Ah yes, the human sacrifices from the early period of ancient Egypt
Ritual human sacrifice
There was a time during the pre-dynastic and first dynasty period where they used to ritually sacrifice humans - it was either a survival of prehistoric cultural practices or an experiment of absolute power conducted by the first kings of Egypt. It was part of a few unusual aspects of early religion that may have belonged to a very ancient African substratum of Egyptian culture (another odd cultural thing was the reverence towards the royal placenta).
(picture from the book Early Dynastic Egypt, by Toby A. H. Wilkinson)
Picture 1:
This is a label of Aha from Abydos, showing a kneeling figure plunging a sharp weapon through the chest of a prisoner with his hands tied behind his back, supervised by a figure of authority (identified by the long staff). There is a bowl between the executioner and the victim to (possibly?) collect his blood. It was probably related to the fashioning of a ỉmỉ-wt (or Imiut) fetish, which in later periods was associated with Anubis.
The Imiut fetish, consisting of headless animal skin tied to a pole by the tail and terminating with a lotus bud:
Very little textual evidence survived about this ritual though so we don't really have the context behind it, welp.
Picture 2:
In this wooden label from Saqqara the ritual sacrifice seems to be realated to the fashioning of a falcon standard and a Imiut fetish (in this case both represented royal authority). This scene represents a formal presentation of cultic objects to the king.
There is a ms symbol (𓄟 which mean both to give birth and to form/create/produce) over the head of some people in the first register of the label forming a line or a parade before the serekh symbol of Djer (third pharaoh of the first dynasty)
The serekh symbol is a falcon mounted on a stylised palace façade and it was used in the early period to enclose the name of the king before it evolved to the more well known cartouche
Each of these people carried a different "totem" object:
A ladder-like object, which may be a reference to the ladder mentioned in the Pyramid Texts being used by the king to ascend to the stars
A mummiform figure
A large catfish (which was used to write Narmer's Horus name, he was the one who unified Egypt and became the first pharaoh of the first dynasty)
A pelican
The procession is followed by a man carrying a spear and immediately after him there's a human sacrificing scene almost identical to the one on picture 1.
Retainer sacrifices
Less relevant but let's talk a bit about this - the royal tombs of kings from Aha to Qa'a (first dynasty) were accompanied by burials of their servants either in rows or surrounding the king's tomb, each placed in according of the role or position the occupant occupied during the king's reign. Some of them (especially from Djed onwards) were named and possibly occupied the position of high officials, so not just simple servants. Important people.
Excluding Narmer, all kings of the first dynasty chose their favourite staff or household members to be killed (most likely strangled) and buried with him.
The practice fell out of use during the second dynasty when the royal cemetery of Saqqara became more used compared to the earlier Umm el-Qaab. And the diffusion of the ushabti.
I know. I know you recognised the term from the MCU show.
The usabtis in real life history were figurines that first appeared as a stand-in for the dead person, so once in the afterlife they could animate it with a spell and the ushabti would do all the jobs and tasks the deceased person used to do in life, thus letting them enjoy the afterlife and relax in the field of reeds.
It was first just one as a stand-in for the deceased but with time it became quite a common practice to include whole sets of them specialised for different jobs and with included supervisors.
Some example of ushabti figures:
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hey if you're feeling bad today just remember that the ancient Egyptians knew to use the pulse as a measure of overall health, had pregnancy tests, practiced palliative care, used suture strips to close up gashes, and treated dislocated jaws and broken noses the same way we still do today
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of course I will do it anyway since this is my blog and I write about what I want but it's always nice to see people being interested in it
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