30 years of Operation Garzón
This summer of 2022 is the 30 year anniversary of the Olympic Games that were held in 1992 in Barcelona, Catalonia’s capital city.
For that reason, it’s also the 30 year anniversary of a wave of arbitrary arrest and torture that the State of Spain orchestrated against Catalan people for being pro-independence.
Spain was terrified that Catalan independence supporters would show their cause in front of the TV cameras that had come from around the world to film the Olympic Games (and the 500 year anniversary of Spain’s conquest of America, which Spain was also celebrating that year, and which Catalan independentists protested against for being an imperialist celebration), because they did not want the world to know that there is political dissidence and that there are oppressed people fighting for a change. That’s why the judge Baltasar Garzón ordered the arrest of people related to the Catalan independence movement.
They arrested 45 people with no proof of any crime and accused them of being terrorists. They were accused of belonging to a short-lived armed struggle group called Terra Lliure who had killed 5 people (4 of which were members of Terra Lliure itself who had an accident). However, Terra Lliure had already dissolved by 1992.
The arrested people were members of grassroots pro-independence organizations, a mayor and two journalists, very few of whom had had any relation with Terra Lliure. Catalan newspapers’ headquarters and different headquarters of the pro-independence organization Moviment de Defensa de la Terra in Catalonia and the Valencian Country were also registered by the police. The 45 arrested people were judged in 1995, and 18 of them were sentenced guilty (with no real proof, because it wasn’t true).
How did the police get confessions for something that wasn’t true? Judge Garzón ordered 25 of the arrested people to be locked up by the police and to not allow them any communication with the outside world. Out of those, 17 were tortured by the Spanish police:
During the first days they were arrested, they were not allowed to eat nor sleep. After three days, some of them were given a sandwich but it was extremely spicy and all of them described it as so disgusting they couldn’t eat it.
Some of them were not allowed to use a bathroom for days. At least one of the arrested (Xavier Alemany) was forced to lay on piles of excrement and urine for a long time and do push-ups in it.
They were locked alone in cells that had no windows nor lights, and when the policemen where in the cell the arrested person was blindfolded. The arrested did not know how many days had passed or if it was day or night.
The cell they were locked in was very small (even 1 x 2 metres) and smelled horribly. At least one of them said that once he had the blindfold removed and he could see it was full of excrements.
They were beaten in all their bodies, including critical parts like the head, chest and genitals. The hitting includes kicking, beating with fists and with objects such as a book and metal bars wrapped in newspapers. Some report to have been hit so hard on the head with the book that they momentarily lost conscience after each hit.
They were forced to stand naked as the police hit them.
They were forced to stand for hours on their knees on tiny spikes that teared their flesh.
The police tied a plastic bag to the arrested person’s head and took turns to strangle them while other policemen (even 8 at a time) beat them. To asphyxiate them even more, the police also put smoke inside the plastic bag before tying it on their head, or burned a cigarette inside the bag so that it would take in the oxygen. They would asphyxiate the person until they were about to pass out, thinking they were dying, only to give them a little bit of air just to start over again and make their suffering last longer.
The policemen violently submerged the arrested person’s head in water to the point of drowning them. When the person thought they were about to die, they took their head out and asked them to confess. They repeated until the arrested person agreed to confess a list of actions the police were reading out.
The police tied them to cables and told them that the cables were connected to an electrocution motor and that if they didn’t confess to being terrorists they would be electrocuted. Some were electrocuted repeatedly.
They tied cables around detained men’s testicles, sexually harassed them for hours saying sadistic sexual comments and threats.
While torturing them, the policemen shouted insults against the detained person, against Catalonia, against Catalan people as a whole and against Catalan cultural symbols, including a lot of Catalanophobic and misogynistic hate speech. They were also forced to shout “viva España” (long live Spain) and “viva la Guardia Civil” (long live the Civil Guard, the Spanish military police force).
They were forced to listen to their mates being tortured.
They lied to the detained people saying that they had also arrested their families and romantic partners, and told them that they were being taken to Madrid to be tortured, that the policemen would record the torture and make them listen to the sounds of their loved ones being tortured in stereo.
They said they had arrested their girlfriends/wives and threatened to rape them. At least one of them reports that when he had to hear the screams of the other arrested people in the cells near him, the policemen said one of those voices was his girlfriend being raped. The policemen also explained in very explicit details how they were raping her.
A few of the arrested men were also threatened to be raped themselves, as the policemen untied their trousers while laughing at them, though they did not do it.
Some were told that their mother had had a heart attack when she heard they had been arrested for being a terrorist child-murderer and that she was dying in the hospital, and similar things about other family members.
They pointed a gun at their head and placed the gun inside their mouth, and threatened to kill them if they didn’t confess to what the police wanted.
They were threatened with a tube on their mouth, saying that if they didn’t confess they would make them swallow water until they died drowning.
They were constantly being threatened with worse tortures, often electrocution in a bathtub.
They were also threatened to be killed and throw their body down a cliff, the harbour or the river.
They were threatened to be taken to a mountain, killed and left their body there, which the policemen said they did often and nobody found out. (Note: it’s true. Around those years, the Spanish Government had founded the GAL, a paramilitary group that kidnapped, tortured and murdered Basque people accusing them of being terrorists. @beautiful-basque-country has talked about it before.)
In fact, one of the arrested (Joan Rocamora) reported that he was taken on the police van to a waste ground, and there they threatened to kill him and again to rape his girlfriend, asking him “do you not remember what happened to Mikel Zabalza?” (Zabalza was a Basque man tortured and killed by the Spanish military police). Then, the police pretended to be throwing him down a cliff (he was blindfolded and couldn’t see what was happening) and held him in the air, then put a gun in his neck and asphyxiated and beat him up again. Another arrested man (Jordi Bardina) also reported that when he was being asphyxiated and drowned, the policemen laughed and repeatedly mentioned Mikel Zabalza.
After having been beaten, they were forced to stand up on their feet for hours holding their arms up in the air. When the arrested person eventually fell down of exhaustion or lack of sleep, they were punished with more beating.
Of course, they were forbidden from speaking Catalan (their mother language) during their whole arrest. They could only speak Spanish.
They were forced to learn by memory the answer that the police wanted them to say, and repeat it over and over again as a rehearsal for the trial. If they didn’t accept this fake confession, they were tortured again.
These sessions went on all day long, the police officers were replaced by new ones with each change of turns. At least one of the arrested people, Marcel Dalmau, tried to commit suicide while he was arrested because he couldn’t stand the torture any more, but the police came in while he was at it and beat him up so much he couldn’t move. He was taken to a hospital where he was forced to declare that all his injuries had been self-harm and he was banned from mentioning he had been tortured, and he was also threatened even more to confess to being a terrorist or else what had happened to him “would be nothing comparated to what would happen to [his] family and Carme” (his wife). The next day, he was taken from the hospital directly to the Spanish National Audience (Madrid) to declare. He asked everyone how Carme was, but they refused to give an answer, still pretending she had been arrested too.
Quim Gil, the journalist who covered Marcel Dalmau’s story, found out after the newspaper was printed that his text had been changed to say that Marcel was guilty and had two guns, and included a falsified letter signed by Marcel confessing to this. Quim Gil resigned from that newspaper the next day.
Others, like Xavier Ros, explained that they were allowed to speak with the lawyer that would defend them right before the trial. The lawyer was chosen by the Spanish Tribunal and convinced them to sign everything that the Spanish police was accusing them of, saying it was the only way to get released during the duration of the trial; that if they didn’t sign they would be in pre-trial jail. The thought of being left alone with those policemen locked in a jail again was reason enough for them to sign and confess to things they hadn’t done.
Others denounce that the lawyers, judges, administration officers, etc saw them with clear signs of having been tortured on their bodies and ignored it, and that the lawyers that were chosen to defend them showed no interest in the case.
During the days that the trial lasted, the arrested people were still being locked in cells uncommunicated from the rest of the world. The policemen visited them and told them that if any of them denounced having been tortured, they would “meet [them] on the streets and have an accident”. Still, soon after the trial they looked for a forensic doctor to denounce they had suffered torture. Other members of the Catalan pro-independence movement published the story of their arrest and torture in a pro-independence self-published magazine. The Spanish military police soon came and arrested them for having published it, and also tortured them in the same ways.
Despite the torture allegations, the Spanish judge Garzón ordered to NOT investigate it. Instead, he accepted the “confessions” done under torture in order to sentence them as guilty.
12 years later, the European Tribunal of Human Rights condemned Spain for having refused to investigate this case which was clearly torture. Judge Garzón still denies that there was torture.
The Government of Spain at the time of the tortures was the PSOE party. They are still the Government of Spain right now in 2022, and they have never accepted responsibilities.
Sources: “El fill d’un dels independentistes torturats a l’Operació Garzón recorda el relat esfereïdor del seu pare” (in Catalan), “Les tortures de l’operació Garzón, que ara fa 30 anys, explicades en primera persona” (in Catalan), “Ramon Piqué: ‘A la sala d’interrogatoris, m’estrenyien la bossa al cap i em feien agenollar’” (in Catalan), “Cinco torturados en la ‘Operación Garzón’ de 1992 recriminan al exjuez que ignoró sus denuncias” (in Spanish), “'Operación Garzón': anatomía de una represión silenciada” (in Spanish), “Las mentiras reiteradas del exjuez Garzón” (in Spanish), “L'espantós testimoni de les tortures de l'Operación Garzón: «Vaig tenir la necessitat de suicidar-me»” (in Catalan).
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