HOW DO ASTRONOMERS DETECT EXOPLANETS AND DETERMINE IF THEY COULD SUPPORT LIFE??
Blog#335
Wednesday, September 27th, 2023
Welcome back,
On March 21, NASA announced the confirmation of the 5,000th planet outside our Solar System. From scorching-hot gas giants nestled near their parent star to rocky worlds that may host water on their surface, there’s a variety for scientists to study.
But finding these strange new worlds is a science in itself.
We’ve only been able to definitively detect planets of any kind for a few decades, and even at that, there are challenges in detecting such a small object at that distance in even the most powerful telescopes.
Inverse spoke with Marie-Eve Naud, an exoplanet researcher and outreach coordinator for the University of Montreal’s Institute for Research on Exoplanets, to tell us more about how astronomers find these worlds and the considerations for each method.
While there are numerous methods, the ones cited below are the most common.
THE TRANSIT METHOD
Astronomers have discovered most exoplanets using the transit method, notably with NASA's Kepler telescope launched in 2009. This method observes planets as they pass in front of their stars, causing a slight dimming of starlight, which photometers can detect. This approach works best in space due to minimal atmospheric interference, favored by missions like ESA's Cheops and NASA's TESS.
To confirm exoplanets, multiple transits are necessary to rule out sunspots or dust as causes of light fluctuations. Typically, two or three transits are required to gather substantial data.
Once a planet is detected, astronomers can estimate its radius, while mass is often determined through the radial velocity method. The combination of mass and radius helps classify a planet as rocky or gaseous, impacting its potential habitability.
Factors like proximity to an active star and radiation levels also affect habitability assessments, as seen with TRAPPIST-1's uncertain habitability despite hosting seven Earth-sized planets in its habitable zone.
RADIAL-VELOCITY METHOD
The radial velocity method is commonly used to discover planets, particularly with instruments like HARPS at the European Southern Observatory’s La Silla 3.6m telescope in Chile.
Planets and stars both orbit around their center of mass. A star with a planet exhibits a slight motion. Multiple planets can lead to complex motions.
This method involves analyzing the star's spectrum. When the star approaches, its light shifts towards red due to compression. When it moves away, the light shifts towards blue.
The planet's motion slightly affects the star's spectrum, creating a "barcode" of the star.
The first detection of a planet around a Sun-like star using this method was in 1995 when Didier Queloz and Michel Mayor found 51 Pegasi b. Prior to that, in 1992, planets were detected around pulsar PSR B1257+12, using changes in the pulsar's radio signal. This showcases the diverse scientific approaches to discovering distant worlds.
Originally published on www.inverse.com
COMING UP!!
(Saturday, September 30th, 2023)
"WHAT IS THE BLOCK THEORY??"
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Sometimes, I am sad that Michael Sheen isn't on social media any more.
I mean, he probably doesn't even know the Ineffable Smut War is happening. He'd eat that shit up, Patron Saint of explicit aziracrow fanfic that he is.
Do you reckon we could tempt him over to the dark side? I mean, Neil is on here all the time. And Tumblr is so much kinder that Twitter.
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Me: *being me, chilling and supporting the Blacks as usual #RhaenyraIsMyQueen4Eva*
Meanwhile, the Greens: Come to us, we have cookies!
Me: Huh, what kind of cookies can YOU have? Aegon II? Aegon is a joke, a definition of everything I dislike in a man…
The Greens: *pull out their wild card*
The wild card:
Me: *faints*
That’s how I became Aemond’s fangirl and apologist no. 1 😆
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I'm experiencing only friends exclusively through Tumblr and it looks like the most messy shit ever lmfao 🤣🤣🤣 like these people all sound so beyond unhinged and I'm having a blast but I don't think I could actually watch it the anxiety of just watching them ruin each other's lives constantly would be too much.
you know you’re in for a treat when you need to make a chart to keep the chaos straight after the trailer dropped. not episodes- a TRAILER.
I hate conflict irl so I feel you, but if you’re liking what you’re seeing in GIFs, etc.- embrace the glorious gay mess, anon! we have fun here 😈
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You've got to stop (and by stop I mean please keep going) posting about lokius you're making me insane (why do I ship them I haven't even finished the series yet)
:')))) I will never stop I'm sooo normal about them!!! <3 But also I'm sorry if I forgot to tag spoilers, that is 100% possible I'm so scatterbrained D:
Hope you'll let us know your thoughts once you HAVE finished the series... 👀
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dead and loving it has fundamentally changed my brain chemistry i have read it five times over the last day it is all that will scratch the itch. you have given me brain worms for dead on main
MUAHAHAHAHA MY MASTER PLAN IS WORKING PERFECTLY
*ahem*
I mean aww I’m so glad you’ve enjoyed it it was so much fun to write!
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