeoffs, such as how to process an “optimally malicious block,” but also more specific concerns with how transaction costs are externalised to the network — for example, how to manage the unspent transaction output (UTXO) set.

In 2016, I shared my learning at the MIT Bitcoin Expo, but at that time I still felt that the rough and tumble of divisive debate and stressful challenges to the network would only make the bitcoin protocol and community more robust and immune to future challenges. Drawing parallels with the evolution of biological systems and the herd immunity they develop in response to persistent threats, I concluded that bitcoin’s “antifragile” framework was working.

Unfortunately, I didn’t then have a more thorough way of reasoning what a “healthy” – i.e. sustainable – network should look like. There was no mathematical theory for measuring an ecosystem’s sustainability. So, I wasn’t seeing the overall picture and missing some of the ecosystem’s more fundamental governance challenges.

I now believe that the foundational work of Nobel economist Elinor Ostrom and euro architect Bernard Lietaer, both recently deceased, may point the way forward, to better frame discussions so that we can ask the right questions at the right time, measure what should be measured and respond accordingly.

Blockchain: A common-pool resource

Ostrom, who passed away in 2012, studied what economists call ‘common-pool resources’ (CPR), such as pastures for grazing or water for irrigation, all of which risk contention and overexploitation if overused. I think it is helpful to consider blockchain transaction capacity, the blockchain itself, and other related resources such as computation power in the same vein, as CPRs.

Before Ostrom’s research, it was thought that the only way to sustainably steward such resources was either by establishing private property rights or with government regulation. After studying hundred of cases of sustainable CPRs worldwide, Ostrom found that complex systems aren’t necessarily “chaotic” by default. She found sustainable CPRs – in Maine lobster fishermen’s common governance of their fishery, for example — and discovered a third way was possible. She identified eight helpful common ‘design principles’ for managing sustainable CPRs, together with two frameworks for reasoning: the Institutional Analysis and Design (IAD) and the Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Frameworks.

I find Ostrom’s frameworks fruitful for thinking about the tradeoffs between different blockchain CPRs: collective bandwidth, memory, disk and computational capacity, etc. Though the mapping is not exact, or one-to-one, I believe it can help future researchers develop common design principles in blockchain incentive design.

Ostrom’s IAD and SES frameworks are not enough alone. They might help us ask the right questions and compare the sustainability of different blockchain ecosystems, but how does one actually measure it for a blockchain network? Here the late Bernard Lietaer has much to offer.

Blockchain: A complex adaptive flow network

Lietaer, who died earlier this year, co-designed and implemented the European currency system’s convergence mechanism, making him, in many respects, a key architect of the euro.

He was a monetary scholar and wrote four books on the future of money. He also did pioneering work in the pre-cryptocurrency field of “complementary currencies” and in 2017 was named Chief Monetary Architect of the Bancor Protocol Foundation, which oversees the ethereum- based Bancor liquidity network for token convertibility.

Lietaer’s definition of money as “an agreement within a community to use something standardized as a medium of exchange” is among my favorites. Most importantly, he and Robert E. Ulanowicz developed a single metric for measuring the sustainability of “complex adaptive flow networks,” such as those that exist in flows of nutrients in nature or financial flows in economic networks.

The practical takeaway from a lifetime of studying real-life ecosystems is that there appears to be only a small “window of viability” between optimizing a sustainable network for greater resiliency and greater throughput. In the case of a “monoculture in money,” the implication is that a small handful of different kinds of money are needed for optimal sustainability.

This bodes well for the wider adoption of cryptocurrencies.

A new rulebook

Like a sixth sense, I see ‘dead’ governance models everywhere, all laid waste by the collision of two worlds: the world of borderless networks, as embodied in the Internet, and the world of bordered nations. From Facebook’s crisis, which prompted its CEO to cry that “The Internet Needs New Rules,” to the UK’s Brexit crisis, it’s clear that a new stewardship rulebook is required.

With their capacity to automatically enforce rules across a borderless network, blockchain protocols offer potential solutions to these deep-seated problems. But if their own governance challenges prevent them from scaling beyond their current capacity limits, that opportunity will be lost.

When addressing such challenges, we need to design blockchain ecosystems as sustainable common-pool resources. It’s this third-way approach to negotiating complex competing interests – neither chaos nor centralized control – that will allow blockchains to sustainably scale into becoming a vital element of humanity’s economic future.

Our future is decentralized not disorganized, our future is polycentric.

Lego blocks image via Shutterstock

This news post is collected from CoinDesk

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Bitcoin Vs Goldcoin

Bitcoin... Personal Nirvana?

If you do not know what Bitcoin is, start a bit of study on the internet, and you will probably get lots... but the limited story is Bitcoin came to be as a medium sized of trade, without a middle bank or simply bank with issue getting involved. Additionally, Bitcoin deals are supposed to always be private, that may be anonymous. Almost all interestingly, Bitcoins have no real existence; these exist solely in a software application, as a form of virtual truth.

The general plan is that Bitcoins are 'mined'... interesting period here... simply by solving tremendously difficult math formula -more difficult while more Bitcoins are 'mined' into living; again interesting- on a computer system. Once made, the new Bitcoin is placed in an electronic 'wallet'. It is in that case possible to help trade true goods or perhaps Fiat forex for Bitcoins... and the other way round. Furthermore, seeing that there is no critical issuer regarding Bitcoins, its all remarkably distributed, so resistant to currently being 'managed' by simply authority.

By natural means proponents involving Bitcoin, those that benefit from the regarding Bitcoin, firmly insist rather noisally that 'for sure, Bitcoin is money'... and not only this, but 'it is the best funds ever, the amount of money of the future', etc ... Effectively, the supporters of Fusca shout as loudly of which paper foreign money is dollars... and we are all aware that Volvo paper is absolutely not money the slightest bit, as it is deficient in the most important features of real money. Typically the question next is can Bitcoin possibly qualify like money... let alone it staying the money into the future, or the ideal money at any time.

To find out, let's take a look at the qualities that define income, and see in the event that Bitcoin matches your speccifications. The three vital attributes of capital are;

1) money is usually a stable keep of value; by far the most essential trait, as not having stability valuable the purpose of numeraire, or model of small measure value, isn't able.

2) funds is the numeraire, the unit connected with account.

3) money is actually a medium with exchange... nevertheless other things could also fulfill this specific function for instance direct dicker, the 'netting out' of products exchanged. Likewise 'trade goods' (chits) which hold value in the short term; and finally change of communal credit; web browser netting the value of pledges fulfilled by means of exchanging charges or IOU's.

Compared to Correios, Bitcoin is not going to do way too badly for a medium regarding exchange. Redbull is only recognized in the geographic domain involving its company. Dollars will not be any good in The european union etc . Bitcoin is acknowledged internationally. In contrast, very few stores currently recognize payment with Bitcoin. Until the endorsement grows geometrically, Fiat is the winner... although within the cost of alternate between international locations.

The first issue is a lot more challenging; money needs to be a stable retail outlet of value... at this point Bitcoins have become from a 'value' of $3. 00 to $1, 000, in just a number of years. This is with regards to as hardly a 'stable store connected with value'; that you can get! In fact, such increases are a best example of a new speculative rate of growth... like Nederlander tulip lamps, or jr . mining firms, or Nortel stocks.

Naturally , Fiat neglects here at the same time; for example , north america . Dollar, the exact 'main' Fusca, has missing over 95% of it is value in some decades... not fiat not Bitcoin get certified in the most important small measure money; the proportions to store valuation and maintain value by time. Actual money, that is Rare metal, has shown a chance to hold cost not just since way back when, but for eons. Neither Volvo nor Bitcoin has this kind of crucial ability... both be unsuccessful as dollars.

Finally, we arrive atwe come the second credit; that of simply being the numeraire. Now this is basically interesting, all of us can see the reason both Bitcoin and Correios fail since money, searching closely for the question on the 'numeraire'. Numeraire refers to the using money to never only retail store value, but for in a sense evaluate, or assess value. Throughout Austrian economics, it is deemed impossible to measure benefit; after all, price resides exclusively in man consciousness... and also the can everything in intelligence actually be assessed? Nevertheless, throughout the principle with Mengerian market place action, that is certainly interaction involving bid and give, market price ranges can be founded... if only for a few seconds... and this rate is listed in terms of the numeraire, the most valuable good, that is definitely money.

Now how do we build the value of Redbull...? Through the thought of 'purchasing power'... that is, the significance of Fiat is dependent upon what it might be traded regarding... a self-provclaimed 'basket regarding goods'. Nevertheless his evidently implies that Fusca has no associated with its own, quite value passes from the associated with the goods in addition to services it can be traded intended for. Causality streams from the merchandise 'bought' on the Fiat selection. After all, what exactly difference exists between a single Dollar monthly bill and a number of Dollar charge, except the telephone number printed upon it... and the getting power of the cell number?

Gold, in contrast, is not scored by what the item trades to get; rather, distinctly, it is tested by yet another physical normal; by their weight, or maybe mass. Some sort of gram involving Gold can be a gram connected with gold, plus an oz. of Platinum is an ounces of Yellow metal... no matter what amount is personalized on it has the surface, 'face value' or. Causality could be the opposite compared to that of Volvo; Gold will be measured by way of weight, a strong intrinsic good quality... not getting power. At this point, have you just about any idea of the significance of an oz . of Cash? No such thing. Correios is only 'measured' by a great ephemeral variety... the number branded on it, the particular 'face value'.

Bitcoin is usually farther faraway from being typically the numeraire; it's not only simply a range, much while Fiat... nevertheless value is definitely measured around Fiat! Whether or not Bitcoin gets to be internationally established as a choice of substitute, and even when it manages to restore the $ as the recognised 'numeraire', it might never have a intrinsic assess like Your old watches has. Rare metal is unique inside being proper by a real, unchanging actual quantity. Platinum is unique throughout storing valuation for thousands of years. Practically nothing else with reach with humanity possesses this unique combined qualities.

To summarize, while Bitcoin has some rewards over Redbull, namely being anonymous and decentralization, it falls flat in its in order to being income. Its merits are also suspect; the objective is to limitation the 'mining' of Bitcoins to 28, 000, 000 units; which can be, the 'mining' algorithm receives harder and harder in order to resolve, then not possible after the 18 million Bitcoins are extracted. Unfortunately, that announcement might be the loss of life knell regarding Bitcoin; actually, some banks have declared that Bitcoins may become your 'reservable' money.

Wow, appears like a major action for Bitcoin, does it never? After all, often the 'big banks' seem to be agreeing to the true associated with the Bitcoin, no? Precisely what this truly means can be banks observe that they could deal Fiat pertaining to Bitcoins... also to actually buy the particular 26 trillion Bitcoins designed would charge a minute 26 Thousand Fiat $. Twenty six thousand Dollars will not be even smaller change to the exact Fiat computer printers; it is of a week's worthy of of producing by the US ALL Fed on your own. And, as soon as the Bitcoins ordered up and also locked in the Fed's 'wallet'... just what exactly useful function could they will serve?

There is no Bitcoins left around circulation; a superb corner. When there are no Bitcoins in flow, how that is known could that they be used as the medium involving exchange? Along with, what is the issuers connected with Bitcoin quite possibly do to reduce the chances of such a circumstances? Change the criteria and improve the 26 thousand to... fladskærm million? For you to 104 , 000, 000? Join the particular Fiat prints parade? Then again, by the range theory of your hard-earned cash, Bitcoin would likely start to reduce value, equally Fiat theoretically loses cost through 'over-printing'...

We come to the real key issue; the key reason why search for a 'new money' if we already have the important money, Yellow metal? Fear of Your old watches confiscation? Deficiency of anonymity from your intrusive govt? Brutal taxation? Fiat capital legal tender rules? All of the earlier mentioned. The answer is certainly not in a new money, in a new public structure, a single without Fusca, without Govt spying, while not drones along with swat squads... without INTEREST RATES, border pads, TSA thugs... on and about. A world with liberty not necessarily tyranny. After this is attained, Gold can resume a ancient in addition to vital purpose as trustworthy money... but not a moment ahead of.

Rudy T. Fritsch came into this world in Hungary in 1947, and fled Socialist tyranny during the Hungarian Revolution regarding 1956. The family possessed lived thru WWII plus the consequent Hungarian hyperinflation, consequently he has affectionate experience using financial break down.

As an electrical engineer and businessman, he happened to run a successful household business canada for decades, in its peak featuring over hundred workers, until eventually economic state of mind destroyed earnings of Us manufacturing. Influenced out of business, he / she decided to analysis economics... to get the cause of the following unhappy scenario.

As well-known economics "The Dismal Science" made zero sense that will him, your dog ended up mastering Austrian economics, the only institution of economics grounded from the realities involving Human Motion. When he found out Professor Tal Fekete's job he arrived at admire them and made a company commitment to help you preserve plus disseminate typically the Professor's musical legacy.

Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill: A Viable Project or a Doomed Battle?

[Malcolm Katrak is a Law Clerk to Justice (Retd.) S. N. Variava, Former Judge, Supreme Court of India]

Recently, the Law Ministry affirmed the draft ‘Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill, 2017’, which gives powers to the Government to confiscate property of economic offenders and defaulters. This Bill flows from the Finance Minister’s budget speech promising legislative changes to confiscate the assets of fugitives. It is a huge step towards achieving the commitments laid down in the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). India had ratified the said Convention in 2011. The UNCAC is a comprehensive anti-corruption convention that includes wide range of corruption offences and aims at garnering international co-operation in criminalizing offences of corruption. The Bill has been motivated by the debate surrounding prevention of corruption and the recovery of assets or proceeds of corruption. Reminiscent is the case of Vijay Mallya’s companies’ arrears amounting 9,000 crore rupees owed to public sector banks. This Bill is a first of its kind which seeks to allow the Financial Intelligence Unit, under the aegis of the Finance Ministry, to file an application for the declaration of fugitive economic offenders for confiscation of their assets. In this post, I examine the important provisions of the bill and analyze the viability of the same.

Overview of the Provisions

The Bill defines a fugitive economic offender as any individual against whom a warrant for arrest in relation to a scheduled offence has been issued by any court in India, who (i) leaves or has left India so as to avoid criminal prosecution; or (ii) refuses to return to India to face criminal prosecution. The Schedule to the said Bill provides a list of economic offences under inter-alia the Indian Penal Code, 1860, the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. Additionally, the proposed legislation only applies if the total value involved in such offences is 100 crores rupees or more. Where the same applies, the Director (as specified in the Bill) may file an application following the procedure enumerated under section 6 to the Special Court for a declaration that an individual is a fugitive economic offender. The Director has been provided with wide powers under section 7 to preserve the property by way of attachment even before filing the application under section 6, which may continue for 180 days. Upon declaration of an individual as a fugitive economic offender, the Special Court may order the Central Government to confiscate (a) any of the properties being proceeds of crime, whether or not such property is owned by the fugitive economic offender; (b) any other property in India, owned by the fugitive economic offender.

Adjudging its Constitutionality

Before analyzing the viability of the proposed legislation, it is necessary to analyze the vires of its provisions. The proposed law may seem harsh on the individual penalty front; however, it appears to bear the necessary safeguards to withstand a challenge of constitutionality. According to the author, the challenge might accrue on three fronts. The first being the confiscation of proceeds by the Special Court, second being the challenge on preservation of property and third being the disentitlement of the offender to bring forth civil cases.

As far as the first aspect is concerned, section 10 titled ‘Declaration of Fugitive Economic Offender’ under its ambit directs the Special Court to confiscate the proceeds of the crime situated in India and any other proceeds of the offender. For that purpose, the Bill mentions under sub-section 10(2) that the confiscation order of the Special Court, to the extent possible, identify the property that constitutes the proceeds of the crime which are to be confiscated and, in case such properties cannot be identified, quantify the value of the proceeds of the crime. Additionally, the Special Court is barred from confiscating any property where any other person, apart from the economic offender, has an interest.

The second challenge might arise against the provision relating to preventive measures. Section 7 titled ‘Preservation of Property’ allows the Director, by an order in writing, to attach any property which (a) there is a reason to believe is proceeds of crime or is property owned by an individual who is a fugitive economic offender, or (b) is being likely to be dealt with in a manner which will result in the property being unavailable for confiscation. This attachment order can continue for 180 days from the date of order of the attachment.

In the past, there have been similar provisions in economic laws such as the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (COFEPOSA) which provided for preventive detention for three months. Further, the constitutionality of COFEPOSA was challenged in the case of Attorney General of India v. Amratlal Parjivandas, wherein the Supreme Court held that COFEPOSA was intra vires the constitution. Additionally, in the case of Dropti Devi v. Union of India, the Court reiterated the necessity of economic laws such as COFEPOSA. There, Justice Lodha rightly stated: “The menace of smuggling and foreign exchange violations has to be curbed. Notwithstanding the many disadvantages of preventive detention, particularly in a country like ours where the right to personal liberty has been placed on a very high pedestal, the Constitution has adopted preventive detention to prevent the greater evil of elements imperilling the security, the safety of State and the welfare of the Nation.”

Further, the U.K. Proceeds of Crimes Act, 2002 also has similar provisions which enable the enforcement authority to recover, in civil proceedings before the Court, property which is obtained through unlawful conduct. This power conferred on the enforcement authority is exercisable in relation to any property even without any proceedings brought before the court for an offence in connection with the property. The UK Parliament is aiming to overhaul its legislation of economic crimes including the Serious Crime Act, 2007 to include stringent preventive measures and, additionally, to make the companies liable for failing to detect economic crimes occurring through them.

Lastly, the third challenge could arise against section 11 which allows any court, in its discretion, to disentitle a declared fugitive economic offender to bring forth or defend any civil claims in any civil proceedings. Above all, it also disentitles any company from putting forward or defending any civil claim, if an individual filing the claim on behalf of the company or any promoter or key managerial personnel or majority shareholder of the company has been declared a fugitive economic offender. Further, this power is provided to all judges and not only the highest judges of the land. This, in my view is a faulty provision, which will arguably might not survive. The discretion given to courts to bar an offender to proceed or defend any civil case overreaches the basic principles of natural justice.

Analyzing its Viability

The Press Release issued by the Government of India mentions that there was need to provide an effective, expeditious and constitutionally permissible deterrent to ensure the actions of economic offenders are curbed. In that context, the Budget Announcement mentions: “Recently, there have been instances of big time offenders, including economic offenders, fleeing the country to escape the reach of law. We have to ensure that the law is allowed to take its own course. Government is therefore considering introduction of legislative changes, or even a new law, to confiscate the assets of such persons located within the country, till they submit to the jurisdiction of the appropriate legal forum.” In the past, the legislature has enacted several laws relating to economic offences providing equal penalties; however, the same have failed to be implemented at ground level. This Bill could be recounted as the first step towards taking the measures of UNCAC into account. The provisions of the Bill would certainly help the Government to bring alleged fraudsters to justice, although provisions such as section 11 ought to be read down. The Bill is still at a nascent stage and requires several revisions and additions before it can be laid on the floor of Parliament. Provisions regarding time for appeal under section 15 read with section 13 titled “Disposal of confiscated property” ought to be revised as there is no clarity with respect to safeguarding the property in matters where appeal is allowed. While adjudging the constitutionality of COFEPOSA, the Supreme Court followed the observations in R.K.Garg v. Union of India:

The court must always remember that ‘legislation is directed to practical problems, that the economic mechanism is highly sensitive and complex, that many problems are singular and contingent, that laws are not abstract propositions and do not relate to abstract units and are not to be measured by abstract symmetry’; ‘that exact wisdom and nice adaptation of remedy are not always possible’ and that ‘judgment is largely a prophecy based on meagre and uninterpreted experience’. Every legislation, particularly in economic matters is essentially empiric and it is based on experimentation or what one may call trial and error method and therefore it cannot provide for all possible situations or anticipate all possible abuses. There may be crudities and inequities in complicated experimental economic legislation but on that account alone it cannot be struck down as invalid.

The Law Ministry has accorded its concurrence to the draft bill with a ‘Savings Clause’ to be inserted. The Bill is said to be debated in the Lower House in the winter session of Parliament.

– Malcolm Katrak

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