GUYS NO

Lewis Howard Latimer (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an African-American inventor and patent draftsman. His inventions included an evaporative air conditioner, an improved process for manufacturing carbon filaments for light bulbs, and an improved toilet system for railroad cars. In 1884, he joined the Edison Electric Light Company where he worked as a draftsman and wrote the first book on electric lighting. The Lewis H. Latimer House, his landmarked former residence, is located near the Latimer Projects at 34-41 137th Street in Flushing, Queens, New York City. He was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, the youngest of the four children of Rebecca Latimer (1823–1910) and George Latimer (1818–1897). His mother and father escaped from slavery in Virginia and fled to Chelsea, Massachusetts on October 4, 1842. The day they arrived in Boston, George was recognized by a colleague of his former slave owner and was arrested a few days later, on October 20, 1842. George's trial received great notoriety; he was represented by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. He was able to purchase his freedom and live with his family. He joined the Navy at the age of 15 and served as a Landsman on the USS Massasoit. After receiving an honorable discharge from the Navy on July 3, 1865, he gained employment as an office boy with a patent law firm, Crosby Halstead and Gould. He learned how to use a set square, ruler, and other tools. He was promoted to the position of the head draftsman. He became a patent consultant to law firms. He married Mary Wilson Lewis on November 15, 1873, in Fall River, Massachusetts. The couple had two daughters, Emma Jeanette (1883–1978) and Louise Rebecca (1890–1963). In 1879, he and his wife, Mary, moved to Bridgeport, Connecticut, along with his mother, and his brother, William. They settled in a neighborhood called "Little Liberia," which had been established in the early 19th century by free blacks. (The landmarked Mary and Eliza Freeman Houses are the last surviving buildings on their original foundations in this community.) #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence https://www.instagram.com/p/CiFWs90u2rqqQfuMJpJEY2LAA9GouLc8-LldoY0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[PDF] In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette - Hampton Sides

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  [*] Download PDF Here => In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette

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 On July 8, 1879, Captain George Washington De Long and his team of thirty-two men set sail from San Francisco on the USS Jeanette. Heading deep into uncharted Arctic waters, they carried the aspirations of a young country burning to be the first nation to reach the North Pole. Two years into the voyage, the Jeannette's hull was breached by an impassable stretch of pack ice, forcing the crew to abandon ship amid torrents of rushing of water. Hours later, the ship had sunk below the surface, marooning the men a thousand miles north of Siberia, where they faced a terrifying march with minimal supplies across the endless ice pack.Enduring everything from snow blindness and polar bears to ferocious storms and labyrinths of ice, the crew battled madness and starvation as they struggled desperately to survive. With thrilling twists and turns, In The Kingdom of Ice is a tale of heroism and determination in the most brutal place on Earth.

Events 9.3

36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. 301 – San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus. 590 – Consecration of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great). 673 – King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne. 863 – Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid. 1189 – Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster. 1260 – The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire. 1335 – At the congress of Visegrád Charles I of Hungary mediates a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland. 1411 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. 1650 – Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War. 1651 – The Battle of Worcester is the last significant action in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. 1658 – The death of Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England. 1666 – The Royal Exchange burns down in the Great Fire of London. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: During the Battle of Cooch's Bridge, the Flag of the United States is flown in battle for the first time. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: The war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris by the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1798 – The week long battle of St. George's Caye begins between Spain and Britain off the coast of Belize. 1812 – Twenty-four settlers are killed in the Pigeon Roost Massacre in Indiana. 1838 – Future abolitionist Frederick Douglass escapes from slavery. 1843 – King Otto of Greece is forced to grant a constitution following an uprising in Athens. 1855 – American Indian Wars: In Nebraska, 700 soldiers under United States General William S. Harney avenge the Grattan massacre by attacking a Sioux village and killing 100 men, women and children. 1861 – American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz begins, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory on October 23. 1875 – The first official game of polo is played in Argentina after being introduced by British ranchers. 1878 – Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle in the River Thames. 1879 – Siege of the British Residency in Kabul: British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari and 72 men of the Guides are massacred by Afghan troops while defending the British Residency in Kabul. Their heroism and loyalty became famous and revered throughout the British Empire. 1895 – John Brallier becomes the first openly professional American football player, when he was paid US$10 by David Berry, to play for the Latrobe Athletic Association in a 12–0 win over the Jeanette Athletic Association. 1914 – William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months due to opposition to his rule. 1914 – French composer Albéric Magnard is killed defending his estate against invading German soldiers. 1914 – World War I: Start of the Battle of Grand Couronné, a German assault against French positions on high ground near the city of Nancy. 1916 – World War I: Leefe Robinson destroys the German airship Schütte-Lanz SL 11 over Cuffley, north of London; the first German airship to be shot down on British soil. 1925 – USS Shenandoah, the United States' first American-built rigid airship, was destroyed in a squall line over Noble County, Ohio. Fourteen of her 42-man crew perished, including her commander, Zachary Lansdowne. 1933 – Yevgeniy Abalakov is the first man to reach the highest point in the Soviet Union, Communism Peak (now called Ismoil Somoni Peak and situated in Tajikistan) (7495 m). 1935 – Sir Malcolm Campbell reaches a speed of 304.331 miles per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, becoming the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph. 1939 – World War II: France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland, forming the Allied nations. The Viceroy of India also declares war, but without consulting the provincial legislatures. 1939 – World War II: The United Kingdom and France begin a naval blockade of Germany that lasts until the end of the war. This also marks the beginning of the Battle of the Atlantic. 1941 – The Holocaust: Karl Fritzsch, deputy camp commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, experiments with the use of Zyklon B in the gassing of Soviet POWs. 1942 – World War II: In response to news of its coming liquidation, Dov Lopatyn leads an uprising in the Ghetto of Lakhva (present-day Belarus). 1943 – World War II: British and Canadian troops land on the Italian mainland. On the same day, Walter Bedell Smith and Giuseppe Castellano sign the Armistice of Cassibile, although it is not announced for another five days. 1944 – Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from the Westerbork transit camp to the Auschwitz concentration camp, arriving three days later. 1945 – A three-day celebration begins in China, following the Victory over Japan Day on September 2. 1950 – "Nino" Farina becomes the first Formula One Drivers' champion after winning the 1950 Italian Grand Prix. 1954 – The People's Liberation Army begins shelling the Republic of China-controlled islands of Quemoy, starting the First Taiwan Strait Crisis. 1967 – Dagen H in Sweden: Traffic changes from driving on the left to driving on the right overnight. 1971 – Qatar becomes an independent state. 1976 – Viking program: The American Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars. 1978 – During the Rhodesian Bush War a group of ZIPRA guerrillas shot down civilian Vickers Viscount aircraft (Air Rhodesia Flight 825) with a Soviet-made SAM Strela-2; of 56 passengers and crew 38 people died in crash, 10 were massacred by the guerrillas at the site. 1981 – The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, an international bill of rights for women, is instituted by the United Nations. 1987 – In a coup d'état in Burundi, President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza is deposed by Major Pierre Buyoya. 1989 – Varig Flight 254 crashes in the Amazon rainforest near São José do Xingu in Brazil, killing 12. 1997 – Vietnam Airlines Flight 815 (Tupolev Tu-134) crashes on approach into Phnom Penh airport, killing 64. 2001 – In Belfast, Protestant loyalists begin a picket of Holy Cross, a Catholic primary school for girls. 2004 – Beslan school siege results in over 330 fatalities, including 186 children. 2010 – After taking off from Dubai International Airport, UPS Airlines Flight 6 develops an in-flight fire in the cargo hold and crashes near Nad Al Sheba, killing both crew members on board. 2016 – The U.S. and China, together responsible for 40% of the world's carbon emissions, both formally ratify the Paris global climate agreement. 2017 – North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test.

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On July 8, 1879, Captain George Washington De Long and his team of thirty-two men set sail from San Francisco on the USS Jeanette. Heading deep into uncharted Arctic waters, they carried the aspirations of a young country burning to be the first nation to reach the North Pole. Two years into the voyage, the Jeannette's hull was breached by an impassable stretch of pack ice, forcing the crew to abandon ship amid torrents of rushing of water. Hours later, the ship had sunk below the surface, marooning the men a thousand miles north of Siberia, where they faced a terrifying march with minimal supplies across the endless ice pack.Enduring everything from snow blindness and polar bears to ferocious storms and labyrinths of ice, the crew battled madness and starvation as they struggled desperately to survive. With thrilling twists and turns, In The Kingdom of Ice is a tale of heroism and determination in the most brutal place on Earth.

Engraving of the USS Jeannette trapped in ice. This was the ship that inspired Nansen to build Fram. Sailing from San Francisco in the 1870s, the expedition was an attempt by the United States to reach the north pole. The ship, however, became trapped in the ice off the coast of Siberia and crushed. Debris from the wreck was later found along the coast of Greenland, a fact that fueled Nansen's theories on a north polar current. Fram was built to test these theories by being strong enough to be trapped in the ice without severe damage and drift through these currents.

Some major events that occurred on July 8.

Photo One: The USS Jeanette departs for its ill-fated expedition to the North Pole, 1879.

Photo Two: The Wall Street Journal is published for the first time, 1889.

Photo Three: The Great Fire of 1892 destroys St. John’s, Newfoundland, 1892.

Discover the wonder of the Arctic this winter

Think having to go outside and face those winter winds is tough this December? Read these great books about arctic exploration first. Ever since man first started exploring the far reaches of the earth, the Arctic has held a special allure, with its treacherous terrain and vast untouched landscapes. Even now, it remains one of the few places on earth man can't truly claim as home. These books will help you get a sense of the peril, mystique, and grandeur of the frozen tundras.

Arctic Dreams by Barry Lopez

This National Book Award-winning work is an exemplary example of the kind of detail and craft that can be achieved through non-fiction writing. One of the rare works that truly captures the thrill and majesty of the Arctic and provides a comprehensive history of the terrain through the stories of natives and explorers.

In the Kingdom of Ice by Hampton Sides

In July 1879 the Captain George Washington De Long and his thirty-plus strong crew departed from San Francisco on the USS Jeanette in the hopes of blazing a trail for the new nation of the United States. This impressively written and remarkably detailed book tells the tale of this plagued and treacherous journey, and the remarkable feats of heroism and determination it took to survive all the Arctic could throw at them.

South: The Story of Shackleton's Last Expedition, 1914-1917 by Ernest Shackleton

No list of Arctic feats could be complete without including at least one of the firsthand accounts from the pioneers of arctic exploration. Shackelton's account is one of the most detailed and awe-inspiring ever written, detailing staggering feats of strength and courage.

Remember, you don't have to brave the outdoors to achieve that thrill of adventure this winter. For more books like these and other must-read tales of courage and adventure, check out the impressive collection of eBooks and audiobooks over at www.ovymedia.com.  

Marks of Excellence!

SAN DIEGO, CA (May 21, 2018) -- United States Navy Quartermaster Third Class Daija Anderson proudly poses with the freshly-painted hashmarks under the Force Health and Wellness Unit Award (Green "H") on the superstructure of the amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6). 

This is “Quartermaster Country” (usually called Navigation Division)....and it’s one of their countless responsibilities to keep these awards up-to-date and looking sharp.

Each hashmark represents an annual, consecutive Fleet-wide competition WON!....in this case recognizing the ship's commitment to the health and welfare of its thousands of Sailors and Marines.

Just a year ago, in April 2017 (note the different-color safety harness worn), then-Seaman Anderson was, once again, “decorating” the superstructure of her ship -- high above its flight deck -- with 2017′s coveted Battle Efficiency “E” (in white)....demonstrating that USS Bonhomme Richard was among the best of the best overall in front-line readiness. (Look where that big white “Battle E” falls in the award hierarchy -- to a significant, but eternally debated, extent -- on the chart below....)

                                   USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6)

                                             *          *          *          *

What do all those color-coded big letters on the superstructure of a warship mean? They’re officially termed Command Excellence or Command Effectiveness Awards. These awards mean that the ship displaying them has proven to be superior in a certain field of operations:

So, the next time you see a United States Navy ship....you can get a quick overview of how well she and her crew have performed in recent years. These awards don’t come easy....and are the result of exacting proficiency and unwavering excellence by the ship’s crew members over a long period of time.

It takes strong, common-sense leadership, up and down the chain of command, and a highly-motivated crew.

I can’t stress enough how important these achievements are to a ship and her crew! These awards are displayed with utmost pride! They tell everyone....”We’re not only ready to go....we’re better than ready!”

That describes much of the Fleet....so being THE BEST, is quite an achievement!

It’s that enduring tradition and intrepid spirit that keeps America’s Navy the most formidable around the world over the past nearly three-quarters of a century.

USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) proudly displays a wide array of Awards of Excellence

                                 ___________________________

>>Top photo: Mass Communication Specialist Second Class Jeanette Mullinax, USN

>>Second photo: Mass Communication Specialist Second Class Diana Quinlan, USN

yeah no worries haha

we were just talking about books but i would love to make a rec list!!!!

these are just the ones i’ve read so far and really enjoyed:

In the Kingdom of the Ice by Hampton Sides (about the USS Jeanette, really well written)

Weird and Tragic Shores by Andrea Barrett (this crazy bastard Charles Francis Hall who somehow survived almost 3 trips to the arctic despite being vastly inexperienced and was murdered. starts by him looking for the lost Franklin expedition)

The Terrors of Ice and Darkness (short but pretty good, about an Italian sailor lost in the arctic)

and these are some i want to read:

The Ice Master by Jennifer Niven

In the Land of White Death by Valerian Albanov (these are actual journal entries from the writer as he was a part of a failed expedition in 1912? i think)

A First Rate Tragedy by Diana Preston (Robert Falcon Scott expedition)

North with Franklin: Lost Journals of James Fitzjames (this one is fiction i believe)

The Discovery of Slowness by Sten Nadolny (about Sir James Franklin)

The Voyage of the Narwhal by Andrea Barrett

i have more written down too akdkkdkwn but it’s so much. i also reblogged a list of terror related books a week or so ago ☺️

The Colvocoresses Oak

by Peter Vermilyea

A small marker sits beneath a stately oak tree on the western portion of the Litchfield Green. It is located in close proximity to the post office, restaurants, and the historical society, yet one wonders how many people stop to read its simple text: “The Colvocoresses Oak. A memorial of the Battle of Manila Bay.” Upon examination, the curious passerby asks why this small monument to a largely forgotten event of US history stands in the center of a small Connecticut town.

The Colvocoresses Oak, A memorial of the Battle of Manila Bay, Litchfield

George Partridge Colvocoresses was born in Norwich, Vermont, in 1847. His father, George Musalas Colvocoresses, was the son of a prominent Greek businessman. At the age of six, he, along with other members of his family, was kidnapped by Turks. While six of his brothers were killed, George was sold into slavery. His father was able to purchase his freedom, and the son was sent to America. He was adopted by Alden Patridge, who founded the Norwich Military Academy in Vermont, from which George graduated in 1831.

The elder Colvocoresses enjoyed a distinguished career in the United States Navy, achieving some fame for his exploits on blockading duty during the Civil War. While in command of the USS Supply, Colvocoresses was joined in the service by his son, George Patridge, named for the family’s American benefactor. Following the war, the elder Colvocoresses was made captain and retired from the service, moving to Litchfield. He was murdered in Bridgeport in 1872.

George Patridge, who had left Norwich Academy during his freshman year, took up studies at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis. After his graduation in 1869, he embarked on a distinguished naval career of his own, serving in many foreign ports, at the Naval Hydrographic Office, and as an instructor of drawing at the Naval Academy. In that capacity he designed the monument to the crew of the USS Jeanette that stands in the Academy’s cemetery.

The Dewey Medal

The Spanish-American War and Battle of Manila Bay

Colvocoresses’ crowded hour came in the Philippines at Manila Bay on May 1st, 1898. While Congress declared the Spanish-American War on April 25th of that year, two months earlier Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt had sent a coded telegram to US Asiatic Fleet commander Commodore George Dewey to attack the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay should war be declared. In seven hours of fighting, Dewey (who had opened the battle with the famous phrase, “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley!”) had secured the surrender of the Spanish fleet and Manila Bay, at the cost of 10 American casualties and one damaged ship. When the war ended, the US annexed the Philippines, effectively making it a colony until 1946 when the island nation attained its independence.

At the battle Colvocoresses served as the executive officer aboard the USS Concord, which sank the Spanish vessel Mindanao. His actions were noted by a superior, who wrote, “Each and every one of my subordinates did his whole duty with an enthusiasm and zeal beyond all praise. I am particularly indebted to the executive officer, Lieut. Commander George P. Colvocoresses, for the cool, deliberate, and efficient manner with which he met each phase of the action, and for his hearty cooperation in my plans.” He was later transferred to the Olympia, Dewey’s flagship. For his service in the battle, Colvocoresses was awarded the Battle of Manila Bay Medal—popularly called the Dewey Medal.

There is nothing on the small marker to indicate when it was erected. However, the New York Times of November 11, 1899, described the hero’s welcome that Colvocoresses received on his return to Litchfield (see image).

Detail from The New York TimesNovember 11, 1899

Alain White’s history of Litchfield indicates that Colvocoresses himself planted the tree using a silver trowel ordered for the occasion by Mary Quincy, a local actively involved in preserving town history. Perhaps the marker was erected in connection with this event as well.

Following the war, Colvocoresses served as the commandant of the United States Naval Academy. He retired to Litchfield. His children and grandchildren continued the family legacy of attending Norwich and serving in the United States military. George Partridge Colvocoresses died on September 10, 1932, and is buried in Litchfield’s East Cemetery. His services at Manila Bay live on, however, commemorated by a small marker and venerable oak tree on the Litchfield Green.

Peter Vermilyea, who teaches history at Housatonic Valley Regional High School in Falls Village, Connecticut, and at Western Connecticut State University, maintains the Hidden in Plain Sight blog and is the author of Hidden History of Litchfield County (History Press, 2014).

from Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project https://connecticuthistory.org/the-colvocoresses-oak/

im applying to grad school (again) for history and im wondering how I academically say I want to study arctic exploration in a way that shows humans have always been humans, and the way these people held each other in the cold, tried to keep their frozen eyelids open, brought food and cared for the dying even as their own heartbeats ebbed. In the rawest form of human suffering, where death holds out it's skeletal hands and they instead replied "Not yet, I'm only twenty-three and have a friend to keep warm."

Lewis Howard Latimer (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an inventor and patent draftsman. His inventions included an evaporative air conditioner, an improved process for manufacturing carbon filaments for light bulbs, and an improved toilet system for railroad cars. In 1884, he joined the Edison Electric Light Company where he worked as a draftsman and wrote the first book on electric lighting. The Lewis H. Latimer House, his landmarked former residence, is located near the Latimer Projects at 34-41 137th Street in Flushing, Queens. He was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, the youngest of the four children of Rebecca Latimer (1823–1910) and George Latimer (1818–1897). His mother and father escaped from slavery in Virginia and fled to Chelsea, Massachusetts on October 4, 1842. The day they arrived in Boston, George was recognized by a colleague of his former slave owner and was arrested a few days later, on October 20, 1842. George's trial received great notoriety; he was represented by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. He was able to purchase his freedom and live with his family. He joined the Navy at the age of 15 and served as a Landsman on the USS Massasoit. After receiving an honorable discharge from the Navy on July 3, 1865, he gained employment as an office boy with a patent law firm, Crosby Halstead and Gould. He learned how to use a set square, ruler, and other tools. He was promoted to the position of head draftsman. He became a patent consultant to law firms. He married Mary Wilson Lewis on November 15, 1873, in Fall River, Massachusetts. The couple had two daughters, Emma Jeanette (1883–1978) and Louise Rebecca (1890–1963). In 1879, he and his wife, Mary, moved to Bridgeport, Connecticut, along with his mother, and his brother, William. They settled in a neighborhood called "Little Liberia," which had been established in the early 19th century by free blacks. (The landmarked Mary and Eliza Freeman Houses are the last surviving buildings on their original foundations in this community.) #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence https://www.instagram.com/p/CmB56oXLF9y/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

(Download) In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette - Hampton Sides

Download Or Read PDF In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette - Hampton Sides Free Full Pages Online With Audiobook.

  [*] Download PDF Here => In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette

[*] Read PDF Here => In the Kingdom of Ice: The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette

 On July 8, 1879, Captain George Washington De Long and his team of thirty-two men set sail from San Francisco on the USS Jeanette. Heading deep into uncharted Arctic waters, they carried the aspirations of a young country burning to be the first nation to reach the North Pole. Two years into the voyage, the Jeannette's hull was breached by an impassable stretch of pack ice, forcing the crew to abandon ship amid torrents of rushing of water. Hours later, the ship had sunk below the surface, marooning the men a thousand miles north of Siberia, where they faced a terrifying march with minimal supplies across the endless ice pack.Enduring everything from snow blindness and polar bears to ferocious storms and labyrinths of ice, the crew battled madness and starvation as they struggled desperately to survive. With thrilling twists and turns, In The Kingdom of Ice is a tale of heroism and determination in the most brutal place on Earth.

Events 9.2

36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. 301 – San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus. 590 – Consecration of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great). 673 – King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne. 863 – Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid. 1189 – Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster. 1260 – The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire. 1411 – The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. 1650 – Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War. 1651 – The Battle of Worcester is the last significant action in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. 1658 – The death of Oliver Cromwell; Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England. 1666 – The Royal Exchange burns down in the Great Fire of London. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: During the Battle of Cooch's Bridge, the Flag of the United States is flown in battle for the first time. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: The war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris by the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain. 1798 – The week long battle of St. George's Caye begins between Spain and Britain off the coast of Belize. 1812 – Twenty-four settlers are killed in the Pigeon Roost Massacre in Indiana. 1838 – Future abolitionist Frederick Douglass escapes from slavery. 1843 – King Otto of Greece is forced to grant a constitution following an uprising in Athens. 1855 – American Indian Wars: In Nebraska, 700 soldiers under United States General William S. Harney avenge the Grattan massacre by attacking a Sioux village and killing 100 men, women and children. 1861 – American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz begins, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory on October 23. 1875 – The first official game of polo is played in Argentina after being introduced by British ranchers. 1878 – Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle in the River Thames. 1879 – Siege of the British Residency in Kabul: British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari and 72 men of the Guides are massacred by Afghan troops while defending the British Residency in Kabul. Their heroism and loyalty became famous and revered throughout the British Empire. 1895 – John Brallier becomes the first openly professional American football player, when he was paid US$10 by David Berry, to play for the Latrobe Athletic Association in a 12–0 win over the Jeanette Athletic Association. 1914 – William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months due to opposition to his rule. 1914 – French composer Albéric Magnard is killed defending his estate against invading German soldiers. 1914 – World War I: Start of the Battle of Grand Couronné, a German assault against French positions on high ground near the city of Nancy. 1916 – World War I: Leefe Robinson destroys the German airship Schütte-Lanz SL 11 over Cuffley, north of London; the first German airship to be shot down on British soil. 1925 – USS Shenandoah, the United States' first American-built rigid airship, was destroyed in a squall line over Noble County, Ohio. Fourteen of her 42-man crew perished, including her commander, Zachary Lansdowne. 1933 – Yevgeniy Abalakov is the first man to reach the highest point in the Soviet Union, Communism Peak (now called Ismoil Somoni Peak and situated in Tajikistan) (7495 m). 1935 – Sir Malcolm Campbell reaches a speed of 304.331 miles per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, becoming the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph. 1939 – World War II: France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland, forming the Allied nations. The Viceroy of India also declares war, but without consulting the provincial legislatures. 1939 – World War II: The United Kingdom and France begin a naval blockade of Germany that lasts until the end of the war. This also marks the beginning of the Battle of the Atlantic. 1941 – The Holocaust: Karl Fritzsch, deputy camp commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, experiments with the use of Zyklon B in the gassing of Soviet POWs. 1942 – World War II: In response to news of its coming liquidation, Dov Lopatyn leads an uprising in the Ghetto of Lakhva (present-day Belarus). 1943 – World War II: British and Canadian troops land on the Italian mainland. On the same day, Walter Bedell Smith and Giuseppe Castellano sign the Armistice of Cassibile, although it is not announced for another five days. 1944 – Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from the Westerbork transit camp to the Auschwitz concentration camp, arriving three days later. 1945 – A three-day celebration begins in China, following the Victory over Japan Day on September 2. 1950 – "Nino" Farina becomes the first Formula One Drivers' champion after winning the 1950 Italian Grand Prix. 1954 – The People's Liberation Army begins shelling the Republic of China-controlled islands of Quemoy, starting the First Taiwan Strait Crisis. 1967 – Dagen H in Sweden: Traffic changes from driving on the left to driving on the right overnight. 1971 – Qatar becomes an independent state. 1976 – Viking program: The American Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars. 1981 – The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, an international bill of rights for women, is instituted by the United Nations. 1987 – In a coup d'état in Burundi, President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza is deposed by Major Pierre Buyoya. 1997 – Vietnam Airlines Flight 815 (Tupolev Tu-134) crashes on approach into Phnom Penh airport, killing 64. 2001 – In Belfast, Protestant loyalists begin a picket of Holy Cross, a Catholic primary school for girls. 2004 – Beslan school siege results in over 330 fatalities, including 186 children. 2010 – After taking off from Dubai International Airport, UPS Airlines Flight 6 develops an in-flight fire in the cargo hold and crashes near Nad Al Sheba, killing both crew members on board. 2016 – The U.S. and China, together responsible for 40% of the world's carbon emissions, both formally ratify the Paris global climate agreement. 2017 – North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test.

Fallen VMI Alumnus Honored

Aug. 11, 2017—Marines and sailors of the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit and USS Bonhomme Richard Expeditionary Strike Group honor 1st Lt. Benjamin Cross ’13, Cpl. Nathaniel Ordway, and Pfc. Ruben Velasco aboard the Bonhomme Richard on Aug. 9.  The three were killed after their MV-22 Osprey crashed Aug. 5 off the northeast coast of Australia.—Department of Defense Photos by Lance Cpl. Amy Phan, MC 2nd Class Diana Quinlan, Staff Sgt. T. T. Parish, and MC 2nd Class Jeanette Mullinax.