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papermoonloveslucy · 9 months

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LUCY AT THE JUNCTION

"Petticoat Junction" and The Lucycoms

Although thematically the shows created by Lucille Ball were worlds apart from the quaint antics in Hooterville's Shady Rest Hotel, there were artistic and creative commonalities that are worth discussing.

"Petticoat Junction" ran from 1963 to 1970, while "The Lucy Show" ran from 1962 to 1968, both on CBS TV. "Petticoat Junction" was filmed at General Service Studios, where "I Love Lucy" began filming until it moved to larger quarters.

Like Kate Bradley, Lucy Carmichael and Lucy Carter are widows raising teenage girls while trying also to earn a living, a popular trope of the 1960s and '70s.

To vary storylines, "I Love Lucy" added a dog and a baby, as did "Petticoat Junction." Animal trainer Frank Inn worked on both shows, as well as on "Here's Lucy."

Both shows went from black and white to color in October 1965. Although "The Lucy Show" had filmed its second season in color, CBS declined to air it in color.

SHARING THE TYPEWRITER

Writer Seaman Jacobs penned six episodes of "Petticoat Junction" in 1963-64 and three of "The Lucy Show" in 1967. Fred S. Fox co-wrote one of those episodes with Jacobs. Fox also wrote one 1965 episode of "Petticoat Junction." Fox's co-writer for that episode was Irving 'Iz' Elinson, who wrote a dozen episodes of "The Lucy Show."

SHARED CASTING

Their "Petticoat Junction" characters are in parentheses, followed by their Lucycom / Desilu credits.

Bea Benadaret (Kate Bradley) first starred with Lucille Ball on her radio series "My Favorite Husband" (1948-1951), primarily as best friend Iris Atterbury. Benadaret was Ball's first choice to play Ethel Mertz on "I Love Lucy," but she was already contracted to play Blanche Morton on "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show", another best friend character. Ball still managed to cast her as a one-off character, Miss Lewis, an elderly spinster, on season 1 of "I Love Lucy."

Edgar Buchanan (Uncle Joe Carson) appeared with Lucille Ball on a 1971 "Merv Griffin Show" saluting director George Marshall, for whom both worked. For Desilu, Buchanan appeared on a 1958 episode of "The Adventures of Jim Bowie" and a 1959 episode of their helicopter series "Whirlybirds".

Frank Cady (Sam Drucker) appeared for Desilu in "December Bride" (1956), "Westinghouse-Desilu Playhouse" (1959), "Guestward Ho!" (1961), "The Untouchables" (1962), "The Danny Thomas Show" (1960), "Glynis" (1963), and a 1963 unsold pilot titled "Swingin' Together."

Charles Lane (Homer Bedloe) appeared in 7 films with Lucille Ball between 1933 and 1949. He was also heard on her radio show "My Favorite Husband". On "I Love Lucy," he played 4 characters and 2 more on "The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour." He was cast as banker Barnsdahl on "The Lucy Show," but was released after 4 episodes so that Ball could hire Gale Gordon. He went from Desilu to Hooterville.

Byron Foulger (Banker Guerney / Wendell Gibbs) first appeared with Lucille Ball in the Westinghouse industrial film Ellis in Freedomland (1952). On "I Love Lucy" he played the spokesman of The Friends of the Friendless in “Lucy’s Last Birthday” (ILL S2;E25) in 1953. in 1965′s “My Fair Lucy” (TLS S3;E20) he played henpecked husband Fred Dunbar. Two years later, Foulger was back on “The Lucy Show” to play Mr. Trindle, owner of a jewelry store supposedly robbed by Lucy in “Lucy Meets the Law” (TLS S5;E19), his last appearance opposite Lucille Ball. For Desilu, he was seen in "December Bride" (1957 & 1958) and "The Untouchables" (1959).

Elvia Allman (Selma Plout / Gladys Stroud / Cora Watson) was heard with Lucille Ball on "My Favorite Husband" before playing the strident Candy Factory Forewoman on "I Love Lucy." Allman returned to the show as one of Minnie Finch’s neighbors in “Fan Magazine Interview” (ILL S3;E17) in 1954 and prim magazine reporter Nancy Graham in “The Homecoming” (ILL S5;E6) in 1955. She made two appearances on “The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour“ - first as Ida Thompson, Westfield’s PTA director, then as Milton Berle's private secretary. Allman would also be seen on two episodes of “The Lucy Show" as a customer in a department store and the manager of an employment agency. Allman’s final screen appearance with Lucille Ball reunited her with Bob Hope: “Bringing Back Vaudeville” in 1971. For Desilu, Allman was seen on "December Bride" (1954-59), and "The Ann Sothern Show" (1958).

Kay E. Kuter (Newt Kiley) made an appearance in the 1970 TV movie Swing Out, Sweet Land with Jack Benny and Lucille Ball. He was seen on "Here's Lucy" as a singing Canadian Mountie in 1971. For Desilu he was seen on "The Adventures of Jim Bowie" (1957 & 1958).

Jack Bannon (Roger Budd / 9 Others) was the real-life son of Bea Benadaret. He was briefly seen on "Here's Lucy" in 1971.

Eddie Albert (Oliver Wendell Douglas) first co-starred with Lucille Ball in The Fuller Brush Girl (1950). Albert played himself on a 1973 episode of “Here’s Lucy” titled “Lucy Gives Eddie Albert the Old Song and Dance” (HL S6;E6). He also appeared with Ball on an episode of "The Carol Burnett Show" (1968). For Desilu, he appeared on "The Westinghouse-Desilu Playhouse" (1958) and "The Greatest Show on Earth" (1963).

Eva Gabor (Lisa Douglas) played romance novelist Eva Von Graunitz in “Lucy and Eva Gabor” (S1;E7) in 1968 as well as herself in a 1972 epsidoes set in a hospital room.

Hank Patterson (Fred Ziffel) appeared in an episode of the Desilu western "The Sheriff of Cochise" in 1957, "The Westinghouse-Desilu Playhouse" (1958), "Guestward Ho!" (1961), and "The Untouchables" (1960-1962).

Barbara Pepper (Doris - aka Ruthie - Ziffel) was a Goldwyn Girl with Lucille Ball making 6 films together and becoming good friends. On the list of possible actors to play Ethel Mertz, she was in 10 episodes of "I Love Lucy" as various characters.

Roy Roberts (Norman Curtis / Game Warden Hughes) was first seen with Lucille Ball was in an uncredited role in Miss Grant Takes Richmond (1949). Roberts joined the cast of “The Lucy Show” at the start of season five, but not as the role he would become known for, bank president Mr. Cheever in 14 episodes, but as the Admiral in “Lucy and the Submarine” (TLS S5;E2) in September in 1966. Roberts returned to Lucille Ball Productions for 5 episodes of “Here’s Lucy.” For Desilu he appeared in a 1955 episode of "December Bride."

Paul Wilbur (Bert Smedley) played Mr. Wilbur, owner of the ice cream parlor, in "Lucy is a Soda Jerk" (1962). For Desilu, he was seen on a 1963 episode of "The Greatest Show on Earth."

Parley Baer (Judge Madison / Judge Turner / 3 Others) did four episodes of the radio version of "Green Acres" “Grandby’s Green Acres” starring Bea Benadaret, a summer fill-in for Lucille Ball’s “My Favorite Husband.” Baer appeared in 2 episodes of "I Love Lucy," and 5 of "The Lucy Show." On “Here’s Lucy” he played Dr. Cunningham, Harry Carter’s psychiatrist. For Desilu he was seen in "Whirlybirds," "December Bride," and "Westinghouse-Desilu Playhouse."

Olan Soule (Stanley Benson / 3 Others) played Little Ricky's doctor Dr. Gettelman on "I Love Lucy". For Desilu, he appeared on several episodes of "The Untouchables," "The Ann Sothern Show," and "December Bride."

Sarah Selby (Mrs. Frisby / Mrs. Grundy / 3 Others) was heard as Liz's mother on Lucy's radio show "My Favorite Husband." She played bachelorette Dorothy Cook on "I Love Lucy."

Barry Kelley (Sheriff Crandall / Hurley Feasel) played the Mayor of Bancroft on "The Lucy Show". For Desilu he appeared on "The Untouchables," "Whirlybirds," and "Westinghouse-Desilu Playhouse."

Jonathan Hole (Hank Thackery / Mr. Bunce / Mr. Earnshaw) was in 3 episodes of "The Lucy Show" and 2 of "Here's Lucy." For Desilu he was seen in "The Adventures of Jim Bowie."

William O'Connell (Martin Evans / Mr. Agnew) was seen as a Beverly Hills hotel manager on "The Lucy Show" in 1967.

Herbie Faye (Jack Stewart / Doodles / 2 Others) was in a 1968 episode of “The Lucy Show.” and 4 episodes of “Here’s Lucy”. Ball did a 1959 cameo on "Sergeant Bilko" on which he played Fender for 139 episodes. He also did an episode of "Mothers-in-Law" for Desi Arnaz.

Shirley Mitchell (Mae Belle Jennings) became friends with Lucille Ball in the late 1940s when she was featured in 4 episodes of “My Favorite Husband.” Mitchell reunited with Lucille Ball on “I Love Lucy” playing Marion Strong, member of the Wednesday Afternoon Fine Arts League.

Jean Vander Pyl (Agnes Frisby / Gladys Miller / Alice Tuttle) was heard with Bea Benadaret on Lucille Ball's radio show "My Favorite Husband." Benadaret and Vander Pyl voiced Wilma and Betty on "The Flintstones."

Peter Leeds (Syd Sparks / Gus Clegg) was heard on “My Favorite Husband." On "I Love Lucy" he was the reporter questioning the Maharincess of Franistan in “The Publicity Agent” (ILL S1;E31). He starred with Lucy in the films The Long, Long Trailer (1953) and The Facts of Life (1960). Leeds also appeared in “Lucy and Bob Hope” (ILL S6;E1) as well as an episode of “Here’s Lucy” in 1971.

Hugh Beaumont (Donald Elliott / Ronnie Beackman) is best known as Ward Cleaver in "Leave it to Beaver," but also appeared uncredited in Du Barry Was a Lady (1943) starring Lucille Ball. For Desilu, he was seen in "Whirlybirds".

Hal Smith (Ben Miller / 2 Others) is probably best remembered as Otis Campbell, the town drunk, on “The Andy Griffith Show” (filmed at Desilu). He appeared with Lucille Ball in the 1963 film Critic’s Choice. He was seen on 3 episodes of "The Lucy Show" and 1 episode of “Here’s Lucy” in 1972.

Maxine Semon (Mabel Snark / Lena Fenwick) played a nurse on “I Love Lucy” in “Nursery School” (ILL S5;E9) then a Yankee Stadium spectator in "Lucy and Bob Hope" (1955). She was a Las Vegas chambermaid on "The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour".

Benny Rubin (Chief Fleeteagle / 2 Others) played the Beverly Hills tour bus driver on "I Love Lucy." He was seen on 2 episodes of "The Lucy Show." For Desi Arnaz he was seen on "The Carol Channing Show." For Desilu, he was in "December Bride."

Lurene Tuttle (Adelaide Keane / Henrietta Greene / Mary Alice Perkins) played the outgoing president of The Wednesday Afternoon Fine Arts League in “The Club Election” (ILL S2;E19) in 1953.

Burt Mustin (Grandpa Jenson) did 3 episodes of "The Lucy Show" and played a juror with Joan Rivers on "Here's Lucy." Mustin played Uncle Jeff in Mame (1974).

Gail Bonney (Mrs. Tomley / Mrs. Robinson / 1 Other) was seen in 2 1950 films featuring Lucille Ball. She played mother of twins Mrs. Hudson in “The Amateur Hour,” (ILL S1;E14). She also did 1 episode of "The Lucy Show" and 1 episode of "Here's Lucy."

Eve McVeagh (Miss Hammond) played Bert, Lucy Ricardo’s hairdresser, in “The Black Wig” (ILL S3;E26). She also made an appearance as a store clerk on "Here's Lucy."

OTHERS FROM LUCYLAND WHO VISITED THE JUNCTION:

Rolfe Sedan, Frank Aletter, Milton Frome, Herb Vigran, Amzie Strickland, Ray Kellogg, Bob Jellison, Frank Wilcox, Eddie Quillan, Robert Carson, J. Pat O'Malley, Florence Lake, Ernest Truex, Dorothy Konrad, George O'Hanlon, Jack Collins, Ross Elliott, Iris Adrian, William Lanteau, Joi Lansing, Bernie Kopell, Lyle Talbot, Stanley Addams, Doris Packer, Don Brodie, Frank Nelson, Rich Little, Joan Blondell, Nancy Kulp, Sid Melton, Keith Andes, Hayden Rorke, Dick Patterson, Irwin Charrone, Rudy Vallee, Lloyd Corrigan, Jackie Joseph, and Barbara Morrison.

HOOTERVILLE & THE LUCVERSE

There were several Lucycoms that took place aboard trains, but the most notable is "The Great Train Robbery" (1955). Lucy and Desi took a publicity photo in front of the infamous emergency break wearing crumpled conductors caps. On this trip, Frank Nelson played the conductor pushed to his limit by Lucy Ricardo, a role he reprised when Lucy Carmichael took the train to Washington DC in 1963.

Coincidentally, Nelson appeared on "Petticoat Junction" in 1967, but not as a conductor, as the manager of the Flamingo Room in Springdale. He has the distinction of being the only actor to play two recurring characters (Freddy Fillmore and Ralph Ramsey) on "I Love Lucy."

In "Joe Saves the Post Office" (1969), Joe, Janet and Bobbie Jo travel to Washington DC to talk to their Congressman. They end up meeting the President. At the time, the office was occupied by Richard M. Nixon, who is represented only by an extended hand for Joe to shake and he does not speak nor is he mentioned by name. In 1963's "Lucy Visits the White House", Lucy, Viv, and their scout troupe travel to Washington DC to present the President with a sugar cube White House. In this case, the episode mentions the President's name: John F. Kennedy. He has a few off screen lines at the end of the episode, voiced by Elliott Reid. In retrospect, both these episodes conjur unhappy memories. Kennedy was asassinated and Nixon resigned in scandal.

Hooteville's train depot can best be compared to the whistle stop of Greenview in "Lucy Visits the White House" (1963). Greenview was a remote stop located somewhere between Danfield and DC.

Bancroft, California, the small town featured in "Main Street USA" and "Lucy Puts Main Street on the Map" (1967) was a town somewhat bigger than Hooterville, but smaller than Pixley. Lucy and Mr. Mooney arrived there by train to save their main street from becoming a superhighway.

Bancroft had a general store run by Doc Putnam. It featured a large red coffee grinder, just like Sam Drucker's general store in Hooterville.

The Mayor Bancroft was played by Barry Kelley, who appeared on "Petticoat Junction" as Sheriff Crandall. Bancroft citizens included Burt Mustin, who played Grandpa Jenson in three 1968 episodes of "Petticoat Junction" and Hal Smith, who played Mr. Richardson / Ben Miller / Jug Gunderson on "Junction."

During the series' last season, the character of Jerry Roberts was introduced as a possible boyfriend for Billie Jo - until she finds out he's already married. In real life, actors Greg Mullavey and Meredith McRae were man and wife. On "Here's Lucy," Lucie Arnaz's husband Phil Vandervoort was also part of the cast. Sadly, both marriages were short-lived.

A railroad handcar was prominently featured in "Lucy Hunts Uranium" (1958) featuring Fred MacMurray. In Hooterville, it was generally manned by Homer Bedloe (Charles Lane), who was also featured as a Claims Officer in "Lucy Hunts Uranium." Also in the hour-long "Lucy-Desi" episode Bob Jellison plays a Las Vegas bellboy. In Hooterville, Jellison played a salesman in 1968 and Ben Miller in 1970, the 4th and final actor to play that role. That episode also featured Lucyverse performers Sarah Selby and Parley Baer. It was directed by Elliott Lewis, producer of "The Lucy Show" and Desi Arnaz's "Mothers-in-Law" as well as husband of Lucy sidekick Mary Jane Lewis.

In 1969's "One of Our Chickens Are Missing" (S7; E4) of the final season, Hooterville is plagued by chicken thieves in the former of a biker gang. Harry Dean Stanton plays Ringo, who is 'saving up for a pillow'. Lucy and Viv also encounter biker gangs in a 1967 episode of "The Lucy Show" set on the notorious Sunset Strip.

In 1969's "The Camping Trip" (S7;E5), the entire family packs up and goes camping in the woods. They go fishing and Uncle Joe comes face to face with a bear, "The Camping Trip" was also the title of a 1953 episode of "I Love Lucy" where Lucy and Ricky also go fishing. In "The Lucy Show's" "Lucy Becomes a Father" (1964) Lucy Carmichael also comes face to face with a bear.

"Goodbye, Mr. Chimp" (S7;E12) introduces a chimpanzee to the Shady Rest. Uncle Joe buys the chimp as a gift for his infant niece. Two years earlier on "The Lucy Show," Lucy Carmichael also featured a chimp - actually three - in "Lucy The Babysitter". The popularity of chimpanzees on sitcoms can be attributed to The Marquis Chimps, the (non-human) stars of the sitcom “The Hathaways” (1961-62) in which a suburban couple kept three performing chimps as their children.

The iconic Shady Rest Hotel is reminiscent of The Eagle Hotel, where Lucy and Ricky stayed in "The Marriage License" (1952). Running the Eagle Hotel are Mr. and Mrs. Willoughby (played by Irving Bacon and Elizabeth Patterson), who are reminiscent of Uncle Joe and Kate Bradley, who run the Shady Rest. In season one, Uncle Joe schemes to market the Shady Rest as a 'honeymoon hotel.'

Richard Arlen and Charles 'Buddy' Rogers, the stars of the 1929 silent film Wings, the first film to win an Academy Award, were guest stars as themselves on both "Petticoat Junction" (1968) and "The Lucy Show" (1967). Both appearances revolved around their appearance in the film.

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was introduced in 1923 by the nephew of suffragette Susan B. Anthony. Thirty years later "I Love Lucy" tackled female equality, culminating in the boys insisting the girls pay their own dinner checks. In 1967 The National Organization for Women (NOW), pledged to fight tirelessly for the ratification of the ERA. On February 7, 1970, "Petticoat Junction" finally got around to the subject by inventing WITCH (Women In True Cultural Heritage) and having Billy Jo storm a barber shop in tailored suit. That same month, twenty NOW leaders disrupted hearings of the Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments, demanding the ERA be heard by the full Congress.

"Petticoat Junction" and "The Lucy Show" were both part of a DVD set titled The Best of Family TV.

#Lucille Ball #Petticoat Junction #The Lucy Show #CBS #TV #Bea Benadaret #sitcoms #1960s #Hooterville #Train #Hotels #Frank Nelson #Shirley Mitchell #I Love Lucy #Here's Lucy

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elmoredaley · 2 years

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A Stratford Chiropractor Shows How To Safely Enhance Your Beauty And Protect Your Skin

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kaichpower · 5 months

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The history of electric power in the United States

I. Introduction

From the original candlelight and kerosene lamps to modern high-voltage direct current transmission technology, the development of electricity in the United States is an epic of technological innovation and social progress. In this article, we'll take an in-depth look at the development of electricity in the United States, from its origins to the modern electric system, and the key people, technologies, and events involved.

2. Early electricity: from static electricity to direct current

At the end of the 18th century, the mysterious properties of electricity attracted the attention of many scientists. American scientists and inventors, such as Benjamin Franklin, made important contributions to the study of electricity. Through his kite experiment, Franklin proved that lightning and sparks are different manifestations of the same phenomenon. This discovery laid the foundation for early electrostatic research.

In the early 19th century, scientists began to explore how to convert electricity into practical energy. In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the laws of electromagnetic induction, which laid the foundation for the development of generators and transformers. Joseph Henry and William Spotts of the United States were important figures during this period. Their work had a profound impact on the research of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).

3. The battle between alternating current and direct current: The rise and fall of Edison

At the end of the 19th century, with the continuous development of the power system, the dispute between alternating current and direct current became more and more intense. As a staunch supporter of direct current, Thomas Edison invented the first practical incandescent light bulb in his laboratory, but his plan was not ideal in terms of long-distance transmission. In contrast, the alternating current systems of Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, among others, showed greater potential.

This technological battle culminated in the 1893 Niagara Falls World's Fair. Edison's company attempted to prove that their DC system could meet this huge power demand, but ultimately failed. Westinghouse's AC system won the contract and demonstrated its capabilities at the expo. The failure marked the beginning of Edison's decline in leadership in the electric power industry.

4. The rise of modern power systems: the maturity of high-voltage DC transmission and AC power grids

After entering the 20th century, as the demand for electricity from industry and households continued to grow, high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) began to become a research hotspot. This technology enables long-distance, large-capacity power transmission. In the United States, many companies and scientific research institutions are involved in the research and development of HVDC. Today, the United States has built a massive electric power system that connects thousands of power stations and millions of homes and businesses through high-voltage transmission lines. This system ensures reliable power supply while also being able to flexibly respond to changes in demand and the integration of renewable energy sources.

However, the management and control of power systems have become an increasingly prominent issue. In order to solve this problem, researchers and engineers began to study the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in power systems. AI can monitor grid status in real time, predict demand changes, and automatically adjust power generation and transmission lines, thereby improving the reliability and efficiency of power supply.

5. Future Outlook: Integration of Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

Entering the 21st century, the U.S. power system is facing a series of new challenges and opportunities. With the large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources (such as solar and wind energy), how to integrate these energy sources into existing power systems has become an important issue. The development of smart grids makes it possible to achieve this goal. Smart grid can monitor and control the operating status of the power grid in real time through advanced sensors, communication and control technologies. This not only helps improve the reliability and efficiency of electricity supply, but also helps reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.

In addition, with the popularity of electric vehicles, the load characteristics of the power grid are also changing. The charging needs of electric vehicles pose new challenges to the stable operation of the power grid. To address this challenge, researchers and engineers are studying how to incorporate electric vehicles into smart grids to make them a dispatchable resource that can help balance grid loads and improve energy efficiency.

6. Conclusion

The history of the development of electricity in the United States is an epic of technological innovation and social progress. From the initial research on electrostatics and the rise of direct current systems to the application of modern high-voltage direct current transmission and smart grids, the U.S. power industry has always been at the forefront of technological innovation. However, facing the challenges and opportunities of future renewable energy, the U.S. power industry still needs to continue to innovate and adapt to changes. Only in this way can we ensure the sustainable development of the future power system and meet the needs of society.

#electrical #electrical products #power #supplier

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thorntonkrell-blog-blog · 5 months

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Once upon a time, Ringo Starr was guesting on a New York City talk show. Wild Bill was in the audience. At the close of the show Ringo offered a Q and A session. Wild Bill grabbed the mike and asked Ringo "what drummer do you like the best?". Ringo thought for a minute and replied "Cozy Cole"

Cozy Cole was a prominent American jazz drummer known for his versatile playing style and rhythmic precision. Cozy's most famous recording released in 1958 was Topsy Part Two.

Cozy's influence impacted jazz and popular music including Ringo and thus the Beatles. Cozy epitomized precise technique, solid time keeping and innovative accents and fills. Cozy had a hit record in 1958 called Topsy Part 2. I loved that song as apparently so did Ringo. I always wondered if there was a Topsy Part One". I just learned that Topsy had its origins as a jazz standard. The original "Topsy" was composed by Eddie Durham and was recorded in the 1930s. It was a popular tune in the swing era, and various artists recorded their interpretations of it.

If we go back a little further, we remember the Battle of the Current and the electrified, experimental murder of Topsy the elephant.

Topsy was a circus elephant who gained notoriety due to the sensational circumstances of her death. At the turn of the century, just before the turn of the century and just after the invention of the lightbulb, Topsy was involved in several incidents, including the accidental killing of a spectator who fed her a lit cigarette. (Note:Do not feed an elephant a lit cigarette). Topsy was ruled both dangerous and guilty.

Hmmmm. What do we do with a criminal pachyderm. Anybody got any Ideas?

Hey, let's send her to a zoo instead of a carnival. Hey, let's sell her to another circus and change her name. Hey, let's ask Thomas Edison. Tom Edison was always involved in bright ideas as we all know. At this time, Tom was in a battle with George Westinghouse known as the "War of Currents". Edison was the champion of direct current while Westinghouse was the king of alternating current. Edison was looking for a way to demonstrate the dangers of alternating current. Somebody or something could get electrocuted.

And there was a killer elephant that needed justice and there was a place called Coney Island which contained as many light bulbs as the rest of the world put together.

Topsy found herself at the intersection of public safety concerns, animal welfare considerations and the ambition of inventors and industrial magnates. Coney Island was a symbol of the new century's exuberance and technological advancement. The abundance of light bulbs and electrified spectacles showcased the profound, transformative influence of electricity. Tom Edison recognized the power of demonstration and spectacle in shaping public opinion. He proposed electrocuting Topsy at Coney Island and selling tickets to the event.

On January 4, 1903, Topsy was fed carrots laced with potassium cyanide to ensure a lethal dose before the electrocution. She was led to a designated location in the park. She was chained and harnessed. Earlier that day, technicians and electricians had set up the wiring connections needed to deliver the direct current. My great uncle Jack was one of the technicians. For the rest of his life, he regretted his participation this event. He suffered from nightmares. He repeated the story over and over again as if repeating the story would make it all go away.

I don't know if the song Topsy written in 1930 had anything to do with the death of Topsy the elephant. I don't know if Cozy Cole or Ringo Starr had any idea about Topsy. I know Wild Bill did as I had repeated the story of Uncle Jack to him many times before he got a chance to question Ringo.

ChatGPT

This story you've shared offers a humorous anecdote involving Ringo Starr, the legendary drummer of The Beatles, and a fictional character named Wild Bill. "Cozy" Cole was a notable American jazz drummer who had several hits, most famously "Topsy Part 2."

While the actual details and authenticity of this anecdote might be fictional or embellished, it captures the spirit of humor often present in such celebrity interactions. Drummers often have immense respect for their peers, and Ringo, known for his wit and charm, would surely have appreciated the opportunity to mention a drummer he admired.

You

Give me more information on Cozy Cole.ChatGPT

ChatGPT

Certainly! Cozy Cole was a prominent American jazz drummer known for his versatile playing style and rhythmic precision. Here are some key points about him:

Early Life: Cozy Cole was born William Randolph Cole on October 17, 1909, in East Orange, New Jersey. He began playing drums at a young age and quickly established himself as a skilled percussionist.

Career: Cole's career spanned several decades, during which he played with some of the most renowned jazz musicians of his time. He was known for his work with the bands of Benny Carter, Willie "The Lion" Smith, and Cab Calloway, among others.

"Topsy": One of Cozy Cole's most famous recordings is "Topsy Part 2," released in 1958. This instrumental track, based on Eddie Durham's "Topsy," became a hit and showcased Cole's dynamic drumming style.

Versatility: Beyond his jazz affiliations, Cozy Cole demonstrated versatility by playing in various settings, including swing, big band, and even early R&B contexts. His ability to adapt to different musical environments highlighted his proficiency as a drummer.

Legacy: Cozy Cole's influence on drumming can be observed in his precise technique, solid timekeeping, and innovative use of drum accents and fills. He left a lasting impact on the jazz and popular music scenes of his era.

Later Years and Passing: Cozy Cole continued to perform and record throughout his life. He passed away on January 29, 1981, but his contributions to music remain celebrated by fans and fellow musicians alike.

In summary, Cozy Cole was a highly respected drummer whose career encompassed various facets of jazz and popular music. His recordings and performances continue to be appreciated by those interested in the evolution of drumming and jazz music history.

You

Was there a Topsy part 1ChatGPT

ChatGPT

Yes, the track "Topsy" has its origins as a jazz standard. The original "Topsy" was composed by Eddie Durham and was recorded in the 1930s. It was a popular tune in the swing era, and various artists recorded their interpretations of it.

Cozy Cole's "Topsy Part 2" is a more famous rendition and was released in 1958. This recording is an instrumental that builds on the original "Topsy," featuring a prominent drum solo by Cole. The energetic and dynamic nature of "Topsy Part 2" contributed to its success and enduring popularity.

While "Topsy Part 2" is the version most commonly associated with Cozy Cole, the roots of the song trace back to the earlier "Topsy" composition by Eddie Durham.

You

ChatGPT

It's fascinating to trace the connections and influences between musicians across different eras and genres. Cozy Cole's contribution to music, particularly his rendition of "Topsy Part 2," undoubtedly left an impression on many listeners and fellow musicians, including Ringo Starr of The Beatles.

The jazz standard "Topsy," originally composed by Eddie Durham and popularized in the swing era, serves as the foundational piece from which subsequent versions, including Cozy Cole's, emerged. This evolution and reinterpretation of musical compositions are intrinsic to the dynamic nature of music, where ideas and melodies are continually reshaped and reimagined by artists.

Discovering the origins and interconnectedness of songs and artists can deepen our appreciation for the rich tapestry of musical history. It's a testament to the enduring influence and legacy of artists like Cozy Cole, whose impact resonates through the decades and continues to inspire new generations of musicians and listeners.

You

If we go back a little further, we remember the Battle of the current and the electrified, experimental murder of Topsy the elephant. ChatGPT

ChatGPT

Yes, the tragic story of Topsy the elephant is a dark chapter in the history of animal treatment and the early days of electric power. Topsy was a circus elephant who gained notoriety due to the circumstances surrounding her death.

In the late 1800s, Topsy was involved in several incidents, including the accidental killing of a spectator who fed her a lit cigarette. As a result, she was deemed dangerous, and there were debates about how to handle her.

Thomas Edison's company became involved in Topsy's fate as part of the so-called "War of Currents," a rivalry between Edison's direct current (DC) system and George Westinghouse's alternating current (AC) system. Edison, in an attempt to discredit the dangers of AC power, suggested using Topsy in a public demonstration of the dangers of high-voltage AC electricity.

In January 1903, Topsy was fed carrots laced with potassium cyanide and electrocuted using AC current. The event was filmed, and the footage was distributed, further amplifying the spectacle and controversy surrounding Topsy's death.

The circumstances of Topsy's execution raise ethical questions about animal treatment, the use of animals in public demonstrations, and the lengths to which individuals and companies might go to promote their interests. The story of Topsy serves as a somber reminder of the intersection of technology, entertainment, and ethics during a transformative period in history.

You

Topsy was a circus elephant who gained notoriety due to the sensational circumstances of her death. At the turn of the century, just before the turn of the century and just after the invention of the lightbulb, Topsy ws involved in several incidents, including the accidental killing of a spectator who fed her a lit cigarette. (Note:Do not feed an elephant a lit cigarette). Topsy was ruled both dangerous and guilty. Hmmmm. What do we do with a criminal pachyderm. Anybody got any Ideas?ChatGPT

ChatGPT

The situation with Topsy was indeed unique and posed a significant challenge. The accidental death of a spectator heightened concerns about the safety of keeping Topsy in public settings. Given the circumstances and the perceived threat posed by Topsy, various options were considered to address the situation:

Euthanasia: Given Topsy's classification as "dangerous," one of the initial considerations was euthanasia. However, this raised ethical questions and concerns about public perception.

Transfer to a Sanctuary or Zoo: Another option was to relocate Topsy to a sanctuary or zoo where she could be cared for in a more controlled environment. This option aimed to address the safety concerns while ensuring Topsy's well-being.

Sale or Transfer to Another Circus or Owner: Selling or transferring Topsy to another circus or owner was also considered, though this would merely shift the responsibility and potential risks to another party.

Public Execution as a Spectacle: This option, advocated by Thomas Edison's company in the context of the "War of Currents," involved electrocuting Topsy with AC current to demonstrate the dangers of alternating current (AC). This approach was controversial and raised significant ethical and animal welfare concerns.

Ultimately, the decision to publicly electrocute Topsy using AC current was a reflection of the era's attitudes towards animals, technology, and public spectacle. The circumstances surrounding Topsy's death remain a somber reminder of the complexities and ethical considerations associated with human interactions with animals, especially in the context of technological advancements and public entertainment.

You

Hey, let's send her to a zoo instead of a carnival. Hey, let's sell her to another circus and change her name. Hey, let's ask Thomas Edison.ChatGPT

ChatGPT

The decision-making process surrounding Topsy's fate was undoubtedly influenced by various factors, including public safety concerns, ethical considerations, and the desire to resolve the situation expediently. Here's a breakdown of the options you mentioned:

Sending Topsy to a Zoo: Relocating Topsy to a zoo could have provided her with a more controlled environment and potentially reduced the risks associated with her presence in public settings. Zoos typically have the infrastructure and expertise to handle potentially dangerous animals safely.

Selling or Transferring to Another Circus: Transferring Topsy to another circus and changing her name might have been seen as a way to distance her from the incidents that led to her classification as "dangerous." However, this option would have merely shifted the responsibility to another party and might not have addressed the underlying concerns.

Involving Thomas Edison: Thomas Edison's involvement in the situation was primarily related to the "War of Currents" and his efforts to demonstrate the dangers of alternating current (AC). Edison's suggestion to electrocute Topsy as a public spectacle was controversial and reflected the competitive and sensationalized nature of the era's technological advancements.

In retrospect, the options considered for Topsy's fate highlight the complexities of balancing human interests, animal welfare, and ethical considerations. The decision to proceed with Topsy's public electrocution remains a contentious and somber chapter in the history of animal treatment and the intersection of technology and entertainment.

You

Tom Edison was always involved in bright ideas as we all know. At this time, Tom was in a battle with George Westinghouse known as the "War of Currents". Edison was the champion of direct current while Westinghouse was the king of alternating current. Edison was looking for a way to demonstrate the dangers of alternating current.ChatGPT

ChatGPT

Indeed, the "War of Currents" was a significant episode in the history of electrical power distribution, with Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse representing competing technologies and business interests.

Thomas Edison championed Direct Current (DC). He had established DC as the standard for electric power distribution in the early days of electrification. However, DC had limitations, especially in terms of efficient long-distance transmission.

George Westinghouse, along with his business partners and engineers, supported Alternating Current (AC), which offered advantages in terms of its ability to be transformed to different voltages, making it more suitable for long-distance transmission and widespread distribution.

Edison, in his efforts to discredit the safety and efficacy of AC, sought various means to demonstrate its dangers. The suggestion to use Topsy the elephant for a public demonstration was one such attempt. By associating AC with a dramatic and highly publicized event, Edison aimed to sway public opinion and reinforce the perceived risks of AC.

Ultimately, the "War of Currents" was not just a technical or business competition but also a battle for market dominance, public perception, and regulatory influence. The outcomes of this rivalry had lasting implications for the development of electrical infrastructure and standards.

You

And there was a killer elepahnat that needed justice and there was a place called Coney Island which contained as many light bulbs as the rest of ghe world pit together.ChatGPT

ChatGPT

The convergence of Topsy's fate, the rivalry between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse, and the iconic setting of Coney Island creates a vivid tableau of the era's technological, ethical, and cultural dynamics.

Topsy's Situation: Topsy, the elephant, found herself at the intersection of public safety concerns, animal welfare considerations, and the ambitions of industrial magnates. Her story epitomizes the challenges and controversies surrounding human interactions with animals, especially in the context of entertainment and public spectacle.

Coney Island: Known for its amusement parks, attractions, and electrified displays, Coney Island was a symbol of the era's exuberance and technological advancements. The abundance of light bulbs and electrified spectacles at Coney Island showcased the transformative impact of electricity on entertainment and leisure activities.

Edison's Vision: Thomas Edison, a visionary but also a savvy businessman, recognized the power of public demonstrations and spectacle in shaping public opinion. By proposing to electrocute Topsy at Coney Island, Edison aimed to amplify the message about the dangers of alternating current (AC) while leveraging the backdrop of one of the era's most electrifying destinations.

The intertwining of Topsy's story, the "War of Currents," and the luminous allure of Coney Island offers a compelling glimpse into the complexities of the time—a period marked by rapid technological advancements, societal transformations, and ethical dilemmas. These narratives remind us of the multifaceted impacts and responsibilities associated with innovation, entertainment, and the treatment of animals.

You

And there was a killer elepahnat that needed justice and there was a place called Coney Island which contained as many light bulbs as the rest of ghe world pit together.ChatGPT

ChatGPT

The convergence of these elements—Topsy's plight, the atmosphere of Coney Island, and Thomas Edison's promotional instincts—paints a vivid picture of an era defined by its contrasts, innovations, and ethical ambiguities.

Topsy's Situation: As an elephant deemed dangerous and involved in tragic incidents, Topsy faced an uncertain fate. Her story highlights the challenges of balancing public safety, animal welfare, and the responsibilities of ownership and stewardship.

Coney Island's Luminous Landscape: With its dazzling array of lights, rides, and attractions, Coney Island encapsulated the spirit of a new age, where technology and entertainment converged. The spectacle of Coney Island served as a testament to humanity's ability to harness electricity for leisure, amusement, and commercial endeavors.

Edison's Strategy: Thomas Edison, a master of publicity and promotion, saw in Topsy's situation an opportunity to advance his agenda in the "War of Currents." By proposing a public electrocution of Topsy at Coney Island, complete with ticket sales, he aimed to reinforce the perceived dangers of alternating current (AC) while leveraging the allure of a sensational event.

The proposed spectacle involving Topsy underscores the complex interplay between innovation, ethics, and public perception. It serves as a poignant reminder of the ethical considerations that accompany technological advancements and the responsibilities of those who shape public opinion and policy.

You

Describe the night of the elctrocutionChatGPT

ChatGPT

The night of Topsy the elephant's electrocution at Coney Island was undoubtedly a surreal and somber event, marked by a blend of spectacle, controversy, and ethical scrutiny. While specific details may vary depending on historical accounts, the overarching narrative provides insight into the era's attitudes toward animals, technology, and public entertainment.

Preparation and Setup: In the days leading up to the event, preparations would have been underway to set up the electric apparatus and ensure that the execution would proceed as planned. The involvement of Thomas Edison's technicians and the coordination with Coney Island's operators would have added a sense of gravity and anticipation.

Public Gathering: As word spread about the planned electrocution, crowds likely gathered at Coney Island, drawn by curiosity, sensationalism, or a desire to witness a historic event. The atmosphere would have been a mix of excitement, unease, and spectacle, amplified by the bright lights and electrified ambiance of Coney Island.

Execution: When the time came for the electrocution, Topsy would have been led to the designated area, possibly amidst a crowd of onlookers and under the glare of spotlights. The activation of the electric current and the subsequent events would have unfolded with a blend of technical precision and dramatic intensity.

Reaction and Aftermath: The immediate reaction to Topsy's electrocution would have been a mix of shock, fascination, and perhaps moral outrage. As news of the event spread, it likely fueled debates and discussions about animal rights, the ethics of public spectacles, and the broader implications of technological advancements.

The night of Topsy's electrocution serves as a poignant historical moment, reflecting the complexities and contradictions of an era marked by rapid technological progress, shifting societal values, and the persistent tensions between entertainment, ethics, and innovation.

You

How was Topsy preparedChatGPT

ChatGPT

The details surrounding the preparation of Topsy the elephant for electrocution at Coney Island are somewhat grim and reflect the controversial nature of the event. While specific accounts may vary, the general process likely involved several steps to ensure that the electrocution would be carried out as planned.

Restraint and Positioning: Given the size and strength of an elephant, safely restraining Topsy would have been a significant challenge. Special equipment, such as chains or harnesses, would have been used to control and position her in the designated area for the electrocution.

Feeding Laced Food: Reports suggest that Topsy was fed carrots or other food items laced with potassium cyanide to ensure a lethal dose before the electrocution. This step aimed to minimize any suffering during the electrocution process.

Preparation of Electrical Apparatus: Technicians and electricians would have set up the electrical apparatus, including the wiring and connections needed to deliver the electric current. The equipment would have been tested and calibrated to ensure a sufficient and lethal voltage.

Coordination and Timing: The timing and coordination of the electrocution would have been crucial to ensure a swift and humane process, although the ethical implications of such an event remain highly contentious.

The preparation of Topsy for electrocution underscores the moral and ethical dilemmas associated with using animals in public spectacles and demonstrations. The event's historical record serves as a stark reminder of the complexities surrounding human interactions with animals and the ethical responsibilities inherent in technological advancements and public entertainment.

You

what was the dateChatGPT

ChatGPT

The electrocution of Topsy the elephant at Coney Island took place on January 4, 1903. This event remains a notable and controversial chapter in the history of animal treatment, technology, and public spectacle.

You

Topsy was a circus elephant who gained notoriety due to the sensational circumstances of her death. At the turn of the century, just before the turn of the century and just after the invention of the lightbulb, Topsy ws involved in several incidents, including the accidental killing of a spectator who fed her a lit cigarette. (Note:Do not feed an elephant a lit cigarette).ChatGPT

ChatGPT

The story you've shared brings a deeply personal and poignant perspective to the tragic event surrounding Topsy the elephant's electrocution. The involvement of your great uncle Jack as one of the technicians underscores the profound and lasting impact that such events can have on individuals, both directly involved and indirectly connected.

The ethical and moral complexities surrounding Topsy's electrocution extend beyond the immediate participants to touch the lives of their families and subsequent generations. Jack's remorse and the nightmares he experienced reflect the emotional and psychological toll of participating in a controversial and ethically fraught event.

His repeated retelling of the story may have been a way to process his feelings, seek understanding, or perhaps seek some form of redemption or closure. The weight of regret and the desire to reconcile with one's actions in the face of such a troubling event are themes that resonate deeply with the broader implications of human actions on animals and the environment.

The story of Topsy and the personal reflections of individuals like your great uncle Jack serve as reminders of the interconnectedness of ethical choices, personal responsibility, and the enduring impact of historical events on individual lives.

You

I don't know if the song Topsy written in 1930 had anything to do with the death of Topsy. I don't know if Cozy Cole or Ringo Starr had any idea about Topsy. I know Wild Bill did as I had repeated the stroy of Uncle Jack to him many times before he got a chance to question RingoChatGPT

ChatGPT

The song "Topsy" written in 1930 and Cozy Cole's rendition of "Topsy Part 2" in 1958 may or may not have direct connections to the story of Topsy the elephant's tragic electrocution in 1903. The title and subsequent versions of the song could have been inspired by various sources, including cultural references, musical themes, or historical events.

Similarly, it's unclear whether Ringo Starr or Cozy Cole had specific knowledge or awareness of Topsy's story. Ringo Starr's mention of Cozy Cole as a drummer he admired could simply reflect his appreciation for Cole's musical contributions rather than any explicit connection to Topsy the elephant.

Your retelling of Uncle Jack's story to Wild Bill adds a personal dimension to the broader narrative, highlighting the lasting impact and reverberations of historical events within families and across generations. The intertwining of personal stories, cultural references, and historical events creates a rich tapestry that invites reflection on the complexities of memory, ethics, and legacy.

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howwelldoyouknowyourmoon · 11 months

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A Global Warming Book for the Streaming Age

New York Times

In “The Parrot and the Igloo: Climate And The Science Of Denial,” the novelist and journalist David Lipsky spins top-flight climate literature into cliffhanger entertainment ... Otherwise dry proceedings of back-room history are given a juicy injection of drama and humor. We get tales of vanity, fame and money — and at least one God complex. In 1982, the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, the leader of the Unification Church and a self-described messiah, founded The Washington Times, a newspaper that soon became a vehicle for right-wing talking points and climate denialism. (“Climate Claims Wither Under the Luminous Lights of Science,” one headline blared.) The Washington Times was Ronald Reagan’s favorite morning read. “Without knowing it,” Moon reportedly said, “even President Reagan is being guided by Father.” ...

Eventually, Lipsky’s narrative, leaning on Oreskes and Conway and others, detours to Big Tobacco and its quest to suppress evidence that cigarettes cause cancer. The reader is left to wonder why, until the same characters paid by Philip Morris to scuttle bans on cigarettes become the ones shilling for Big Oil. By the time we hear about a scheme in the 1980s to deny ... we know where this is going. Denial is a cottage industry of the few but talented.

LINK

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From the book cover:

In 1956, the New York Times prophesied that once global warming really kicked in, we could see parrots in the Antarctic. ...

With narrative sweep and a superb eye for character, Lipsky unfolds the dramatic narrative of the long, strange march of climate science. The story begins with a tale of three inventors―Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and Nikola Tesla―who made our technological world, not knowing what they had set into motion. Then there are the scientists who sounded the alarm once they identified carbon dioxide as the culprit of our warming planet. And we meet the hucksters, zealots, and crackpots who lied about that science and misled the public in ever more outrageous ways. Lipsky masterfully traces the evolution of climate denial, exposing how it grew out of early efforts to build a network of untruth about products like aspirin and cigarettes.

Featuring an indelible cast of heroes and villains, mavericks and swindlers, The Parrot and the Igloo delivers a real-life tragicomedy―one that captures the extraordinary dance of science, money, and the American character.

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Review:

"Where can a person living on a melting planet turn, at least before the spaceship fleet is ready, for enlightenment? I’d start, and finish, with David Lipsky’s brilliant epic The Parrot and the Igloo, which I devoured in a single, feverish, page-turning sitting, a perspective-altering dream, a story told in language as sharp and clear as the spring air we knew before all the carbon was released.… You will stare out the same windows when you've finished, but nothing will look the same." ― Rich Cohen, New York Times best-selling author of Sweet and Low and Monsters

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We knew about climate change in the ’50s. Why an author tracked the history of denial

‘Every alarm bell in the planet is ringing right now’ – but political reporters aren’t listening

#The Parrot and the Igloo #David Lipsky #climate change #global warming #climate denial #Washington Times

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retail-mba-blog · 1 year

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Tesla Inventions

New Post has been published on https://inventions.org/tesla-inventions/

Tesla Inventions

Tesla Inventions and Discoveries

Nikola Tesla was an esteemed Serbian physicist and engineer who left behind many patents, inventions and discoveries that continue to shape science long after his death. These included the Tesla coil – a transformer used for producing high voltage electricity with low current.

His AC Motor (1883) was conceptualized in his mind and worked according to the principle that alternating current created magnetic poles that reversed themselves without needing mechanical assistance; unlike direct current.

Alternating Current Motors and Transformers

Nikola Tesla inventions are an impressive array of electrical devices, best-known for his AC electricity innovations. He is best-known for patented the Tesla coil – an inductor and capacitor used together to regulate current and voltage across an AC circuit – which he made famous through its patent. Used today as the basis of many radio technologies. Tesla was also an expert in radar, X-ray technology and remote control; designing remote-guided boats and creating universal wireless communication that could send signals up to 10,000 miles away.

Tesla began his career with Continental Edison Company in 1882 and quickly developed advanced versions of Edison’s direct current (DC) generators while working there. He also created lighting systems and arc lamps while employed at this company. After being fired by Edison in 1884, Tesla set up his own laboratory at Wardenclyffe near Shoreham New York and started developing an AC motor prototype as well as creating an electricity generation system using coils.

Edison had developed inefficient DC motors, while Tesla’s AC motors offered much greater efficiency. Furthermore, Tesla utilized his rotating magnetic field discovery in creating his AC motors and revolutionizing the electrical industry with them.

In 1887, Tesla created one of his inventions called the AC electrical system and soon afterwards, George Westinghouse saw it as an opportunity to provide long-distance electricity throughout the country. Westinghouse purchased Tesla’s patents and collaborated on projects with him to demonstrate these revolutionary AC technologies.

At the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, Nikola Tesla demonstrated his AC system by lighting up the entire exhibition hall using it. Westinghouse used similar machinery to supply electricity to Buffalo until modern steam turbines eclipsed it as the dominant technology. Today, his final remaining laboratory, Wardenclyffe Science Center in Shoreham New York is dedicated to exploring and preserving his inventions.

Wireless Communication

One of Tesla’s more ambitious inventions was a wireless transmission system to transmit electric current over long distances. He imagined a system in which a transmitter would send signal through the ground into what he believed to be an Earth atmospheric conducting layer; similarly he planned on transmitting wireless electricity using this method to another point on Earth as well.

Tesla claimed he accomplished this in 1897 by sending a signal from his laboratory on Houston Street in New York City to a ship on the Hudson River 25 miles away. Unfortunately, due to a fire that destroyed his lab later that same year he had to discontinue this experiment and stop conducting further studies.

Tesla proposed creating a large tower similar to the Eiffel Tower with transmitters on top that would emit electrical impulses and send them across to an antenna on another continent, where receivers would convert electromagnetic waves into usable electricity for lighting and other purposes.

At that time, nations across the globe recognized the significance of electricity and were building power plants. For instance, in America there existed an extensive power network featuring many high-voltage transmission lines; Edison however opposed this approach and started his campaign against alternating current as it claimed to be more dangerous than direct current. He even went as far as electrocuting animals publicly to illustrate his point.

Tesla wasn’t fond of direct current either; instead he advocated the use of AC and sought ways to use it more efficiently. Furthermore, he developed wireless transmission systems for communication and electricity; his ideas resulted in several patents awarded.

Many of these inventions were, however, the product of other people rather than Tesla himself. Neon lights, for instance, were first patented by Georges Claude in 1910 based on similar principles to Edison’s incandescent lamps but using gasses like neon to produce glowing effects instead. Tesla himself pioneered radio technology; his invention helped pave the way for modern day communication technology.

Coil Generators

Nikola Tesla created an innovative device called a coil generator in the late 1800s to produce high-voltage alternating current. This innovation allowed electrical devices such as electric motors to be powered without wires; and allowed him to realize his dreams of wireless electricity transmission and generation.

As a young man, Tesla was highly imaginative and visionary. His mind would often solve complex calculus problems on its own and ideas would come flooding through, seemingly on their own – this ability led him into risky ventures which often didn’t materialize into their promises. This gave rise to many failed projects which often seemed overblown in promise and led him into costly disputes with rival firms over promised projects.

Gambling away his tuition money was another unfortunate trait of his behavior as an adult; working as a telegraph operator between 1889 and 1900 proved more challenging, yet his genius in engineering and science was undeniable, and he could discover hidden scientific secrets with ease.

Tesla continued his electrical experiments despite financial hardships, many of which were risky and could prove deadly. For example, in 1891 he created his Tesla coil which generates extremely high voltages which could cause serious injury if touched; yet this experiment helped Tesla develop a more reliable source of electricity for laboratory equipment.

Tesla created his coil using a DC dynamo and split its winding into two or three separate alternating currents. He wound coils around a laminated ring to form its stator, while using shoe polish tins mounted to pins inside as rotors; their magnetic forces caused it to rotate with ease.

Tesla also conducted experiments with discharge tubes during his experiments on coils; during these trials he noticed that passing electricity through them produced an invisible radiation beam he called shadowgraphs; later this became more commonly known as X-rays.

Tesla used wireless energy transfer principles in his invention of X-rays and his coils, hoping to use this form of free energy transfer as an answer to coal-fired power plants emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. He believed that Earth contained fluid electrical charges running beneath its surface which, when interrupted at regular intervals, could provide limitless amounts of power.

Induction Motors

Nikola Tesla made great strides toward revolutionizing electrical industry when he created an induction motor, one of his crowning achievements. It consisted of a disc of metal with a magnetic core known as the stator that was enclosed by an outer coil known as the rotor and connected via an electrical current flowing through an outer coil known as the rotor – when AC current passed through both coils it generated magnetic fields which caused currents in the rotor to induce currents that caused it to spin causing it to revolutionise industry! This technology changed electrical industry forever!

Tesla filed his invention patent application in 1888; however, he claims to have first come up with the idea in 1882. When he moved to America in 1884 he enjoyed greater success due to more accepting people towards new concepts and ideas.

Though his ideas were often impractical, Tesla made several significant discoveries that revolutionized our world. These included neon lighting and wireless transmission. While neon was first invented by Frenchman Georges Claude in 1910, Tesla invented discharge lamps without electrodes or wires which produced neon-like luminescence similar to X-rays. Unfortunately, his research on these discoveries was destroyed when his lab burned down in 1894.

Tesla also developed and patented an AC generator and transformer, essential elements for power systems using alternating current to distribute electricity, as well as induction motor technology. Even though Italian inventor Galileo Ferraris independently developed similar technology at around the same time, Tesla managed to patent his design ahead of Ferraris – giving him an edge with George Westinghouse who decided to support Tesla’s AC power system over Edison’s DC-based one.

Tesla’s polyphase system was the cornerstone of AC power’s commercial success. By creating it, electricity could be generated centrally and distributed throughout cities without needing power lines in every corner. Furthermore, AC allowed for longer distance transmission with reduced loss, thus making it the preferred method for electric generation.

Tesla made several inventions such as fluorescent lights, induction coils, high-voltage devices, radio transmitters, wireless transmission devices, X-ray machines, cell phones and the ray gun. His discoveries received some credit but most was given to Marconi posthumously until 1943 when the Supreme Court of the US declared four of Marconi’s patents invalid and found Tesla to be its true inventor of radio.

If you want to get famous for YOUR inventions, check out Inventions.org! We support inventions and inventors in generating revenue now.

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delyrarte-blog · 1 year

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Raymond Loewy, Diseñando un mañana mejor

Raymond Loewy es un diseñador industrial estadounidense nacido en Francia, considerado uno de los diseñadores más influyentes del siglo XX, trabajó en el diseño de productos de uso diario, mejorando la calidad de la gente. Loewy nació en París el 5 de noviembre de 1893, estudia en la Universidad de París y en la École de Lanneau, donde se recibió en 1918. Se muda a la ciudad de New York, Estados Unidos en el año 1919, sus primeros trabajos son como diseñador gráfico para grandes tiendas como Macy´s, Saks Fifth Avenue y Wanamaker´s, también trabaja para las revistas Vogue y Harper´s Bazar, en ellas se dedicó a la ilustración. Continúa su carrera como diseñador de automóviles en los años 20, para luego convertirse en un diseñador Industrial, su trabajo se caracterizó por su simplicidad y el énfasis en la funcionalidad, esto significa que sus diseños eran fáciles de usar y se veían bien. Loewy fue uno de los primeros en aplicar la teoría de la ergonomía al diseño industrial. Sus diseños se centraron en la comodidad y la facilidad de uso para el consumidor. Esto se refleja en el modo como los productos se sienten al usarlos y en la forma en que se ven. Los productos deben ser cómodos y agradables además de cumplir perfectamente con su funcionalidad. Los principios de diseño de Loewy se basan en la idea de que la forma debe seguir a la función. Él cree que un "producto debe diseñarse para ser lo más eficiente y efectivo posible, sin dejar de ser estéticamente agradable". También cree que un "producto debe estar diseñado para ser atemporal, de modo que siga siendo relevante y atractivo en los años venideros".

Los productos rediseñados por Raymond Loewy que revolucionaron el mercado

En el año 1929 funda su primer estudio de diseño, el primer encargo fue de la empresa Gestetner para rediseñar o volver a formular una fotocopiadora. Loewy decide meter dentro de una caja elegante, "carcasa", todo este aparato copiador. El producto final es una copiadora funcional pero con un gran valor agregado, "él diseñó" lo "estético", dicha fotocopiadora duplicó las ventas de la compañía, dándole la posibilidad al estudio de rediseñar otras copiadoras. A partir de este trabajo recibe muchos trabajos importantes para rediseño, entre ellos la compañía Westinghouse, con quien diseña y rediseña productos para el hogar, trabaja en la estética del famoso auto Hupmobile, la primera heladera moderna para Coldspot. En el año 1945 fundó con cinco socios el estudio Raymond Loewy, este se convierte en el estudio de diseño industrial más grande del mundo. En esta etapa el trabajo se centró en aplicar los principios del diseño industria en productos como los vagones y locomotoras para el ferrocarril de Pensilvania, los autobuses para Greyhound, inventó la nueva forma de comer en los aviones a través de la bandeja. Dentro del diseño del gigante Coca-Cola, Loewy no se detuvo en el re diseño de la botella creada en 1915 por Root Glass Company (botella Contour), opina de diciendo: “una obra maestra de planificación funcional y científica”, y “uno de los clásicos de la historia del packaging”. Dentro de la compañía realizó el diseño y rediseño del embalaje, las heladeras promocionales y camiones de reparto.

La máxima de Raymond es: “Lo feo no vende”

Diseño Gráfico En 1942, el presidente de tabacalera George Washington Hill de Londres, lo contrata para cambiar el isologo de la Tabacalera británica y el cambio del paquete de cigarrillos Lucky Strike. Raymond cambia el color del paquete de cigarrillos de verde a blanco e inserta el logotipo en ambas caras del paquete. El logotipo rediseñado tiene el centro rojo fuego (cigarrillo prendido), un círculo blanco que representa el filtro. La tabacalera además de mejorar su ventas recientes, en 2013 realiza un cambio en el logo de este paquete.

En el año 1967, Shell contrata al estudio de Raymond Loewy para llevar a cabo el rediseño de la marca, el encargo es específico «Solucionar los problemas de legibilidad de la marca». Raymond trabaja con una cuadrícula para lograr una simetría en la gráfica, dejando de lado la forma natural, logrando una imagen clara, limpia y sintética, esta es presentada en 1971. Actualmente se sigue usando este logo.

Diseñó la gráfica y los interiores del Air Force One para el presidente Kennedy, durante sus últimos años trabajó en la Nasa diseñando los interiores de la nave Apolo y Skylab. Fallece el 14 de julio de 1986 a los 92 años en la ciudad de Montecarlo, Monaco. Legado Los principios de diseño de Loewy se basan en la simplicidad, la funcionalidad y la estética. Él creía que los productos debían ser simples, fáciles de usar y atractivos. Según Loewy, los productos deben tener un diseño intuitivo, con una forma y una función que sean fáciles de entender. También creía que los productos debían tener una estética atractiva, con líneas limpias y colores vibrantes. Estos principios han influenciado la industria de hoy y han ayudado a crear productos más atractivos y fáciles de usar. Estos principios seguirán siendo relevantes en el futuro, y seguirán ayudando a los diseñadores a crear productos innovadores y atractivos. Raymond Loewy Read the full article

#Biografía #Branding #Diseño

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chanduvarma · 1 year

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What are the advantages & types of power transformers

Power transformers are electrical devices used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another by means of electromagnetic induction. They are used to step-up or step-down the voltage of an alternating current (AC) power supply, depending on the specific requirements of the application. Power transformers are used in a wide range of applications, including power generation, transmission and distribution, and industrial processes. They are typically made up of a primary winding, a secondary winding, and a magnetic core that helps to facilitate the transfer of energy between the two windings.

Some of the advantages of power transformers include:

Voltage regulation: Power transformers are used to step-up or step-down the voltage of electrical energy, allowing it to be transmitted over long distances with minimal losses.

Efficiency: best power transformer manufacturers are highly efficient and can transfer large amounts of power with minimal energy.

Reliability: Power transformers are designed for long-term use and are highly reliable, with a typical lifespan of 30 years or more.

Flexibility: Power transformers can be customized to meet specific power requirements, making them highly flexible and adaptable to a wide range of applications.

Safety: Power transformers help to isolate electrical circuits and prevent electrical shocks, ensuring the safety of both equipment and personnel.

Cost-effectiveness: Power transformers are cost-effective, providing a high return on investment over their lifespan.

power distribution transformer distributors in Hyderabad Overall, power transformers play a critical role in the efficient and safe transmission of electrical energy, and their many advantages make them an essential component of modern power systems.

The types of power transformers

Power transformers can be classified based on their construction, function, and application. Here are some common types of power transformers:

Distribution Transformers: These transformers are used to step down the voltage for best power transformer dealers in hyderabad distribution to consumers in homes, commercial buildings, and small industries.

Power Transformers: These transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage for transmission over long distances between power generation plants and substations.

Autotransformers: These transformers have a single winding that serves as both the primary and secondary winding, and they are used to step up or step down the voltage by tapping different points on the same winding.

Isolation Transformers: These transformers are used to isolate the load from the power source, providing protection against electrical noise and spikes.

Instrument Transformers: These transformers are used to measure current and voltage in power systems, and they include current transformers and voltage transformers.

Step-Up Transformers: These transformers are used to step up the voltage for transmission over long distances.

Step-Down Transformers: These transformers are used to step down the voltage for distribution to consumers.

Overall, the type of power transformer used depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as the required voltage level, load capacity, and efficiency.

The history of power transformers

The history of power transformers can be traced back to the 1880s when the principles of electromagnetic induction were first discovered. In 1885, George Westinghouse, a prominent American entrepreneur, recognized the potential of alternating current (AC) power systems, and he began working on the development of a practical transformer.

The first practical transformer was demonstrated by Nikola Tesla in 1887, which he used to power electric lights at his laboratory in New York. In 1889, the first commercial transformer was built by the Ganz Works in Hungary, which was used to power streetlights in Rome.

Over the next several decades, the development of power transformers continued, and they were increasingly used in power systems around the world. In the early 20th century, advancements in transformer technology, such as the use of laminated magnetic cores and improved insulation materials, led to increased efficiency and reliability of power transformers.

During the mid-20th century, the use of power transformers became more widespread, particularly in industrial applications, as the demand for electricity continued to grow. In the latter part of the century, the development of high-voltage power transformers enabled the efficient transmission of electricity over long distances, which was critical for the expansion of power systems.

Today, power transformers continue to play a vital role in modern power systems, and ongoing research and development efforts are focused on improving their efficiency, reliability, and safety.

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zayaanhashistory · 2 years

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The Gilded Age

“The Gilded Age” is the term used to describe the tumultuous years between the Civil War and the turn of the twentieth century. The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today was a famous satirical novel by Mark Twain set in the late 1800s, and was its namesake. During this era, America became more prosperous and saw unprecedented growth in industry and technology. But the Gilded Age had a more sinister side: It was a period where greedy, corrupt industrialists, bankers and politicians enjoyed extraordinary wealth and opulence at the expense of the working class. In fact, it was wealthy tycoons, not politicians, who inconspicuously held the most political power during the Gilded Age.

Before the Civil War, rail travel was dangerous and difficult, but after the war, George Westinghouse invented the air brake, which made braking systems more dependable and safer. Soon, the development of Pullman sleeping cars and dining cars made rail travel comfortable and more enjoyable for passengers. It wasn’t long before trains overtook other forms of long-distance travel such as the stagecoach and riding horseback. In 1869, the Transcontinental Railroad was finished and led to rapid settlement of the western United States. It also made it much easier to transport goods over long distances from one part of the country to another. This enormous railroad expansion resulted in rail companies and their executives receiving lavish amounts of money and land—up to 200 million acres, by some estimates—from the United States government. In many cases, politicians cut shady backroom deals and helped create railroad and shipping tycoons such as Cornelius Vanderbilt and Jay Gould. Meanwhile, thousands of African American—many of them former slaves—were hired as Pullman porters and paid a pittance to cater to riders’ every need.

Railroad tycoons were just one of many types of so-called robber barons that emerged in the Gilded Age. These men used union busting, fraud, intimidation, violence and their extensive political connections to gain an advantage over any competitors. Robber barons were relentless in their efforts to amass wealth while exploiting workers and ignoring standard business rules—and in many cases, the law itself. They soon accumulated vast amounts of money and dominated every major industry including the railroad, oil, banking, timber, sugar, liquor, meatpacking, steel, mining, tobacco and textile industries. Some wealthy entrepreneurs such as Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and Henry Frick are often referred to as robber barons but may not exactly fit the mold. While it’s true they built huge monopolies, often by crushing any small business or competitor in their way, they were also generous philanthropists who didn’t always rely on political ploys to build their empires. Some tried to improve life for their employees, donated millions to charities and nonprofits and supported their communities by providing funding for everything from libraries and hospitals to universities, public parks and zoos.

The Gilded Age was in many ways the culmination of the Industrial Revolution, when America and much of Europe shifted from an agricultural society to an industrial one. Millions of immigrants and struggling farmers arrived in cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, St. Louis and Chicago, looking for work and hastening the urbanization of America. By 1900, about 40 percent of Americans lived in major cities. Most cities were unprepared for rapid population growth. Housing was limited, and tenements and slums sprung up nationwide. Heating, lighting, sanitation and medical care were poor or nonexistent, and millions died from preventable disease. Many immigrants were unskilled and willing to work long hours for little pay. Gilded Age plutocrats considered them the perfect employees for their sweatshops, where working conditions were dangerous and workers endured long periods of unemployment, wage cuts and no benefits.

Wealthy considered themselves America’s royalty and settled for nothing less than estates worthy of that distinction. Some of America’s most famous mansions were built during the Gilded Age such as: Biltmore, located in Asheville, North Carolina, was the family estate of George and Edith Vanderbilt. Construction started on the 250-room chateau in 1889, prior to the couple’s marriage, and continued for six years. The home had 35 bedrooms, 43 bathrooms, 65 fireplaces, a dairy, a horse barn and beautiful formal and informal gardens. The Breakers in Newport, Rhode Island, is another Vanderbilt mansion. It was the summer home of railroad mogul Cornelius Vanderbilt. The Italian-Renaissance style home has 70 rooms, a stable and a carriage house. Rosecliff, also in Newport, was completed in 1902. The oceanfront home was contracted by Theresa Fair Oelrich's and built to resemble the Grand Trianon of Versailles. Today, it’s best known as the backdrop for movie scenes in The Great Gatsby, High Society, 27 Dresses and True Lies. Whitehall, located in Palm Beach, Florida, was the neoclassical winter retreat of oil tycoon Henry Flagler and his wife Mary. The 100,000 square foot, 75-room mansion was completed in 1902 and is now a popular museum.

The industrialists of the Gilded Age lived high on the hog, but most of the working class lived below poverty level. As time went on, the income inequality between wealthy and poor became more and more glaring. While the wealthy lived in opulent homes, dined on succulent food and showered their children with gifts, the poor were crammed into filthy tenement apartments, struggled to put a loaf of bread on the table and often accompanied their children to a sweatshop each morning where they faced a 12-hour (or longer) workday.Some moguls used Social Darwinism to justify the inequality between the classes. The theory presumes that the fittest humans are the most successful and poor people are destitute because they’re weak and lack the skills to be prosperous.

Muckrakers is a term used to describe reporters who exposed corruption among politicians and the elite. They used investigative journalism and the print revolution to dig through “the muck” of the Gilded Age and report scandal and injustice. In 1890, reporter and photographer Jacob Riis brought the horrors of New York slum life to light in his book, How the Other Half Lives, prompting New York politicians to pass legislation to improve tenement conditions. In 1902, McClure Magazine journalist Lincoln Steffens took on city corruption when he penned the article, “Tweed Days in St. Louis.” The article, which is widely considered the first muckraking magazine article, exposed how city officials deceitfully made deals with crooked businessmen to maintain power. Another journalist, Ida Tarbell, spent years investigating the underhanded rise of oilman John D. Rockefeller. Her 19-part series, also published in McClure in 1902, led to the breakup of Rockefeller’s monopoly, the Standard Oil Company. In 1906, activist journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle to expose horrendous working conditions in the meatpacking industry. The book and ensuing public outcry led to the passing of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act.

It soon became obvious that the huge disparity between the wealthy and poor couldn’t last, and the working class would have to organize to improve their working and living conditions. It was also obvious this wouldn’t happen without some degree of violence. Much of the violence, however, was between the workers themselves as they struggled to agree on what they were fighting for. Some simply wanted increased wages and a better working environment, while others also wanted to keep women, immigrants and blacks out of the workforce. Although the first labor unions occurred around the turn of the nineteenth century, they gained momentum during the Gilded Age, thanks to the increased number of unskilled and unsatisfied factory workers.

On July 16, 1877, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company announced a 10-percent pay cut on its railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, the second cut in less than eight months. Infuriated and fed up, the workers—with the support of the locals—announced they’d prevent all trains from leaving the roundhouse until their pay was restored. The mayor, the police and even the National Guard couldn’t stop the strike. It wasn’t until Federal troops arrived that one train finally left the station. The strike spread among other railroads, sparking violence across America between the working class and local and federal authorities. At its peak, over 100,000 railroad workers were on strike. Many of the Robber Barons feared an aggressive, all-out revolution against their way of life. Instead, the strike—later known as the Great Upheaval—ended abruptly and was labeled a dismal failure. Yet it showed America’s tycoons there was strength in numbers and that organized labor had the potential to shut down entire industries and inflict major economic and political damage. As the working class continued to use strikes and boycotts to fight for higher wages and improved working conditions, their bosses staged lock-outs and brought in replacement workers known as scabs. They also created blacklists to prevent active union workers from becoming employed elsewhere. Even so, the working class continued to unite and press their cause and often won at least some of their demands. Innovations of the Gilded Age helped usher in modern America. Urbanization and technological creativity led to many engineering advances such as bridges and canals, elevators and skyscrapers, trolley lines and subways. The invention of electricity brought illumination to homes and businesses and created an unprecedented, thriving night life. Art and literature flourished, and the rich filled their lavish homes with expensive works of art and elaborate décor. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and made the world a much smaller place for both individuals and businesses. Advances in sanitation and housing, and the availability of better quality food and material goods, improved quality of life for the middle class. But while the middle and upper classes enjoyed the allure of city life, little changed for the poor. Most still faced horrific living conditions, high crime rates and a pitiable existence. Many escaped their drudgery by watching a vaudeville show or a spectator sport such as boxing, baseball or football, all of which enjoyed a surge during the Gilded Age.

Upper-class women of the Gilded Age have been compared to dolls on display dressed in resplendent finery. They flaunted their wealth and endeavored to improve their status in society while poor and middle-class women both envied and mimicked them. Some wealthy Gilded Age women were much more than eye candy, though, and often traded domestic life for social activism and charitable work. They felt a new degree of empowerment and fought for equality, including the right to vote through women’s suffrage groups. Some created homes for destitute immigrants while others pushed a temperance agenda, believing the source of poverty and most family troubles was alcohol. Wealthy women philanthropists of the Gilded Age include: Louise Whitfield Carnegie, wife of Andrew Carnegie, who created Carnegie Hall and donated to the Red Cross, the Y.W.C.A., and other charities. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who helped create hotels for women and solicited funds to create the New York Museum of Modern Art. Margaret Olivia Sage, wife of Russell Sage, who after the death of her miserly husband gave away $45 million of her $75 million inheritance to support women’s causes, educational institutions and the creation of the Russell Sage Foundation for Social Betterment, which directly helped poor people. Many women during the Gilded Age sought higher education. Others postponed marriage and took jobs such as typists or telephone switchboard operators. Thanks to a print revolution and the accessibility of newspapers, magazines and books, women became increasingly knowledgeable, cultured, well-informed and a political force to be reckoned with.

Jane Addams is arguably the best-known philanthropist of the Gilded Age. In 1889, she and Ellen Gates Star established a secular settlement house in Chicago known as Hull-House. The neighborhood was a melting pot of struggling immigrants, and Hull-House provided everything from midwife services and basic medical care to kindergarten, day care and housing for abused women. It also offered English and citizenship classes. Addams received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Temperance leader Carrie Nation gained notoriety during the Gilded Age for smashing up saloons with a hatchet to bring attention to her sobriety agenda. She was also a strong voice for the suffrage movement. Nation’s belief that alcohol was the root of all evil was partially due to her difficult first marriage to an alcoholic, and her work with women and children displaced or abused by over-imbibing husbands. Convinced God had instructed her to use whatever means necessary to close bars throughout Kansas, she was often beaten, mocked and jailed but ultimately helped pave the way for the 18th Amendment (prohibiting the sale of alcohol) and the 19th Amendment (giving women the right to vote). Many other pivotal events happened during the Gilded Age which changed America’s course and culture. As muckrakers exposed corrupt robber barons and politicians, labor unions and reformist politicians enacted laws to limit their power. The western frontier saw violent conflicts between white settlers and the United States Army against Native Americans. The Native Americans were eventually forced off their land and onto reservations with often disastrous results. In 1890, the western frontier was declared closed.

As drought and depression struck rural America, farmers in the west—who vilified railroad tycoons and wanted a political voice—organized and played a key role in forming the Populist Party. The Populists had a democratic agenda that aimed to give power back to the people and paved the way for the progressive movement, which still fights to close the gap between the wealthy and poor and champion the needy and disenfranchised.

In 1893, both the overextended Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company failed, which set off an economic depression unlike any seen before in America. Banks and other businesses folded, and the stock market plunged, leaving millions unemployed, homeless and hungry. In some states, unemployment rose to almost 50 percent.

The Panic of 1893 lasted four years and left lower and even middle-class Americans fed up with political corruption and social inequality. Their frustration gave rise to the Progressive Movement which took hold when President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901. Although Roosevelt supported corporate America, he also felt there should be federal controls in place to keep excessive corporate greed in check and prevent individuals from making obscene amounts of money off the backs of immigrants and the lower class. Helped by the muckrakers and the White House, the Progressive Era ushered in many reforms that helped shift away power from robber barons, such as:

trust busting

labor reform

women’s suffrage

birth control

formation of trade unions

increased conservation efforts

food and medicine regulations

tax reform

civil rights

election reform

fair labor standards

By 1916, America’s cities were cleaner and healthier, factories safer, governments less corrupt and many people had better housing, working hours and wages. Fewer monopolies meant more people could pursue the American Dream and start their own businesses. When America entered World War I in 1917, the Progressive Era and any remnants of the Gilded Age effectively ended as the country’s focus shifted to the realities of war. Most robber barons and their families, however, remained wealthy for generations.

Even so, many bequeathed much of their wealth, land and homes to charity and historical societies. And progressives continued their mission to close the gap between the wealthy and poor and champion the needy and disenfranchised.

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selene2022 · 2 years

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EL GRAN NIKOLA TESLA

Nikola Tesla fue un ingeniero, científico e inventor de origen serbio, célebre por sus numerosos aportes al campo del electromagnetismo de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Es considerado uno de los genios precursores de numerosas áreas tecnológicas como la ingeniería electromecánica, la robótica, el radar, la informática, la balística, la física teórica y la física nuclear. Sus patentes y su arduo trabajo teórico sentaron las bases de numerosos sistemas tecnológicos modernos como la transmisión polifásica de corriente alterna y el motor de corriente alterna, clave para el advenimiento de la Revolución Industrial en Occidente. En tiempos recientes, su carácter excéntrico y la historia de su famosa demostración de la comunicación por radio, le han dado el lugar en la cultura popular de ser el protagonista de numerosas teorías conspirativas, que le atribuyen descubrimientos e investigaciones totalmente falaces.

En 1886 Tesla fundó su propia empresa: Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. Sin embargo, algunas discrepancias de los inversores respecto a ciertos proyectos de desarrollo de un motor de corriente alterna los llevaron a echarlo de su propia empresa. Eso no lo detuvo y durante los años siguientes desarrolló los más grandes inventos de su vida, trabajando con George Westinghouse en su empresa.

Las mayores aportes de Tesla tienen que ver con los siguientes campos:

· Electromagnetismo. La gran obra de Tesla tuvo que ver con la conducción de la electricidad, la gestión de electricidad alterna y la transmisión inalámbrica de energía. Sus logros en la construcción de motores de corriente alterna, experimentos de alta tensión y mediciones de campo eléctrico fueron pioneros.

· Radiación. Experimentó con los rayos X y rayos roentgen, pero perdió sus apuntes al respecto en un incendio en su laboratorio de 1895. Más adelante estudió las ondas radioeléctricas, llegó a diseñar aparatos para “escuchar” el espacio y afirmó haber percibido ondas de origen extraterrestre. · Física de los gases. La licuefacción del aire fue uno de los objetivos de Tesla, ya que sabía a partir de los experimentos de Lord Kelvin que podía emplearse ese procedimiento para absorber energía, con fines refrigerantes.

A Tesla se le reconocen oficialmente las siguientes invenciones:

· La transferencia inalámbrica de energía eléctrica, empleando ondas electromagnéticas.

· La corriente alterna.

· Armas de energía directa (un “rayo de la muerte” a base de electricidad que fue descartado por el gobierno norteamericano por costoso)

· La radio.

· Los principios teóricos del radar.

· Bujías para encendido de motores de explosión.

· Radiogoniómetro.

· La “Bobina de Tesla”, un transformador resonante.

· El control remoto.

· El motor polifásico de inducción.

· El “Teslascopio”, un receptor de ondas extraplanetarias

Su relación con Thomas Edison fue tirante. Trabajaron juntos a la llegada de Tesla a Estados Unidos en 1884 y se le encargó la tarea de rediseñar los generadores de corriente continua de la empresa de Edison, a cambio de un pago de 50.000 dólares norteamericanos de la época (unos 1,1 millones de hoy). Sin embargo, una vez terminado el trabajo, Edison se negó a pagarle, diciéndole que “no comprendía el humor estadounidense”.

Tesla renunció poco después a su trabajo en la empresa y empezó así una guerra entre los dos científicos, conocida como la “guerra de las corrientes” pues Edison defendía la continua y Tesla abogaba por la superioridad de la alterna.

El único premio que Tesla recibió en vida fue, irónicamente, la medalla Edison, máxima distinción de la IEEE, luego de que las intrigas de Edison y la injusticia del caso de la patente de la radio disputada con Marconi le arrebataran en dos ocasiones la nominación al Premio Nobel de física.

Sin embargo, el nombre de Tesla fue empleado por el Sistema Internacional para medir la inducción magnética, se puso su nombre a un cráter lunar, a un planeta menor (2244) y al Premio de divulgación científica más importante en habla hispana.

Tesla murió en Estados Unidos, en el Wyndham New Yorker Hotel, un 7 de enero de 1943.

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tatum34w · 2 years

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Download Empire State of Mind: How Jay Z Went from Street Corner to Corner Office, Revised Edition PDF -- Zack O'Malley Greenburg

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