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beardedmrbean · 1 year

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People have worked for a century to make California’s Tulare Basin into a food grower’s paradise. That pastoral landscape now looks more like the Pacific Ocean in many areas.

Months of atmospheric river storms have pummeled the area and saturated the basin’s soil, which sits about halfway between San Francisco and Los Angeles, not far from Fresno. The rains have led to floods that damaged towns and deluged farms and have begun to refill what was once a sprawling lake.

The floods have pitted neighboring property owners against one another and raised tensions over how to manage the flows, which have damaged hundreds of structures. And more water is on the way.

Experts say a monthslong, slow-burning crisis will play out next: A historic snowpack looms in the mountains above the basin — as it melts, it is likely to put downstream communities through months of torment. The flooding, which follows several years of extreme drought, showcases the weather whiplash typical of California, which vacillates between too wet and too dry. The influence of climate change can make the state’s extremes more intense.

“This is a slowly unfolding natural disaster,” said Jeffrey Mount, a senior fellow at the Water Policy Center of the Public Policy Institute of California. “There’s no way to handle it with the existing infrastructure.”

The re-forming Tulare Lake — which was drained for farming a century ago — could remain on the landscape for years, disrupting growers in a region that produces a significant proportion of the nation’s supply of almonds, pistachios, milk and fruit. High-stakes decisions over where that water travels could resonate across the country’s grocery store shelves.

In the farming communities that dot the historic lake bed, accusations of sabotaged levees, frantic efforts to patch breached banks and feuds — common occurrences during flood fights in the area — have started already, said Matt Hurley, a former water manager for several water districts in the Tulare Basin.

n the nearby town of Allensworth last month, a dispute over a culvert caused anxiety and friction with the railroad that sends trains through town. Residents worked into the night to plug a culvert — a drain under Highway 43 — with plywood and sandbags in a desperate effort to keep floodwater out of town.

But later that night, workers with the Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad unblocked the pipe, which left some Allensworth residents fuming as water flowed closer.

The residents had used BNSF materials without permission, said Lena Kent, a railroad spokesperson. Damming the culvert threatened the highway — the only access point to Allensworth at the time — and the rail tracks that run parallel to it.

Stress levels could remain high for months.

“The problem this year is it’s just begun. We may have water running at or near our flood level — in all of our streams, through August or September,” Hurley said. “This impending monster — a 50-foot-plus deep snowpack that we haven’t seen in 75 years — is sitting up there, and we just don’t know how fast it’s going to turn into water and come out of the mountains.”

The Tulare Basin is at the southern end of California’s San Joaquin Valley — and in essence, it’s a massive bowl. Before irrigators dug canals and rerouted water for farming in the late 1800s, Tulare Lake filled the bowl’s lower reaches. Shallow water stretched across the landscape, and the lake was the largest body of freshwater west of the Mississippi.

Several rivers — Kings, Tule, Kern and Kaweah — historically dead-ended at the lake and replenished its water levels every spring, but farmers have diverted and rerouted so much water that the lake bed is now usually dry. It’s among the most fertile farmland in the country.

Today, the irrigation system is designed to “use every single drop of water” that flows into the basin, Mount said.

In fact, through aggressive groundwater pumping, farmers collectively use more water than what would flow to the lake every year. Pumping has caused the land to sink dramatically — it has subsided in parts of the San Joaquin Valley by as much as 28 feet, according to the U.S. Geological Survey — deepening the bowl.

This season, far more water is flowing than can be used.

For about two weeks, farmers and emergency workers have been scrambling to plug levees and prevent the worst as the ground became saturated and rivers swelled after a seemingly endless series of atmospheric river storms battered California.

The flooding has breached dozens of levees, forced rescues, swamped construction sites at California’s high-speed rail project and seeped into several communities, including Allensworth, a historic community that in 1908 was the first settlement west of the Mississippi to be founded and governed by Black Americans.

“What you’re seeing now more than anything else is traditional flood problems,” Mount said. “All of that water is making its way into the bottom of the bowl and starting to fill the bowl.”

What could come next is more unusual — and worrisome.

The Sierra Nevada mountains, above the Tulare Basin, are storing two to three times as much water as snowpack as is normal. If the snow melts quickly, it will send floodwater churning toward the lake bottom.

Tulare Lake refilled in 1997 and 1983 during very wet seasons. The snowpack is larger this year.

“If we use 1983 as an example: They had more than 80,000 acres of land underwater. If it’s bigger than that, it could be as much as 100,000 acres underwater,” Mount said.

Tulare County ranked second in the country for agricultural market value, according to the 2017 Census of Agriculture. The region produces almonds, oranges, pistachios, wine grapes, milk and cheese.

“This has a ripple effect on the nation’s food supply,” Mount said.

California officials have geared up for a long fight against flooding. Nearly 700 people were assigned to help with the emergency response just in Tulare County, where floodwater has damaged more than 900 structures so far.

But sandbags and helicopter-delivered super sacks — bulk bags filled with rocks and other material — can do only so much.

“At some point, you know, we do realize that there’s too much water, there’s more water in the Sierra than these facilities can handle,” Karla Nemeth, the director of the California Department of Water Resources, said at a recent media briefing. The agency will do the best it could to help mitigate damages, Nemeth said.

Once water makes it to the historic lake bed, there will be few options to remove it, other than to wait for it to evaporate or to try to move it through canals and pump it away.

Pumps are expensive and inefficient over such sprawling terrain. Differing levels of subsidence along the lake bed have changed the geometry of canals, which could complicate efforts to move water away.

In 1983, remnants of Tulare Lake remained on the landscape for about two years, Mount said. Hurley estimated that if it floods again, the expense required to return the landscape to growing crops would be in the billions.

The flooding could also spell disaster for farmworkers and those who live in the rural communities that dot the Tulare Basin.

“This is a low-income community. People are not out here stocking up food. They go paycheck to paycheck in a lot of cases,” said Kayode Kadara, of Allensworth, a community organizer. “All we’ve heard so far is with this unprecedented snowfall, what we’ve seen so far is a baby flood.”

For now, the best everyone can hope for is a cool summer — with a steady, manageable melt — and as much cooperation as they can muster.

#nunyas news #mother nature found a way

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bomberqueen17 · 2 years

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decelerating for a moment

yeah that was. well. a lot’s been going on.

so i was at the farm for three weeks. the first week was like... mostly normal. the second week, Older Sister’s kids were up. I took them to the beach one day. The boys excitedly measured my house because they want to build a railing and staircase. Like, cool, why not!

Then the day they were leaving, the youngest one, my older niece, came down with a cold. Her older brother’d been getting over a cold. We didn’t really think much of it. So two days after they left, Farmkid also came down with a cold. Didn’t really think much of it. It was chicken day. We were busy. ALSO the culvert bridge that connects the house yard to the barnyard was getting replaced, which meant like, incredibly complicated logistics and a giant excavator and like, how the fuck are we getting these chickens from the barn to the farm store, and so on.

still dealing with that, wednesday morning Farmkid wakes up early and goes to check her own temperature and complains to her mother that this cold is not what a cold normally feels like. Her mother dutifully administers a COVID rapid test, which... comes out positive.

ARGHGHGHGHGHGHGHHHH

My MOTHER meanwhile has also had the same thought, takes a test, ALSO positive. Cue older sister’s husband racing home from work to test the children, and discovering that sure enough, niece tests positive. NOOOO.

So anyway. I masked up and we all spent the next two days doing insane amounts of work while blowing through the backlog of COVID rapid tests. I decided to come home anyway, as I was supposed to, on Thursday; I worked my ass off from 6am until 1pm in order to do this, and left at 2pm. Got home 7pm to find that Dude had bought me sushi, which was greatly appreciated.

Friday was my birthday. I tested negative, so I went to work, and then came home and fell the fuck asleep. But on Saturday morning I tested negative again, so I decided I could at least move to my own bed to sleep in (I’d been in the guest room).

Like a fucking dummy, I’d told myself, if you want any fuss on your birthday you’ve got to make it yourself! be sure to order yourself a present so it’s there when you get home! I did not do that, so my birthday was, well, a little depressing. But that’s my own doing. I have spent several days now trying to find myself something to get myself to cheer up, and I can’t, my ability to buy things is still fucked. Someday. We’ll see. I’ll just binge-spend a bunch of money on something I’ll later hate, that’s how this works. Oh well.

But. I have survived, and I never did get COVID, and now I’m Even Older, so I’ll take it I guess. I did get a fic published on my birthday and that meant that I was getting comments all day long which was really the only bright spot of the day, so I am immensely grateful for that.

[Also grateful: everyone in my family seems to have recovered from COVID, largely, and no one besides Mom, Farmsister, and both nieces got it, magically somehow.]

And now I have caught up on sleep and am going to hopefully get some shit done today. We’ll see!

#about the author #covid-19 #farm life #i should post excavator photos #very dramatic #very annoying

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galadrieljones · 1 year

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Winter Season Three Word Prompts - bethyl, hidden tavern + twilight + empty glass

Thank you for another lovely prompt ❤️ This is sort of a prequel to Chicken Feathers, and part of a developing series of one-shots focusing on alternative events after the prison. You can subscribe to the series here. This story can also be read at AO3. ^_^

Nick’s Place

For the past two weeks, after burning down the moonshine shack, they had been living on the road, hardly sleeping, eating whatever bullshit they could find in the woods. Daryl shot a rabbit, got them through two nights. Each day he shot something, but it was never enough. It was only rodents left in those woods by now. Beth found a bunch of pecans in a grove to the east. She found some thyme growing by a dried-up old culvert, made a crude stew one night, out of squirrel meat and four wild carrots. She had grown quiet in those days. Daryl couldn't tell, but the fire felt like ripping the band-aid off Hershel's death, and now the wound was airing out and ripe to the touch. It was new territory for him.

The fire had brought walkers in from every direction. It was a circumstance neither of them had considered that night, half-drunk on the stoop, and this meant they had to get away. They diverged from the railroad tracks for miles, but then they stumbled upon some more railroad tracks, so it felt like they were running in circles, and everywhere they went, it seemed to be walkers. Now, the days were getting shorter, and the nights were getting colder, and they needed a place to stay. They needed shelter. Daryl couldn't believe it, thought they'd have come upon a sub-development or at least somebody's cabin or a farm by now. They spotted a cottage near the pecan grove but it was overrun with walkers, smoking like firecrackers in a toilet bowl, flooding in from the fire. Burning down that moonshine shack might have been cathartic in the moment, he thought, but it seemed to be their last chance at four walls and a roof, and it seemed to ring the dinner bell throughout the entirety of north Georgia.

One day, they found a school. It was overrun inside, but there was a big jungle gym, surrounded by a locked chain-link fence. It had been spared. They took advantage of it for a couple nights, jury-rigged a tent on a raised platform at the end of the wobbly bridge, and Beth made jokes about it being like their castle.

"If I'm the queen, and you're the king, we're gonna need an army," she said. They were hanging out by candlelight in the tent. Daryl was fletching an arrow, and she was patching a hole in her sweater. "I bet we could conscript some walkers."

"The walkers are more like a moat," said Daryl. "We can route them around in circles, like water."

"Good plan," said Beth. "But then who are we gonna call up as knights?"

"Dunno," said Daryl. "Could be it's just the two of us. We'll have to fend for ourselves for a while."

"I guess," said Beth. This seemed to trouble her, and so soon thereafter, they went to sleep. It was cold, so she slept beside him, her chin to his shoulder, beneath a big flannel blanket they’d found by the side of the railroad tracks. It had been covered in burs and dried mud when they found it, and was tattered to shreds along one side.

When it came to understanding Beth, Daryl was flying blind. He'd always had a soft spot for her. Daryl had a complex about saving women. She was pretty and she seemed unsullied by all the ugly diseases of the world like he was. When he got Zack killed, he saw another little piece of her whither away, and it angered him, but then she embraced him, and the shock of that moment still lingered inside his body to this day. He couldn't shake it. That night, at the moonshine shack, she had given him a gift, just by listening to him, by shouting at him. Daryl wasn't used to people caring enough to shout at him. Usually they'd just beat the shit out of him or ghost, and God rest his soul, but that was true for Merle, too.

Sometimes, they'd be just going along, and Beth would stop, abruptly, and demand he stop as well, and she would do something like climb halfway up a tree just to pick a single apple, or scribble something in her journal, something she was afraid she might forget. Daryl didn't ask a lot of questions. These little actions were almost like rituals, and they seemed important to Beth. Him and Beth, it felt like just another malformation of the new order of things. If the world was the way it had used to be, a girl like her never would have trusted a guy like him. She probably would have thought he was creepy, or dangerous. Or maybe she'd have been kindly to him, but in the way kind girls are kindly to servants. He wasn't good enough for her, and that pissed him off at first, but now he just sort of gave in. It wasn't the old world. They weren't who they used to be, and it was Beth who taught him that. So he was just going to trust that she did not secretly despise him, and give her the space she needed to do whatever it was she needed to do.

One morning, the last morning they spent in the jungle gym kingdom, he woke up, and she was turned away from him, crying. He didn't know what to do, so he set his hand gently on her warm back, and immediately, she turned around and looked at him and wiped her tears away and sucked it all back so quickly.

"Did somethin happen?" said Daryl.

"No," said Beth. "It's nothin."

He didn't press her.

They left that day. They needed something. They needed a place. They needed a miracle. They found a river. It was big. Daryl reckoned it could be the Chattahoochee, but he couldn't be sure. Didn't seem familiar enough. Could have been a tributary. They followed it for a little while, up a steep gorge, getting higher and higher until the water seemed very far beneath them. Beth said, maybe the river would lead them to a town, or a mill. Daryl said he was worried it would lead them right back to Atlanta.

When they got to a fork in the trail, Daryl thought he saw something down there in the water, something floating. He thought it was a doll or a stuffed animal, but then he realized he was just having a flashback to Sophia, and it wasn't anything at all, it was probably just some sort of carcass. When he took a step backwards off the edge of the gorge, feeling downright stupid, he landed on a patch of loose dirt, and he fell. He just fell, sliding down the side of the ravine, maybe twenty, thirty feet, not stopping till he got ahold of some rocks, then a hefty hickory root, as thick as a flagpole.

Beth screamed after him. The effort was tremendous, holding on for his life, and he grunted loud from the center of his gut and shouted for her, looking up to the edge, where she was on her knees, hanging halfway off, trying to reach. But it was just no use, and it was dangerous.

“Stay away from the edge!” he shouted. He didn’t want her to fall, too. “I got this!”

She shouted his name. “Oh my god, Daryl,” she kept saying. “Daryl, what can I do? What can I do?”

“Just get away from the goddam edge!”

She obeyed, and he started pulling himself up the side of that ravine upon brute strength and adrenaline alone. This whole thing was all too familiar, he thought, but at least this time, he didn’t have a damn arrow in his side. Why was his mind like this? Why was he always goddam seeing things? Falling down places? A fuckin dumbass. Merle was probably shitting himself with laughter, watching this from some beat trailer park in the sky.

When he finally made it to the top, he was exhausted. His whole body singing in pain, distress. He stumbled for a second, dropped his crossbow and fell flat onto his back in the reeds. Looking up to the sky. It was milky and blue, turning purple at the edges. Some of the clouds were pink. Looked like cotton candy. Beth, who had been standing just away from the edge like he told her, fell hard onto his chest, crying, and this jerked him back to reality. It was like she thought he was dead, and she was alone.

“Beth,” he tried saying. He was surprised by her reaction. But he was so tired. Not much was coming out clearly, and she was so upset.

“I shoulda done somethin,” she said.

"It was just some stupid mistake. There was nothing you coulda done. It’s all okay.”

She was crying.

Out of the woods, then, stumbled two walkers. One of them was a man with his t-shirt on backwards. Daryl didn’t know why this was the thing he noticed. It seemed to send a strange message about the path to come. It took his mind off the moment. He hesitated.

But Beth saw the walkers for herself. She stopped crying. In some sudden tornado of rage, she stood right up, and she went at them. Daryl watched as she kicked the first one in the stomach, as hard as she could, twice. Once just to knock him backwards, and then again so that he tumbled off the ledge and straight down into the ravine. It was kind of a shock. Daryl thought he was hallucinating again. He moved for his crossbow, but it didn’t matter. Beth took out her knife, threw the other one, a female with only half a jaw, hard into a tree trunk, and stabbed her square through the eye socket. It happened so fast.

Daryl stared, half-confused, as she came back to his side, got on her knees, asking him if he was okay. Her ponytail was coming undone. Her face was all splotchy. She was saying they needed to go, because the light was leaving, and the day was getting cold, and they needed to find a place to spend the night. He just nodded, because he was tired and his back hurt and he thought maybe he bruised a rib, but also because he simply had gotten lost for words. He had never seen her do so much damage so quickly. The revelation blew him away. As she helped him up off the ground, he tried not to lean on her too much.

“Does it hurt bad?” said Beth.

“No,” said Daryl. “Are you okay?”

“Why?”

“Those were some serious moves you put on back there.”

“You needed me,” she said. “I just did what I had to.”

“I know, and thank you. I just didn't expect it. I never seen you do that before.”

“I watch you,” she said. “I learn. I’m not stupid.”

“I didn’t say you were stupid.”

“I know,” she said. “Come on, let’s go.”

He was flattered, by what she’d said, about watching him, and learning. Daryl was easily flattered, but this was different. He sort of felt the bottom fall out of his stomach a little bit. She had never really made him nervous before.

Beth had her arm wrapped tightly around his waist, and he had his slung around her shoulder. He was limping a little bit. It hurt pretty bad, but he was only jangled, and he didn’t want her to get the wrong idea about his disposition. He didn’t have any broken bones, and he’d be mobile by morning. “I coulda had em,” he said.

"I wasn’t takin the chance.”

They walked for a hour, heading away from the river, due east. The sun was melting through the trees, leaving a deep purple haze in the twilight air. It was getting cold. They were losing hope, and they were quiet. Beth seemed so focused on the road ahead. This wasn't like her.

“We’re gonna have to stop soon,” said Daryl. “Maybe we can find a culvert or a storm drain or somethin.”

“We gotta keep going. You're hurt."

“Beth.”

“A little farther,” she said.

"Till what? Till we hit more walkers, and we're too tired to fight?"

"No, Daryl. I just, I gotta feeling.”

He trusted her.

Together, they left the trail and entered the woods. The trees were all standing apart in the half-darkness, with telltale rodents and things skittering between them, a vast, botanical metropolis. These were pines, thought Daryl. They were going uphill. He no longer had any clue where they were. He knew this wasn’t the Chattahoochee. It was too small in hindsight. He began to wonder if they were even in Georgia anymore. Pines like this made him think they could be in Alabama.

“We keep walking, Greene, we’re gonna end up in New Mexico.”

This made her laugh. It was a huge relief, to hear her laugh. “No we won't.”

He didn’t really care anymore, about what was coming, what was behind. Today had been a bad day, but they'd made it. They were together. They could walk all night. He’d walk all night with her, if that's what it took. The feeling flooded his insides with warmth.

But at some point, the woods started to feel impossibly dark, and dangerous. It didn't matter how good he felt inside. The darkness wrapped around them as tendrils from a sublime being. The moon was bright and big overhead, like a monstrous eyeball. Daryl was getting unnerved, but then he heard a strange sound. It was alarming, then familiar.

"Beth, you hear that?" he said.

"Yeah. What is that?"

"That's a helicopter."

They both looked up to the sky, and all around, but they couldn't see anything past the pines, nothing more than the great, fat moon. The sound was distant. "This way," said Daryl.

He grabbed her hand and together they leapt through the darkness, trying to find the direction of the whirring blades in the sky. They saw a walker, come stumbling out of the trees, had barbed wire wrapped all around it like a deranged Christmas present. Daryl shot it with an arrow and left it behind. They stepped over the carcass and into a clearing, where they kept looking up and all around but it was over. Wherever that helicopter had gone, it was a mystery now. The sound had faded away into the breeze and disappeared forever.

"Dammit," said Daryl.

"Wait. What the heck is that?" said Beth.

They both stopped, perfectly still, staring at a yellow light coming through the pines. Like it was coming through a pinhole. They did not speak on it. That would have been a jinx. Instead, they just looked at each other, hastened their pace together, and went toward it. What did they have to lose? The rodents nipping at their ankles, the cold nipping at their necks and cheeks. They could see their breath. Then, just as the night began to suck them in completely, they entered another clearing, and they saw. It was an old tavern, one of these hidden places in the woods, maybe it drew farmers. Maybe log men. Or maybe it was new, a product of the new world, like a speakeasy. It had a parking lot, and a single lamppost. The parking lot was empty, but the lamppost was lit up, like a lighthouse.

“It's a bar,” said Daryl.

“It’s still got power,” said Beth.

“No,” said Daryl. “It’s kerosene. Fire. See?”

“That means somebody lives here. They been keeping it up.”

“Maybe,” said Daryl. “Stay alert.”

The tavern had a small sign out front, looked carefully made, letters embossed in cold aluminum. It said, Nick’s Place. That’s all it said. Nick’s Place.

“Wonder who Nick is,” said Beth.

“Or was.”

“Daryl, this place looks new,” said Beth. “We should knock.”

So, they did. There were vines growing all up and down the sides of the building. It was small, brown brick, with some windows that were blacked out from the inside. When nobody answered, Daryl pressed his ear to the door.

“I hear music,” he said.

Beth knocked again. “Hello?” she said. “Hello? Is anybody home? We need help. We’re not gonna rob you, or kill you. We swear.”

Daryl gave her a look. “You think that’s gonna convince ‘um, huh?”

“Shut up, Daryl.”

“Come on,” he said. He leaned on the door knob, turned it sharply. It was unlocked. He pushed the door open, going in first, crossbow up. Beth was right behind him. Inside, it was like something from a movie.

There was a jukebox, and the song that played was “The Yellow Rose of Texas” by Gene Autry. Daryl recognized it from something a long time ago. He couldn't place when. A long, polished mahogany bar stood along the back, with big, clean mirrors behind. There were rich, red leather stools, in fine condition, and high-top tables of the same mahogany as the bar, plus a couple of corner booths on either side of the door. The floor was a dark wood, like pine treated with a vinegar soak, and there were more kerosene lamps, burning brightly, one on each table. Everything about the place was clean and maintained, but it was stark empty, and haunted by memories and dreams from another era, as if inhabited only by ghosts.

“Daryl,” said Beth.

“What?” said Daryl. He was fiddling with the juke box, but he couldn’t get it to stop, or to change songs.

“What is this place.”

“I don’t know,” he said. “But it’s kind of awesome.”

"We hear a helicopter in the woods, and it leads us here?"

"Is that what you think happened?"

“Yes."

"It was a coincidence."

"What if somebody comes back?” said Beth.

“We’ll deal with it,” said Daryl. “Don’t worry. We’re just staying for the night. We ain’t lookin for no trouble, or some kind of permanent residence.”

“Of course not.”

“Hey, look at this,” said Daryl. He found a huge leather-bound book behind the bar. “Holy shit.”

“What is it?”

“It’s a recipe book. It’s all full of old handwritten cocktail recipes. Damn.”

“Handwritten?”

“Yeah. Some good stuff in here. Come and see.”

She came around and leaned against the counter beside him. She stood real close, close enough to touch. As she flipped through the heavy paper pages, he stared at the back of her neck, the color of an egg shell, exposed beneath her ponytail.

“Too bad there’s no booze,” she said, looking up at him. “We’ll have to imagine what it would be like.”

“Yeah, we will,” he said.

For dinner, they sat in one of the booths by the door and ate some of Beth’s leftover stew out of an old Pyrex she’d salvaged some time back. Daryl said they should take turns keeping watch, just in case whoever owned this place should return. Beth said she wasn’t tired. She went over to the juke box. She pressed a couple buttons, and finally, it stopped. It was like crickets, like they’d stopped time or something. “Whoa,” she said.

They laid out the tattered flannel blanket on the floor and sat down next to each other, leaning against the door to the outside world, like they were trying to keep it out. They each had an empty glass. Beth’s was filled with an imaginary Manhattan, and Daryl’s an Old Fashioned Presbyterian. Maybe this wasn’t a bar at all, thought Daryl. Maybe they’d gone through some sort of portal to the past, or to an alternate universe. In any case, he didn't care. As long as it was safe.

“Gonna be winter soon,” said Daryl.

“I know,” said Beth.

“I just keep thinkin,” he said. He was holding the glass, turning it in circles on the dark wood. “Thank you, for taking care of them walkers, up on that ridge."

"You already thanked me Daryl."

"But I mean it this time. I just, it left me speechless before. You did good, Greene.”

She seemed shy. Her cheeks turned red. She looked down at her cowboy boots, which were all full of hearts and flowers, just like she was. “You’re welcome. And thanks.”

“What a weird fuckin’ day,” said Daryl, taking an imaginary drink of his imaginary Old Fashioned. “Weird fuckin’ day.”

“Definitely.”

She rested her head on his shoulder. In an instant, she was asleep, and Daryl was alone in the tavern between worlds, feeling things he could not rightly place. Feeling like a bartender, maybe a cowboy, maybe a pilot, maybe a lover, maybe a king.

#bethyl #the walking dead #daryl dixon #beth greene #daryl x beth #daryl dixon x beth greene #bethyl fanfic

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wineisdivinepdx · 7 months

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First Day of Autumn Felt Like Summer

A beautiful start to fall in West Michigan. My morning coffee saw our Pacific Rhododendron blooming three months later than usual. I’m not complaining. It will be cold here soon enough.

The warm weather didn’t stop the launch of three new fall cider cocktails today at Virtue Farm.

Ditches & Culverts Cherry Mitten cider, Rare Tea Cellar’s Italian Green Almondine, angelica root syrup, fresh lemon juice. Served on the rocks in a bodega glass. A cider version of an Amaretto Sour.

Ready For The Big Reveal? Malted honey sarsaparilla, Rare Tea Cellar’s Horchata Chai, Blueberry Mitten cider, Angostura bitters, cream, nutmeg. Served up in a pub glass. An elevated iced chai with cider.

Wild About Game Rare Tea Cellar’s Berry Meritage & Forbidden Forest Lapsang Souchong, Cardinale cider with Brettanomyces, 2:1 Demerara syrup, Angostura bitters, twice slapped sage. Served up in a coupe. A savory cocktail of contemplation.

#backyard #home #south haven #thankful #fall 2023 #fennville michigan #cider cocktails

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n2qfd · 2 years

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Ditch near a dairy farm... And field location for a failing culvert...

#county highway #county #work #survey

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graveyardharmony · 2 years

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HOW do you find so many bones in the woods? I'll only find something once every blood moon,,

hello! :) apologies for the late response. i unfortunately dont have too many tips but i seem to have a lot of luck around anything a small animal may be able to use as shelter, such as empty culverts, old farm machinery, sheltering trees/bush, etc etc. i think a lot of animals like to find a sheltered place to lay when they are close to the end of their lives. as always though be careful looking places where animals might still be!!

good luck!!

#animal bones #vulture culture #bones #nature #tw animal bones #skeleton #animal skull #antlers #oddities #tw dead animal #finding bones #bone hunting

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whatdoesshedotothem · 1 year

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Tuesday 15.. January 1839

7 ¾

12 ½

highwish wind in the night and windy this morning – the ground sprinkled over with snow F37° inside at 8 50 and 38° outside at 9 20 the sun being out – Had written my note to ‘Mr. Mackean, Yorkshire district Bank, Halifax’ and went down to breakfast at 9 20 in ½ hour and at my desk at 9 50 – my note to McK- enclosing 2 checks 1 for Mr. Gray = £460 for A- and myself and one to Messrs. William and Francis Ponty (Huddersfield) = £8.12.0 – at accounts till about 11 when A- came for me to go down to Mr. Adam – all a mistake about the lease – but P. and A. will engage to get one or [two] to quit Mr. Lister at their own expense – A- proposed a Mr. Aked as a likely person to look after A-‘s cottages in H-x- good – I advised her to try him at once – they have written to Mr. Bull for the papers I desired to have but are uncertain if I can claim them before paying the bill – should claim them at the time of paying – then stood talking to A- till 12 25 (Mr. A- went away at 11 ¾) having dictated note to Washington to value A- wrote note to SW. to value the hay and dilapidations at the tan house farm – she gave the matter to Mr. Adam to settle with Thwaite of Mr. Rawsons’ Bank – then had the chimney sweeper to see if we had any chimneys to sweep and paid him his bill of 24/. for sweeping 24 minutes at the Northgate hotel as allowed by Mr. Harper – then had A- till 12 50 – off with her at 1 and walked with her in ½ hour as far as the turnpike then left her to go forwards to Cliff hill, and I turned up to Sunwood quarry – Jack Green there getting fence wall stuff and helping George to loaden the same – then to Listerwick – found Robert Mann there – he had been at the hall all the morning about making up the pipes at the north west corner of the west tower – so done that we can easily taken up a flag – get to and force them whenever necessary – took Robert down to the meer to settle about getting the scale there from Listerwick cabin near the water wheel – settled to cart it along Charles Howarths’ field – ordered 20 yards of 1ft. square drain to be made immediately, and to lie under the culvert of the new clow – took Robert round the meer and to the house at 3 20 just after John footman had set off with the 2 ponies (1st time – A- says he did very well – her ride did her good) to Cliff hill for A- then Robert and I looking about the hay-barn and thereabouts – he thinks he could get water into the paddock for the cattle with very little trouble – for £3 or £4 – well then said I, you shall do it – sent Robert off to Turners’ to see about some large fence stuff out of which we might get covers for the meer-drain – came in before 5 – dressed wrote to Mr. Gray with the credit for £460 i.e. £160 on A-‘s account and £300 on my own – i.e. ½ years 4p.c. interest on £1500 due today to the Misses Preston – A- wrote under my letter that her £160 was included in my draft due to Mr. Gray (William senior) today, and that she should be glad to pay the whole principal (£8,000) with the interest next July – then wrote to Messrs. Pontey on the back of the credit payable at the Yorkshire District bank at Huddersfield = £8.12.0 being the amount of their bill from 7 April 1837 to 23 April 1838 – Gave A- to put into the bag my letter to ‘William Gray junior Esquire, Minster yard, York’ and my letter to ‘Messrs. William and Francis Pontey, nurserymen seedsman etc. Kirkheaton Huddersfield post paid’ – dinner at 6 5 – Letter from Mr. Browne artist York to say the next no. of his work on the minster will be out in March – needs be no haste to pay for our tow 1st nos. already received – Letter also 3pp. and under the seal from M- Lawton – she seems pleased with the pen and book knife, and prudently lays aside her scolding style – thinks she shall probably be able to come here before we leave home again - £400 worth of damage done to York minster – no mention of Mr. WC. or the letter or newspaper forwarded (from him) from here – everybody advises her to read Oliver Twist – Mr. Ford has to their great comfort resigned the £300 a year living of Lawton and Mr. Lawton has given it to a young Mr. Tipping – A- read her 2pp. French – coffee and I had read the paper at 9 10 then till 9 ½ wrote all but the 1st 18 lines of today – then skimming over reading the few first chapters of Genesis till near 11, A- writing her journal – then stood talking till came upstairs at 10 55 at which hour F36° inside – wild windy cold day – no William Keighley as he promised – I suppose he thought it too windy to do anything among the trees – F30 ½° outside at 11 ¼ pm – on going to A- found cousin come sat up preparing napkin for morning and put on stocking tonight

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thenihtgenga · 2 years

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So, I was on holiday in Florida from the 9th-23rd of July. I just realised I totally forgot to post any of my holiday photos so... yep. Doing that now. Unfortunately my phone kind of broke half way through so I wasn't able to take photos for a bunch of stuff I would have loved to do so, but here! Florida Images!

One of the first places we visited was the Canaveral Space Center, where we saw Many Rockets And Cool Space Things.

Including the actual control room for the Apollo missions!

We also saw many gators throughout our trip, including: Biggest Gator! (outside a gator farm near Christmas)

Regular Gator! (on an airboat tour from Lone Cabbage Fish camp)

Baby Gator! (on the same tour)

Drain Gator! (Went for a walk at Paine's Prarie. There was a culvert under the path, and a gator was chilling in every pipe outlet)

And Fried Gator! (Lunch at Lone Cabbage. Left- right: gator basket, boneless buffalo wings, catfish basket)

Gators weren't the only wildlife we saw though- there was also Toilet Frog- the first (well, second, but it was meant to be first- we had an unplanned overnight stay in Tampa on night 1 because of a problem with the car rental) place we stayed at was a campsite with a composting toilet and shower block, in cubicles made from pallets lined with saw palmetto leaves. Frogs loved hanging out in there. The shower cubicle was more popular for obvious reasons, but for equally obvious reasons I didn't take my phone with me when I went for a shower. Look at this little guy though! So cute!

These lizards are anoles. The brown ones are invasive, the green ones are native. Both are adorable, and I spent Way Too Long trying to get a photo of one displaying its dewlap.

They're common as muck all over Florida so I probably looked like an absolute tit to the locals, but whatever. Even common wildlife is special, and it's not like they're common round where I'm from, so... Anyway, I got a photo of that guy in Fort Christmas Historical park. Merry Christmas.

Another common as muck piece of wildlife that I was really hoping to see was the birds- I've been really fond of cardinals and grackles for a long time, and I actually got to see them, yay!

(Blurry Cardinal found in Gainesville) To put this into perspective, this is like someone visiting the UK and getting excited to see, like... a jackdaw or a sparrow. But whatever, if you don't think Birds Are Cool, screw you.

Speaking of wildlife, we visited Blue Springs (And Silver Springs, but I got no photos there. Which is a shame because godsdamn that place was beautiful), where I saw: Vultures! (another really common bird in Florida, we saw them all over the place, but not generally in such large groups)

Terrapins!

More gators! (lots of gator photos already and I didn't get a good picture of this one, so I'mma skip it)

Armoured Dildos!

Many fish, including these gar! (not sure exactly what species these ones are, but I think they're either Florida or longnose gar. Both species were present in the spring, as well as catfish and plenty of other species.)

There was also plenty of insect life present, such as this beautiful (and freakin' huge) dragonfly that stopped to rest next to us for a minute or two while we ate lunch.

And here's a photo of the area we swam in.

Blue Springs has the spring pool and a section of river available for swimming, then there's a floating barricade, downstream of which swimming is forbidden as it's kept as a conservation area for manattee. Which don't understand what a barricade is and apparently Do Not Care about people, because one swam up into the spring pool. I still can't believe I got to swim with a manattee! Of course I tried to maintain a respectful distance from it (I tried to keep around 12ft away, though this did go down to about 6ft at one point when it started swimming towards me) but thanks to the water diffraction it looked like it was so close I could reach out and touch it. No photos alas, because phones and water Do Not Mix, though I did get some manattee photos a few days later!

This was at the manattee observation deck on Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, where we saw somewhere around 27-30 manattees. Seriously, there were so many manattees.

I also saw a snake in those rocks in the foreground. Couldn't identify the species alas, as I only saw part of its body between two rocks- I actually thought it was a discarded piece of black pipe at first, until it slithered away!

Going from the natural to the technological, that evening we had an excellent dinner at the Old Florida Bar And Grill, from the deck of which we watched a space launch! The photos don't do it justice, it was incredible.

Musk is a prick and fuck capitalism taking over the space industry, but... all that aside, this was inspiring. It's not just SpaceX's achievement, it's humanity's.

And finally, here's a nice bit of wall art I found while exploring Railroad Square Art District in Tallahassee

And a fishy mailbox from the same area

And alas, that's it! There was so much more stuff that I would have loved to take photos of, but alas, when your camera's borked and literally Can Not Save The Pictures Any More, there's not much you can do. Ah well, still have the memories, at least.

#florida #holiday photos

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dennismakilingborlas · 1 month

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Ang among lakaw didto sa Provincial Capitol sa Davao del Norte aron mopalit og lima (5) ka culvert (size 60") sa kantidad og Php 29,000.00 nga gamiton sa pagahimoon nga farm-to-market road sa Purok 4 Boundary ug ingon man ang pag-request og sakyanan sa Governor's Office nga maoy muhatod sa mga culvert ngadto sa Purok 4 Boundary.

#cebulano #barangay #capitol

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marcedrickirby · 5 months

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Clever Culvert Cleaning Method || ViralHog

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MARCEDRIC.KIRBY INC.

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ela-meadows · 7 months

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The bus rumbled to life and rolled unto the road

Transport for all as his promise bode

As the driver felt slickness and ice on the way

A thought came to mind, a place it would stay

The kids must get to school on time

Through all the weather all the brine

The kids must get to school on time

The sleet grew colder and froze on the ground

One by one the kids boarded in a quick bound

As the driver kept on slowly to school this day

A thought came to mind, a place it would stay

The kids must get to school on time

Through all the weather and all the brine

The kids must get to school on time

Boys threw snowballs and ran around

Slipping and sliding on the slick ground

The driver watched anxiously hoping no one would get hurt

Remembering the fate of his old friend Burt

The lads must get to school unharmed

Though the land is slick from not being farmed

The lads must get to school unharmed

The girls shivered, wrapped against the cold

Glaring at the boys who didn’t do as told

As the driver pulled up and called them aboard

A thought came rushing like a watery ford

The lasses must get to school and be warmed

Though nature gives the worst its formed

The lasses must get to school and be warmed

The wind beat furiously against the bus

Pounding, crying, making a fuss

As the driver wrestled against nature’s force

A thought rushed along on a one-track course

The kids must get safe to school

Though nature is wild and cruel

The kids must get safe to school

The fog rolled in, swift and sure

The world melted into greyish blur

As the driver strained to see through the haze

A thought broke through, went on a rampage

If the kids don’t get to school

However hard I duel

If the kids don’t get to school

The freezing rain turned to hail

Pounded the bus, without fail

The driver urged the chugging beast on

One thought bounded through like a fawn

If the kids don’t get to school

If the weather proves too cruel

If the kids don’t get to school

As the rain fell fast the ditches filled

Unto and over the roads water spilled

As the driver tried to hide this new find

Only one thought remained in his mind

The kids must get to school alive

Though the water is deep enough for a high-dive

The kids must get to school alive

As the school came in sight the students sighed

But the driver was simply happy they arrived

As they pulled up, the school was still dark

A thought rampaged, hopeless and stark

The kids cannot go home

The water rushes with foam

The kids cannot return home

The bus rumbled off and rolled to a stop

The driver realized his major flop

They could not go back the way they came

Thus, this story became one of sad fame

Image Description: Grey floodwaters flow under a gravel road. The culvert is full and the water has completely washed out the roadbed on both sides leaving a thin layer of packed gravel across the top. Orange and black construction pylons stand on the road above the wash out.

#poem #poetry #poemoftheday #cwh #school #bus #schoolbus #school bus safety #school buses #nature #writing #creative writing #ballad #lyric #story #poems on tumblr #poems and quotes #original poem #poetic

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amerasdreams · 9 months

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funny how I don't know too much about my grandparents' childhoods (or dad's for that matter-- I know he couldn't have a pet except a fish, he tamed a squirrel, he had a paper route, the lady actoss the street gave them sunbuckles, dad later worked at KFC, he went to a catholic school) except for moms mom's. Dad's mom -- well i don't know much about her adult hood either except she was a nurse, and my grandpa who died when I was 2 worked at Trane company and worked on the big blue bridge across the Mississippi in the 1930s.

Mom's dad grew up in a small town and had a little sister. His dad was a dentist, so they were pretty well off it seems even in the great depression (the only other thing i know about him is that he was a dentist in WWI. Grandpas mom was a home ec teacher and she was the only great grandparent i remember) Grandpa had a dog but his dad gave the dog away without telling him. When he was about 3, in the town he was born in, he backed his dad's car out of the garage. Grandpa used to run across the railroad yard, his sister running after him (there is more to that story....). One time Grandpa made mustard sandwiches and sold them-- from the back yard. Didn't get any sales

Grandma grew up during the Great Depression on a farm they rented in upper western Illinois. When she was younger, there was a fire in their house and they had to sleep above the garage for a while. Grandma was in 4-H and showed a cow and ducks. Her dad plowed the farm with horses. She still remembers the horses ' names. And the cow she showed. She had 5 siblings-- 1 18 years younger than her. She used to walk uphill to the one room schoolhouse. They used to play funny games and have names for things-- there was a kid in school called Haldor and had a big head apparently. They all used to say "as big as Haldor's head". There was a story of when some girl fell in the well, so when they saw a hole or culvert or something, they would call "Carol in the well"

There was this guy called Eli who used to bring bread to their house. He would always carry the bread under his arm, and it would be flat in the middle, so they would call it "Eli bread". (I still call flattened bread this)

There was a large turkey who would hang out by the outhouse at the school and all the kids were scared of him.

Grandma used to be the last one to turn out the light and go upstairs. The younger kids used to say "come bear" and she would be terrified of the bear. She's still scared of bears. They could be lurking in any woods.

Grandma's grandpa was an alcoholic. So her great grandpa raised her dad. Because of it, her dad didn't drink. On the farm the other workers used to joke "get Earl his orange pop". Grandma never drank either. "If you don't drink you can't become an alcoholic " she said and mom passed that down also.

Grandma's parents' marriage was a little controversial apparently. Her mom came from a higher class family and they didn't approve of her marrying Earl.

#There may be more things I don't remember #Grandparents #Family #More stories from mom #Stories from when grandparents grown up #Like grandpa in WWII #only injury getting hit by a box of frozen turkey #It seems like fun.. but grandma also implies it was hard #They didn't have much #Evelyn married a poor farmer :)#Apparently I did meet earl I just found out last y #I was 2 #I didnt remember...#They must've had a ok life #I mean . Grandma has fond memories #I wonder about ppl who don't tell of childhood ...#BTW I wonder how grandmas youngest brother is #And my 2nd cousin #Down in Charlotte nc #Grandmas brother was in Vietnam. She regrets not sending him letters. She was busy raising 7 kids....#Grandma watched Snow White and they would play it #Outside #It used to be super cold in the upstairs loft.... hated stepping down on the cold floor before the fire

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lovelypol · 10 months

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India Plastic Pipes: Revolutionizing the Plumbing and Construction Industry

The Indian construction and plumbing industries have witnessed a significant transformation with the introduction of plastic pipes. These versatile and durable pipes have revolutionized the way water and other fluids are transported, replacing traditional materials like metal and concrete. In this article, we will explore the impact of plastic pipes in India, their advantages, and the role they play in driving efficiency and sustainability in various applications.

The Rise of Plastic Pipes:

Plastic pipes, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), have gained immense popularity in India due to their numerous advantages over conventional materials. These pipes offer exceptional strength, flexibility, and corrosion resistance, making them ideal for a wide range of applications in plumbing, irrigation, drainage, and even industrial processes.

Advantages of Plastic Pipes:

a. Durability: Plastic pipes are highly durable and resistant to corrosion, chemical reactions, and wear and tear. They can withstand harsh environmental conditions, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor installations.

b. Lightweight and Easy Installation: Compared to traditional materials like metal or concrete, plastic pipes are lightweight and easy to handle, reducing installation time and labor costs. Their flexibility allows for seamless bending and fitting into complex layouts, resulting in efficient and cost-effective installations.

c. Chemical Resistance: Plastic pipes are highly resistant to various chemicals, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. They can transport both potable water and aggressive chemicals without degradation or contamination.

d. Low Friction Loss: Plastic pipes have smooth inner surfaces, resulting in low friction loss during fluid flow. This characteristic improves the efficiency of water distribution systems, reduces energy consumption, and lowers pumping costs.

e. Longevity: Plastic pipes have a long service life, often exceeding 50 years. Their resistance to corrosion and degradation ensures reliable performance over an extended period, minimizing the need for frequent replacements.

f. Thermal Insulation: Some plastic pipes, such as PEX, offer excellent thermal insulation properties. They can withstand high temperatures and retain heat, making them ideal for hot water supply systems, underfloor heating, and thermal energy distribution.

Applications of Plastic Pipes:

a. Plumbing: Plastic pipes have become the preferred choice for plumbing installations in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. They are used for water supply, drainage, and sewage systems, offering leak-proof and long-lasting performance.

b. Irrigation and Agriculture: Plastic pipes are extensively used in irrigation systems for transporting water to agricultural fields. They provide efficient water distribution, minimize water loss, and contribute to sustainable farming practices.

c. Infrastructure Projects: Plastic pipes are used in infrastructure projects, such as stormwater management, sewerage systems, and culverts. Their durability and resistance to chemical corrosion make them ideal for these demanding applications.

d. Industrial Applications: Plastic pipes find applications in various industries, including chemical processing, mining, oil and gas, and power generation. They can safely transport corrosive fluids, chemicals, and effluents in industrial processes.

Environmental Considerations:

Plastic pipes offer environmental benefits compared to traditional materials. They require less energy to manufacture and transport, resulting in lower carbon emissions. Additionally, their long lifespan reduces the need for frequent replacements, leading to reduced waste generation. Moreover, some plastic pipes are recyclable, contributing to a circular economy and resource conservation.

Regulations and Standards:

In India, plastic pipes are regulated and must adhere to national standards, such as the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). These standards ensure the quality, safety, and performance of plastic pipes, providing consumers with reliable and certified products.

Conclusion:

Plastic pipes have revolutionized the plumbing and construction industries in India, offering durability, versatility, and efficiency. Their advantages, including durability, ease of installation, chemical resistance, and long service life, make them the preferred choice for various applications. Plastic pipes not only drive efficiency and cost-effectiveness but also contribute to sustainable practices by reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste generation, and supporting the growth of a circular economy. With ongoing technological advancements and strict adherence to quality standards, India's plastic pipe industry is set to thrive, bringing continued innovation and advancement to the nation's infrastructure and water management systems.

Request for free Sample : https://www.bonafideresearch.com/samplereport/210760061/india-plastic-pipe-market

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civiconcepts · 11 months

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What Is Canal Irrigation: Types, Advantages and Disadvantages

What Is Canal Irrigation?

A canal is an artificial channel, generally trapezoidal, constructed to convey water from rivers, reservoirs, etc. for several purposes like irrigation, power generation, navigation, etc. Canals utilized for irrigation are the primary waterway that brings the water for irrigation from the main source to the areas to be irrigated.

Canal Irrigation These artificial channels are constructed with stone, concrete, brick, or a flexible membrane to prevent seepage and erosion. Irrigation canals or water channels is an open waterways whose main function is to convey water from one place to another and are referred to as main waterways supplying water to one or more farms. The system of irrigation through artificial channels is a traditional method and more convenient for agricultural activities at less cost. There are different types of systems for irrigation that have been found and used for the cultivation of crops for many years. Read More: Culvert | What Is a Culvert | Types of Culvert | Culvert Meaning | Parts of Culvert

Different Types of Canal Irrigation

Irrigation canals are classified into different types based on various factors which are as follows: - Based on the Nature of the Supply - Based on the Functions - Based on the Type of Surface Soil - Based on the Canal Alignment - Based on Financial Output - Based on Discharge

Based on the Nature of the Supply

1. Permanent Canal

Permanent Canal A permanent canal is a type of irrigation canal in which water is obtainable throughout the year. This type of canal is mostly directed from a permanent source of water bodies. There are many permanent hydraulic structures that are built into the permanent canal for water regulation & distribution. A permanent canal is also called a perennial canal. 2. Inundation Canal It is a type of canal in which water is obtainable only during the flood or monsoon season. Inundation canals are taken off from rivers to control the water level during the flooding period. A canal head regulator is provided to control & regulate the flow into the canal.

Based on the Functions

3. Irrigation Canal A canal built along the boundaries of cultivatable soils to supply water for agriculture is called to be an irrigation canal. 4. Power Canal

Power Canal A canal built especially for the generation of hydroelectric power is termed a power canal. 5. Feeder Canal As the name suggests, the feeder canal is constructed to provide water to two or more other canals or branch canals. 6. Carrier Canal A carrier canal is a multi-function canal that serves the purposes of both irrigations canal and feeder canal. 7. Navigation Canal

Navigation Canal A canal that is built especially for navigation functions is known navigation canal. The requirement of water in a navigation canal is commonly a lot higher to accommodate large ships and vessels.

Based on the Type of Surface Soil

8. Alluvial Canal This type of canal is excavated and constructed in alluvial soils such as silt, sand, gravel, etc. then it is termed an alluvial canal. 9. Non-Alluvial Canal

Non - Alluvia Canal If the soil of the boundary surface of the canal is of non-alluvial soil such as loam, clay, rock, etc. then it’s called to be a non-alluvial canal. 10. Rigid Surface Canal It is also termed a non-alluvial channel but here the boundary surface of the canal is artificially lined with a hard layer of lining with material such as cement, concrete, stones, etc.

Based on Canal Alignment

11. Ridge Canal If the alignment of the irrigation canal is aligned along the ridgeline or watershed line of an area is said to be a ridge canal or watershed canal. Since it is running at a higher water level, irrigation on both sides of the canal up to a larger extent of the area is possible. In a ridge irrigation canal, no cross-drainage works are necessary for this type of canal. 12. Contour Canal A canal which aligned nearly parallel to the contours of that area is called a contour canal. The contour canal can be constructed in hilly regions. This canal has to pass the drainage & hence cross-drainage works are necessary to be provided. 13. Side-Slope Canal A canal aligned perpendicular to the contour of the area is called a side-slope canal. It is not located on the ridgeline or not on the valley line but is approximately in between them. The Side-slope canal is parallel to the natural drainage line & hence no cross-drainage works are necessary. The slope of the bed level of the side-slope canal is very steep.

Based on Financial Output

14. Protective Canal This canal is utilized as a relief project which is constructed to protect a particular area from the shortage of water. The main purpose of a protective canal is to fulfill the requirements of farmers during the period of famine. 15. Productive Canal This canal will give enough revenue in return for their maintenance & running costs and also recover the initial investment made on the construction of the canal. It is said to be good if it recovers 6% of its initial investment per annum.

Based on Discharge

16. Main Canal Because of carrying excessive water flow through the main canal, it isn’t recommended to do direct irrigation from it. The primary channel takes off directly from a river or reservoir. It carries water in big amounts to feed the branch and distributary channel. 17. Branch Canal The branch canal takes off from the main canals at a regular period. These canals carry water to major & minor distributary channels. The total water discharge of the branch channel is about over 5m3/sec. In the case of branch canals also, direct irrigation from the canal isn’t recommended unless their water-carrying capacity is very low. 18. Major Distributary Canal In a major distributary, channel water takes off from the branch channel or in some cases from the primary canal. They distribute water to minor distributaries & field channels. A canal is termed a major distributary when its discharge varies between 0.25 to 5 m3 /sec. 19. Minor distributary Canal In minor distributaries, channel water takes off from major distributaries & sometimes directly from branch canals depending upon the discharge of canals. Their discharge is generally below 0.25 m3/sec. These channels distribute water to the field channels. 20. Field Channels

Field Channel Field channels are also called watercourses which are excavated by farmers in the irrigation field. In these canals, water is fed by the distributary canals and branch canals through canal outlets.

Alignment of Irrigation Canal

A final canal alignment should be aligned in such a way that it encloses the entire area proposed to be irrigated, with the shortest possible length, and at the same time, it's the cost including the cost of drainage work is minimum.

Alignment of Irrigation Canal Precautions to be taken while finalizing the alignment of the irrigation canal: The canal should be aligned on the ridgeline or in such a way as to obtain maximum command. As far as possible the alignment of the canal should be kept in the center of the commanded area. The canal should be aligned in such a way that the total length of the irrigation canal is minimum as far as possible. The alignment has to avoid inhabited places, roads, railways, residencies, location of worship, etc. The canal should be taken through the area where subsoil formation is favorable. Waterlogged, alkali, saline, and rocky soil create troubles. The alignment should be straight throughout as far as possible. Where alignment is not straight simple circular curves of the large radius should be provided. To make sure the economy of the alignment of the irrigation canal should be such that more cuttings & fillings are not essential. The canal alignment shouldn’t cross hills or depressions. While finalizing the alignment for the canal, the total cost of the land to be acquired should be taken into consideration. The cost of the alignment should be in proportion to the total cost of the project. The canal alignment should cross a minimum number of drainages. Read More: 12 Types of Dams | Types of Dam | Types of Dams In India | Buttress Dam In India

Advantages of Canal Irrigation

The followings are the main advantages of an irrigation canal: Unirrigated lands can be developed by providing canal irrigation, which would increase the quantity of production of the crop in the area. By avoiding a dangerous situation like droughts, economic development can be expedited. Dependence on rainfall can be minimized through the development of canal irrigation. Canals are fed through rainwater received by rivers or reservoirs, and the water is utilized for irrigation. Production of crops needing extra water is also possible through canals. An irrigation canal system is a permanent hydraulic structure, hence only maintenance is necessary for getting its benefits for a long period. While compared with un-irrigated soils, higher productivity per hectare is also achieved due to irrigation from the canals. Canals can be used for multi-purpose where apart from irrigation hydroelectricity generation, navigation, drinking water supply, and fishery development is also done simultaneously Groundwater level doesn’t lower on account of canal irrigation, but on the contrary water level increases, which facilitates digging of wells. Canals are also becoming a source of tourism attraction nowadays.

Disadvantages of Canal Irrigation

It makes the soil unfertile or unproductive as harmful underground slats & alkalis come to the surface level due to waterlogging & land can also become marshy there. Many infections are caused due to spread of mosquitoes, warms, and insects on account of stationary water in canals. Due to the imbalance in the distribution of canal water, a situation of scarcity in some areas and waterlogging in other areas is caused due to the collection of water there. Because of the scarcity of water in inundation canals, crops are destroyed for want of water for irrigation. If regular preservation and maintenance of the canal are not properly done, due to which sediments are collected which resulting in the reduction of capacity of canals. Construction of canals also takes more time and due to excessive economic investment, it is not possible to provide canal irrigation to all regions. You May Also Like - Culvert | What Is a Culvert | Types of Culvert | Culvert Meaning | Parts of Culvert - Types of Dams | Types of Dam | Types of Dams In India | Buttress Dam In India - What Is Chain Surveying | Principles Of Chain Surveying | Chaining In Surveying - Theodolite | Transit Theodolite | Types of Theodolite | Theodolite Parts | Uses Of Theodolite | Theodolite Survey - Bridge Abutment | 10 Types of Abutments | 10 Bridge Abutment Types | Abutment Bridge Read the full article

#advantagesofcanalirrigation #canalirrigation #canalirrigationdefinition #canalirrigationsystem #canalsirrigationsystem #definecanal #disadvantagesofcanalirrigation #irrigationcanal #whatarecanals #whatiscanal #whatiscanalirrigation

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