#The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act
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9 People You’d Like to Know More
tagged by @wen-kexing-apologist and @thewayofsubtext <3
Tumblr keeps eating every draft of this post that I write, argh!
Last Song I Listened To
When I started writing this, I was being lazy and letting the YouTube algorithm pick songs for me and I was listening to this song, Unfucktheworld by Angel Olsen. I've been exchanging song recommendations with a friend for a while now and I guess she has gotten to know me pretty well because this is way up my alley.
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But then another song came on--We Ride by Brave Girls (a.k.a. BB Girls)--and that became the new last song I listened to. It's another song that a friend recommended to me. This time it was a friend I've been emailing with back and forth about East Asian pop music. He's a big fan of City Pop, a genre that came out of Japan in the 80s, and he sent me a list of some recent kpop songs that are influenced by/reminiscent of City Pop, including this one. I took to it right away, and it was a big hit with my daughter.
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Currently Watching
I Told Sunset About You - I’m just one episode in to this one and I can already tell it’s going to hit me where it hurts. I took a break due to family visits and related stuff but I’m fixing to dive back in.
Moonlight Chicken - I got stalled out on this one just as it was getting good, thanks to some life stuff. I need to pick it back up!
Star Trek: Discovery - I’m a big Star Trek fan and recently rewatched everything from TNG through Voyager, but I hadn’t kept up with any of the newest series in years. I’m so glad I decided to start Discovery because it is shaping up to be one of my favorite Star Trek series. There are a lot of reasons for this. Really great LGBT+ representation is a factor. This is also is the first Star Trek series that has inspired more actor crushes in me than DS9. Michelle Yeoh in a corset! Tig Notaro as a cranky engineer! I’m dying over here.
Minato's Laundromat season 2 - I was looking forward to this as soon as it was announced, but with the usual anxiety that comes with a second season of a BL. I wasn’t 100% sure about the direction of the season at first, but now it’s settling in with some really interesting themes.
Reservation Dogs - I wasn’t entirely sure about this show when I first started watching during the first season. But not only did it grow on me, it has also been getting better and better. The latest episode, which focused in part on an abusive government-sponsored boarding school (of the sort designed to rob Indigenous kids of their culture), was one of the best of the series so far.
Edited to add: I forgot about Kamen Rider Geats! My family has been catching up on it and we're almost caught up just in time for the finale. I'm liking it a lot more than I thought I would when I watched the first few episodes, but not as much as my partner (who said he thinks it's one of his favorite Kamen Rider series he's seen). I'm really impressed with the cast, though. I'd especially like to see the actors who play Keiwa and Buffa in more things in the future.
Currently Reading
I’ve been listening to the audiobook version of The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act by Isaac Butler for a while now, but I’m having an annoying situation where it keeps getting returned to the library even though I’ve renewed it. I could just start another book, but I don’t want to! This one is really interesting.
The vast majority of people spend a significant amount of their time watching (non-documentary) movies and TV series, which involves watching actors engage in this specific art form. And we have opinions about what constitutes good or bad acting. Yet most of us know so little about how acting is done, what kinds of theories underpin acting practice, how actors prepare for roles and scenes. I wanted to not only find out more about that, but also dig a little deeper into the differences between approaches and how they’ve branched off and clashed and so forth.
So far I’ve gotten a lot of good background and plenty to think about, even though I’m just getting to the point where the Method/System/whateveryoucallit is starting to take on in the US. I’m guessing it’s going to get even more relevant from there.
Current Obsession
I’m always obsessing about lots of things so I’m probably never going to be able to identify just one. Some currents ones are:
waiting for Utsukushii Kare: Eternal to be available with English subtitles somewhere, somehow
foraging blackberries, making jelly out of them, and baking biscuits to go with the jelly
waiting for it to be fall already because I hate sweating and I love wearing layers
finding my Animal Crossing character some decent glasses
thinking about possible BL/Jane Austen parallels for tumblr posts
finishing a post about psychological aspects of Utsukushii Kare that I’ve been writing off and on for months and that has gotten so long it will probably have to be split up into 3-4 posts
Serge Lutens Jeux de Peau perfume (my beloved)
I didn't tag anyone. It makes me anxious and I think pretty much everyone I know on here has been tagged! Except @porridgefeast, who's welcome to do it if she feels like it but (of course) no pressure.
#9 people meme thing#uncharacteristic self disclosure#not that I mind self-disclosure but it doesn't come up that often with the stuff I do here#angel olsen#brave girls#bb girls#isaac butler#The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act#blackberries#biscuits#serge lutens#jeux de peau#go utsukushii kare fansubbers go I believe in you#itsay#moonlight chicken#star trek discovery#reservation dogs#minato's laundromat 2#minato shouji coin laundry 2
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“We're talking John Garfield, Hollywood's first method actor. Learn more about…”
Where are they doing this talking about Julie? On the podcast, DEATH ON THE LOT, hosted by Adam McKay (The Big Short, Don’t Look Up, Vice, Succession).
The first episode featured Isaac Butler author of “The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act.” Butler spoke about Julie and the Hollywood studio system and I’m sure he’ll be on for another episode.
I appreciate how Butler constantly puts Julie’s name out there recognizing his film contributions and how he was the earliest to successfully bring Method acting to Hollywood. Here’s Butler’s recent insightful article about Julie.
Back to McKay’s podcast which will include bits about Julie. Here’s a content description: “This season, we're getting into 1950s Hollywood, ground zero for a cultural transformation that would upend every aspect of Americans' lives. A movie theater in every city, a TV in every living room, and a Post-war America determined to be happy at any cost. Also during this period….. a slew of untimely Hollywood deaths.
The rules of the road for the next seventy years were being written in real-time, and not everyone would make it out alive. This is the story of how Hollywood sold us on a new American Dream, and left a few unlucky stars holding the bag.”
Read more about the Podcast in VARIETY and INDIE WIRE.
#john garfield#death on the lot#Adam Mackay#Isaac butler#method acting#huac witch hunt#podcast#classic hollywood
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More on "The Method" (Isaac Butler's Terrific New Book)
More on “The Method” (Isaac Butler’s Terrific New Book)
As Travalanche subscribers know (because they just read my post about him) today is the birth date of the late Sanford Meisner (1905-1997), which I quite consciously chose as the day to post my review of Isaac Butler’s terrific new book The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act.
Technically, Meisner didn’t teach the Method, but his own rival system, the Meisner Technique, but both…
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Goldador Overview & Top 7 Amazing Facts
Introduction
The Golden Labrador, also known as the Goldador, is a popular breed that combines the best characteristics of the Golden Retriever and the Labrador Retriever.
In this section, we'll go over the Goldador breed briefly and try to figure out why dog lovers adore them.
Reasons for their popularity include:
Goldadors are very popular due to their many positive characteristics. Here are some of the reasons for their popularity:
Excellent Personality: Goldadors are known for their friendliness and kindness. They are gentle, patient, and good with children, making them excellent family pets and friends.
Versatility: Goldadors are adaptable dogs who excel in a variety of roles. They are simple to train and can do a variety of tasks, such as being therapy dogs, search and rescue dogs, or competing in obedience contests.
Intelligence: Both Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers are intelligent, and Goldadors inherit this trait. They learn quickly, want to please, and respond well to positive reinforcement training methods.
Goldadors are social dogs who enjoy being a part of the family and thrive when they are surrounded by people. They are known for their loyalty and make excellent therapy dogs or animals to assist people in dealing with their emotions.
Adaptability: Goldadors are adaptable and can live in a variety of settings, such as apartments or suburban houses. They can also withstand various types of weather.
History
The breed's origins are as follows:
The Goldador is a relatively new breed of dog that emerged in the late twentieth century when breeders began purposefully breeding Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers together.
The goal was to combine the best qualities of both breeds, such as their temperaments, ease of training, and athleticism.
Goldador and other breeds differ in the following ways:
The Goldador's origins are what distinguishes them from other breeds.
Goldadors are a mix of Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers.
Other breeds have different pedigrees and breeding histories.
Because of this type of breeding, the Goldador has a distinct set of traits and characteristics.
Characteristics
Physical characteristics:
Goldadors typically inherit characteristics from both of their parents.
They have a strong, well-balanced body and are between medium and large in size.
Their coat can vary in length, but it is usually short to medium-length, thick, and water-resistant.
The coats can be in various shades of gold, cream, or yellow.
Personality characteristics:
Goldadors are known to be outgoing, friendly, and people-oriented. They thrive when they are around other people.
They are very loving, making them ideal family pets.
When properly socialized, they are usually good with children and other pets.
Size:
Males: 22–24 inches (56–61 cm) at the shoulder.
Females: shoulder height of 20 to 22 inches (51 to 56 cm).
The majority of Goldadors are medium to large in size. The exact size is determined by the parent breeds' sizes and the genetics of each animal.
Weight:
Men typically weigh between 60 and 80 pounds (27 and 36 kg).
Women typically weigh between 55 and 75 pounds (25 and 34 kg).
Goldadors can also vary in size based on their genes and the size of their parents.
Lifespan:
On average, between 10 and 15 years.
They can, however, live longer and be healthier if they receive proper care, eat well, and visit the veterinarian on a regular basis.
Socialization and education
The significance of early education and socialization:
Goldadors must be trained and socialized as puppies in order to mature into well-behaved, well-adjusted dogs.
When they are young, they can be trained and socialized to learn basic commands, how to act, and how to get along with people and other animals.
It also aids in the prevention or correction of behavioral issues that may arise later in life.
Methods of instruction suggested:
Positive reinforcement training methods work well with Goldadors. They are intelligent and want to please their owners, making them simple to train.
Positive reinforcement is when you reward desired behaviors with treats, praise, or play time.
Consistency, patience, and techniques such as clicker training that provide positive feedback can assist them in learning commands and acting appropriately.
Don't use harsh training methods or punishments because they can harm their health and cause them to behave inappropriately.
Common behavioral problems and how to deal with them:
Goldadors, like any other breed, can develop behavioral issues if they are not properly trained and socialized.
Some common behavioral issues include excessive barking, jumping, and being afraid of being alone.
To address these issues, it is critical to provide consistent training, regular exercise, and mental stimulation.
Making sure they get enough physical and mental exercise can help them avoid boredom and avoid acting out.
Positive reinforcement training methods and professional trainers or behaviorists can also help with certain behavioral issues.
Maintenance and upkeep
Common diseases and symptoms include:
Goldadors are generally a healthy breed. However, they, like all dogs, may be more susceptible to illness than other dogs.
Some of the most common health issues in Goldadors are hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, allergies, ear infections, and eye problems such as cataracts or progressive retinal atrophy.
Regular vet visits, proper nutrition, and living a healthy lifestyle can all help to prevent or treat these conditions.
To reduce the likelihood of health problems being passed down, it is critical to work with a reputable breeder who checks the health of the parent dogs.
Dietary requirements:
Giving Goldadors a healthy, well-balanced diet is essential for their overall health and well-being.
Their dietary requirements may vary depending on their age, size, level of activity, and any health issues they may have.
You should feed your dog high-quality commercial food that is appropriate for their age the majority of the time.
It's critical to follow the feeding instructions provided by the food manufacturer and keep an eye on their weight to prevent them from becoming overweight.
There should also always be fresh water available.
Exercise prerequisites:
Goldadors are high-energy dogs who require daily exercise to keep their bodies and minds in good condition.
They should work out every day to stay mentally and physically fit by taking brisk walks, jogging, engaging in interactive play, or swimming.
Playing games with them, such as fetch or agility, that take advantage of their natural desire to find things can be enjoyable for them.
Grooming and sanitation:
Goldadors require less grooming than some other dog breeds. Their short to medium-length coat is usually easy to care for.
Brushing the coat on a regular basis with a slicker brush or grooming mitt will remove loose hair and keep the coat clean and healthy.
They should take a bath when they need to or when they get dirty. On a regular basis, check their ears, clean them if necessary, and cut their nails.
Tooth hygiene is also important, so brushing their teeth on a regular basis or giving them dental chews can help keep their mouths healthy.
Reproduction and breeding:
When breeding Goldadors, the breed's health and happiness should come first.
Responsible breeders are concerned with producing puppies that are healthy, have good temperaments, have good bodies, and adhere to breed standards.
They examine the parent dogs' health to reduce the likelihood that they will pass on health issues.
Working with reputable breeders who prioritize the health and happiness of their dogs, provide the necessary paperwork, and assist people who buy puppies from them is essential.
Where to purchase or adopt:
If you want to buy or adopt a Goldador, do your research and find reliable sources. Consider the following options:
Look for breeders who have a good reputation, prioritize the health and happiness of their dogs, and can provide you with the necessary paperwork and health clearances for the parent dogs. A good breeder should be knowledgeable about the breed, willing to answer questions, and willing to assist and advise new owners.
Rescue Organizations: Contact local rescue groups or breed-specific rescue groups to see if there are any Goldadors available for adoption. Adopting a rescued Goldador allows you to provide a loving home for a dog in need.
Online Platforms: Goldador puppy breeders and owners can list their puppies on online platforms. However, when using online sources, it is critical to exercise caution and learn as much as possible about the seller's reputation before making a decision.
In popular culture, Goldador
Even though there are no famous Goldadors, the parent breeds of the Goldador, the Golden Retriever and the Labrador Retriever, have been featured in a variety of popular media.
They have appeared in films, television shows, and commercials, which has helped to spread their name and establish a positive reputation.
Conclusion
Finally, the Goldador is a well-known and sought-after breed that combines the best characteristics of the Golden Retriever and the Labrador Retriever. They make excellent family pets, working dogs, and friends because they are friendly, easy to train, and versatile.
Early training and socialization are critical for their development, and positive reinforcement training methods are recommended.
They require moderate exercise, must be groomed on a regular basis, and are susceptible to certain health issues.
It is critical for the breed's health to use good breeding practices and to only adopt from reputable sources.
Goldadors bring happiness, companionship, and zest for life to their owners. They make excellent additions to any home.
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Intro to Method Acting with Vincent D’Onofrio, Ethan Hawke, and Isaac Butler - The Criterion Channel
We love this Intro to Method Acting conversation between @vincentdonofrio, Ethan Hawke and @parabasis so much that we've made it available for everyone to watch whether you have a @criterionchannl subscription or not! (via)
Essential viewing. Isaac Butler's The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act is out now. 46 minutes. via @Criterion
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(via How Method acting transformed film —and made performing more human : NPR)
#Method acting#filmmaking#Isaac Butler#The Method: How the Twentieth Century Learned to Act#book#Stanislavski#Konstantin Stanislavski#acting#Lee Strasberg
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Tally Marks
Based on this post which I would highly recommend looking at first because I will not be providing you the context
Word Count: 1850
Rating: Teen (for exactly 1 innuendo)
Pairing: none
Warning: none
~~~START~~~
As the logical Side, Logan was, well, logical.
That being said, he was really not sure what the logical explanation for this would be.
For months now — perhaps even years — tally marks had been appearing in Logan’s hands, arms, and sometimes even his face. Due to the manner in which the tally marks appear, Logan was pretty sure he was the one making them, but he couldn’t remember ever doing it. It reminded him of the Silence in Doctor Who, but the Silence weren’t real — and even if they were, he certainly wouldn’t be encountering them inside Thomas’s mind. Still, the marks remained unexplained.
<(^.^)>
Logan was awoken by a knocking at his door. It was the middle of the night, and while he was irritated at the interruption of his sleep cycle, he understood that sometimes Patton or Roman had nightmares, and as the logical Side, he was the logical choice to dispel any lingering fear.
He did not find Patton or Roman on the other side of his door.
“Logic,” the unknown Side wheezed. He was shaking as badly as Patton usually did after a nightmare, hunched in on himself and clutching a black hoodie around himself tightly.
Without even thinking about it, Logan pulled out a pen and made a mark on his hand.
“Did you have a nightmare?” Logan asked, making the decision to act as though he had found Patton behind the door. He could learn more about this new Side once he’d calmed down.
The Side nodded, lifting his head for the first time and allowing Logan a glance at a pair of mismatched eyes and tear tracks of eyeshadow running down his face.
“Would it help you to tell me about it?” Logan asked.
“T-Thomas,” the Side gasped, barely managing to get the one word out. “Thomas was- he was in the middle-” the Side did a full body shutter which seemed to cause more tears to stream down his face. “He was lost in th-the middle of a-a city and he couldn’t h-hear me, a-and he got h-hurt.”
Logan nodded. He wasn’t entirely sure of the identity of the Side, but Patton’s nightmares often centered around having an inability to help Thomas — or worse, be a hindrance to him — so Logan could assume that this Side was meant to protect Thomas in some way from the imagined situation. Roman’s nightmares — as creativity — featured many more monstered and imagined things.
“Thomas is not lost,” Logan assured the Side. “He is at home. He is safe. His doors are locked. And when he needs you, he will hear you.”
The Side sobbed again before launching himself into Logan’s arms.
Physical affection did not come naturally to Logan, but living with Patton and Roman certainly gave him plenty of time to study it and gain hands-on experience. He wrapped one arm securely around the Side’s back, and allowed his free hand to card slowly through the Side’s hair — this usually calmed Roman down, Patton on the other hand preferred two-armed hugs, as tightly as Logan could manage. The Side seemed content with Roman’s method as Logan felt him slowly but surely relax under his ministrations.
“Thanks, Logic,” the Side pulled away after a few minutes, looking infinitely calmer than when Logan had opened the door.
“Of course,” Logan acknowledged. “Though I don’t believe we’ve met before.”
“I know you don’t,” the other Side chuckled sadly. Logan did not get it. “My name is Anxiety. I’ll see ya later, teach.”
Anxiety turned and left down the hallway. Logan watched him for a moment, considering how the Side’s function as Anxiety probably left him vulnerable to many nightmares.
When Logan finally closed the door and turned to head back to bed, he’d completely forgotten why he’d opened the door in the first place.
Perhaps he had heard a noise coming from the hall? Yes, that was probably it; he’d heard a noise and thought it might be Patton or Roman with another nightmare.
He didn’t notice the tally mark until the next morning. By then, he’d forgotten about getting up in the middle of the night.
^(^.^)^
“Oh Logan!” An unfamiliar — but distinctly Thomas-like — voice called from behind the logical Side.
Logan turned to find a Side with snake scales covering half of his face holding a bowler hat in his hands and staring at Logan questioningly from farther down the hall.
“Can I help you?” Logan asked, adding another tally mark.
“What do you think about bowler hats?” The Side asked, lifting the hat a little in emphasis.
“Bowler hats — also known as derby hats — originated in the mid nineteenth century as a way to protect gamekeepers in England from overhead tree branches,” Logan recited tonelessly.
“Yes, but what do you think of bowler hats?” The Side stressed.
“Bowler hats were particularly popular in early twentieth century pop culture and thus are an effective accessory to make an outfit seem more old-fashioned.”
The Side chuckled.
“You’re very bad at fashion advice,” he said. “But I think I’ll keep the hat.”
The Side placed the hat on his head and stared at Logan expectantly. A bowler hat is a perfectly respectable style of hat. Logan told the Side as much; the Side only laughed a bit more.
“You are an absolute delight, Logan, but I suppose you’re my only option, after all, you won’t remember this later.”
Logan stared down the empty hallway towards his room. That was odd, he was trying to get to the kitchen. He turned around and continued on.
The common space was empty, but Logan expected as much. Patton was out helping Thomas with an issue, Roman would be in his room for hours yet, working on the script for Thomas’ next video and there weren’t any other Sides in the mindscape.
Logan decided on a sandwich for lunch, and resolved to make a couple extra for Patton and Roman. He was just getting the Crofters out when an unfamiliar — but distinctly Thomas-like — voice suddenly spoke behind him, nearly causing him to drop the precious jam.
“What do you think about the name ‘Janus’?”
Logan set the jam down on the counter before turning around. To his surprise, there was another Side standing behind him, one with snake-like features covering half his face, and a bowler hat resting on his head.
“Who are you?” Logan asked. Another mark. “I wasn’t aware that there were any other Sides.”
“I’m shocked,” the Side smirked. “I’m thinking of going by the name ‘Janus’, but I wanted your opinion first.”
“Have we met before?” Logan asked, unsure why an unfamiliar Side would want his opinion.
“No.”
The Side’s tone and smirk gave Logan the distinct feeling that he was being made fun of, but he couldn’t even begin to fathom how.
“Well, Janus is a Roman god, often attributed to beginnings, gateways, doorways, transitions, passages, frames, time, duality, and endings, so if you feel that any of those things describe your function then I suppose it would be an appropriate name.”
The Side nodded thoughtfully. “Yes, I think Janus would be a perfect name, thank you Logan.”
Logan finished making sandwiches, and while he had not thought the task had taken him too long, he was surprised to find that making the three sandwiches had taken him half an hour. He shook the doubts out of his head, sometimes he got lost in thought, it wasn’t uncommon. He left one sandwich in the kitchen with a note for Patton, and took the other two with him upstairs for himself and Roman.
<(^.^<)
“~Loooogaaaaan~”
A tally mark.
An empty room
Green.
Tally.
A mustache.
Tally.
“Logan, you never pay attention to me!”
“I am unsure who you are.”
Tally.
An empty room.
Logan was feeling untethered. He’d been trying to work in the common room for over two hours, but he had nothing to show for it. No work done, no notes written, no memory of what he’d even been thinking for all this time.
The only thing he did have was sixty-four more tally marks than he’d had earlier; his arms were covered with the lines.
Sixty-five.
Strange.
“What if Thomas just straight up set his apartment on fire?”
Logan’s gaze snapped up from his arm to find an unfamiliar Side. The Side rivaled Roman in terms of “extra”-ness, he had a curly mustache, a white streak in his hair, and a green tulle sash. But the real concern was the unhinged and manic look in his eyes when Logan met his gaze.
Tally mark.
“Excuse me?”
“Begone, thot!” Roman yelled from the stairs, charging at the Side with his katana drawn.
“No fun,” the Side pouted, sinking out right before the katana reached him.
“Oh, Roman,” Logan startled at the sudden appearance of the creative Side. “I didn’t hear you come in. Forgive me, I have been… unfocused today.”
“No worries, specs!” Roman responded jovially, though his cheer seemed slightly forced. “I have just the thing to help!”
Roman vanished his katana — which he had had drawn for some reason — and replaced it with a box. He was holding out the board game Stratego for Logan’s consideration.
Roman was right. The task really did help Logan focus, and he didn’t find himself drifting at any point during the game.
By the time Logan and Roman had each won one round of Stratego each, Patton had joined them and insisted on playing Trivial Pursuit next. No new marks appeared during their games.
(>^.^)>
“Logic!” A voice called.
Logan turned around to find a strange Side in a black hoodie with dark eyeshadow smeared under his eyes nervously hovering about halfway down the hall. Tally.
“Can I help you?” Logan asked, thoroughly confused by the presence of a new Side.
“No, I-” the Side hesitated for a moment. “Just, are you okay?”
“Of course I am,” Logan said, a little taken aback. “Why wouldn’t I be?”
“Just… after Remus I thought maybe…” the Side looked around nervously. “Never mind. I’m glad you’re okay.”
Logan stared at the empty hall, he’d thought he heard something… but no, just an empty hall.
Once inside his room, Logan pulled out the notebook he kept track of the tally marks in.
Hmm, seventy today. He didn’t remember seeing the seventieth one earlier, it must have shown up between when he’d left Patton and Roman in the common room and when he’d reached his bedroom. He recorded the number in his notebook along with the day’s date, then set about washing the marks off before bed.
Seventy wasn’t the most he’d ever had in one day, but it was certainly more than usual. He wondered if it had anything to do with his lack of focus earlier…
^(^.^)v
Remus was waiting for Virgil in his room.
“No fair, emo!” He pouted. “I had him at sixty-nine! You did that on purpose!”
“Oops,” Virgil deadpanned, unsympathetically.
Remus sank back to his own room where continued pouting for about an hour, before resolving to try and get Logan up to four-twenty the next day.
~~~END~~~
I found the beginning of this in my WIPs yesterday and finished it today. I completely forgot about starting it the first time, but now I’m completely in love
In case it wasn’t obvious, as soon as Logan can’t see the Dark Side anymore, he completely forgets about the interaction, including any interaction that involved another Light Side (like Roman)
General Taglist: @royalty-of-all-things-snuggly @pixelated-pineapple
#sanders sides#ts sanders sides#logan sanders#virgil sanders#janus sanders#remus sanders#patton sanders#roman sanders#ts dark sides#pre aa#sanders sides fanfiction#thursday writes#fanfiction#my writing
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Followup: Practical History
Thank you for breaking down the types of martial art schools. My brother and I attended the same school, but our focus made us take different classes with different instructors. I was being bullied and hit every day, so I took a lot of sel-defense and practical applications classes. I still learned katas, but they were secondary to my goal. My brother learned how to do beautiful katas, but he hated getting in a ring. Outlook and preparedness is everything, and something people overlook.
You’re illustrating something that I accidentally skimmed over; almost any martial art can be taught with a practical outlook. This isn’t just things like Muay Thai, where the application is obvious, it includes martial arts you wouldn’t expect, like Tai-Chi.
The key here is having an instructor who can teach you to apply what you’re learning in a real world context.
Karate is an easy example to dogpile on. Almost all practitioners you’ll find today will be recreational ones. You will find a great many who can’t apply what they know outside of the Dojo. Except, Karate wasn’t developed for self-defense, it was developed for guerrilla warfare.
Karate is not a Japanese martial art, it’s Okinawan. It’s easy to conflate these now, but this becomes a very important distinction when you look at Karate’s history. Okinawa was formally annexed by Japan in the Nineteenth Century, and the original Japanese invasion and vassalization of Okinawa dates back to the early Seventeenth Century. (I’m skimming over a lot of the history; if you’re interested, you should read up on this.)
Because of this, the Japanese were seen as an occupying force, and Karate was specifically adapted to kill Samurai. (Okay, I’m being a little reductive here, Karate technically dates back to the Ryukyu Kingdom, though, much of what we have today is a result of these adaptations.)
The modern incarnation, dating back to the Japanese vassalization of Okinawa, is designed to interdict and preempt entire segments of a Samurai’s combat training. Not all of this will be relevant today, and I wouldn’t recommend a low strike to prevent your opponent from cross-drawing a gun, but it will directly block an Iaido practitioner’s draw. (Note: I’m extending the definition of, “modern Karate” further back than normal. “Modern Karate,” usually starts with the founding of Shotokan in the mid-twentieth century,)
When we’re talking self-defense, Karate’s probably not going to be the right tool for the job, But, this is a martial art that was originally developed to kill people, and some of that can still be applied to interrupt and disable an assailant. The underlying combat philosophy of preventing your opponent from attacking with preemptive strikes has real applications. If you can understand how to bring this stuff into the real world, it’s viable. However, because it requires staying ahead of your opponent, you really need to know what you’re doing. That’s the weakness, this was designed to deal with foes who would act in very predictable patterns. If you don’t know what your opponent will do before they act, the value suffers.
That’s an example I’m personally familiar with, however, there are a lot stories like this, where a martial art started out as a method to kill or incapacitate your foes, and has gradually transitioned into something else. Again, if this stuff interests you, read up on it. Some martial arts have fascinating histories.
-Starke
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Followup: Practical History was originally published on How to Fight Write.
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP PERFORMANCE TASK#1
12/ITCP/1A/Group2
Educational Blog
In this blog, you will know the basic theories in entrepreneurship. We choose 5 theories and explain the concept behind the theories through videos and accurate words of explanation. This blog is meant for students who wants to learn things in a comfortable environment. Enjoy the blog!
Innovation Theory
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According to the innovation theory of profit, the entrepreneur makes money if his innovation succeeds in either lowering the overall cost of manufacturing or raising the demand for his product. Joseph Schumpeter believed that a business person can win financial benefit by presenting fruitful advancement.
In other words, development hypothesis of benefits sets that the most work of a business person is to present innovation and the benefits within the frame of compensating is given for his performance. Agreeing to Schumpeter, development alludes to a modern approach that a business visionary embraces to diminish the generally taken toll of generation or increment the request for his item. In this way, advancement can be classified into two categories; The primary category incorporates all those exercises which decrease the generally fetched of generation such as the presentation of a modern strategy or method of generation, the presentation of modern apparatus, inventive strategies of organizing the industry.
Schumpeter’s Hypothesis of Development is in line with the other venture speculations of the trade cycle, which states that the alter in speculation went with by money related development are the major variables behind the trade changes, but be that as it may, Schumpeter’s Hypothesis sets that development in trade is the major reason for expanded speculations and commerce variances.
Alfred Marshall Theory
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Alfred Marshall is widely regarded as one of the most prominent economists of his generation. His book, Principles of the political economy brought the ideas of providing and demand, utility, and value of production into a coherent whole. male monarch Marshall focuses on his theory of providing and demand, at the side of his conception important property of demand, that examines but price changes have control over demand. Marshall's capital theory was created with 2 goals in mind: to integrate the idea of financial gain distribution into a comprehensive theory important and to bridge the gap between theory and business follow. The capital was viewed as a payment for the services of a particular item of production for the primary purpose, and as a generic supply of financial gain for the second. This created misunderstanding, as a result of the two ideas of capital, were at odds with one each other.
We have selected this video to support Marshall’s Theory. The video explains his achievements and creating the book Principle of Economics. It is also explained that Economists already explained the principle of determining the price of a mobile phone. Marshall didn't need arithmetic to overshadow economic science and thus create economic science immaterially. According to this video, economics evolved into a distinct area of social science. His work included a comprehensive explanation of supply-demand and marginal. Marshall introduces us to a novel method of analyzing economic phenomena. This method aids in determining the causality of economic occurrences. Early economics was known as political economics since it was studied as part of the political methods of governing nations. However, Marshall's work was titled Principles of Economics.
Economic situations change over time, and each generation approaches its challenges in its unique way. Economic studies are being pursued more intensively than ever before in England, as well as on the Continent and in America; but, all of this effort has only served to highlight the fact that economic science is, and must be, one of steady and continual growth. Some of the best work of the current generation appears to be antagonistic to that of earlier writers at first glance; however, after it has had time to settle down into its proper place and its rough edges have been worn away, it has been discovered to involve no real break in the development of the science. Economics has two forms the macroeconomics and microeconomic, microeconomic is where Marshall specializes. It’s focus is on individual people and business. According to Marshall entrepreneurs must be able to foresee changes in the future supply and demand patterns.
Risk and Uncertainty-bearing Theory
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Risk and Uncertainty are two primary things discussed in the theory of Frank Hyneman Knight, which is Risk and Uncertainty-bearing Theory. This states, entrepreneurs should be willing to bear uncertainty and risk in business to achieve a reward. The idea of the theory is more risks and uncertain decisions the entrepreneur is ready to take, the more profit he will attain. Risk-taking in business is pushing for a decision even though there might be possible negative or positive consequences. But uncertainty is when the outcome or repercussions of a decision is unknown.
The video attached supports the theory as it tackled risk and uncertainty, their types, and how to manage one. According to the video, the examples of this risk in business are in employees, health safety, and cyber security. Entrepreneurs cannot reassure that the employees they have will not resign or move out to another company. Accidents are not avoidable and may happen at any time of the day. Also, it may be possible that data can be hack from the company’s website. One of the uncertainties is in the economy, cultural changes, and competitors. The economy is ungovernable as interest rates can change as well as the exchange rates and the cultural changes that might affect the trends as well as rising business that can be a cause of possible competitor of your company. Entrepreneurs should manage to move forward and take new risks to obtain success.
As what the theory says, entrepreneurs are the one who connects the producer and consumer. Entrepreneurs are ready to take risks despite fallbacks in the hopes of achieving success. They should be critical in making their decisions and foresee the circumstances that may happen in the future.
Kaldor’s Technological Theory
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Technological advancement is a natural aspect of the economic cycle. Technology also allows for more efficient manufacturing and service delivery. Technological advancement has a cost, as it eliminates some professions while creating others. Human productivity has also risen as a result of classical economic theory. More technological advancements imply more efficient production of goods and services, as well as higher economic growth.
It is also possible to transfer technology to different countries around the world. Technological advancements create new job opportunities. Workers must be re-educated and re-trained. Education should place a greater emphasis on creative thinking. There are also some drawbacks to technological advancement. One of these is that the competition has more specialized innovators. Unless current innovators seek to become more specialized, they will need more time to research.
Thus, according to Kaldor's Technological Theory, contemporary technology is a necessary component of production. Economic development would be hampered in the absence of modern technology, and growth may be expected from it. At the very least, an entrepreneur must keep up with new technology and discover methods to incorporate it into their business. In addition, the efficient application of contemporary technology will increase the efficiency of goods and service production.
Kirzner’s Learning-Alertness Theory
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A British-born American economist, Israel Meir Kirzner. The entrepreneur is aware of pricing discrepancies that others have not noticed or observed, and he gains from this awareness and being alert. Kirzner's primary research interests are on the economics of knowledge and entrepreneurship, as well as market ethics. Kirzner's theory says that voluntary learning and competence are the two major attributes of entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur must be diligent in detecting entrepreneurial potential as well as consumer ignorance and must act quickly to correct incorrect notions.
The video supports the theory by Peter Boettke, a university professor of Economics and Philosophy that Kirzner's book called the Competition and Entrepreneurship denounces neoclassical theory for its preoccupation with the model of exact competition, which excludes the important role of the entrepreneur in economic life. His work integrating entrepreneurial action into neoclassical economics has been adopted more widely than practically any other late-twentieth-century Austrian concept. The part of the book was explaining how individuals compete on a variety of margins rather than just on one dimension and if you just slightly look at the world through, this entrepreneurial market process perspective will change the way we think about antitrust and monopoly. This book sort of goes through various activities to first show the stability of a market economy to adjustment path towards an equilibrium that's the role of the entrepreneur plays in buying low and selling high. Kirzner is explaining the unfolding of the economic process through time.
The main contribution of competition entrepreneurship is this examination of the price adjustment process and the minimal conditions that need to be met to have a theory of dynamic price adjustment which will lead to the market-clearing and how a market economy operates, in that way individuals realize the gains from trade and the gains from innovation but Kirzner also goes further to explain how business practices result in competition a variety of margins.
Submitted by: 12/ITCP/1A/GROUP2
GROUP 2
Leader: Neil Ashley Cañada
Members: Allyeah Sayaboc
Kieth Chua
Gabriella Secretaria
Ghem Cardente
Jason Castroverde
Joshua Agpalza
Damien Caumeran
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Art and the Human Spirit: Olivia Laing on What the Lives of Great Artists Reveal About Vulnerability, Love, Loneliness, Resistance, and Our Search for Meaning
“We’re so often told that art can’t really change anything. But… it shapes our ethical landscapes; it opens us to the interior lives of others. It is a training ground for possibility. It makes plain inequalities, and it offers other ways of living.”
The composite creation of a doctor, a philosopher, a poet, and a sculptor, the word empathy in the modern sense only came into use at the dawn of the twentieth century as a term for the imaginative act of projecting yourself into a work of art, into a world of feeling and experience other than your own. It vesselled in language that peculiar, ineffable way art has of bringing you closer to yourself by taking you out of yourself — its singular power to furnish, Iris Murdoch’s exquisite phrasing, “an occasion for unselfing.” And yet this notion cinches the central paradox of art: Every artist makes what they make with the whole of who they are — with the totality of experiences, beliefs, impressions, obsessions, childhood confusions, heartbreaks, inner conflicts, and contradictions that constellate a self. To be an artist is to put this combinatorial self in the service of furnishing occasions for unselfing in others.
That may be why the lives of artists have such singular allure as case studies and models of turning the confusion, complexity, and uncertainty of life into something beautiful and lasting — something that harmonises the disquietude and dissonance of living.
In Funny Weather: Art in an Emergency (public library), Olivia Laing — one of the handful of living writers whose mind and prose I enjoy commensurately with the Whitmans and the Woolfs of yore — occasions a rare gift of unselfing through the lives and worlds of painters, poets, filmmakers, novelists, and musicians who have imprinted culture in a profound way while living largely outside the standards and stabilities of society, embodying of James Baldwin’s piecing insight that “a society must assume that it is stable, but the artist must know, and he must let us know, that there is nothing stable under heaven.”
Punctuating these biographical sketches laced with larger questions about art and the human spirit are Laing’s personal essays reflecting, through the lens of her own lived experience, on existential questions of freedom, desire, loneliness, queerness, democracy, rebellion, abandonment, and the myriad vulnerable tendrils of aliveness that make life worth living.
What emerges is a case for art as a truly human endeavour, made by human beings with bodies and identities and beliefs often at odds with the collective imperative; art as “a zone of both enchantment and resistance,” art as sentinel and witness of “how truth is made, diagramming the stages of its construction, or as it may be dissolution,” art as “a direct response to the paucity and hostility of the culture at large,” art as a buoy for loneliness and a fulcrum for empathy.
Laing writes:
“Empathy is not something that happens to us when we read Dickens. It’s work. What art does is provide material with which to think: new registers, new spaces. After that, friend, it’s up to you.
I don’t think art has a duty to be beautiful or uplifting, and some of the work I’m most drawn to refuses to traffic in either of those qualities. What I care about more… are the ways in which it’s concerned with resistance and repair.”
A writer — a good writer — cannot write about art without writing about those who make it, about the lives of artists as the crucible of their creative contribution, about the delicate, triumphant art of living as a body in the world and a soul outside standard society. Olivia Laing is an excellent writer. Out of lives as varied as those of Basquiat and Agnes Martin, Derek Jarman and Georgia O’Keeffe, David Bowie and Joseph Cornell, she constructs an orrery of art as a cosmos of human connection and a sensemaking mechanism for living.
In a sentiment to which I relate in my own approach to historical lives, Laing frames her method of inquiry:
“I’m going as a scout, hunting for resources and ideas that might be liberating or sustaining now, and in the future. What drives all these essays is a long-standing interest in how a person can be free, and especially in how to find a freedom that is shareable, and not dependent upon the oppression or exclusion of other people.
[…]
We’re so often told that art can’t really change anything. But I think it can. It shapes our ethical landscapes; it opens us to the interior lives of others. It is a training ground for possibility. It makes plain inequalities, and it offers other ways of living.”
Throughout these short, scrumptiously insightful and sensitive essays, Laing draws on the lives of artists — the wildly uneven topographies of wildly diverse interior worlds — to contour new landscapes of possibility for life itself, as we each live it, around and through and with art. In the essay about Georgia O’Keeffe — who revolutionised modern art while living alone and impoverished in the middle of the desert, in the middle of the world’s first global war — Laing observes:
“How do you make the most of what’s inside you, your talents and desires, when they slam you up against a wall of prejudice, of limiting beliefs about what a woman must be and an artist can do?
[…]
From the beginning, New Mexico represented salvation, though not in the wooden sense of the hill-dominating crosses she so often painted. O’Keeffe’s salvation was earthy, even pagan, comprised of the cold-water pleasure of working unceasingly at what you love, burning anxiety away beneath the desert sun.”
In an essay about another artist — the painter Chantal Joffe, for whom Laing sat — she echoes Jackson Pollock’s’s observation that “every good artist paints what he is,” and writes:
“You can’t paint reality: you can only paint your own place in it, the view from your eyes, as manifested by your own hands.
A painting betrays fantasies and feelings, it bestows beauty or takes it away; eventually, it supplants the body in history. A painting is full of desire and love, or greed, or hate. It radiates moods, just like people.
[…]
Paint as fur, as velvet, as brocade, as hair. Paint as a way of entering and becoming someone else. Paint as a device for stopping time.”
In another essay, Laing offers an exquisite counterpoint to the barbed-wire fencing off of identities that has increasingly made the free reach of human connection — that raw material and final product of all art — dangerous and damnable in a culture bristling with ready indignations and antagonisms:
“A writer I was on a panel with said, and I’m paraphrasing here, that it is no longer desirable to write about the lives of other people or experiences one hasn’t had. I didn’t agree. I think writing about other people, making art about other people, is both dangerous and necessary. There are moral lines. There are limits to the known. But there’s a difference between respecting people’s right to tell or not tell their own stories and refusing to look at all.
[…]
It depends whether you believe that we exist primarily as categories of people, who cannot communicate across our differences, or whether you think we have a common life, an obligation to regard and learn about each other.”
In a sense, the entire book is a quiet manifesto for unselfing through the art we make and the art we cherish — a subtle and steadfast act of resistance to the attrition of human connection under the cultural forces of self-righteousness and sanctimonious othering, a stance against those fashionable and corrosive forces that so often indict as appropriation the mere act of learning beautiful things from each other.
In another essay — about Ali Smith, the subject to whom Laing feels, or at least reads, the closest — she quotes a kindred sentiment of Smith’s:
“Art is one of the prime ways we have of opening ourselves and going beyond ourselves. That’s what art is, it’s the product of the human being in the world and imagination, all coming together. The irrepressibility of the life in the works, regardless of the times, the histories, the life stories, it’s like being given the world, its darks and lights. At which point we can go about the darks and lights with our imagination energised.”
Among the subjects of a subset of essays Laing aptly categorises as “love letters” is John Berger, whose lovely notion of “hospitality” radiates from Laing’s own work — a notion she defines as “a capacity to enlarge and open, a corrective to the overwhelming political imperative, in ascendance once again this decade, to wall off, separate and reject.” She reflects on being stopped up short by Berger’s embodiment of such hospitality when she saw him speak at the British Library at the end of his long, intellectually generous life:
“It struck me then how rare it is to see a writer on stage actually thinking, and how glib and polished most speakers are. For Berger, thought was work, as taxing and rewarding as physical labour, a bringing of something real into the world. You have to strive and sweat; the act is urgent but might also fail.
He talked that evening about hospitality. It was such a Bergerish notion. Hospitality: the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors or strangers, a word that shares its origin with hospital, a place to treat sick or injured people. This impetus towards kindness and care for the sick and strange, the vulnerable and dispossessed is everywhere in Berger’s work, the sprawling orchard of words he planted and tended over the decades.
[…]
Art he saw as a communal and vital possession, to be written about with sensual exactness… Capitalism, he wrote in Ways of Seeing, survives by forcing the majority to define their own interests as narrowly as possible. It was narrowness he set himself against, the toxic impulse to wall in or wall off. Be generous to the strange, be open to difference, cross-pollinate freely. He put his faith in the people, the whole host of us.”
In a superb 2015 essay titled “The Future of Loneliness” — an essay that bloomed into a book a year later, the splendid and unclassifiable book that first enchanted me with Laing’s writing and the mind from which it springs — she considers how technology is mediating our already uneasy relationship to loneliness, and how art redeems the simulacra of belonging with which social media entrap us in this Stockholm syndrome of self-regard. In a passage of chillingly intimate resonance to all of us alive in the age of screens and selfies and the vacant, addictive affirmation of people we have never dined with tapping heart- and thumb-shaped icons on cold LED screens, she writes:
“Loneliness centres around the act of being seen. When a person is lonely, they long to be witnessed, accepted, desired, at the same time as becoming intensely wary of exposure. According to research carried out over the past decade at the University of Chicago, the feeling of loneliness triggers what psychologists term hypervigilance for social threat. In this state, which is entered into unknowingly, the individual becomes hyperalert to rejection, becoming inclined to perceive their social interactions as tinged with hostility or scorn. The result of this shift in perception is a vicious circle of withdrawal, in which the lonely person becomes increasingly suspicious, intensifying their sense of isolation.
This is where online engagement seems to exercise its special charm. Hidden behind a computer screen, the lonely person has control. They can search for company without the danger of being revealed or found wanting. They can reach out or they can hide; they can lurk and they can show themselves, safe from the humiliation of face-to-face rejection. The screen acts as a kind of protective membrane, a scrim that permits invisibility and also transformation. You can filter your image, concealing unattractive elements, and you can emerge enhanced: an online avatar designed to attract likes. But now a problem arises, for the contact this produces is not quite the same thing as intimacy. Curating a perfected self might win followers or Facebook friends, but it will not necessarily cure loneliness, since the cure for loneliness is not being looked at, but being seen and accepted as a whole person: ugly, unhappy and awkward as well as radiant and selfie-ready.”
Having met with Ryan Trecartin — “a baby-faced thirty-four-year-old” of whom I had never heard (saying more about my odd nineteenth-century life than about his art) but whose early-twenty-first-century films about the lurid and discomposing thrill of digital culture prompted The New Yorker to describe him as “the most consequential artist to have emerged since the nineteen-eighties” — Laing reflects:
“My own understanding of loneliness relied on a belief in solid, separate selves that he saw as hopelessly outmoded. In his world view, everyone was perpetually slipping into each other, passing through perpetual cycles of transformation; no longer separate, but interspersed. Perhaps he was right. We aren’t as solid as we once thought. We’re embodied but we’re also networks, expanding out into empty space, living on inside machines and in other people’s heads, memories and data streams as well as flesh. We’re being watched and we do not have control. We long for contact and it makes us afraid. But as long as we’re still capable of feeling and expressing vulnerability, intimacy stands a chance.”
Vulnerability — which Laing unfussily terms “the necessary condition of love” — is indeed the bellowing undertone of these essays: vulnerability as frisson and function of art, of life itself, of the atavistic impulse for transmuting living into meaning that we call art.
Complement the thoroughly symphonic Funny Weather with Paul Klee on creativity and why an artist is like a tree, Kafka on why we make art, Egon Schiele on why visionary artists tend to come from the minority, and Virginia Woolf’s garden epiphany about what it means to be an artist — which remains, for me, the single most beautiful and penetrating thing ever written on the subject — then revisit Laing on life, loss, and the wisdom of rivers.
Source: Maria Popova, brainpickings.org (25th February 2021)
#quote#women writers#love#life#art#meaning#existential musings#all eternal things#love in a time of...#intelligence quotients#depth perception#creative power#mind matters#more than words#essential beauty#stands on its own#elisa english#elisaenglish
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What Is Reiki, and How Does It Help You
Reiki (レイキ), a spiritual healing art founded by Mikao Usui, first appeared in Japan in the early twentieth century. Reiki is derived from the Japanese words "Rei" and "Ki," which respectively mean "Universal Life" and "Power." It's a subtle yet powerful type of energy work that makes use of spiritually inspired life force energy. All interested in becoming a Reiki healer should enroll in a Reiki course.
Reiki is the common life force that pervades all. Reiki masters know how to use their own healing powers to boost their own and others' energy levels. A person's "ki," or energy, is thought to be both powerful and uncontrollable. If this is the case, a person's body and mind are in good health. When energy is slowed or redirected, it can cause physical and emotional imbalances.
Reiki is described as a warm light that surrounds and flows through you. Reiki has a number of advantages, including relaxation and feelings of protection, security, and well-being, and it treats the entire person, including body, emotions, mind, and spirit. Many people claim they've had spiritual encounters.
The ability to use Reiki is passed on to the student during a Reiki lesson, rather than being taught in the conventional sense. This skill is passed on through a Reiki Master's "attunement," which enables the student to tap into an unlimited supply of "life force energy" to enhance one's health and quality of life.
Its usage is not restricted by one's intellectual or spiritual growth, making it accessible to everyone. Thousands of people of all ages and backgrounds have effectively mastered it.
Despite the fact that Reiki is not a religion, it is still necessary to live and behave in a way that encourages social harmony. In order to foster peace and harmony, Mikao Usui, the creator of the Reiki natural healing method, suggested that people follow a few specific ethical principles that are essentially universal across cultures.
Reiki is an easy, risk-free method of spiritual healing and self-improvement that can be used by anyone. It has consistently positive outcomes in the treatment of almost any known disease and ailment.
Reiki has many advantages. It's a straightforward approach that typically yields significant results. Reiki also has the bonus of being able to support people who aren't ill.
For certain people, Reiki can help with energy levels, stress management, and life changes. Others will develop spiritually and discover a greater sense of meaning in life. Many of my clients are in good health and want to remain that way, so reiki assists them in maintaining that balance so they can react to challenges differently.
Most people report feeling calm and comfortable after a procedure, with some also reporting feeling more energized, clear-headed, and successful. Many Reiki practitioners and students are aware that relaxing their systems will aid them in coping with a number of health problems, such as stress, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, and infertility.
Now that you know what Reiki is and how it works, let's talk about the Reiki Benefits. Reiki has many advantages, and anybody can use it if they so choose.
Reiki promotes deep relaxation and aids in the relief of stress and anxiety in the body.
Many people enjoy reiki because it gives them the opportunity to spend time alone, just 'being.' As a result of the counseling, clients have reported feeling more clear, calm, happier, and lighter.
Reiki creates an aura around you that helps you become more aware of what's going on within your body and mind. You'll learn to listen to your body and make better health decisions from this vantage point. Being more present means being more in tune with your body, making it easier to tap into the inner knowing and knowledge that we all possess!
It Aids You in Getting a More Restful Night's Sleep
You should still hope to feel extremely relaxed after a Reiki session. Our bodies benefit from this form of relaxation because it allows us to sleep easier, recover faster, and think more clearly. During a Reiki session, it's not unusual for people to fall asleep completely.
It helps spiritual development and mental purification.
Reiki is a holistic healing technique that addresses the whole person (mind, body, and spirit), not only the physical body. This ensures that Reiki's optimistic energy transmission effectively improves the attitude and outlook of the recipient. The healing that begins on the inside will affect their actions and outlook on the outside.
Enhances the efficacy of medical and non-medical treatments.
Reiki is an ideal alternative to traditional medicine because it helps people relax on both an emotional and physical level. The healing process is accelerated when the patient is comfortable. Reiki therapies help people sleep better and feel more relaxed. If the patient has burns or severe injuries, the Reiki practitioner may give Reiki without touching the body.
If you have medical problems such as epilepsy, diabetes, or heart disease, Reiki is safe to use. Patients who are undergoing chemotherapy can benefit from Reiki treatments. Pregnant women may use Reiki at any time during their pregnancy. All will benefit from Reiki!
Aids in the management of pain and the regeneration of the physical body.
It helps to keep the body's essential functions running smoothly (breathing, digestion, and sleeping). Migraines, asthma, and sciatica are only a few of the illnesses that Reiki can help with. It can help with asthma, chronic fatigue, menopausal symptoms, and insomnia.
Improves the body's capacity to self-regenerate.
Reiki balances the internal body, allowing you to return to your natural state more easily. Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, circulation, and other bodily functions will all rise as a result of this. The body will repair itself from the inside out if you maintain a healthy balance.
It improves attention and concentration by clearing the mind.
Reiki will help you stay in the present moment rather than reflecting on regrets from the past or fears about the future. It will help you understand and cope with the way things happen, even if they do not go according to your plans or schedule. You begin to respond positively to circumstances, people, and yourself instead of acting out of habit.
The immune system is enhanced while the body's detoxification process is supported.
Using the Reiki technique, our bodies are taught how to return to a state of rest and regeneration known as "fix" or "self-healing." Our bodies begin to cleanse themselves of unwanted energies when this state is triggered. It also helps the body battle fatigue, burnout, and immune system dysfunction.
It dissolves energy blocks to promote natural mind-body-spirit unity.
When used on a regular basis, Reiki therapy facilitates the free flow of energy around the body. This offers stress relief, better learning and memory, mental understanding, as well as physical healing and pain relief. Positive energy cannot flow to certain areas of the body when energy passageways are blocked, resulting in mood swings, anxiety, frustration, pain, and other issues.
Encourages the maintenance of peace and order.
Reiki is a Japanese technique that seeks to bring peace and order to the world. It's a non-invasive energy healing technique that energizes and promotes general well-being while also improving the body's natural healing abilities. Instead of masking or relieving symptoms, Reiki restores calm on all levels and works specifically on the problem and disease. Reiki makes people feel calmer, happier, and lighter, which lets them communicate more clearly with their inner self and focus on their lives.
Some people are drawn to reiki because it can help with physical healing, while others are interested in personal growth. The majority of people have seen reiki's benefits and want to be able to practice it on a daily basis.
Reiki can be used to support people in a wide range of conditions. Reiki does not cure a particular physical ailment; rather, it treats the entire individual. As a result, energy transfer is the most effective healing tool because it cures all aspects of a disease.
It's best to get formal Reiki training if you want to learn how to do it. There are several Reiki courses available online, some of which also provide you with a Reiki Certificate, whether you want to use Reiki in your company or just for yourself and loved ones. You'll practice tuning in to and then sending out life force energy.
You may use similar visualization techniques to release negative energy when teaching Reiki healing methods to others, but you'll have to depend on the individual to give you advice on tense areas. With further practice and Reiki therapy, you'll be able to spot areas that need healing.
To summarize, Reiki is a straightforward technique that yields remarkable results. It has a huge effect on your mind and body. A broad range of health conditions can be efficiently managed by coordinating the body's functions. It can also help a person grow spiritually, deal with daily stress, and gain greater wisdom, all of which can help them better cope with life's challenges and maintain peace in their lives.
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TO PLANT their flower and vegetable gardens, African American women used their hands—darkly creviced or smoothly freckled; their arms—some wiry, others muscled; and their shoulders and backs—one broad and another thin. They dropped small seeds into the soil with their veined hands. They wrapped their arms around freshly cut flowers to decorate tables in their homes. They bent their shoulders and backs to compost hay, manure, and field stubble, and transplanted plants from the woods into their own yards. These women developed a unique set of perspectives on the environment by way of the gardens they grew as slaves and then as freedwomen.
They continued these practices and exercised these perspectives into the early twentieth century. Rural African American women then joined these traditional ways of gardening with horticultural practices they learned from Home Demonstration Service agents and from the special programs developed in African American schools in the South.
An examination of these traditions and practices of gardening changes the reading scholars have had of African American participation in Progressive-era agricultural reform and also reveals the outlines of a rural African American environmental perspective at the time. Progressives envisioned national agricultural reforms that subjugated the discrete and nuanced expertise of local actors to models of bureaucratic efficiency and skill. Yet African American women developed an expertise from community knowledge, from their own interpretations of agricultural reforms, and from the training they received in horticulture in the Cooperative Extension Service, African American schools and other places. Progressive era scholars have missed the critical role of African American women gardeners in Progressive reform efforts, or at least have not viewed the participation of African Americans in these efforts through the critical lens of gender.2
These women cultivated with simple tools, a hoe, trowel, or shovel in one hand and seeds or fertilizer in the other hand. But they gardened within a gendered and racial milieu that gave the application of these simple instruments of skill a complex social potency. Rural African American women and men often supported one another in complementary roles and with strategies that were designed to support the family unit. Some women met their own and sometimes their family’s needs by harvesting vegetables for meals, and by planting shrubs and cultivating flowers to create more appealing homes.
The value of the women’s contributions to household productivity was often invisible to Progressive reformers, who practiced enormous condescension in their efforts to uplift the poor. African American reformers shared this condescension, making women special objects of disdain. Thomas Monroe Campbell, an agent for the Negro Cooperative Service, was haughtily dismissive of rural women, characterizing them as “too careless as to the loud manner in which they act in the streets and in public places ... and unduly familiar with men.”
But ultimately, African American women in the rural South controlled how and where they gardened, and by implication, why they gardened. They drew upon rich traditions of gardening knowledge and took what they would from Home Demonstration Work and the education programs of African American schools.This article explores this relationship between African American gardening and Progressive reform, but also asks how African American women cultivated their own gardens. Were African American women’s gardens expressions of self-interest or community experience and values, or both? Did the women blend community and Progressive influences in the gardens they made and used? How did the gardening practices of African American women in the early twentieth century rural South add up to an environmental ethic?3
[...]
THE AFRICAN AMERICAN GARDEN
AFRICAN AMERICAN and Euro-American gardens also possessed distinctive characteristics much like the roles of African American men and women. Though Vera Norwood argues that women of both groups were “responsible for designing and maintaining the yard and its ornamental garden” according to gender, ethnicity was as important as gender in shaping the unique gardens of African Americans. These featured flowers, shrubs, trees, and plants that were purchased individually, accepted as gifts, or cultivated from cuttings. African Americans created colorful motifs from gifts and cast-offs. Euro-Americans could more readily buy several plants and group and organize them.
African Americans relied on an oral tradition, unlike Euro-Americans whose expertise came from magazines and books. African American traditions were so ingrained that plants presented as gifts were associated with the giver.7African American women manipulated and controlled their yards for multiple functions in slavery and then in freedom. Free range in which livestock could roam, or a pen, an extended kitchen from the house, cleaning and leisure spaces, swept areas, and pathways to the fields, woods, the slaveholder’s house, and fenced flower and vegetable gardens comprised overlapping spaces in the yard. Each function, each space was often fluid with little or no boundaries.
Unlike most slaves, renters and owner-operators had some income and could purchase livestock, including chickens and hogs that were given free range of the yard.The women sought the shade and protection of trees from the sun and heat to prepare meals, feed and entertain family and friends, scrape pots, scrub dishes, wipe tables, beat rugs, and launder clothing. Children played and adults sought recreation throughout the yard, particularly in the shade. Outside the green spaces, women carefully swept clean any foliage, including weeds, creating a bare and austere yard.
The pathways took the women beyond their homes and yards to the environs of the woods, fields, the big house, neighbors, and town.8 In these gardens, African American women planted vegetables, fruit, flowers, shrubs, trees, and plants in red clay, sandy, and dark loamy soils. They generally cultivated vegetable gardens on a side or to the back of the cabin for easy access. To keep out livestock, their partners probably built enclosures of tied stakes for gardens—less expensive than free range. Most women grew vegetable gardens primarily to sustain their families.
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They planted okra, milo, eggplant, collards, watermelon, white yam, peas, tomatoes, beans, squash, red peppers, onions, cabbage, potatoes and sweet potatoes. Others planted truck gardens and sold corn, cotton, peanuts, sweet potatoes, tobacco, indigo, watermelons, and gourds at the market for profit. African Americans also displayed flowers for everyone’s viewing and pleasure, beckoning neighbors to take a closer look or visitors to chat in the yard’s fragrance and color.
The women looked out upon exquisite flowers including petunias, buttercups, verbenas, day lilies, cannas, chrysanthemums, iris, and phlox planted in the ground, old tires, bottles, planters, and tubs. They placed shrubs—roses, azaleas, altheas, forsythia, crepe myrtle, spirea, camellias, nandina, and wild honeysuckle—throughout the yard. Azaleas and roses were most commonly planted. The dogwood, oak, chestnut, pine, red maple, black locust, sassafras, hickory, willow, cottonwood, and redbud dotted the landscape. They chose ornamental plants that were self-propagating, along with annuals that were generally self-seeding.
Colorful combinations of blues, reds, pinks, oranges, whites, and yellow often clashed with little or no sequencing. Placement was generally informal, where the gardeners could find space. A mix of color and placement resulted in a lack of symmetry and formal design. African Americans, including the women, simply could not afford to buy several shrubs, plants or flowers at the same time to create such symmetry.9 Women’s roles were transformed from slavery to sharecropping. Jacqueline Jones observes that African American men reinforced gender roles by hunting and fishing during slavery. Men were primarily responsible for cultivating the tiny household garden plots allotted to families by the slaveholder.
They practiced conservation, tilling their own vegetable plots when time off from the slaveholder’s tasks allowed. Dating back to the antebellum period, slaves used organic farm methods such as composting, when they took or were given the opportunity to grow their own gardens. A Louisiana slave gardener also built birdhouses from hollowed gourds to attract nesting birds that protected vegetables from insects and other pests.The birdhouses, a modern fixture in suburban backyards, provided shelter for the birds that served as a natural pest control.
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GARDENING IN AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOOLS:
African American schools offered several options to their students including model yards and classes with practical and aesthetic applications. The school trained students on school grounds by cultivating model yards for teaching and profit. The model yards featured traditional elements found in a rural African American culture, including gardens, livestock, and laundering. Schools like Tuskegee and Hampton Institute also offered home economics classes, which included gardening training for women, and an agricultural curriculum for men. Most significantly, African American women teachers taught other women to cultivate aesthetically pleasing gardens.
Some applied their training to teach at secondary schools. In 1937, the African American Elizabeth City State Normal Summer School in North Carolina offered a class in housing titled, “The Rural Community Background and Rural School Organization and Management,” which emphasized home and yard aesthetics in the curriculum, and suggested “ways and means of making rural life more attractive and joyous to those who live in the open country.” Students sketched “attractive lawns and backyards and [gave]suggestions of what native shrubbery to use and when to transplant it” in this class.
They created images of nature in their art and searched the woods for plants to dig up, carry home, and replant.27 Progressive influences continued at Hampton which offered to African American women courses with aesthetics in mind, ranging from “Flower Arrangement” to “Landscape Design” in the “Curriculum for the Division of Agriculture.” These courses nurtured creativity through symmetry and beauty. Hampton also offered “Flower Arrangement” and “Flower Growing for Amateurs”— classes focusing on aesthetics and scientific housekeeping already practiced in the community and Home Demonstration.
In the flower arranging class, teachers taught “the fascinating art of flower arrangement [that] provides a medium of expression universal in appeal. Students in all divisions of the Institute will find value in learning to utilize plant materials in home, store, school, or office decoration.” Instructors demonstrated “the necessary methods involved in knowing and growing ornamental plants commonly used about the home can well be learned with study and practice” in “Flower Growing.” As teachers, Home Demonstration agents, or homemakers, women applied scientific housekeeping to gardening.28Hampton also offered classes in advanced gardening.
Teachers there taught “Ornamental Horticulture,” a course general enough in scope for the layperson and the horticulturist. Students, both men and women, learned to arrange and enhance “the homes and grounds and larger properties in order to make them more useful as well as attractive” while “growing and caring for trees, shrubs, and flowers as a commercial enterprise or as a hobby.” One of the courses, "Landscape Design of Small Properties,” was more advanced than basic flower planting and arranging, and taught vegetable gardening with an emphasis on aesthetics: “Landscaping one’s own home or school grounds is an economy and a pleasure as well as an art.
Teachers, community workers, and home owners alike will find it much to their advantage to be able to improve their surroundings in their respective communities.” In the “Landscape Gardening” class, students learned “the practical methods of beautifying grounds around the buildings, the construction of wind breaks, placing ornamental flower beds, laying out walks, planting trees and shrubs, arranging and planting window boxes.” Once again,African Americans had the opportunity to layer Progressive horticultural education upon community experiences.29
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Cherishing Columbus is a characteristic of white history, not American history.
“in fourteen hundred and nightly three, Columbus stole all he could see.”
Someone recently said to me that America has the greatest propaganda system ever created. Then my mom said to me that the people protecting the Columbus statue at Marconi Plaza in south philly probably do not know all the horrible things he represents. That I am blessed to have an education and an interest that is more expansive. She said they don’t know what they are depending. So I decided to compile a list of the things that make Columbus basically one of the worst historical figures. He is known for two things. 1- stealing the land and the genocide of indigenous peoples. 2- starting the transatlantic slave trade. I have provided ample primary sources as evidence. I am not clear on where the confusion lies….willful ignorance? Thats as kind as I can go.
So one concern may be that its not right to judge historical figures based on todays standards. Columbus was a slaver and a pedophile. The founders were slavers and the Greeks were pedophiles but we revere them. The point is not that Columbus did these things, the point is the way he did them was barbaric and inhuman. The point is that Columbus was not just a slaver or pedophile but a war criminal who committed atrocities against indigenous peoples and stole their lands. But MY point is that the story of Columbus has an insidious message, the history we teach our children is full of lies created as a system of propaganda and myth building. The myth of Columbus teaches us to identify with the oppressor, to ignore the perspective of those the land was stolen from, and the rhetoric of discovery implies only the feats of the white man matters.
“Not understanding their past renders many Americans incapable of thinking effectively about our present and future”
“Students of the dominant social group are taught lies in the guise of fact creating an ‘inverted world’ view which hide the unjust distribution of power in the past so they do not have the tools to identify them in the future.”
Myth: Columbus was bold and brave, ahead of his time while his crew was fearful of sailing over the edge of the world. “The people of your earth believed the earth to be flat; Columbus proved it was round.“-star trek
Fact: In Columbus’s time all educated people and most sailors believed the earth was a sphere.
Proof: It looks round. It casts a circular shadow on moon. Sailors see its roundness when ships disappear over the horizon, hull first, then sails.
Proof: Washington Irving made up flat earth fable in 1828
Propaganda: The lie makes Columbus a man of science who corrected our faulty geography That those who direct social enterprises are more intelligent than those nearer the bottom.
2. Myth: Columbus on the first voyage with the pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria braved a dangerous journal and the crew almost mutinied.
Fact: It was smooth sailing and at worst rained only the last day when they knew they were close to land
Fact: there was no mutiny, at best some grumpy sailors
Fact: the journey was no more than a month and they stopped at the Canary Islands and were given aid.
Propaganda: Columbus bravely succeeded in an arduous journey even while dealing with superstitious sailors.
3. Myth: Columbus was a skilled navigator and leader who hid the distance of his journey from the crew so they would not think they had gone too far from home.
Fact: Columbus had false entries in the log of Santa Maria to keep the route to the Indies secret. Columbus was a less experienced navigator than the Pinzon brothers who captained the Nina and Pinta
Proof: Columbus admits this later in his journal
Proof: argument from Salvador de Madariaga that we would have to think the others on the voyage were fools. Columbus had no special method available only to him whereby distances sailed could be more accurately reckoned than by the other pilots and masters
Propaganda: Those at the top are smarter than those at the bottom. Columbus was a genius navigator.
4. Myth: Columbus died alone and poor without recognition for his deeds
Fact: Columbus died well off.
Proof: He left his airs well endowed with the title: ‘Admiral of the Ocean Sea’ now carried by his 18th generation descendant
Propaganda: Columbus’s story is a tragedy of a brave man wrongly treated by the world
5. Myth: Columbus did not know he had reached a ‘new’ continent
Fact: He knew.
Proof: His journal entries
Propaganda: to humanize Columbus and maximize his greatness
6. Myth: Columbus discovered a ‘New World’
Fact: It was new only to Europeans
Proof: People had lived in Americas for thousands of years
Propaganda: the white European conquest was right and natural. Implies we have a right to this land and subtly says it was empty of anyone who mattered
Propaganda: justifies American exceptionalism and natural right to the world. In 1989 President George H.W. Bush invoked Columbus as a role model for the nation: “Christopher Columbus not only opened the door to a New World, but also set an example for us all by showing what monumental feats can be accomplished through perseverance and faith.”
7. Myth: Columbus ‘discovered’ America
Fact: Columbus not the first to discover America but the last
Fact: the rhetoric of discovery has been used to justify the stolen land
Proof: How can one person discover what another already knows and owns?
Propaganda: All the important discoveries are traceable to white Europe
Propaganda Analysis: “So long as our textbooks hide from us the roles that people of color have played in exploration, from at least 6000 BC to the twentieth century, they encourage us to look to Europe and its extensions as the seat of all knowledge and intelligence. So long as they say ‘discover’ they imply that whites are the only people who really matter.” -Lies My Teacher Told Me page 66
Use of Propaganda: words matter: In 1823 Chief Justice John Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court decried that Cherokees had certain rights to their land in Georgia by dint of their ‘occupancy’ but that whites had superior rights owing to their ‘discovery’. How American Indians managed to occupy Georgia without having previously discovered it Marshall neglected to explain.
8. Myth: Columbus was the first to voyage to the Americas across Atlantic.
Fact: The Norse, The Phoenicians and Africans sailed to America long before Columbus.
Fact: Columbus was not the first, just the first white catholic to make it
Fact: Phoenicians beat Columbus by over 2000 years
Fact: at best students are taught the Norse came a little earlier but they failed where we succeeded. No mention is made of the vast amounts of evidence that show other peoples traveling across the ocean
Proof: There were people already there and all humans originated from same place, so the indigenous peoples had to have traveled somehow
Proof: the huge face stones in Mexico have distinctly African features
Proof: archeological discoveries of tools and art
Propaganda: Only the feats of white people matter. All important developments can be traced to white Europeans
Propaganda: students learn that black feats are not considered important while white ones are.
9. Myth: Native Americans walked across the Atlantic in an Ice Age
Fact: Native Americans came to the Americas between 70,000 and 12,000 BC, from Siberia to Alaska
Proof: It is impossible to walk across the ocean even in an Ice Age
Propaganda: the natives people were primitive and European whites were smarter and more advanced
10. Myth: Columbus came for exploration and trade
Fact: Columbus’s purpose from the beginning was conquest and exploitation for which he used religion as a rationale to force the indigenous peoples to work for him
Proof: the Spanish sought gold, they killed Indians, and Indians fled and resisted.
Propaganda: Columbus’s venture had good intentions and his efforts were religiously motivated
11. Possible Myth: Columbus was a Catholic Italian
Fact: this is an unproven story
Fact: some scholars believe he was a jewish convert from Spain hiding from the inquisition.
Proof: He wrote in his journals in Spanish and could not write in Italian
Propaganda: Italian American Nationalism
12. Probable Myth: Columbus yelled ‘Tierra!’ Or ‘land’ when he spotted the coast and his first act on ground was to thank god
Fact: There is absolutely no proof this is the case
Proof: Considering all the other embellishments to the myth of Columbus it seems reasonable to think this is a lie as well.
Propaganda: focus white American identify with Columbus and the moment of ‘discovery’ not what Columbus did to the native peoples and lands he ‘discovered’
13. Myth: White Europeans invented navigation and sea fairing ships
Fact: Not true. White history says the design started with Henrey the Navigator of Portugal between 1415 and 1460.
Fact: Egyptians and Phoenicians where sailing long before white Europeans. Portugal probably saw their designs and that is where Columbus got his ‘new ship’.
Fact: There was nothing special about Columbus’s navigation abilities
Proof: massive amounts of archaeological data, including coins from ancient Rome.
Proof: If everyone originated in same place, then how did any people get there before Columbus?
Propaganda: all important discoveries came from white europeans and the natives where primitive and fortunate to be ‘civilized’
14. Myth: White Europeans conquered because they are/were naturally the stronger smarty people
Fact: History tells us it was one man but it was actually many cultures
Fact: White Europeans learned medicine and without the help of the native peoples would have starved for lack on knowledge of local agriculture
Fact: Democracy came from Indigenous Peoples
Fact: ‘Syncretism’ is combining the ideas from two or more cultures to something new.
Proof: Muslims preserved the wisdom of the greeks and enhanced it with ideas from china, india, and africa, then passing it on to Europe via Italy and spain
Propaganda: only white Europeans are strong and a multiracial society is not rational. Clearly, all advancement and progress has come from the white man.
Propaganda: European world domination is natural and inevitable
Propaganda: all culture and modern Tecnology comes from white europeans
15. Origin Myth: He was good and so are we.
Fact: Some people cannot accept Columbus as a villain. “But an honest account of history does not mean Columbus was bad and so are we. Textbooks should show that right morality or immorality cannot simply be conferred upon us by history. Merely being part of the United States, without regard to our own acts and ideas, does not make us immoral or moral human beings. History is more complicated than that.”
Truth of the Legacy of Christopher Columbus:
Columbus changed the world and revolutionized race relations.
His Legacy: the class of cultures and system of domination that still exist today
A bloody atrocity that left a legacy of genoicide and slavery that endures to some degree to this day.
Christopher Columbus changed the world in two ways: Colonization in the form of genoicide and Slavery
The taking of land, wealth, and labor from indigenous people in Western Hemisphere, leading to their near extermination.
Sunday October 14th 1492: “I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.”
Columbus returned with Haitian Slaves and Ferdinand and Isabella outfitted Columbus for a second voyage with 17 ships, 1200-1500 men, cannons, crossbows, guns, cavalry, and attack dogs.
The War of the Worlds allegory
When the ‘primitive’ peoples were terrified by the advance Tecnology of the aliens Wells wanted us to sympathize with the natives on Haiti in 1943 or on Australia in 1788 or in the upper Amazon jungle today
Haiti
Conquer them he did. Columbus and his men demanded food, gold, spun cotton, women, ect.
Columbus used punishment by example to ensure cooperation
When an Indian committed even a minor offense, the Spanish cut off his ears or nose. Disfigured, the person was sent back to his village as living evidence of the brutality the Spanish were capable of
At first the resistance was passive but eventually they took up arms, their resistance gave Columbus an excuse to make war
Ferdinand Columbus’s biography of his father: “The soldiers mowed down dozens with point-blank volleys, loosed dogs to rip open limbs and bellies, chased fleeing Indians into the bush to skewer them on sword and pike and with God’s aid soon gained a complete victory, killing many Indians and capturing others who were also killed.”
Columbus’s created a tribute system where natives received a medallion after paying tribute and were safe for three months where they would have to provide another tribute or have their hands chopped off.
The encomienda system came later but was of Columbus’s design
Pedro de Cordoba wrote a letter to King Ferdinand in 1517 describing the Haiti that Christopher Columbus had created, "As a result of the sufferings and hard labor they endured, the Indians choose and have chosen suicide. Occasionally a hundred have committed mass suicide. The women, exhausted by labor, have shunned conception and childbirth . . . Many, when pregnant, have taken something to abort and have aborted. Others after delivery have killed their children with their own hands, so as not to leave them in such oppressive slavery.” -Lies My Teacher Told Me pg 57
The Haitians impaled themselves, drank poison, jumped off cliffs, hanged themselves and killed their children
Haiti Pre-Columbian
Estimates as high as 8 million.
1496 estimates of 3 million
1516 estimates of 12,000
1542 estimates of 200 full blooded Haitian Indians
1555 none.
The methods unleashed by Columbus are the larger part of his legacy. Other Nations rushed to emulate Columbus. “In 1501 the Portuguese began to depopulate Labrador, transporting the now extinct Beothuk Indians to Europe and Capa Verde as Slaves. After the English established beachheads on the Atlantic coast of North America, they encouraged capture and sell members of more distant tribes. Charleston South Carolina, became a major port of exporting American Indian Slaves. Pilgrims and Puritans sold the survivors of the Pequot War into Slavery in Bermuda in 1673. The French sipped virtually the entire Natchez nation in chains to the West Indies in 1731.”
2. The transatlantic slave trade which created a racial underclass
Columbus sent the first slaves across the Atlantic
Columbus sent more slaves across Atlantic than any other individual (5,000)
On Haiti Columbus did not find gold at first so he found another source of wealth
Columbus in letter to Ferdinand and Isabella in 1496 on Indian death rate: “Although they die now, they will not always die The negroes and Canary Islanders died at first.”
“there now began a rain of terror in Hispaniola”- Hans Koning
On The sexual slave trade
Columbus rewarded his lieutenants with native women to rape. They raided villages for sex and sport
Columbus wrote to friend in 1500 “A hundred castellanoes are as easily obtained for a women as for a farm, and it is very general and there are plenty of dealers who go about looking for girls; those from 9 to 10 are now in demand”
African slave trade
To replace dying Haitians, the Spanish imported tens of thousands more Indians from the Bahamas, to extinction
Because the Indians died, Columbus imported slaves from Africa. Beginning the massive slave trade the other way across the Atlantic, from Africa
Haitian revolution
Site of first large scale revolt, when blacks and American Indians banded together in 1519. The uprising lasted more than a decade and brought to end by Spanish in 1530s
In 1791-1804 Haitians Revolted in the first successful slave rebellion in the West
Who are our US History Textbooks written for?
Who are ‘we’? Columbus is no hero in Mexico even though Mexico is must more Spannish and might be expected to take pride in this hero of Spanish history. Why not? Because Mexico is much more Indian than US, and because Mexicans perceive Columbus as white and European.
‘the fundamental epistemic asymmetry between typical white views of blacks and typical black views of whites: these are not cognizers linked by a reciprocal ignorance but rather groups whose respective privilege and subordination tend to produce self-deception, bad faith, evasion, and misrepresentation on the one hand, and more veridical perceptions, on the other hand’
Continuing to use terms like ‘discovered’ and ‘civilized’ allow whites to think of selves as master to the native (even though colonization is over) and superior morally and intellectually.
“When history textbooks leave out the Arawaks, they offend Native Americans. When they omit the possibility of African and Phoenician precursors to Columbus, they offend African Americans. When they glamorize explores such as de Soto just because they were white, our histories offend all people of color. When they leave out Las Casas, they omit an interesting idealist with whom we all might identify. When they glorify Columbus, our textbooks prod us toward identifying with the oppressor. When textbook authors omit the causes and process of European world domination, they offer a history whose purpose must be to keep us unaware of the important questions.” -page 69, Lies My Teacher Told Me by James Loewen
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Pugapoo Overview & 7 Things You Should Know
Pugapoo in a nutshell
The Pugapoo is a cross between a Pug and a Poodle. Another name for it is a Pugoodle. It is a well-known hybrid breed that combines the greatest qualities of both of its parents. Pugapoos are popular as companion dogs since they are friendly and cute.
They are a well-known breed because
Pugs are popular for a variety of reasons. For starters, they exhibit characteristics of both the Pug and the Poodle. Poodles are intelligent and easy to train, whilst Pugs are friendly and energetic. Pugapoos make excellent pets for all of these reasons.
Second, Pugapoos frequently inherit the Poodle's hypoallergenic coat, making them an excellent choice for allergy sufferers. Their coats shed less than those of some other breeds, making them easier to care for.
Pugapoos are adorable due to their large, expressive eyes, curly or wavy fur, and distinct face. Dogs are popular because they are little and cute.
History
Where the breed originated:
The Pugapoo is a relatively new designer breed. Breeders purposefully crossed Pugs and Poodles in the late twentieth century to create a dog with the best characteristics of both breeds. The Pugapoo's history is unknown, as it is with most mixed-breed dogs. However, it is believed that the crossbreeding was done to create a domestic dog that was as sociable as a Pug and as intelligent as a Poodle.
What distinguishes the Pugapoo from other varieties of Poodles:
The Pugapoo differs from other Poodle breeds mostly because to its size and appearance. The Pugapoo is often a little dog. Poodles come in a variety of sizes, including standard, miniature, and toy. It also has genetic variances in its coat, color, and facial traits from both parents.
Characteristics
External appearance:
Their parents, the Pug and the Poodle, may both be seen in a Pugapoo. They are usually small, robust, and have curly or wavy fur. The coat might be one color, several colors, or a combination of colors. Their looks may resemble those of Pugs, with a short muzzle, wrinkles, and expressive eyes.
Character traits:
Pugapoos are popular because they are gentle and affectionate. They frequently form close bonds with their owners and like being treated as members of the family. They enjoy being around people and receiving attention, which makes them excellent lap dogs and devoted companions.
Temperament:
Pugapoos frequently exhibit characteristics of both their Pug and Poodle parents. They are usually playful, friendly, and social, and they enjoy spending time with their family and other pets. They can be lively and enjoy playing with others, but they also enjoy relaxing and cuddling.
Size:
The Pugapoo is a tiny dog breed. The exact size is determined by the Poodle parent's size and the breed. Their shoulder height ranges between 10 and 15 inches on average.
Weight:
A Pugapoo can weigh anywhere from 10 to 25 pounds, depending on its size and the size of its parents.
Lifespan:
A Pugapoo lives between 12 and 15 years on average. They can live even longer if they are well cared for, eat well, and visit the vet on a regular basis.
People education and training
Early education and socialization are critical:
Pugapoos must learn how to behave and get along with other dogs and people from a young age. When they are young, they are trained and socialized to learn basic commands, proper manners, and how to act. It also makes kids feel more at ease in unfamiliar environments and with new people and animals.
The following training approaches were proposed:
Pugapoos are intelligent and eager to please, therefore they react well to positive reinforcement training methods. This means that positive behavior should be rewarded with treats, praise, or playtime. It is easy to train a Pugapoo and create a deep bond with it if you are consistent, patient, and utilize positive reinforcement.
How to tackle some of the most prevalent behavioral issues:
Pugapoos, like other dog breeds, can develop negative tendencies if they are not properly trained and socialized. Separation anxiety, excessive barking, and stubbornness are some of the issues that can arise. To assist them with these issues, it is critical to provide them with mental stimulation, frequent exercise, and training that employs positive reinforcement. Setting up a regular schedule and providing them things to do with their energy can aid in the reduction of behavioral issues.
Taking care of business
Common diseases and how to recognize them:
Some health issues can be handed down to the puppies from their parents. Many pugapoos suffer from health issues such as difficulty breathing, eye problems, hip dysplasia, and skin sensitivities. Regular vet visits, excellent nutrition, exercise, and grooming can help keep their health in check and detect any problems early.
Dietary requirements:
Pugs require a well-balanced, nutrient-dense diet for optimal health. Food should be appropriate for their age, size, and activity level. Small-breed dogs should consume high-quality dog food that contains all of the nutrients they require. You can learn out what your Pugapoo need by speaking with a veterinarian.
Exercise prerequisites:
Pugapoos, despite their small size, require frequent exercise to keep healthy and avoid obesity. To acquire the activity they require, youngsters must go on daily walks, play with other children, and perform activities that keep their minds engaged. However, it is critical to consider what your Pugapoo can and cannot accomplish because their activity requirements vary based on their size, age, and health.
Grooming and sanitation:
Most Pugapoos have curly or wavy coats that don't shed much. They must be groomed frequently to keep their coat in good condition and from matting. Brush their fur a few times a week to remove any stray hair and protect it from becoming tangled. To keep their coats looking great, they may need to be groomed by a professional on a regular basis.
Pugapoos require clean teeth in addition to caring for their coats. Brushing their teeth every day and giving them dental treats or toys are the best ways to keep their mouths healthy. They should also have their ears cleaned, their nails cut, and regular vet examinations as part of their overall grooming and hygiene routine.
Having children and reproducing:
There are various methods for breeding dogs, and it is critical to select a breeder who is concerned with the health and happiness of both the parents and the puppies. A reputable breeder will monitor both parents' health and care for and socialize the puppies as needed.
Where to go shopping or buy a pet:
If you wish to buy or adopt a Pugapoo, do your research and identify trustworthy suppliers. Consider the following options:
Look for breeders with a solid reputation, who prioritize the health and happiness of their dogs, and who can show you the necessary papers and health clearances for the parent dogs.
Check with local rescue groups or breed-specific rescues to see if any Pugapoos are available for adoption. Purchasing a dog from a rescue organization might provide it with a second shot at a decent home.
Animal Shelters and Adoption Centers: Check with your local animal shelters and adoption centers. Pugapoos and other mixed-breed dogs are occasionally available for adoption.
It is critical to conduct extensive research, to visit the facility or breeder, to ask questions, and to ensure that the dogs are well-cared for and living in a clean and healthy environment.
Pugapoo as used in popular culture:
Because Pugapoos are a relatively new cross breed, they may not be well known in popular culture. However, as designer breeds become more popular, Pugapoos are gaining popularity as attractive and lovable companion dogs.
Conclusion
Finally, the Pugapoo is an adorable and popular cross between a Pug and a Poodle. It represents the finest of both breeds. People recognize them for how pleasant, playful, and adorable they appear. Early training and socialization are critical for their development, and positive reinforcement is the most effective technique to train them.
Pugapoos require special care, such as frequent exercise, brushing, and eating a well-balanced diet. When purchasing a Pugapoo, it is critical to follow proper breeding and adoption practices. Pugapoos can make wonderful family pets if they are properly cared for and loved. They can bring a lot of delight and company to their owners.
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Currently reading Drivin While Black by Gretchen Sorin.
Here's a passage from the introduction:
It reads "The intricate pattern of interstate highways was designed to make car travel safer and more efficient, to support national defense, to boost the economy, and later to provide a method for citizens to evacuate the cities in the event of a nuclear war. As early as 1916, the federal government passed legislation to finance the building of roads. Throughout the twentieth century, the US Army argued for the building of a system of highways in the event that troops and supplies needed to be deployed quickly. President Dwight D Eisenhower made passage of the 1956 Federal Aid Highway Act (also known as the National Interstate and Highway Defense Act) a signature piece of his administration. It soon led to a vast network of highways coursing through every state and connecting major cities and rural areas. Existing roads, the president argued, represented an 'appalling problem of waste, danger and death.' In his annual State of the Union address in January 1955, Eisenhower told the nation: 'A modern highway system is essential to meet the needs of a growing population, our expanding economy and our national security.'"
Blurb:
How the automobile fundamentally changed African American life―the basis of a major PBS documentary by Ric Burns.
It’s hardly a secret that mobility has always been limited, if not impossible, for African Americans. Before the Civil War, masters confined their slaves to their property, while free black people found themselves regularly stopped, questioned, and even kidnapped. Restrictions on movement before Emancipation carried over, in different forms, into Reconstruction and beyond; for most of the 20th century, many white Americans felt blithely comfortable denying their black countrymen the right to travel freely on trains and buses. Yet it became more difficult to shackle someone who was cruising along a highway at 45 miles per hour.
In Driving While Black, the acclaimed historian Gretchen Sorin reveals how the car―the ultimate symbol of independence and possibility―has always held particular importance for African Americans, allowing black families to evade the many dangers presented by an entrenched racist society and to enjoy, in some measure, the freedom of the open road. She recounts the creation of a parallel, unseen world of black motorists, who relied on travel guides, black only businesses, and informal communications networks to keep them safe. From coast to coast, mom and pop guest houses and tourist homes, beauty parlors, and even large hotels―including New York’s Hotel Theresa, the Hampton House in Miami, or the Dunbar Hotel in Los Angeles―as well as night clubs and restaurants like New Orleans’ Dooky Chase and Atlanta’s Paschal’s, fed travelers and provided places to stay the night. At the heart of Sorin’s story is Victor and Alma Green’s famous Green Book, a travel guide begun in 1936, which helped grant black Americans that most basic American rite, the family vacation.
As Sorin demonstrates, black travel guides and black-only businesses encouraged a new way of resisting oppression. Black Americans could be confident of finding welcoming establishments as they traveled for vacation or for business. Civil Rights workers learned where to stay and where to eat in the South between marches and protests. As Driving While Black reminds us, the Civil Rights Movement was just that―a movement of black people and their allies in defiance of local law and custom. At the same time, she shows that the car, despite the freedoms it offered, brought black people up against new challenges, from segregated ambulance services to unwarranted traffic stops, and the racist violence that too often followed.
Interwoven with Sorin’s own family history and enhanced by dozens of little known images, Driving While Black charts how the automobile fundamentally reshaped African American life, and opens up an entirely new view onto one of the most important issues of our time.
#driving while black#african american history#black history#gretchen sorin#booklr#bookblr#nene reads#books
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