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NCERT Solutions for Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 Chapter 1 Notes
Have you ever experienced a crackling sound or witnessed a spark while removing synthetic clothes or a sweater, especially in dry weather? This phenomenon occurs due to the discharge of electric charges accumulated through the rubbing of insulating surfaces. Another example of electric discharge is lightning observed during thunderstorms. These occurrences result from static electricity generation. NCERT Class 12 Physics Notes Chapter 1 on Electric Charges and Fields delves into these phenomena extensively. Electrostatics is the branch of physics that investigates forces, fields, and potentials arising from static charges.
Here's a condensed overview of electric charges and fields Class 12 suitable for Class 12 students:
Electric Charge:
1. Matter consists of atoms, which contain charged particles - protons (positive), electrons (negative), and neutrons (neutral).
2. Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter, and like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.
3. Charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete units, with the elementary charge being the charge of a single proton or electron (±1.6 × 10^-19coulombs).
Coulomb's Law:
1. Coulomb's law describes the force between two-point charges.
2. It states that the force between two-point charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
3. Mathematically, F = k∣q1q2∣/r^2, where F is the force, q_1 and q_2 are the magnitudes of the charges, r is the distance between the charges, and k is Coulomb's constant (8.9875×109 N m2/C28.9875×109N m2/C2).
Electric Field:
1. Electric field E is a vector quantity that describes the force experienced by a unit positive charge at a given point in space.
2. The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction of the force that a positive test charge would experience if placed at that point.
3. Mathematically, E=F/q, where F is the force experienced by the test charge and q is the magnitude of the test charge.
Electric Field Lines:
1. Electric field lines are imaginary lines that represent the direction and strength of the electric field in space.
2. They originate from positive charges and terminate at negative charges, or they extend to infinity in the absence of other charges.
3. Properties of electric field lines:
They never intersect.
They point away from positive charges and towards negative charges.
The number of field lines per unit area is proportional to the strength of the electric field.
Gauss's Law:
1. Gauss's law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface.
2. Mathematically, ΦE= qenc/ε0, where ΦE is the electric flux, qenc is the net charge enclosed by the surface, and ε0is the permittivity of free space (8.854×10−12 C2/N m28.854×10−12C2/N m2).
These are the fundamental concepts of electric charges and fields typically covered in Class 12 Physics. Make sure to consult your textbooks and class notes for detailed explanations, illustrations, and examples.
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What role does physics play in Mechanical Engineering? - ACEIT
BTech Engineering Colleges of Jaipur Rajasthan have many courses and teachers to good knowledge but physic is an important subject because physics is everywhere around us ironing clothes, cooking, washing, answering a telephone call, and listening to music, are some of the activities are physics. It studies the related entities of energy and force also it is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main objective is to understand how the universe behaves. Needs of future are technological advances. It also applies to the construction of bridges, buildings, roads, houses, ships, and boats, also it applied in the systems of communication, modern means of transportation, and advancement in medicine, industry, and agriculture.
What Is Mechanical Engineering?
It applies the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering from design to manufacturing to the marketplace for any object. It analyses their work using the principles of motion, energy, and force—ensuring that designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a competitive cost, Also mechanical engineering careers center on creating technologies to meet human needs and virtually every product or service in modern life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help humankind.
Mechanical Engineering And Physics
Private Colleges of Engineering in Jaipur Rajasthan have a concept of these, so engineering and physics are closely related disciplines. It combines engineering physics and applied mathematics with materials science to design mechanical systems and novel materials also It requires knowledge of core areas of physics, such as mechanics, thermodynamics, theory of elasticity, electricity, and magnetism. This science requires an understanding of quantum physics, also demand is growing for engineers with multidisciplinary training that includes fundamental physics knowledge and practical problem-solving skills. These two major program is designed to allow students to complete the core requirements of both majors in a four-year degree.
Some More Examples Of Physics For Mechanical Engineering
Lasers: Concept of masers and laser, spontaneous and stimulated emission, an elementary idea about lasers, basic principles involved in laser, three and there are four levels laser system, coherence, characteristics of laser light, types of lasers: Ruby, He‐Ne, CO2 and semiconductor lasers, application of lasers.
Fiber Optics: Optical fiber, physical structure and There are some theories, modes in optical fibers, step index and graded index fibers, losses in optical fibers, sources, and sensors for fiber.
Electrostatics and Electrodynamics: Gauss's law in a dielectric medium, Equation of continuity, displacement currents, Maxwell's equations also electromagnetic wave propagation in free space and isotropic dielectric medium, Poynting theorem & Poynting vector, Vector potential, Lorentz gauge.
Mechanics and Theory of Relativity: Best Engineering collages of Jaipur Rajasthan says displacement, velocity, and acceleration in polar and spherical coordinate systems, inertial and non‐inertial frames, Michelson and Morley experiment, postulates of the special theory of relativity & Lorentz's space-time transformations and their consequences, velocity transformations, mass variation with velocity, mass-energy equivalence, momentum and energy transformations.
Quantum Mechanics: Need of quantum mechanics, Compton effect, Some Concepts like wave function, eigen function also eigenvalues, operators in quantum mechanics, expectation values, time-independent and time‐dependent Schrodinger's wave equations and its applications viz., particle in a one-dimensional potential well, particle in three dimensional well, rectangular potential barrier, quantum mechanical tunneling, and its applications
Superconductivity: Discovery of superconductivity, superconducting materials, Meissner effect, critical magnetic field, and critical current, type‐l and type‐ll superconductors, Isotope effect, theory of superconductivity, flux quantization, SQUIDS, applications of superconductivity.
Ultrasonic: Main methods of their generation & detection, properties, and applications of ultrasonic waves.
Specific cases of Applications to mechanical engineering
Conclusion
Top Engineering Colleges of Jaipur Rajasthan says physics is a study of energy, matter, and their interactions also It plays an important role in the future progress of humankind. It interconnects with many interdisciplinary research fields like biophysics, quantum chemistry, etc. So it is important to study physics at school for those who have the ambition to be at the front position of enhancing technologies and theories that explain our reality. It also provides the students with problem-solving, analytical, and quantitative abilities.
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ELECTROSTATICS; ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY; DIPOLE MOMENT; GAUSS`S LAW; CO...
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JEE Main Syllabus 2023
JEE Main syllabus includes all the topics of the class 11th and 12th classes. We will advise candidates to go through the NCERT syllabus.
JEE Main there are two types of Paper 1 and Paper 2. Paper 1 is for the B.tech students and paper 2 is for BArch and B.Plan.
Physics: UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS, MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE, MOTION IN A PLANE, LAWS OF MOTION, WORK, ENERGY AND POWER, SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION, GRAVITATION, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS, THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, THERMODYNAMICS, KINETIC THEORY, OSCILLATIONS, WAVES, ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS, ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE, CURRENT ELECTRICITY, MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, ALTERNATING CURRENT, ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WAVE OPTICS, DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER, ATOMS, NUCLEI, SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS.
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
Electric Charge, Conductors and Insulators, Charging by Induction, Coulomb’s Law, Forces between Multiple Charges, Electric Field, Electric Field Lines, Electric Flux, Electric Dipole, Gauss’s Law.Potential due to a Point Charge, Potential due to an Electric Dipole, Potential due to a System of Charges, Equipotential Surfaces, Capacitors and Capacitance, Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric Current, Ohm’s law, Electrical Energy, Power, Cells, emf, Internal Resistance, Kirchhoff’s Rules, Magnetic Force, Motion in a Magnetic Field, Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields, Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields, The Solenoid and the Toroid, Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere, Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole.
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
The Bar Magnet, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets, The Experiments of Faraday and Henry, Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Law of Induction, Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study, AC Generator, AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor, AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor, AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit,
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES:
Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Waves, Electromagnetic Spectrum,
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENT, WAVE OPTICS:
Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors, Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses, Huygens Principle, Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle, Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves, Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment, Polarisation.
Mathematics: Sets, Relations and Functions, Trigonometric Functions, Principle of Mathematical Induction, Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations, Linear Inequalities, Permutations and Combinations, Binomial Theorem, Sequences and Series, Straight Lines, Conic Sections, Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry, Limits and Derivatives, Mathematical Reasoning Relations and Functions, Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Matrices, Determinants, Continuity and Differentiability, Application of Derivatives, Integrals, Application of Integral, Differential Equations, Vector Algebra, Three Dimensional Geometry, Linear Programming, Probability,
Chemistry: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Structure of Atom, Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties, Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure, States of Matter, Thermodynamics, Equilibrium, Redox Reactions, Hydrogen, The s-Block Elements, The p-Block Elements, Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques, Hydrocarbons, Environmental Chemistry, The Solid State, Solutions, Electrochemistry, Chemical Kinetics, Surface Chemistry, General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements, the p-Block Elements, the d-and f-Block Elements, Coordination Compounds, Haloalkanes and Haloarenes, Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids, Amines, Biomolecules, Polymers, Chemistry in Everyday Life
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Importance of Chemistry, Nature of Matter, Properties of Matter and their Measurement, Uncertainty in Measurement, Laws of Chemical Combinations, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Atomic and Molecular Masses, Mole Concept, and Molar Masses, Percentage Composition, Stoichiometry, and Stoichiometric Calculations.
Structure of Atom
Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles, Atomic Models, Developments Leading to the Bohr’s Model of Atom, Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom, Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Why do we Need to Classify Elements, Genesis of Periodic Classification, Modern Periodic Law and the Present Form of the Periodic Table, Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table, Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: 82 s-, p-, d-, f- Blocks, Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding, Ionic or Electrovalent Bond, Bond Parameters, The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, Valence Bond Theory, Hybridisation, Molecular Orbital Theory, Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules, Hydrogen Bonding.
States of Matter
Intermolecular Forces, Thermal Energy, Intermolecular Forces vs. Thermal Interactions, The Gaseous State, The Gas Laws, Ideal Gas Equation, Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds, Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases, Behaviour of Real Gases, Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour, Liquefaction of Gases, Liquid State.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Terms, Applications, Measurement of DU and DH: Calorimetry, Enthalpy Change, Dr H of a Reaction – Reaction Enthalpy, Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions, Spontaneity, Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium.
Equilibrium
Equilibrium in Physical Processes, Equilibrium in Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium, Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant, Homogeneous Equilibria, Heterogeneous Equilibria Applications of Equilibrium Constants, Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G, Factors Affecting Equilibria, Ionic Equilibrium in Solution, Acids, Bases and Salts, Ionization of Acids and Bases, Buffer Solutions, Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts.
Redox Reactions
Classical Idea of Redox Reactions-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions, Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions, Oxidation Number, Redox Reactions, and Electrode Processes.
Hydrogen
Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table, Dihydrogen, Preparation of Dihydrogen, H2, Properties of Dihydrogen, Hydrides, Water, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2 ), Heavy Water, D2O, Dihydrogen as a Fuel.
The s-Block Elements
Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals, Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals, Anomalous Properties of Lithium, Some Important Compounds of Sodium, Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium, Group 2 Elements : Alkaline Earth Metals, General Characteristics of Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals, Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium, Some Important Compounds of Calcium, Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium.
The p-Block Elements
Group 13 Elements: The Boron Family, Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron, Some Important Compounds of Boron, Uses of Boron and Aluminium and their Compounds, Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family, Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon, Allotropes of Carbon, Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon.
Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General Introduction, Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds, Structural Representations of Organic Compounds, Classification of Organic Compounds, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Isomerism, Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism, Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds, Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds, Quantitative Analysis.
Hydrocarbons
Classification, Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Carcinogenicity and Toxicity.
The syllabus for paper 2 for B.Arch & B.Plan Aspirants:
Mathematics: Sets, Relations and Functions, Trigonometric Functions, Principle of Mathematical Induction, Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations, Linear Inequalities, Permutations and Combinations, Binomial Theorem, Sequences and Series, Straight Lines, Conic Sections, Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry, Limits and Derivatives, Mathematical Reasoning, Relations and Functions, Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Matrices, Determinants, Continuity and Differentiability, Application of Derivatives, Integrals, Application of Integral, Differential Equations, Vector Algebra, Three Dimensional Geometry, Linear Programming, Probability.
Paper 1; Awareness of person, object, places, buildings, Materials, Texture, related to architecture and build- environment, Visualizing three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional drawing, Analytical Reasoning Mental ability
Part 2 Three-dimensional- perception understanding and appreciation of scale and proportion of objects, building forms and elements, colour texture, harmony, and contrast. Design and drawing of geometrical. Transformation of forms in both 2D and 3D union, subtraction rotation development of surfaces and volumes, Generation of plan, evaluations, and 3d views objective.
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NCERT Class 12
All CBSE affiliated schools across the country refer to NCERT Class 12. The students need a deep understanding of the concepts and topics in their syllabus to prepare well for their board exams. NCERT books Class 12 benefit the students in understanding every topic and concept thoroughly. The subject-wise concepts are explained in an easy-to-understand language accompanied with diagrams if necessary.
CBSE Class 12 NCERT Books
CBSE Class 12 NCERT books are the perfect solutions for the Class 12 students to prepare for the board exams. NCERT books help them have a clear understanding of the core concepts of each and every chapter.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Books
Most schools recommend students to follow NCERT Class 12 books because of their clear,precise and accurate explanations given in the books. The books explain the numerical and theoretical sections with a direct approach.
NCERT Class XII Physics Book
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
Chapter 1 This chapter introduces the concepts of electric charges and fields to the students. Students learn about the electric ions like electrons, protons, and neutrons and their influence on the electric flow. The chapter explains how opposite charges attract.
The students also learn about conductors and insulators. This chapter also explains Coulomb’s law and Gauss’s law to the students in-depth. The exercise at the end of the chapter is designed to check the students’ knowledge of what they have learned from the chapter.
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Chapter 2 talks about electrostatic potential and capacitance in various electric fields. The topic explains different derivations and formulas that the students need to understand to answer all the questions regarding the chapter.
The NCERT Physics solution helps the students calculate the potential gradient of the external field.
The students learn about the role of capacitors in the storage of electric charges. After thoroughly studying the chapter, the class 12 students can differentiate electric energy from masses and know the definition of electric fields.
Chapter 3: Current Electricity
In Chapter 3, students have been introduced to static electricity in the previous chapter. This chapter helps the students develop a profound knowledge of concepts; electric resistivity, electric conductivity, drift velocity, electric resistance, etc. The students learn about Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s rules from the ‘Current Electricity’ chapter.
Apart from the theoretical section, students learn calculations and derivations. The knowledge helps the students solve several numerical problems associated with the topic.
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Chapter 4 in the NCERT Physics book of Class 12 students covers significant concepts like how moving charge influences the arising magnetism. The students also learn about the basic ideas of magnetic force, Ampere’s Circuital law, and many more.
The topics help students attain a better understanding of the subject as a whole. As the chapter carries a good weightage, a thorough study will help students score better marks in the exam.
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
The chapter teaches the difference between Magnetism and Matter. Physicists have found magnetic properties in various substances as they react when they get close to a magnetic field. The students get a detailed idea about several types of magnets and their fundamental properties. The chapter discusses the attractive and directive properties.
The chapter covers some of the most crucial laws to explain the reasons behind the attraction.
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction happens when an electric flux and electric circuit are connected. When an electromagnetic force is formed within the unit due to the electromagnetic connection, the incident is referred to as Electromagnetic Induction. The topic as the crux of the Physics is vital for the Class 12 students. The students also learn about Lenz’s Fleming’s right-hand rules and Faraday’s theory that describe the application of various inductions.
The chapter discusses the most crucial topics like Eddy currents, motional electromagnetic force, self and mutual induction, and their coefficients. This chapter depicts how the coils are grouped in series or parallel to retain the smooth electric flow.
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
As the students learn about direct current, this chapter comes with an extensive explanation of how current changes its directions alternatively. This mechanism has led to the production of AC alternators, AC motors, and transformers. The chapter deals with secondary current and voltage. The students also learn about electric resonance, inductors, and capacitance inductance from this chapter.
The chapter presents vital diagrams to explain the topics. The Class 12 students learn to prove an electric circuit is compatible with AC.
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 8 talks about electromagnetic waves. The students learn about different kinds of electromagnetic waves, ultraviolet, radio, infrared, visible light, Gamma-ray, X-ray, and microwaves, to name a few concepts.
Class 12 students are introduced to the essential elements of the wave through Maxwell’s equation, electromagnetic spectrum, and displacement current. The chapter discusses the sources, speed, and nature of the wave. The students will find some numerical and conceptual questions at the end of the chapter to get an idea regarding what kinds of questions can come in the examination.
Physics Book Part 2
Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Chapter 9 includes some fundamental topics like the properties of light, optical instruments, spherical mirrors, and mechanisms. The properties of light include reflection and refraction. It consists of prime formulae and diagrams to explain the subtopics more directly. The students must learn the chapter in-depth as it comprises some core topics.
Chapter 10: Wave Optics
The chapter teaches the students about wave optics that present the natural behaviour and waves of light. Ray estimation is an integral element of this phenomenon. In this chapter, the students learn about Maxwell Electromagnetic Theory and Huygens Wave Theory.
The students also learn about various wavefronts such as spherical wavefronts, cylindrical wavefronts, plane wavefronts, etc. The chapter focuses on changing shapes of the wavefront and wave normal. The students need to solve the numerical problems given at the end of the chapter to strengthen the subject base.
Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter 11 talks about the dual nature of each matter. The students learn about electron emission, photoelectric effects, Hertz’s Observation, Lenard’s Observation, etc.
The students learn more about the photoelectric current factors which influence its intensity, potential, and frequency. The chapter covers everything from the particle nature of light to the photoelectric effect. The students learn about many experiments that carry the accountability of various theoretical claims.
Chapter 12: Atoms
The chapter discusses the physical construction of an atom. An atom comprises six elements – Atomic Spectra, Bohr model, Dalton’s atomic model, Rutherford’s nuclear model, etc.
An extensive study of atoms helps the students understand the behaviour of several substances. The students need to learn more about the Hydrogen Spectrum. Students acquire a clear idea about the properties of electrons like velocity, frequency, potential energy, etc.
Chapter 13: Nuclei
Chapter 13 focuses on the core component of an atom – a nucleus. Topics like energy, force, radioactivity properties, and kit size have been discussed in the chapter.
The chapter emphasizes how different atoms react differently based on the nuclei type. The students can acquire a deeper understanding of physics through a thorough study of the chapter.
Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics Materials, Devices, and Simple Circuits
The chapter teaches the students about the classification of metals, insulators, and semiconductors. The chapter helps the students to gain insight into various semiconductor diodes.
The students must solve the exercises given at the end of the chapter to get an idea about what kind of questions can come in the board examination.
Chapter 15: Communication System
The last chapter provides the students with a complete idea of the basics of communication. The students can learn about the topics like amplitude modulation, medium bandwidth, and more in the chapter. Knowledge of the technological concepts makes the students understand the complex matrices easily.
NCERT Class XII Chemistry
Chapter 1: The Solid State
Chapter 1 talks about the internal structures and properties of molecules and compounds. Compounds consist of groups based on the solid-state concept.
The chapter shares the same concepts with solid-state physics like Crystallography, Electronics, and Metallurgy. The chapter deals with concepts like crystalline solids, cell dimensions, and lattice structures.
Chapter 2: Solutions
The second chapter deals with a solution known to be a homogenous blend of two or more solutes and solvents. The elements that dissolve within are called the solute, and the medium is known as the solvent. One of the basic solvents is water.
The chapter includes topics like solutions and their types, concentration, and solubility of various solids and gases in liquids.
Chapter 3: Electrochemistry
One of the most crucial Chemistry chapters for the CBSE Class 12 students is Electrochemistry. The chapter covers the combined study of electronics and chemistry. The process determines whether a chemical reaction has produced an electric current. Currents are produced when electrons travel between electrode and electrolyte.
Chapter 4: Chemical Kinetics
Chemical kinetics deals with the rates of various chemical reactions. The chapter explains how the speed of chemical reactions is stimulated by temperature, reaction medium, or the use of catalysts. The chapter covers from the intermediate state to the final product.
Chapter 5: Surface Chemistry
Surface chemistry, like surface physics, deals with chemical and physical changes on surfaces when two different matters come in contact. The core concepts include solid-liquid interfaces, solid-vacuum interfaces, and liquid-gas interfaces. The students learn about the applications of surface chemistry, similarly to surface engineering.
Chapter 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
The chapter talks about the thousands of elements present in silver, gold, carbon, sulphur, etc. The elements can be isolated through chemical reactions. The element isolation processes need to be practised in laboratories. The students can practise the practical lessons in the school laboratories to learn the topic directly from real-life experiences
Chapter 7: The p-Block Elements
Scientists have named different blocks of the periodic tables based on their electronic configuration. According to these rules, the elements present in groups 13 to 18 are known as p-block elements. NCERT chemistry book solutions discuss the element groups in detail.
The elements are of three types – metals, non-metals, and metalloids. The students need to study the chapter thoroughly to acquire a clear idea about the p-block elements of the periodic table.
Chapter 8: The d- and f- Block Elements
Like the p-block elements, d and f-block elements are segmented based on their nature. D-block elements are present in the groups between 3 to 12, and f-block components contain the metals of 6 and 7 periods. The topics have been described in the chemistry book elaborately.
Chapter 9: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds are compounds with a metal ion at the centre with -ions of other elements with the core ions, called ligands. The connection between the metal ion and its ligands are coordinated covalent bonds. The students need to invest enough time to study the chapter.
The complexes show various unknown properties that are discussed in the chapters in detail.
Chemistry Book Part 2
Chapter 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
There exist two types of Hydrocarbons – Aliphatic and Aromatic. When these Hydrocarbons create a bond with halogen compounds, they are called Haloalkanes and Haloarenes. The halogen ions with strong electromagnetic power transform the hydrogen atoms into organic molecules and form the compounds. The students learn other significant aspects of the compounds in the chapter.
Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
It is one of the core concepts of organic chemistry. Alcohols, Ethers, and Phenols are of great use in our daily lives and are present in the food items we intake daily. The NCERT Chemistry book includes all these components with their usages and reactions. The hydrogen atoms are replaced by R-O or Ar-O Groups in the Ether compounds.
Chapter 12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
The carbonyl group is one of the core functional groups in Organic Chemistry.
When hydrogen and carbon are connected to carbonyl, it is called aldehydes.
When two carbon molecules join the group, it is called ketones.
When an –OH Group joins the bond, it is known as carboxylic acid.
The chemistry book comprises the equations in which the compounds participate with their properties.
Chapter 13: Amines
Amines are compounds where hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecules are transformed by alkyl or aryl groups. Protein and amino acids are the derivatives of amines.
Amines consist of the nitrogen atom and a lone pair of electrons. The Group –NH2 is known as the Amino Group.
Chapter 14: Biomolecules
The human body is a combination of biology and chemistry. It carries millions of different atoms and molecules inside, and without these, our bodies cannot function. The chapter presents a thorough study of how chemicals are formed and help the human bodies work. The chapter is an interesting one. It deals with essential molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and hormones.
Chapter 15: Polymers
Polymer is a product of our day-to-day usage. The most common polymer product is plastic. The NCERT Chemistry solution describes how polymers are shaped and their functions at universal level.
Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life
The last chapter combines the core concepts of all the other chapters allotted to the Chemistry syllabus. Students must have a complete idea of how each chapter plays a crucial role in creating the world and its organism. The chapter presents a summary of the entire syllabus in brief. The chapter also talks about medicines, detergents, and artificial food preservatives as these are the elements that come to use in our everyday lives.
NCERT Class XII Mathematics
Mathematics Book Part 1
Chapter 1: Relations and Functions
Chapter 2: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 3: Matrices
Chapter 4: Determinants
Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability
Chapter 6: Application of Derivatives
Mathematics Book Part 2
Chapter 7: Integrals
Chapter 8: Application of Integrals
Chapter 9: Differential Equations
Chapter 10: Vector Algebra
Chapter 11: Three Dimensional (3D) Geometry
Chapter 12: Linear Programming
Chapter 13: Probability
NCERT Class 12 Biology
Chapter by Chapter Synopsis
Unit VI – Reproduction
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
Reproduction is a biological process that results in the birth of offspring of the same organism. The chapter includes the procreation process of various species.
The process can be classified into two kinds – asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. In the first one, the younger ones are reproduced without the gamete formation, and the second one refers to where the two parents of opposite sex procreate through the copulation process. The chapter provides the students with detailed explanations, examples, and illustrations.
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
The chapter discusses the sexual reproduction of flowering plants with a detailed description of the structure, processes, and morphology. The chapter continues elaborating the concepts like pre-fertilization, post-fertilization, and double-fertilization.
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
The Human Reproduction chapter focuses on the concept of gametogenesis. The reproductive events of males and females are different in humans. The students can understand the difference through a detailed study of the chapter. The subtopics include the female reproductive system, male reproductive system, fertilization, implantation, menstrual cycle, gametogenesis, embryonic development, pregnancy, and lactation.
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
Reproductive health talks about the reproductive organs and their functionalities. The World Health Organization (WHO) refers to reproductive health to be the healthy state of physical, behavioural, and emotional aspects of reproduction. The subtopics in the chapter include birth control, population explosion, pregnancy, infertility, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
Unit VII – Genetics and Evolution
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Genetics is one core concept of Biology. The chapter deals with the inheritance and variance of characters of the children from their parents. The chapter includes Mendel’s different Laws of Inheritance, sex determination, Inheritance in One Gene or Two Genes, Genetic Disorders, and Mutation.
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
The chapter covers the concepts of DNA, RNA, Replication, Transcription, Translation, Human Genome Project, DNA Fingerprints, regular Gene Expression, etc.
Chapter 7: Evolution
The chapter focuses on the history of Earth. It includes Origin of Life, Evolution – A theory, Adaptive Radiation, Evidence of Evolution, Mechanisms of Evolution, Biological Evolution, Origin and Evolution of Man, etc.
Unit VII -Biology in Human Welfare
Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease
The chapter focuses on genetic disorders and lifestyle as the two most crucial factors to affect human health.
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Population growth has led to the need for more food production. The two prime concepts of plant breeding and animal husbandry have been taken as the primary tools to enhance food production. The chapter talks about tissue culture techniques and embryo transfer technology.
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes refer to bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and microscopic animal and plant viruses. The chapter includes topics like Microbes in Industrial products, Microbes in Household Products, Microbes as Bio-fertilizers, Microbes in Biogas Production, and Microbes as Biocontrol Agents.
Unit IX -Biotechnology
Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
The concept of biotechnology includes the integration of organisms, cells, molecular analogues, natural sciences, etc. The chapter focuses on the principles, recombinant DNA technology tools and processes.
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Applications
The chapter discusses the applications of biotechnology, including diagnostics, therapeutics, agriculture, waste treatment, bio mediation, processed food, etc. It also talks about biotechnical applications in medicine and agriculture, transgenic animals, and ethical issues.
Unit X -Ecology
Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
The chapter involves the concepts of the four levels of biological organizations- organisms, populations, biomes, and communities. The topics are described in detail. It includes subjects like organisms and their environment.
Chapter 14: Ecosystems
The Ecosystem is known to be nature’s functional unit that houses the organisms. The organisms live and communicate with each other in the Ecosystem. The subtopics in the chapter include structure and function of the Ecosystem, decomposition, productivity, energy flow, ecological pyramids, ecological succession, ecosystem services, and nutrient cycling.
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation
The chapter deals with the topics like diversity in Species, Genes, and Ecology. It talks about Patterns and Loss of Diversity, Diversity, different types of species, biodiversity conservation, etc.
The chapter includes the conservation through tissue culture, propagation, cryopreservation of gametes, and vitro fertilization.
Chapter 16: Environmental Issues
The last chapter is on environmental issues. It includes the subtopics like air pollution, water pollution, radioactive waste, solid waste, Greenhouse Effects, Global warming, Ozone Depletion, Deforestation, and Degradation caused by faulty use and lack of maintenance of resources. The chapter highlights the environmental issues that currently affect the animal and plant kingdom on a daily basis.
Why Choose NCERT Books Class 12 for Board Exam Preparation?
After studying the NCERT books and the entire syllabus of the Class 12 CBSE syllabus, the students get clarity of the concepts and topics. Regular practice helps the students answer the questions in different formats. Many references are available for CBSE syllabus books in the market, but it is best to refer to NCERT solutions while preparing for the board exams.
The benefits of studying with NCERT Books Class 12 are:
The students get experts’ guidance.
It makes the study process approachable and streamlined.
The answers are easy-to-understand and precise.
The explanations along with diagrams help the students score high in the exams.
Students can learn and precise answers from the solution books.
What Makes Extramarks Perfect for Exam Preparation?
The reasons why Extramarks is the best option for exam preparation are,
Subject-matter experts have drafted the solutions.
The answers are precise yet to the point. .
The NCERT solutions follow the CBSE guidelines.
The students find accurate information and explanations.
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A Comprehensive Guide to the GATE Electrical Engineering Syllabus
Preparing for the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) in the field of Electrical Engineering requires a solid understanding of the syllabus and a well-structured study plan. The GATE syllabus is designed to cover a wide range of topics within the field to assess your knowledge and skills. Here's a comprehensive guide to the GATE Electrical Engineering syllabus:
1. Engineering Mathematics:
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, sequences and series, Taylor series.
Differential Equations: First-order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher-order linear differential equations, Laplace transforms.
2. Electric Circuits:
Circuit Elements: Resistors, inductors, capacitors, ideal independent and dependent voltage and current sources.
Kirchhoff's Laws: Analysis of resistive circuits, nodal and mesh analysis, superposition, Thevenin and Norton theorems.
AC Circuits: Phasors, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, power factor, three-phase circuits.
3. Electromagnetic Fields:
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics: Coulomb's law, Gauss's law, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law.
Maxwell's Equations: Differential and integral forms, electromagnetic wave propagation, Poynting vector.
4. Signals and Systems:
Signal Classification: Continuous-time and discrete-time signals, periodic and aperiodic signals.
System Analysis: Linearity, time-invariance, causality, stability, impulse response, convolution.
5. Electrical Machines:
Transformers: Single-phase and three-phase transformers, efficiency, regulation.
DC Machines: Construction, characteristics, starting and speed control.
AC Machines: Synchronous and induction machines, principles of operation, characteristics, power factor correction.
6. Power Systems:
Power Generation: Thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable sources.
Transmission and Distribution: Line parameters, load flow analysis, economic operation, fault analysis, protection.
7. Control Systems:
Mathematical Modeling: Transfer function, block diagram, signal flow graph.
Time Response Analysis: Standard test signals, steady-state errors, stability.
Frequency Response Analysis: Bode plots, Nyquist plots, root locus.
8. Electrical and Electronic Measurements:
Measurement Basics: Accuracy, precision, errors, standards.
Measurement Devices: Ammeters, voltmeters, bridges, oscilloscopes, transducers.
9. Analog and Digital Electronics:
Semiconductor Devices: Diodes, transistors, operational amplifiers.
Analog Circuits: Amplifiers, oscillators, filters, voltage regulators.
Digital Circuits: Logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits, ADCs and DACs.
10. Power Electronics:
Semiconductor Switches: Diodes, thyristors, MOSFETs, IGBTs.
Converter Topologies: Rectifiers, inverters, choppers, voltage regulators.
11. Electric and Magnetic Fields:
Electrostatics and Magnetostatics: Gauss's and Ampere's laws, dielectric and magnetic materials.
Maxwell's Equations: Integral and differential forms, electromagnetic wave propagation.
12. Signals and Systems:
Continuous and Discrete Signals: Fourier series and transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
System Analysis: Linear time-invariant systems, convolution, stability, causality.
13. Control Systems:
Time Domain Analysis: Stability, transient and steady-state response.
Frequency Domain Analysis: Bode plots, Nyquist plots, root locus, compensation techniques.
14. Power Systems:
Power Generation: Thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable sources.
Transmission and Distribution: Fault analysis, voltage and frequency control, load flow studies.
15. Analog and Digital Electronics:
Diodes, Transistors, and Amplifiers: Diode circuits, small signal analysis of BJT and FET, feedback amplifiers.
Digital Electronics: Logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits, ADCs and DACs.
16. Electric and Magnetic Fields:
Electrostatics: Gauss's law, boundary conditions, Poisson's and Laplace's equations.
Magnetostatics: Ampere's law, Biot-Savart law, magnetic materials.
17. Power Systems:
Power Generation: Types of power plants, load characteristics, economics of power generation.
Protection and Switchgear: Relays, circuit breakers, fuses, protection schemes.
18. Power Electronics:
Power Semiconductor Devices: Diodes, thyristors, MOSFETs, IGBTs.
Converters: AC-DC converters, DC-DC converters, inverters.
19. Electrical Machines:
Transformers: Construction, regulation, efficiency.
Synchronous Machines: Characteristics, voltage regulation, parallel operation.
Induction Machines: Construction, characteristics, starting and speed control.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 - Electric Charges and Fields
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 1, Electric Charges and Fields from Unit 1, Electrostatics deals with electricity, charge, discharge, and generation of static electricity. What are electrostatics and its wider components are discussed in this chapter? Electric Charge, Conductors and Insulators, Charging by Induction, Basic Properties of Electric Charge, Additivity of charges, Charge is conserved, Quantisation of charge, Coulomb’s Law, Forces Between Multiple Charges, Electric Field, Electric field due to a system of charges, Physical significance of electric field, Electric Field Lines, Electric Flux, Electric Dipole, The field of an electric dipole, Physical significance of dipoles, Dipole in a Uniform External Field, Continuous Charge Distribution, Gauss’s Law,
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IIT JEE 2020 Complete Physics Syllabus – Check Here
General
Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis; least count, significant figures; Methods of measurement and error analysis for physical quantities pertaining to the following experiments: Experiments based on using Vernier calipers and screw gauge (micrometer), Determination of g using simple pendulum, Young’s modulus by Searle’s method, Specific heat of a liquid using calorimeter, focal length of a concave mirror and a convex lens using u-v method, Speed of sound using resonance column, Verification of Ohm’s law using voltmeter and ammeter, and specific resistance of the material of a wire using meter bridge and post office box.
Mechanics
Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles; Uniform circular motion; Relative velocity. Newton’s laws of motion; Inertial and uniformly accelerated frames of reference; Static and dynamic friction; Kinetic and potential energy; Work and power; Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy. Systems of particles; Centre of mass and its motion; Impulse; Elastic and inelastic collisions. Law of gravitation; Gravitational potential and field; Acceleration due to gravity; Motion of planets and satellites in circular orbits; Escape velocity. Rigid body, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, moment of inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes; Angular momentum; Torque; Conservation of angular momentum; Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation; Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders and spheres; Equilibrium of rigid bodies; Collision of point masses with rigid bodies. Linear and angular simple harmonic motions. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus. Pressure in a fluid; Pascal’s law; Buoyancy; Surface energy and surface tension, capillary rise; Viscosity (Poiseuille’s equation excluded), Stoke’s law; Terminal velocity, Streamline flow, equation of continuity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications. Wave motion (plane waves only), longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves; Progressive and stationary waves; Vibration of strings and air columns; Resonance; Beats; Speed of sound in gases; Doppler effect (in sound).
Thermal physics
Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry, latent heat; Heat conduction in one dimension; Elementary concepts of convection and radiation; Newton’s law of cooling; Ideal gas laws; Specific heats (Cv and Cp for monatomic and diatomic gases); Isothermal and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases; Equivalence of heat and work; First law of thermodynamics and its applications (only for ideal gases); Blackbody radiation: absorptive and emissive powers; Kirchhoff’s law; Wien’s displacement law, Stefan’s law.
Electricity and magnetism
Coulomb’s law; Electric field and potential; Electrical potential energy of a system of point charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; Electric field lines; Flux of electric field; Gauss’s law and its application in simple cases, such as, to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectrics; Capacitors in series and parallel; Energy stored in a capacitor. Electric current; Ohm’s law; Series and parallel arrangements of resistances and cells; Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications; Heating effect of current. Biot–Savart’s law and Ampere’s law; Magnetic field near a current-carrying straight wire, along the axis of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid; Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic moment of a current loop; Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop; Moving coil galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter and their conversions. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law; Self and mutual inductance; RC, LR and LC circuits with d.c. and a.c. sources.
Optics
Rectilinear propagation of light; Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection; Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Thin lenses; Combinations of mirrors and thin lenses; Magnification. Wave nature of light: Huygen’s principle, interference limited to Young’s double-slit experiment.
Modern physics
Atomic nucleus; α, β and γ radiations; Law of radioactive decay; Decay constant; Half-Life and mean life; Binding energy and its calculation; Fission and fusion processes; Energy calculation in these processes. Photoelectric effect; Bohr’s theory of hydrogen-like atoms; Characteristic and continuous X-rays, Moseley’s law; de Broglie wavelength of matter waves
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Today's goals
Do 60 questions from Relations and Functions
Do 30 questions from Electrostatics and Gauss law
Revise Alkyl Halides notes and make notes of Alcohol and Ketones
These are my achievable goals for today. Tell me about yours.
Reblog your goals with mine or tag them under #goalsfor2day and we can study and finish that study checklist together 💫
#goalsfor2day#studyinspo#studying#study motivation#motivation#letsdothis#studyblr#tips#yay#firstpost
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Eee 222
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Eee 222 – Electromagnetics IEEE 222 – Electromagnetics I Prerequisite(s): MATH 152 and PHYS 102 Catalog Description: Review of vector calculus. Electrostatics in vacuum. Coulomb’s and Gauss’s laws. Electrostatic potential. Poison’s and Laplace’s equations. Conductors in the presence of electrostatic fields. Method of…
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Quantum electrostatics, Gauss's law, and a product picture for quantum electrodynamics; or, the temporal gauge revised. (arXiv:2003.07473v4 [hep-th] UPDATED)
We provide a theoretical foundation for the notion of the quantum coherent state of the electrostatic field of a static external charge distribution introduced in a 1998 paper and rederive formulae there for the inner products of a pair of such states. Contrary to what one might expect, these inner products are non-zero whenever the total charges of the two charge distributions are equal, even if the charge distributions themselves differ. We actually display two different frameworks for these same coherent states, in the second of which Gauss's law only holds in expectation value. We propose an experiment capable of ruling that out. The first framework leads to a 'product picture' for full QED -- i.e. a reformulation of standard QED in which it has a total Hamiltonian, arising as a sum of a free electromagnetic Hamiltonian, a free charged-matter Hamiltonian and an interaction term, acting on a 'physical subspace' of the full tensor product of charged-matter and electromagnetic-field Hilbert spaces. (The traditional Coulomb gauge formulation of QED isn't a product picture because, in it, the longitudinal part of the electric field is a function of the charged matter operators.) We do this for both Maxwell-Dirac and Maxwell-Schr\"odinger QED. For all states in the physical subspace of each of these systems, the charged matter is entangled with longitudinal photons and Gauss's law holds on the physical subspace as an operator equation; albeit the electric field operator and the Hamiltonian, while self-adjoint on the physical subspace, fail to be self-adjoint on the full tensor-product Hilbert space. Analogues of our coherent state inner products and of the product picture play a role in the author's matter-gravity entanglement hypothesis. Also, the product picture amounts to a temporal gauge quantization of QED which appears to be free from the difficulties of previous versions.
from gr-qc updates on arXiv.org https://ift.tt/2IX44hv
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ELECTROSTATICS; ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY; DIPOLE MOMENT; GAUSS`S LAW; CO...
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Class 12 Physics Electrostatics (Gauss Law)
Class 12 Physics Electrostatics (Gauss Law)Here in this chapter of class 12 physics, we had learnt about Gauss law. We are here to provide you tions. Does this chapter include from where it is derived? It's derivations and proofs, explanation of the Gauss law, it's used.
For More Details:- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLScxHn6ZIXlFIUUZpU1ZUy8v-JyIHtlZM
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Applied Physics B.Tech Tuition Class Online/Offline. Join the Top-Most B.Tech Tuition Class with the faculties having multiples Years of Experience. Topics That We Cover during tutorial class are Vector Calculus; Electrostatics; Gauss law and applications,electrostatic potential and Curl of E; Work and energy in electrostatics, Laplace’s Equation and (first) uniqueness theorem, method of images, multipoles (introduction), force and torque on dipoles; Polarization, bound charges, Electric displacement and boundary conditions, Linear dielectrics, force on dielectrics. Motion of charges in electric & magnetic fields; Magneto-statics: Current Density, Curl and divergence of B, Ampere’s law and applications, magnetization, bound currents and bound pole densities, Magnetic field H, Magnetic susceptibility, Ferro, para and diamagnetism, Boundary conditions on, B and H Faraday’s law, Energy in magnetic field, Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations in Media, Poyntings Theorem, E.M. Waves: Wave equation, plane waves, polarization and types of polarization, Energy and momentum of plane E.M. waves. Propagation through linear media and conductors. Reflection and transmission at normal incidence from dielectric and metal interfaces. Magnetism as a relativistic.phenomenon. Relativistic transformations of E B fields (simple illustrations only), Diffraction, Quantum Mechanics,* Photons, Uncertainty Principle, Electron diffraction experiments, De Broglie Hypothesis, Born interpretation, Schrodinger-Equation and application to 1-D box problem.Call@9891500587 For the best Tuition Academy In India. #amityschoolofengineeringandtechnology #amityuniversitynoida #shardauniversity #galgotiacollege #galgotiasuniversity #ggsipuniversity #delhitechnologicaluniversity #delhi #engineeringtuition #BTechtuitions #engineeringstudents (at Noida) https://www.instagram.com/p/B2KRxm3HedB/?igshid=p0zd3a10k03v
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