No music training? No problem: Even novices intuit complex music theory | Science
Your co-worker’s annoying humming may be more virtuosic than you think. People without musical training naturally improvise melodies that have hallmarks of tunes composed by professionals, a new study shows. It seems that most individuals follow the arcane rules of music composition, even those who are unaware those rules exist.
“It’s cool,” says Samuel Mehr, an expert on the psychology of music at Yale University who was not involved in the work. The study offers an “elegant” way to test people’s musical abilities. “It definitely feels like a real phenomenon, not some kind of contrived thing that a bunch of psychologists made up in the lab.”
The study concerns a musical concept known as tonality—the fact that songs almost always use a subset of all the pitches a voice or instrument can produce. For example, a standard piano has 88 keys, but the typical piano piece tickles just a fraction of them. If you play a piano’s keys one by one from left to right, the notes will climb steadily in pitch until the 13th note sounds just the same as the first note, only higher. This defines an octave.
Melodies usually stick to the same four to seven pitches in each octave that are called the scale notes. That is why, in the classic movie musical The Sound of Music, the von Trapp children learn just the seven notes “Do Re Me Fa So La Ti Do” of the most common type of scale in Western music. Out-of-scale pitches can sound jarring, but musicians sprinkle such “accidentals” into tunes to add elements of tension, color, and surprise (such as the middle syllable of “Maria” in this song from West Side Story). One note in the scale, the tonic, acts as the central pitch, which often starts and ends a song.
Tonality appears in music across diverse genres and cultures, though the scales differ greatly between, say, Indian classical and American folk. In part because of this ubiquity, some researchers suspect tonality might be an evolved human trait, which helps our brains perceive, remember, and create music. But it remains unclear how—or how well—average people understand tonal rules.
In studies investigating this question, participants typically evaluate or choose a final note for an existing melody—like filling in a sentence’s missing word on a language exam. Most folks ace the tonality test, but they may just be completing a familiar sequence of pitches heard repeatedly during the experiment or everyday life.
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Weiss et al., Scientific Reports 2022
For a better measure of tonal proclivities, Michael Weiss and Isabelle Peretz, psychologists at the University of Montreal, developed a test akin to writing grammatically correct sentences from scratch (listen above). In soundproof booths equipped with headphones and microphones, participants improvised melodies, crooning only “da,” in response to prompts such as instructions to sing a lullaby, a dance, a sad song, etc.
The researchers weren’t sure subjects would want to perform the task. “It’s kind of an intimidating thing,” Weiss says. But, “Once we got people singing, they were quite happy to continue.” The jams typically ran 20 seconds with 30 notes, and some had to be cut short, Weiss recalls. “They would just continue improvising for minutes without some intervention.” One participant enjoyed the experiment so much, she enrolled in singing lessons.
The researchers captured 924 recordings from 33 residents of Quebec, including 18 participants with congenital amusia—commonly known as tone deafness. In the most prevalent form of this condition, which is estimated to affect 1.5% to 4% of the population, individuals struggle to perceive and produce pitch. But typical and amusic brains show similar electrical responses to out-of-scale notes. And, through her decades of research, Peretz has observed amusic individuals sing melodies that sounded tonal to her, even as they failed to distinguish pitches themselves.
In the current study, Peretz and Weiss created an algorithm with which a computer matched the improvs to the closest scale from Western music. For seven of the 18 amusics and 13 of the 15 controls, the participants’ songs kept to these scales better than sequences of random notes did. About the same number of participants ended their melodies on tonics more often than chance. Collectively, the musically neurotypical group fared better, but a few amusics outperformed controls, the team concluded last month in Scientific Reports. These amusic individuals “are singing in a way that adheres to a tonal system, even if they’re having difficulty perceiving that,” Weiss says. One amusic and several controls scored higher than a professional baritone with 11 years of formal training.
The study supports psychologists’ current understanding of how brains make music, according to Kathleen Corrigall, a cognitive scientist at MacEwan University. People, including individuals with amusia, develop implicit knowledge of music rules, and are often unaware that they hold this knowledge. “The findings didn’t surprise me,” she says, but the study’s use of sung improvisation “struck me as a pretty creative, novel way to measure” implicit knowledge about tonality and other music rules.
Psychologist Erin Hannon, who leads a music cognition laboratory at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, also praised the improv approach. “I’m a big fan of any method that can be used with a whole bunch of different kinds of people, and you don’t need people with particular skills in order to do it,” Hannon says. The easy-to-run experiment and new algorithm could be used to compare tonality across different age groups and cultures, or even among different creatures. Such a tool could help scientists uncover the aspects of musicmaking shared by all humans and unique to our species. So, go ahead, sing us a song whether you’re the piano man or the plumber.
New post published on: https://livescience.tech/2022/08/13/no-music-training-no-problem-even-novices-intuit-complex-music-theory-science/
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KIM KITSURAGI - “Is that. My kineema.”
COMPOSURE [Medium: Success] - Something in him is about to break, *big time*.
EMPATHY - And it’s not going to be pretty, do something!
- DRAMA [Formidable] - Everything is fine!
- “Sure is.”
DRAMA [Formidable: Failure] - Surely he’s aware that he’s not the *only* person in the world who owns a Kineema?
YOU - “Is it really *yours*? I mean, plenty of people have their own Kineemas, right? Like working men, government offices, uh, firefighters I guess, maybe even animal control people? Exactly! A million different people who could’ve driven it into the uh…”
DRAMA - Pause, my liege! Ixnay on the Ineemakay!
YOU - “It could even be our *mysterious* joyrider!”
KIM KITSURAGI - Your frenzied babbling falls deaf to the lieutenant's ears. Instead, he approaches the broken vehicle, sunken in the ice. He moves with a caution and gentleness you haven’t seen him display before.
INLAND EMPIRE - It must be cold and lonely down there, in the icy water. Maybe he could sense its sorrow, calling to him…
PERCEPTION (SIGHT) [Easy: Success] - His hands, which are always stiffly placed behind his back, are trembling.
ENDURANCE - This is the shuffle of a tired, tired man.
HALF LIGHT - He’s going to do something drastic because of you. Oh god, terrible! You’re a terrible liar! You can’t look at this, you just can’t!
VOLITION [Formidable: Success] - It's not *you* who drove his kineema into the sea. You have plenty of faults, but this one is decidedly not yours.
KIM KITSURAGI - He kneels down with his head bowed, casting his face in shadow. He plants a hand on the ice to stabilize himself, squinting to get a better view of the motor carriage. “Detective, it says ‘57’ on it.”
YOU - Sweat drips down your brow, and you feel a terrible headache coming. “Maybe our joyrider has an affinity for that number?”
LOGIC - He's not stupid, he knows that it's not that.
KIM KITSURAGI - “57.”
YOU - “What about 57?”, you brace yourself.
KIM KITSURAGI - “Precinct 57.”
YOU - You wince. “Kim, look-”
KIM KITSURAGI - “When I woke up in the Whirling-in-Rags with no memory of what happened during the days before, I've taken note that something of mine has gone missing.” He grits his teeth. "A very. Important. Something."
He runs his hands over his face, messing his already unkempt hair in the process. Regret creeps up on his features. “God. Fuck. They’re going to fire me over this, they’re not going to hear me out.”
EMPATHY - Desperation settles in the lieutenant's tone. Sadly, you find yourself in agreement, even if you don’t want it to be the truth.
YOU - “People are more valuable than machines, Kim.”
KIM KITSURAGI - “Not people like me.” He rasps.
YOU - “…”
KIM KITSURAGI - Before you can say anything more, you fail to notice the lieutenant carefully walking onto the edge of the ice. He looks over the frigid water, a dizzying blue that mirrors and distorts his exhausted face back to him.
YOU - “Kim?”
KIM KITSURAGI - Seconds pass as he looks to be contemplating something. Out of nowhere, he casually takes another step where the ice ends and the sea begins. It happens all too quick for the lieutenant to even voice a call for help— if he even wanted to — his body plunging into the cold water before your eyes.
YOU - “KIM!!!!”
uhhh bonus stuff? sorry i have swap au brainworms pfttt
(im not sure what skills kim has at the moment so rn he only has narration as his inner monologue ok whoops, i would like to keep harry as the guy who thinks in dialogue trees so im still figuring it out pfttt)
also, this was done bc i wanted to expand on these old scribbles of mine, just like an idea, i just think that he'd be having an even worse time wheezes
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