#bystander effect
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Good as our intentions might be, few of us feel inclined to take initiative in a crisis while other capable do-gooders are nearby.
A survey conducted by researchers from York University and University of Toronto in Canada suggests individuals with autism may not be quite as susceptible to this hesitance.
Researchers have known about the bystander effect since the late 1960s, when the American social psychologists John Darley and Bibb Latané found male undergraduate students were less likely to report smoke when in groups compared to when they were alone.
[...]
Now we can include the neurological wiring of those in the crowd, with self-reported evidence suggesting people with autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) might be less easily influenced by the social norms that would keep others from stepping up.
"Our study shows that to the extent that they would act if they saw something wrong, employees with autism were much more likely to intervene, regardless of the number of people present," says lead author Lorne Hartman, a behavioral scientist from York University.
"And in situations where they would not intervene, they were more likely to identify the influence of others as the reason, whereas neurotypical employees were more reluctant to acknowledge this."
Continue Reading.
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Recent research found the cruelty of Zimbardo’s prison guards didn’t emerge spontaneously; some behaviour was encouraged. Some of the “prisoners” later admitted that they were pretending to be distressed.
Similarly, a study published in 2007 found that the 1964 incident that inspired the theory of the bystander effect was distorted. According to the paper, archive material shows far fewer people witnessed the incident than was reported at the time, and some people could only hear screams, without seeing the location of the incident. At least one person did try to intervene.
Recent research indicates that bystanders are much more likely to intervene than the theory suggests. A 2019 study of 219 violent situations from cities around the world caught on CCTV showed that bystanders – not just one, usually several – intervened to help victims 90% of the time.
The study also found that the more people were present, the more likely passers-by were to intervene. In the words of the study’s lead researcher, Richard Philpot: “It shows that people have a natural inclination to help when they see someone in need.”
The burgeoning field of “heroism studies” also questions the bystander effect. In a recent article for The Conversation, I described how acts of heroic altruism are common during terrorist attacks, when people often risk their own lives to help others.
Consider the following situation: you’re standing on a train platform. The person next to you suddenly faints and falls on to the track, unconscious. In the distance, you can see a train approaching. What would you do?
You might doubt whether you would act heroically. But don’t underestimate yourself. There is a strong possibility that, before you knew it, you would find yourself on down on the track, helping the person to safety. There is a growing awareness amongst researchers that heroism is natural and spontaneous, and by no means exceptional.
#psychology#altruism#Heroism Studies#bystander effect#Stanford prison experiment#Kitty Genovese#Philip Zimbardo
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He told himself he shouldn't be doing this to the inspector, who was just a clerk in the wrong place and probably wasn't a bad man. The trouble was, the trolls up in the plaza probably weren't bad trolls, and the dwarfs down in the square probably weren't bad dwarfs, either. People who probably weren't bad could kill you.
Terry Pratchett, Thud!
#samuel vimes#a.e. pessimal#thud!#discworld#terry pratchett#dwarfs#trolls#clerks#admin#human nature#context#in the way#bystander effect#apathy#probably#not bad#not good#wrong place wrong time#those things can kill you
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I so often think about the fact that the case that is the entire basis for the bystander effect and this dim view of humanity not being willing to help each other is a lie. The Kitty Genovese case is a famous one about a woman who was raped and murdered, and the story goes that 30 people—neighbors, passersby, etc—stood by and did nothing. This lie, repeated by journalists, was initially reported by police.
The reality is neighbors screamed for help, one kicked in a door to get to her, people called the police. Someone held Kitty while they waited for the cops. People shouted at and chased after the suspect.
The reality is people tried to help. They DID help. What did the cops do? Force false confessions, implant the idea that no one will help and you can only rely on the police, and that strangers are your enemy, not an ally. Then the New York Times reported it as fact, only decades later adding in a footnote that the story may not have been fully accurate.
People want to help. They put themselves in danger for each other. They try to comfort each other and get additional assistance.
I think about these realities with respect to the murder of Jordan Neely. That people are so trained to see cop behavior as what bystanders are meant to do. That strangers are threats and not just people living their lives the same as you.
I think about it with respect to how San Francisco cannot stop talking about former Fire Commissioner Don Carmignani getting “randomly” attacked on the street by “violent homeless people” and then it being revealed that for months he prowled the street beating up homeless people and pepper spraying them and destroying their possessions.
Homeless people are painted as your enemy, strangers and neighbors and community members are painted as your enemy—as a threat. As people who won’t help you. So you better leave it up to the police. The cops are the only ones who can protect you, deputizing yourself to be a cop is the only thing to protect you, when the opposite is the truth.
Strangers aren’t your enemy. Your neighbors want to help. Cops and “cops” don’t make us safer, they pit people against one another, and papers often report the lies as fact, and psychologists often report it as the “human condition.”
Fuck every institution that seeks to divide communities. Do not become a tool for them.
More on Kitty:
Link Link Link
More on dipshit Don:
Link
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For context : The brick incident mentioned
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And when it comes down to it, the presence of bystanders has precisely the opposite effect of what science has long insisted.
"Humankind: A Hopeful History" - Rutger Bregman
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In 1964, Kitty Genovese was robbed, raped, and stabbed to death in the apathetic streets of New York, her plaintive Psychology 101 textbook cries for help ignored by dozens of onlookers and neighborhood residents. Hence, the "bystander effect": the more people around to provide help, the less likely one is to receive help.
Paul Beatty, ‘The Sellout’
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I keep thinking about how all of these people overlooked Harry's need for a reliable adult because, like, "He's Harry Potter! He's got so many people who care about him to look out for him! Why would he want such a flawed person like myself try to be close to him when he's got all these other people?"
It's like the bystander effect:
When an emergency happens and no one calls for help because other people are present.
Sirius was the closest to what Harry needed, but before Sirius could really heal, bring himself to get to know Harry, and mature to meet Harry's needs, he died. Molly also came close to being what Harry needed but she was never really close to him. Dumbledore was so scared of fucking up the lives of the people he cared about again, that he self-isolated to the detriment of those people, including Harry. Lupin did a similar thing, trying to keep others away even when it hurt them, including Harry.
How much warmer would Harry's life have been if all these people who cared about him weren't so worried about not being good enough for him?
#i'm really digging into the angst with this one#harry potter#meta#analysis#harry james potter#found family#characters#relationships#bystander effect#(not jkr friendly)
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BTHB: Locked in a cage ft. Scar to remember with Emil
CWs: Vampire whumpee, Demon whumper, Failed escape attempt, Bystanders not helping whumpee despite recognizing him, Whumpee with inability to lie, Descriptive burns (silver and sun), Near death experience w/ gore, Non descriptive medical whump
Notes: Canon! Lots of build up and not a lot of focus on the actual cage part but I felt like it was important to get this whole story across :3c This is also how Emil got his only scar!
~~~
It was a rare opportunity. Tael went to the basement to get another color ink and left Emil alone and unrestrained.
The shop’s front door was unlocked as it was daytime and Tael was accepting walk-ins today.
Emil got off of the chair and slowly made his way towards the front entrance area. He knew it would take a few minutes for the demon to find the color he wanted, it would be enough time for him to escape.
But if he escaped he’d have to endure the sun. If he was successful he’d never have to see Tael again. If he failed?
He bit his tongue, he could just go and sit right back in that chair and pretend like he didn’t even consider it. Maybe earn some praise and a reward.
His eyes wandered to the top of the door where a bell was. He knew the sound of it paired with Tael’s symbol on him would immediately alert him that he had left.
He takes a step forward, closer to the glass door and the sunlight shining through it. He tucks his hands into his sleeves, he knew he wouldn’t be able to do much to try to protect his face.
Emil takes a deep breath, walking into the sunlight and grabbing the door handle with one of his covered hands.
He would regret this, he would, he knows he would from the sun alone. He’d regret it even more if he was caught.
“Found it!” Tael calls from the basement.
Emil’s time to decide was up, he yanks the door open and bolts out.
The sun immediately started to burn against his face and neck, his hair couldn’t provide any protection as it was being pushed behind him by the wind.
He gritted his teeth, he needed to bare it, he needed to be out at any cost. He knew the sunlight wouldn’t kill him so he needed to try to fight through it.
He doesn’t know how far he got before he heard the running hoof steps behind him, they told him one terrifying thing.
Tael didn’t bother to switch to a disguise and was willing to blow his cover just to get Emil back.
He knew he must have been running for a few minutes at least as he could feel the burn wounds starting to open on his face. He had managed to reach the main street before a sudden force hit his back.
Tael tackles Emil, sending both of them tumbling. When they stopped, Tael had Emil pinned under him. One knee right into his back, the other on the ground. One hand on the back of his neck, putting pressure on the nape piercing, while the other was getting Emil’s wrists together.
Emil was weak, he knew he wouldn’t be able to get the demon off of him but he still tried to struggle as tears fell from his eyes and into his fresh burns wounds. He looks up and sees people, staring at him and Tael.
“HELP! PLEASE!” He cried out, his desperation overpowering his pain “FOR THE LOVE OF EVHER PLEASE HELP!”
None of the people moved, some even leaning towards each other to whisper.
‘Evher? Don’t they hate vampires?’ ‘Doesn’t he look familiar?’ ‘Is that Father Emil? Didn’t he disappear almost a year ago?’ ‘Maybe that’s why he did.’
Tael takes his knee off of Emil’s back to force him up, still using one hand to hold his wrists together but moving his other hand to the front of the vampire’s neck. “Sorry about that folks! This one was being brought in for more training and got loose!” He explained in an authoritative voice.
That’s when it hit him. That’s why Tael didn’t bother disguising himself, so he could pass himself off as a vampire trainer. And it worked.
The people nodded in understanding, some even saying that it was fine and that it was good that he had managed to capture the vampire before anyone could get hurt.
Emil squeezed his eyes shut before there was a brief feeling of weightlessness. Once the feeling passed, his skin no longer was being burned by the sun. He didn’t open his eyes, he knew where he was.
Tael throws the vampire down onto the concrete ground of the basement “You fucking idiot. What did you expect to happen?! That I’d let you go that easily? How long did you think you would make it in the sun?”
Emil whimpers “I-” His words got caught in his throat, he couldn’t say he didn’t know. He did know, he considered it before he even opened that door. “I knew I’d regret it.” He answered, finally opening his eyes to look at the demon looming over him.
“You know you’d regret it and you still did it.” The demon scoffed before kicking him in the stomach, earning a loud yelp. “How long did you think you’d make it in the sun?” he repeats.
“I don’t know!” He cried, he really didn’t know. 10 minutes? An hour? Certainly not more than 3 hours.
“Then how about we test it?”
“What?” His voice was small.
Tael moves to a corner of the basement and pulls out something Emil recognized immediately.
A silver cage that was barely large enough for him to fit in.
The demon also pulled out some rope. “I’m going to go set this up. While I do that, get out of your robes. When I get back I’ll determine if you can keep the clothes under your robes or not.” He didn’t wait for a reply, heading upstairs and slamming the basement door behind him before locking it.
~~
When Tael returned, Emil had his robes in a folded pile on top of unopened boxes. He just had a short sleeve shirt, black slacks that were a bit too short for his legs, socks, and shoes on.
The vampire’s face was puffy, not just from crying but from the burns.
“Come here.” He ordered. He noticed the hesitation of Emil coming to him, for now he refrained from commenting about it.
He grabs Emil’s wrists to tie them together with rope he had brought back down. “Even after that stunt, I’ll be kind enough to let you keep your clothes for now.”
He could barely hear him mutter ‘thank you.’
“Look at me and open your mouth.”
Emil wanted to ask why but refrained. He looked up at Tael and held his mouth open.
Tael shoved some of the remaining rope into it before using the last of it to wrap around his head to secure it in. He ignored Emil’s whimpers as the rope rubbed against the burns.
Once he was positive everything was securely tied, he grabbed the rope binding Emil’s wrists and pulled him to follow. He no longer trusted the vampire to walk behind him freely.
He brought Emil up from the basement, through the shop and up into the first floor of his housing area, then up into the second floor of his house. He stops right before reaching the stairs to the roof.
“Sit.” He commanded after letting go of the ropes around the vampire’s wrists.
Emil obeyed, sitting down on the stairs and looking at the ground to avoid looking at Tael.
Tael moved to grab three things off of a nearby counter. More rope, zip ties, and a silver stake. He puts the stake into one of his belt loops and the zip ties into one of his pockets. He used the remaining rope to tie Emil’s ankles together.
He picks him up, throwing him over his shoulder “You better not fucking scream or do anything to bother the neighbors or else I’m going to make this so much worse for you.” he threatened.
He heard a small sound of acknowledgement from the vampire as he carried him up the stairs.
Tael didn’t give Emil any warning or any time to prepare himself before opening the door to the rooftop and bringing him out, exposing him to the sunlight again.
Emil managed to keep himself still and only let out more whimpers to the pain but nothing more.
After opening the cage, Tael drops Emil and uses his hoof to force him into the cage.
Emil bit down on the rope gag and tried to focus on his breathing to try to stop himself from yelling. Silver usually took a moment before it started to burn him but due to already having sun burns it was immediate.
He was shoved in the cage in an uncomfortable position, his back was on the gridded floor of the cage, his head and neck were uncomfortably craned to fit with his face pressing against the back of the cage, his arms were tucked into his chest and his legs were pressed against the cage door once it was closed.
Tael pulled the zip tied out of his pocket to secure the door shut, not leaving any chance for the vampire to get the door open.
Once that was finished he walked over to where he was within Emil’s line of sight. He takes the silver stake out of his belt loop and drops it to leave it within his line of sight as a constant silent threat.
“I’ll be back to get you later.” Tael said before going back inside to contact one of his friends.
~~
There was no escape from the silver cage, Emil couldn’t curl in on himself any further nor move to try to get his skin away from the silver bars.
What parts of skin the silver wasn’t touching was exposed to the sun. The roof had no plants or umbrellas or anything that would provide shade or mercy from the sunlight.
Tears fell from his eyes into the burns on his face. The rope gag wasn’t helping as it dug into the burns further.
Each labored breath pushed him further against the cage walls earning new whimpers and whines. As time passed he wanted to yell and scream but the silver stake that laid not far from the cage was enough of a reminder of why he couldn’t.
~~
The sky was starting to turn orange when Tael came back out to get Emil. First he took the time to pick up the now hot silver stake, putting it into his belt loop, before going to break the zipties to get him out of the cage.
The vampire’s skin looked as if it was almost ready to peel off, the parts that were in contact with the silver were purple and black, some bone was visible in the deeper parts like on his face.
He was visibly exhausted from the constant pain and could barely make a noise as he was pulled out of the cage.
Tael cuts the rope around Emil’s ankle and wrists before moving to the makeshift gag, ‘accidentally’ cutting his cheek in the process. “I expect you to walk by yourself. I have a guest for you to meet.”
“Y-yes sir.” Emil whispered. Each movement was incredibly painful but he didn’t want to upset Tael any further, not wanting to risk him actually using that stake.
The demon led him back into the building, periodically glancing back to make sure he was still following.
He led him down to the basement, where Tael’s friend was waiting.
They were a harpy and had medical equipment laid out on a table that Tael had brought down for them.
“Dr Zerys, this is Emil.” Tael introduces the vampire.
A doctor? Tael had never gotten a doctor for him, he’s always able to heal from any injuries he’s been given so far. He was positive he’d even heal from these burns without medical intervention.
“It’s nice to meet you, doctor.” It was a struggle for Emil to even speak clearly but he made sure he did.
Dr Zerys looks at Tael, ignoring Emil for now. “I’m set up so proceed.”
Everything happened so fast for Emil.
Tael grabbed him by the throat and shoved him down to the ground, sitting on his stomach with his legs on each side of him to further ensure the vampire couldn’t get up.
Emil choked on his yell, the sudden additional pain was too much for him to even try to stop himself. Though trying to stop himself went out of the window as he saw the silver stake being pulled out and aimed at his chest.
He started to struggle “WA-WAIT! BUT I DIDN’T- I WAS GOOD! I DIDN’T MAKE A SOUND TO ALERT THE NEIGHBORS!’ He cries.
“You really thought I was going to let you get away with your stunt after just a few hours in the sun against silver?” Tael laughed “If you had alerted the neighbors I’d be doing this five more times.”
With that he plunges the stake into Emil’s chest and directly into his heart.
The burning was immediate, Emil’s scream echoed through the basement and into the shop leaving his own, Tael’s, and Zerys’s ears ringing. His back tries to arch as pain racks through his body, he could barely control anything anymore.
The basement quickly filled with the smell of burning flesh and organs paired with sulfur. His hands were clawing at Tael, desperately trying to get him off and to get the stake out of his heart out of pure instinct as the burning sensation was racing through his veins.
It wasn’t fast, he’s always been told that this would be quick and easy if it ever happened. Instead it was slow and excruciating.
He could feel what little strength he had leaving him as he started to choke on his own cries and blood.
When he could no longer claw to try to get the demon off is when Tael finally stood up and got off of him, ripping the stake out with some of Emil’s heart burnt onto it.
Once Tael was off, Zerys got to work, not having time for anesthesia. After all, Tael wasn’t going to let him go that easily.
~
Emil survived thanks to Zerys’s work. He was weak and going to be unable to move for the next three days but he survived and would heal up almost just like normal. The only sign that would remain of his near death would be a large scar on his chest, directly over his heart.
~~~~~~~~~~~
General tag list: @thebluejaysworld
(not tagging emmett for general or tael tag bc of the gore)
Kira’s story: @whumpsday
BTHB: @badthingshappenbingo
#owe writing#my writing#bad things happen bingo#whump#whump tag#emil tag#tael tag#dr zerys tag#emil writing tag#dr zerys writing tag#tael writing tag#vampire whump#failed escape attempt#bystander effect#(Is that what it's called???? /gen)#locked in a cage#near death#ask to tag#scar to remember#(Not using this to mark it off but it is featuring it hence the tag :>)#burns#gore#prompted writing tag#if you see me editing this post bc of the amount of times I misspelled 'Tael' as 'teal' .. No you didn't <3#BTHB: Original work / Original Characters
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Dear listener, it’s high time for some motherfucking metal. I’ve mentioned this before on my page; metal is my very favorite type of music. **With the right band** it’s powerful and comes with some sort of consistently galloping rhythm. It’s also the one and only style of music that makes my head bang incessantly… while simultaneously playing air guitar, while also screaming in a falsetto voice along with the lead singer. Its the most ridiculous, shocking, and loud music I’ve ever heard. And yes, I am in love with it. I like to give my audience a little bit of diversity with my music picks, so I hereby introduce you to Saber Tiger. When it comes to subverting expectations in metal, these guys are like a check list of cultural contradictions. Interested in a metal band that isn’t packed to the brim with white dudes? Done, here’s some mega-talented dudes from Japan that have been rocking since the early 80’s. Want your Japanese music to be sung in English to you and be delivered in a conspicuously Western-inspired tone? Done and done, they go out of their way to do international albums where they customarily switch between Japanese and English… with better English lyrics than I hear from most modern American and Canadian pop acts!! I mean, what does it say about the decline of the country you’re living in when almost no one has heard of Saber Tiger, yet I regularly hear the dipshits around me whistling and badly mimicking whatever mindless mainstream monstrosity the mega-corporations have decided to poop into their ears that month!? For the love of all that is holy, smash play and listen to Sin Eater from their 2018 album Bystander Effect (International Edition). I’ll make it easier for you and save you some time, you want some of the best guitar-work I’ve heard in my life? Proceed directly to 2:25. Even if you don’t like metal, even if you you’re not into ST at all, listen to this track and tell me it isn’t more energetic, creative, and inspired than ANYTHING you’re going to find on modern Top-40’s radio. I’ve got even more metal from foreigners next week, so stayed tuned and 日本に神のご加護を!
The lineup for this band changes constantly except for leader Akihito Kinoshita, this is simply the most badass picture I could find. Image source: https://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Saber_Tiger/8428
#saber tiger#sin eater#bystander effect#metal#japanese metal#heavy metal#akihito kinoshita#music video#audio/video#music on tumblr#song#audio#audio on tumblr#Japanese band
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History and Journalism
In journalism there is a saying that sometimes a story is too good to fact check, a story that is too good to bog down with tedious factchecking that would undermine the narrative and are less interesting to readers. A perfect example is the report by Martin Gansberg on the murder of Kitty Genovese, titled “37 Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call Police,” and led to the psychological phrase “The Bystander Effect,” but unreported at the time was that there were people who did indeed call the police. So as more journalists move into the historic profession, from writing books like War on Peace, to podcasts like Bag Man by journalist Rachel Maddow from MSNBC, it is important to remain skeptical of their findings no matter how entertaining or accurate they may be. With journalism not only is there a difference in methodology and approach to research, but their work has also been codified into a consumer product, designed to entrance their audience into either purchasing their newspapers, their magazines, or tune in to their TV and radio news broadcasts. The news with the largest outreach, not the most accurate, are then the ones rewarded with the most advertising dollars.
History by historians on the other hand, is more academically rigorous, and peer reviewed. Instead of being strained by viewership, ad revenue, and corporate interest, most historians work in academia, museums, even the books most historians published are from various University Presses. This not meant to pin historians and journalists against each other, nor is this a strict critique on the institution of journalism. Afterall, Slate Magazine managed to create a thorough deep dive into the Richard Nixon Watergate scandal with their podcast Slow Burn. But to get audiences enticed to listening they started their journey with Martha Mitchell, the wife of the United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell and was known as a frequent gossiper to the press to the point of ridicule on Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-In, a hilarious story designed to pull more viewers than to simply inform them of a subject. But that levity and personal touch is needed to lure the masses to comprehend complex subjects. After all, if you search YouTube for a video explaining how SLAPP lawsuits work the first result is from HBO’s news satire program Last Week Tonight, the video also has the most views on the subject with 22 million while most of the others have not even break a million.
But historians have also participated in creating podcasts that are both entertaining and informative, the most notable that you should check out and listen for yourself is Nixon at War the podcast hosted by novelist and historian Kurt Andersen and published by the Public Radio Exchange, PRX, the focus was shifted away from the sensational Watergate scandal like most journalists tend to favor and instead focused on President Nixon’s experience with the Vietnam War. The success led to the spiritual sequel LBJ’s War about Nixon’s predecessor Lyndon B. Johnson and his tenure over the Vietnam War, beginning with Johnson’s friendship with Vietnam President Diem. However instead of historian Kurt Andersen LBJ’s War was hosted by journalist for The Texas Standard David D. Brown. Perhaps if we historians want to have our work viewed by the public sector then we must also have a voice for radio, some of us certainly have the voice for it.
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Also, the events at Rosie’s Diner give me giant Kitty Genovese vibes. The bystander effect— which means when you see something bad happening in a crowd of people, your first instinct, instead of doing something helpful, is to go “Wow! That’s fucked up. Someone else will handle it.” Everyone thinks someone is going to do something; so no one does. That’s why no one, out of eighty(?) witnesses, helped Kitty Genovese when she was getting stabbed in broad daylight.
I’ve been fooled by the bystander effect before too; of course, not in as extreme a way as the Kitty Genovese case. Since then, I’ve forcibly made myself immune to it.
Basically, every time you walk out of the house, you have to assume that no one is going to help if something bad happens. Leave your house with the knowledge that YOU are the only person with the power, resources, and will to act when there’s an emergency. People don’t care? Then you are not a person. You are a walking threat. This is the mindset in which I have left the house every morning for six years, and it has served me well. Every situation I’ve encountered up until this point, I have slept well at night after because I know I’ve done all I could, whether my actions ended up successfully helping someone or not. I’d rather act with some detriment to myself than not act with detriment to others.
#thirteen reasons why#sorry this got intense but [laughs] I’m an intense person#on the internet because that’s the only place I can afford to be this intense without scaring the shit out of everyone#although I’ve probably gone too far here#kitty genovese#bystander effect
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You will not want to read this, but you must. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystander_effect
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Bystander Effect
Kind of like Stockholm Syndrome, the McDonalds Coffee lady and other cases of PR victim blaming trying to shift the blame: the Bystander effect apparently isn't what you might think:
Here's a link to a Bluesky post, though it mentions the podcast "You're Wrong About"
#Bystander Effect#PR rewriting reality#who benefits from shaming the victims in these cases and why you should know that
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