"Mercy is innocence, so it can not be a guest in every heart."
Chaldun, Ibn “Geography is Destiny” is taken from the original work of 1377 “Muqaddima”, presented by Turkish philosopher Mesud Topal. Critically interlinking the ideas of Chaldun and the inability of (Islamic) World to truly live the essential requirements of tolerance, education, justice and peace.
"The Right can just be protected with justice."
Not present in the collective consciousness, in the flow of history overshadowed by other great thinkers such as Avicenna and Averroes, forgotton at the tipping point of the former height of the Islamic world and detached by the rising Europe,
I would like to present an enriching and progressive thinker, who, due to his wealth of ideas, no matter what effort, can only be presented fragmentarily in terms of its size and foresight:
Ibn Chaldun (*1332) is considered the first historian of the Islamic world.
His achievements in the field of sociological research are outstanding and his
understanding of history shows a polyvalent and profound analysis.
Perhaps he is the first to show the various interconnections and influences of geography (from weather to the borders) on human life, therefore its Qadar (~ fate) and thus on the development of dynasties.
[Cf. Ptolemy “Tetrabiblos” - the influence of stars and planets, based on place on birth]
"The strength of a government can only be based on justice, courage in truth and mercy."
In his work "Mukkaddime" (Turkish spelling) further aspects are analyzed,
such as the duties of a government towards its population
(main task: Ensuring peace, welfare, justice) or how the individual as part of society -
(according to Aristotle's zoon politikon + al-Farabi "The Virtuos City"
depiction of an idealized state, see Plato "Politeia")
has a special obligation to continuously work and constantly educate oneself.
"Man is an entity that denies not having understood his own mind."
Acquiring knowledge is an essential part of Islamic values.
Already Hz. Muhamed used to say "And if knowledge is in China, strive!"
Because only healthy, intelligent people can form a healthy and sustainable system of government.
Therefore, man's main goal should be to acquire knowledge and education,
to approuch to the Truth and to learn how to distinguish right from wrong.
(the confusion of concepts leads to irreparable damage, the Truth and the Right
are no longer protected because they are no longer recognized = beacon of moral apostasy)
"Man does not die of hunger, but because of habits."
Ibn Chaldun also places a special requirement on the state to guarantee the education of its citizens,
for "to leave a man uneducated is to lose him."
Also he states that the transfer of knowledge should not falter and sets requirements
to teachers who are supposed to be competent and learning methods of "authority, memorization and undisputed constraints" hinder the enlightment of the learner, because it is particularly significant to illuminate why it is so important to aspire education .
Ibn Chaldun repeatedly emphasizes that there is no other salvation for man
than constant striving and learning.
Only education leads to salvation and so the individual should strive for he has the duty not only towards society and God, but especially for the one's own happiness.
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people literally supporting hamas while they're calling themselves leftist.. are we now actively supporting the iranian government??? supporting the hamas' attack right before israel was going to sign a peace contract with saudi-arabia is just vile. a contract that would have led to the betterment of palestinian lives. yes, the israeli gov HAS to be criticized harshly, obviously, (and it is by progressive palestinian and israeli orgs) but you're cheering for the hamas now??? an organisation that has actively surpressed elections since 2006, incarcerated and tortured thousands in 2019 in gaza, cooperated with the iranian, syrian regimes and the hizbollah in lebanon. these are governments that openly wish for the death of all jews. get your shit together.
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Slavery may change its form or its name – its essence remains the same. Its essence may be expressed in these words: to be a slave is to be forced to work for someone else, just as to be a master is to live on someone else's work.
Mikhail Bakunin, "Rousseau's Theory of the State"
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*Sometime after 1475 in hell*
Satan: Yo, Luci, has Vlad Tepes showed up yet? He died like three months ago, and he's not heaven
Lucifer: What? No. He hasn't showed up at all, the fuck do you mean he isn't in heaven?
Satan: Yea, some angel was asking if we had him, because we didn't. There's also like an ungodly amount of souls missing aside from that one. I think there's like over four thousand souls that are also missing as well...
Lucifer: ....There's four thousand souls missing?
Satan: Yes.
Lucifer: Well, I guess we should see what's going down on the Mortal planes than....
_____
*Dracula doing as Dracula does and devouring his own people*
Lucifer: Ok, who the fuck allowed that to happen? Who the fuck green lit that? Who let Vlad Tepes turn into a goddamn Eldritch abomination??
Satan: I think the humans are calling it a vampire
Lucifer: A vampire? That's what that is? I'm sorry, that still doesn't answer my question of who in the seven layers of hell green lit that thing!!
Satan: We didn't. The blood choose for it happen.
Lucifer: The fuck do you mean the blood chose for it
Satan: Too many people died in one place, and Vlad was too angry to die.
Lucifer: .....God allowed this to happen didn't he? He fucking let this happen, didn't He, the fucking bastard
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'A textbook about Law of Nations shall not forget, that it would be unfaithful to its task, if it would serve under politics.'
Franz von Liszt, criminologist (cf. Theory of criminal justice), jurist and reformer for international law and his book "International Law- Systematically Presented", was originally published in 1888. This edition is the eleventh edition from 1918 and was published "the second time against the backdrop of a war" as Liszt had written. Still not lost his enthusiam, he defines the Internation Law as the mechanism to prevent wars, the outbreak of war as the proof, that the contention between the states should have been mediated in a way, that the armed conflict could have been prevented. The (re-)building of International Law is the (re-)building of Right to Peace.
It is not just the Right of War, which takes part in the theories of International Law, but it is the primary drive behind the rising and fall of states.
The Law of Nations, how it was called from former times, is not an invention of modern times, it is not just the utopian dream of a single enthusiastic pacifist.
Just war traditions can be traced back to Ancient Egypt, the ethics with the three main ideas: Cosmological role of the Pharao as divine office and executor of the justification of war, which would be considered as 'God's Will' or the Universal Principle of Maat.
In the Confucian culture, we can also find massive body work of warforce, especially in the Zhou Dynasty (~ 1122 BC). Here a similarity to the defined necessety or justification of war: Only as last resort (ultima ratio) and by a rightful souvereign (the requirements for sovereignty are still today the prerequisite for legal actions, also war is technically just a conflict between two sovereign states, in our sanity and reason we would include all violent confrontation..). Even in India, we should not lead ourselves to believe in all ascetical will-denial and yoga exercises, can theories of Just War be found (cf. dharma-yuddha ~ rightous war). In this very first written discussion, criterias like proportianlity, just means, just causes, fair treatment of captives and wounded, are stated (cf. Hague Convention of 1899).
Not to forget the Ancient Roman legal system and the concept of jus gentium and later in Christian world, the Augustinian teaching of civitas dei, lead also to restrictions of warfare. Essential are also the theories formed in the period of enlightment, Bentham (by forming ideas for foreign policy, the term international was coined by Bentham by critizing the idea of "Law of Nations", as one central aspect of his Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace is the sacrifice of national self-interest [giving up colonies and armies, that are not necessary protecting] in order to establish global peace) and his codification of international law, Kant with several state theories and ways to guarantee perpetual peace, in the main consideration is the formulation of ius cosmopoliticum and that the Handelsgeist (spirit of trading) can achieve peace worldwide.
It is an usual represal that still today sanctions and embargos are used to put other states under (economic) pressure, which can be fatal in a highly globalized world and often tends to effect the civilian population rather than the ruling elite... Economy and trading is indeed an essential part in international legal relation, as the first international laws and regulation emerged through private law and the merchants demand for freedom of trade throughout history. So freedom of movement goes hand in hand with freedom of trading, just think of postal service (Universal Postial Union 1874) and the difficulties if the operating range would be limited or the process of translating and publishing foreign literature, all those aspects fall into the regulations of international law.
The theories of Just War firstly expanded beyond the borders of one nation around the 16th century, particularly during the discovery age (cf. theories of Suárez & Vitoria) and the Thirty Years' War (Hugo Grotius, who also devided positive and natural law, father of the Theory of Extraterritoriality; Successors of positive law: Zouch, Pufendorf, C. Wolff and his student Vattel [...] Later the School of Postive Law succeeded over the School of Natural Law: In particular by Bynkershock, later followed by J. J. Moser and G. F. v. Martens), affirming other principles like the territorial claim, the areas and rules of traffic (from maritime law to regulation of coastlines) and which legal consequences come into force, when a state is breaching treaty obligations.
The International Law had to built and strenghen itself as the diplomacy took over armed conflicts. First and foremost, the League of Nations is instructed to develop and expand the court of arbitration, also to limit armament and therefore the endangerment of piece. Part of the international diplomacy are also embassies and consuls, guaranteing constitutional jurisdiction.
It is deplorable, that the period of colonialism merged into imperialism and that the politcal efforts excluded the inhabitants of conquered areas. Law has also the paradoxy that it can be unjustly: By defining the terms (when can an area be considered as a sovereign state? Which subjects are authorized for legal capacity?) even unfairly acts can be legally protected.
International Law is a huge topic and it would be interesting to present treatise and the consequences after ratification, as every act is the answer of long and often armed conflicts, resulting into negotiations.
It will stay a continuous process to establish an effective International Court of Justice, a balancing act between the sovereignty of a state and the endangerment of human rights, which sadly can't be ensured for the most parts of the world.
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