#pdp-8/e
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Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8/E, /F, and /M, 1972.
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PDP-8 ASCII Art Photo Booth – David Gesswein - VCF East XVIII
People really liked this one, which hasn't been seen for a few years. This PDP-8/E was setup to take portraits using a vidicon tube camera in black and white, which would then be digitized slowly (as fast as the PDP-8/E can go), line by line vertically. The image is then available either as an ASCII art printout on a large chain drive line printer, or in tricolor separation, which could then be emailed to you after the show. I went for the monochrome portrait printout. The PDP-8/E in question was having some difficulties on the first day, and needed to be debugged at the show before it was ready to run, but once it was running again, it was a hit!
#vcfexviii#vcf east xviii#vintage computer festival east xviii#commodorez goes to vcfexviii#pdp-8/e#pdp-8#digital equipment corporation#DEC#digital
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(via Redditor discovers legendary 1956 computer in grandparents’ basement | Ars Technica)
On Monday, a German Redditor named c-wizz announced that they had found a very rare 66-year-old Librascope LGP-30 computer (and several 1970 DEC PDP-8/e computers) in their grandparents' basement. The LGP-30, first released in 1956, is one of only 45 manufactured in Europe and may be best known as the computer used by "Mel" in a famous piece of hacker lore.
Developed by Stan Frankel at California Institute of Technology in 1954, the LGP-30 (short for "Librascope General Purpose 30") originally retailed for $47,000 (about $512,866 today, adjusted for inflation) and weighed in at 800 pounds. Even so, people considered it a small computer at the time due to its desk-like size (about 44×33×26 inches). According to Masswerk.at, the LGP-30 included 113 vacuum tubes, 1,450 solid-state diodes, and rotating magnetic drum memory—a 6.5-inch diameter and 7-inch long tube rotating at 3,700 RPM—that could store 4,069 31-bit words (equivalent to about 15.8 modern kilobytes).
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i feel like ive seen multiple different things refereed to as "the first modern computer." what does "modern" actually mean in that sense, and what deserves that title?
its an arbitrary line in the sand. i wont draw it for you but here are some of your options from earliest to most recent:
1.) certainly not
2.) this fucking tihng. fuck this thing. its not a computer. i dont care sHUT UPPP. don't bring this up with me.
3.) shit like this, still no, but much warmer. does not meet base qualifications b/c no electronics. you said modern computer, so i am waiting for at least CMOS and some other things ill point out later. these things do weird math and some ppl like to call them computers. it is weird for them to be disconnected from some useful apparatus, they use the geometry and rotation of parts to do higher order math like integrations/derivations. in the linked article i guess it makes sense for it to be a standalone thing but ppl didn't stand around these huge whirring clinking mechanical contrivances, observing it like "Hmm, Ah, Yess..Indeed", they were used for things like the oil and fuel pumps for a military jet engine whose operation depends on lots of factors and needed some complicated non-linear input that has to come in real-time. this family of stuff is german engineering at its core: forty kajillion moving interfacing machined parts (tight tolerance) whose configuration is completely impenetrable except for the sex pervert who built it.
4.) the z123456789 etc etc
the z4 might be the first non-shithead answer here. its the same shit as above but with electronics. z1 through z3 got blown up on account of a bomb dropped from a plane, because they were built in nazi germany. this is still the era of "dancing around the concept of implementing a turing machine" and not "modern computing". none of this era of stone age electronics worked reliably for any meaningful amount of time rly.
5.) eniac. same shit as above but scaled up to a big stupid building and only affordable by a big stupid wartime military expenditure budget. constantly on fire, constantly exploding tubes inside, trained teams of tube-replacers needed for any effective operation. "i don't think so, tim". i guess you could program it. no mmu no kernel no pre-empt mechanism. not the one imo
6.) mainframes and minicomputers. this is the first non-dickhead answer (as opposed to non-shithead answer). still no. no kernel, no mmu, no pre-empt. this time instead of a building that explodes, its just a 4 ton steel brick that mostly works, only affordable by The Bank which uses it to store account legers and do arithmetic and the like. we're getting there. these were nuts, this is around where we pulled the trigger on the digitalization of banking and iirc this happened from the core outward, meaning the first few managed e.g. the federal reserve's intrabank lending & interest type stuff, or a regular bank's accounting of big company's accounts. the kind of stuff you basically can't lose or fuck up under any circumstance, but the tech isn't there for reasonable redundancy so the answer is a truly horrifying nightmare fire suppression system that will flood the room with halon gas in 1 second when triggered. it'd stop any combustion occurring inside as well as, uh, respiration. it was that important
7.) microcontrollers. we're getting close now but no mmu, no kernel, no kernel mode, etc etc. i don't need to explain this one much, right? you all know what an arduino or w/e is. this is finally a semiconductors but there's more parts we need.
8.) pdp/11 & vax. i'll bite here. kernel mode, memory protection, mmu, multi user timeshared OS. real computer type shit. the hw and ISA allows for pretty much everything hereafter (via software). i can't e.g. just read or write to any arbitrary address like you could on a real mode machine and do things like directly manipulate things on the system bus or read any memory from just a userspace application run by a non-root user. computery-computer type shit.
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Φlaumen Cooperative (Lisp-y style guide ref, part 1...)
Reads as Pflaumen, loosely inspired onto the eponymous information technology firm within Machinegames' Wolfenstein franchise (reference page card below...) & plenty of historically-informed inspirations like DEC, Symbolics, Konrad Zuse KG, KDE E.V, etc.
Context
Essentially, I build my way towards a small creative business to call my very own (with major technological & culturally-driven aspects), which is also related to personal worldbuilding projects & manifestation goals of mine.
Some reference pictures
Keywords dump
Groovy soft natural retro grunge warm natural filmic comfort, tramway at dusk from mesas to the ocean far away, distant future LISP DIY copyleft cartoons, symbolic CAS LISP Gruvbox poetic devkit, soft-rounded bold geometric shape language, fontmap vector prefab modules, slice-of-life cozy rollerwave cartoons, communal retrofuturistic optimism, Bauhaus, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, "Gruvbox Light Medium + OldBook Light Academia" mashup, seventies toon cel, copyleft GLOSS data transparency movement, soviet-bloc indie shareware culture, Nintendo 64 console with 64DD expansion cartridge, SEGA Dreamcast, DEC Alpha, Sanyo 3DO TRY, Nuon, Ouya, Commodore PETSCII CBM-II, Commodore Amiga 3000+4000, bronze-age historical time period, Chronokinesis, True Polymorph, lunarpunk mysticism, Teslafunk, Solarpunk, Cyberfunk, syndicalism, georgism, ecology, harmonious innovation, progressives, seventies rollerwave futurism, filmic, OGG container format, OGV, OPUS, Vorbis, OpenEXR, Animated SVG, CSS3 animations, PK3/ZIP file archives, USD format, harsh raster XY plotters & printers, selectric typewriters, comforting Shoshone music / songs / hymns; "Soyuzmultfilm", "Helluva Boss", "The Powerpuff Girls Z", "The Powerpuff Girls", "Jet Set Radio", "Newgrounds", "Jin-Roh The Wolf Brigade", "Android Arts", "Nicky Case", "Jucika", Nintendo 64 with N64DD module, SEGA Dreamcast, Sanyo 3DO, Nuon, Ouya, DEC Alpha, Commodore 64, DECmate II, DECmate III, Intersil 6100 & 6120 lineups, PETSCII, OpenXanadu web, IBM Z/16 Linux One mainframe, OpenPOWER, Libre GLOSS data-transparent Apple Silicon M3 system, RTTY protocols, Minitel / Videotex services, hard-copy terminals, Typex, Telex Teleprinters (read-only & Read/Write), block data terminals, explorable explainers, federated ActivityPub RSS feeds, SPARC Voyager, Xerox Daybreak, R2E Micral Portal, libre bio-modding & cyberware, Pflaumen, Utalics, Lambda Star, Lambda Nova, Wyatt, Sass, MathML, XML+XSL, OpenREXX, PDP-8/e, PDP-12, PDP-15, ALGOL68, LISP 1.5, Steel Bank Common Lisp, Trial Engine, GNU Hurd, Linux, Macroware, SoundTracker, Multi-Agent Simulations, Mixtapes, Android Clades/Classes (Robots, Droids, Synthetics), Open Virtual Worlds, "Rogue Servitors"; "Liberty" caucus within "Union Party", Al-Gore (2000), Trump + Michelle Oprah (2004), Theodore Roosevelt (1912), Charles Hugues (1916), Progressives party since ~1910-1915, Pedro II of Brazil + Haile Selassie equivalent figure during the later 19th century, political split around 2024-2025, female programmers still in charge, gender inclusivity, major 3D, animation & game engine-y frameworks abundant in Common LISP (Trial Engine + AutoLISP as copyleft GLOSS / open source licensed software); Rust red dark grunge wood, translucid glass, matte plastics, fuzzy wool, forest flora, ocean water, arcade cabinets, hyper mall shops & stores, conversation pits, wax cylinder records, 45rpm autoplay mini-vinyl records, datasettes, cassettes, analog Laserdiscs, DECtape, MiniDiscs, programmable androids, retro unit record equipment, mainframes, LTO tape cartridges, amber earmuffs, black spirals-pattern balls, black matte libstick, cloven hoof shoes;
Links
Implicitly includes this blog's archives, especially what deemed relevant under the "maskoch", "maskutchew" & "16^12" hashtags;
Additional detailwork
GRUB 2 Bootloader custom theme, custom global theme with window decorations / Plasma styles / application styles combo, splash-screen / lock screens / login screens, vector-based wallpapers + icons & animated? cursors, 3x4 (soft, medium, hard; dark Gruvbox-alike, light Gruvbox-esque, warm olive green & warm rust orange-red variations), ;
DETAILS
OS: TuxedoOS (will diversify drastically soon, seriously)
DE: KDE/Plasma & KDE/Liquid
WM: KWin
Terminal: Konsole
Shell: Fish shell, with Bash as fallback
Fonts: Cascadia Code & Cascadia Mono
PlasmaStyle: Daisy (+ Old Plastics?), Breeze
Cursor: Simp1e-Gruvbox-Light
ColorScheme: WarmColorsLight
Icons: Gruvbox Plus Dark
Web Browsers: Librewolf, Firefox...
Dotfiles: Not yet anywhere near ready at this time.
More to come relatively soon...
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PRESS CONFERENCE HELD ON THE IMPOSED SETTLEMENT OF PRESIDENT BOLA AHMED TINUBU ON THE RIVERS STATE CRISIS By Chief (Dr.) E. K. Clark (19th December, 2023)
Firstly, I wish to commend President Bola Ahmed Tinubu for heeding the various calls, including our own, to mediate in the on-going crisis rocking Rivers State by calling Barr. Nyesome Wike to order so as to restore peace and tranquillity in the State and avert any problem similar to that which occurred in 2013, when Barr. Wike was Minister of State Education.
However, the terms of settlement as contained in the Communique issued at the end of the reconciliatory meeting is what is baffling, appalling and unacceptable to the people, especially, the Ijaw ethnic nationality. From the terms of settlement, it is obvious that President Tinubu sees his role as a mediator, to once again, show gratitude to the current Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), for “delivering” Rivers State to him during the past Presidential elections, having first of gratified him by making him the Minister of FCT.
First Observation:
The composition of the attendees of the meeting was one sided in favour of Nyesome Wike, the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), because while Martins Amaewhule, a former Speaker, (because he has automatically lost his seat the very moment he decamped to another political party), was present at the meeting, it would have only been equitable and expedient, for Edison Ehie, the Speaker as affirmed by constitutional provisions and by the granting of the court, to be in the meeting, if there were sincerity of purpose.
The 8 resolutions reached, are the most unconstitutional, absurd and obnoxious resolutions at settling feuding parties that I have ever witnessed in my life. As a matter of fact, some medias captured it very well when they described it as Directives. And for the fact that such thing was done at the Villa, the seat of the Federal Government of Nigeria, is sacrilegious, because any place housing or is a custodian of symbol of authority, ought to be sacred.
It is obvious that Governor Siminialayi Fubara was ambushed and intimidated into submission. President Tinubu should know that with all the powers he possesses, he cannot override the Constitution. From all that transpired at the meeting, the laws of the land have not been obeyed. President Tinubu simply sat over a meeting where the Constitution, which is the fulcrum of his office as President and which he swore to uphold and abide by, was truncated and desecrated.
27 or so members (because the figure is not certain), of the Rivers State House of Assembly left the political party on which platform they were elected. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is very clear on that. Section 109 is quite clear on that and it says:
A member of a House of Assembly shall vacate his seat in the House if
Being a person whose election to the House of Assembly was sponsored by a political party, he becomes a member of another political party before the expiration of the period for which that House was elected:
Provided that his membership of the later political party is not as a result of a division in the political party of which he was previously a member or of a merger of two or more political parties or factions by one of which he was previously sponsored;
The Speaker of the House of Assembly shall give effect to subsection (1) of this section, so however that the Speaker or a member shall first present evidence satisfactory to the House that any of the provisions of that subsection has become applicable in respect of the member.
Nyesom Wike is quite abreast of these constitutional provisions. He shouted his voice hoarse calling for the removal of persons like David Umahi as Governor of Ebonyi State, Ben Ayade as Governor of Cross River State and Bello Matawalle as Governor of Zamafara State, when they decamped from the PDP on which platform they were elected into office, to the APC, citing the above constitutional provisions. What has changed?
A Court of competent jurisdiction has pronounced Edison Ehie as the Speaker of the Rivers State House of Assembly. That Ruling has not been vacated, and based on that he exercised the duties conferred on him by Section 109 (2) as quoted above, when the 27 or so members openly defected to APC, waving the flags of the party and singing President Tinubu’s campaign songs, from the Peoples’ Democratic Party (PDP). As at today and going by the Constitution, the Rivers State House of Assembly has four members who are recognised by the laws of the land Therefore, on what premise is Mr. President saying that the 27 decamped members should go back to the House? Under what political party, the PDP or the APC. The directives of Mr. President is absurd and cannot hold water. Mr. President should be aware that Siminialayi Fubara, today, is the elected Governor of Rivers State in the same manner Bola Ahmed Tinubu is the elected President of the country. And as a Governor, Mr. Fubara possesses all the powers as conferred on him by the Constitution.
2. Re-Submission of the names of Commissioners who have resigned their Appointments:
Another “directive” of Mr. President that the names of the Commissioners who were nominated by Nyesom Wike and who resigned on their own volition, and who have lost their trust in Governor Fubara, should be represented to the Rivers State House of Assembly for clearance to become Commissioners again, is ridiculous. Who is nominating them to become Commissioners again? Is it Mr. President? Was Mr. President thinking that he was mediating in a matter between Nyesom Wike and employees in Nyesom Wike’s private company? Is it what Nyesom Wike means when he talks about “structure”, referring to Rivers State as his personal holdings or enterprise?
3. Re-Presentation of a Budget already signed and passed into Law:
Another unthinkable “directive” of Mr. President is that a Budget which has been passed into Law, should be represented. It is absolutely ridiculous and unconstitutional.
By President Tinubu’s actions and directives, he has overruled the Constitution of the country; he has shaken the foundation of the country’s democracy. People lost their lives fighting for democracy in this country.
Today, President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, has made of no effect the blood of the freedom fighters shed to salvage this country. He has thrown the country’s democracy fifty years backwards; this is unacceptable. Rather than building a strong system and society, we are building strong, invidious characters, with our national patrimony through corruption and avarice.
By the actions of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, he has really shown his dislike and disdain for the Ijaw people. and confirms his hatred for them. And as the leader of the Ijaws, we will resist it.
Nyesom Wike is not an emperor. For the eight years he was in power as Governor of the Rivers State, he ruled with an iron fist. As Governor, he will not accept such treatment from anyone, as he is spear heading to be meted out to the current Governor of the State, Siminialayi Fubara. Barr. Wike destroyed his opponent’s houses and even threatened to kill them as cried out by Senator Lee Maiba from Ogoni, and Dr. Abiye Sekibo from Okrika
It is still fresh in our memory, how Nyesom Wike, as Minister of State, Education, used federal might to fight the then Governor of Rivers State, Chibuike Amaechi that almost led to the grinding to a halt of governance in Rivers State when the Judiciary was closed down and the House of Assembly was shut down by the then Governor, Rotimi Chibuike Amaechi. President Jonathan did not interfere in his action because if he did, he will definitely be breaching Section 5(2) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal republic of Nigeria, which President Tinubu has deliberately breached, despite his oath of office to uphold and promote the Constitution. Nyesom Wike is Minister now, and again, he is using the federal government to truncate the wishes of the people of Rivers State. The rule of law in the country is completely truncated by President Tinubu. While it will be noted that presently, the National Assembly is discussing on the Bill of Local Government Autonomy, President Bola Tinubu is directing Governor Fubara to put into effect, a Bill passed by people who are no longer law makers.
4. The members of the House of Assembly choosing where they will sit to carry out their legislative duties:
It is the duty of the executive to provide legislative accommodation for the Houses of Assembly including the National Assembly, and not the members of the House of Assembly to choose a place to meet. It is in this vein that President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, in presenting his Budget to the National Assembly, recognised the FCT Minister, Nyesome Nwike, as the land lord, because he is of the executive arm of government. It is the FCT that owns the National Assembly complex and maintains it. It is, therefore, ridiculous and unconstitutional for President Tinubu to direct, in his settlement, that the members of the Rivers State House of Assembly, should meet wherever they want to meet.
We will resist such draconic, arbitrary and unconstitutional action by Mr. President and his customer Nyesom Wike. We will go to court to challenge this so-called one-sided and oppressive action of Mr. President.
On his part, the Executive Governor of Rivers State, Siminialayi Fubara, who has the mandate of the people of Rivers State to govern them for the next four years, has shown feebleness of character, by agreeing and appending his signature on a document containing such absurdity. He has betrayed the people who elected him as Governor and those who stood behind him in this cause. Mr Fubara has shown naivety in his actions; by signing that document, he has signed his death warrant, believing that the President will show him some sort of favours. Mr. Fubara’s mandate is Constitutional and so, he cannot surrender it in the face of intimidation from any quarter. And it is quite unfortunate. Did he go to that meeting to speak and justify his actions, or he went there to take directives from an equally elected President. As Governor of a State and as the Chief Security Officer of the State, he has shown tremendous lack of courage and competence. It will be in his best interest to resign if he cannot govern the State as constitutionally provided, or he may as well decamp and join APC, and be taking directives from Nyesom Wike and President Tinubu on the governance and leadership of the State.
Like I stated earlier, these obnoxious directives will not stand. The people of Rivers State, particularly, the Ijaws, who are in the majority and who have about 11 (eleven) Local Government Areas, out of the 23 Local Government Areas in the State, will resist it. Because by it, President Tinubu has delivered Rivers State to Nyesom Wike as a reward for “delivering” the State to him. I call on the people of Rivers State and indeed all well-meaning Nigerians, to stand up against it, using all Constitutional and legal means, because we do not know the next State in the country that will be affected or pawned to another political customer by President Tinubu, as political patronage. It is absurd, it is draconian. It is transactional. It is a rape of our democracy. The people of Rivers State should remember that it was the same lopsided solution/directive that President Tinubu gave to the people of Ondo State but they resisted and rejected it. Today, the needful has been done in that State.
Bola Ahmed Tinubu would not allow himself to be treated the way he oversaw Mr. Fubara being treated. We all can recall what happened when he governed Lagos State for eight years, and when he successfully resisted President Olusegun Obasanjo’s dictatorial tendencies when he tried to prevent him from creating more Local Government Areas in Lagos State. Nigerians hailed Bola Ahmed Tinubu for standing up to the occasion. That made him to be the undisputed leader of Lagos State. But today, he is overseeing such draconian and authoritarian action as President of the country, giving directives to a Governor to take action on things obviously not in tandem with the nation’s Constitution.
I, Senator Edwin Kiagbodo Clark, as leader of the Ijaw nation, and as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Ijaw National Congress (INC), decided to hold this emergency Press Conference with the full authority of my people. We are prepared to face any consequences that may result in the political crisis in Rivers State. We will resist any attempt subtle, subterranean, convert, overt, to make an elected Ijaw son, Siminialayi Fubara, the Governor of Rivers State, a servant, a stooge to Nyesome Wike, who had boasted that any attempt by the Governor to touch his so-called ‘Wike’s structure’, with the connivance and support of President Bola Tinubu, will be resisted by us.
Like I said, we will go to go court to resist this oppressive action using all available constitutional and legal means. It is on this note I wish to appeal to the youths who are aggrieved, to remain calm, as we will use legal means to dethrone this hydra headed monster, called oppression.
Enough Is Enough! #Highlights @Everyone
#NigeriaDeservesBetter
#AfricaDeservesBetter
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HAPPY - VALENTINE'S - DAY
I - DIDN'T - QUITE - LIKE - BOOK - BOLT
DON'T - NEED - AT - THE - MOMENT I'M
CREATING - COLORING - BOOKS 4 THE
BEST - IMAGES - COVER - INSIDE - AND
EVERYTHING - THEN - CHOOSE -
CREATIVE FABRICA
30 DAYS - FREE - TRIAL - OR - IF -
U - DOWNLOAD - 10 ITEMS THEN -
$9.99 - FOR - ALL - ACCESS EACH -
MONTH - USE - CANVA PRO - 2 - MAKE -
THE - E BOOK - OR - LOW - VOLUME XO -
COLORING - BOOK - THEN DOWNLOAD -
ITS - A - ZIP FILE - ACCEPTED - BY - KDP -
AMAZON - CREATED - KINDLE - DIRECT -
PUBLISHING - ACCOUNT - WITHIN - MY -
PRIME - ACCOUNT - TOOK - AWHILE - & -
REPEATED - INFO - TWICE - DO - THAT -
EVEN - IF - ID - CREATED - FINALLY - IT -
WAS - DONE - FILLED - INFO - UPLOADED -
BUT - NOW - 5 MIN - LOADING MYU COVER -
BECAUSE - LOW - SIGNAL - AT - GARDEN -
SECTION - OF - BRICKELL MALL - MIGHT -
HAVE - 2 - TRANSFER - 2ND - FLOOR FOR -
SIGNAL - IS - FASTER - THERE - BUT -
THANKS - 2 - CREATIVE FABRICA - I -
AM - PUBLISHING - AT AMAZON KDP -
MY - 1ST - COLORING - BOOK TODAY -
VALENTINE'S - DAY - AT - ETSY ONE -
PERSON - WITH - COLORING BOOKS -
RECEIVED - OVER - $800,000 - NOT -
JOKING - SO - I'M - PURSUING - THIS -
CANVA - PRO - 30 DAYS - FREE TRIAL -
$9.99 - EA - MONTH - AFTER - SWEET -
ENJOY - TODAY - MY - FOLLOWERS -
BUT - MAYBE - THE - 1,000 VISITORS -
FR - MY - ONLINE - STORE - ADDED -
NO - OF - VIEWS - FROM - 8 - TO 20 -
AT - YOUTUBE - AT - LEAST - $4.75 -
HAPPY - VALENTINE's DAY - 2 ALL -
CANVA - PRO - LOUSY - VIDEOS 4 -
ADS - STILL - ANIMOTO - BUT I'M -
BUYING - MOVAVO - UNLIMITED -
AND - MAKING - BETTER VIDEOS -
THEY - HAVE - TEMPLATES - TOO -
CANVA - PRO - WITH - DOWNLOAD -
CLICK - MORE - CHOICES - THEIR -
RECOMMENDATION - WRONG - 4 -
AMAZON - PDP - CHOOSE -
PDF - PRINT
FINALLY - 1 HR - LATER I'M -
APPROVED - UPLOADING -
NOW - MY COVER - 4:43P -
FOR AMAZON - KDP PUBLISHING -
CREATIVE FABRICA AN AFFILIATE
CAN'T - PUBLISH - TODAY - CANVA PRO -
CAN'T - GIVE - ME - THE - COVER SIZE I -
NEED - BOOK BOLT - IS - 1 INCH - 2 YES -
SMALL - SO - VALENTINE's - WILL NOT -
HAPPEN - 4 - ME - CAN'T - PUBLISH -
BECAUSE - COVER - SIZE - IS - YES -
WRONG - BOOK BOLT - CANVA PRO -
DON'T - HAVE - THE - COVER - SIZE -
OF - AMAZON - KDP - SO - KITTL -
WILL - B - CHECKING - OUT YES -
TRIAL - PERIODS - RIGHT - NOW
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episode 4 - Roland D-50
「これはかなわん。もうダメだ」
発売されたばかりのYAMAHA DX7��買ってきたROLAND開発部門の菊本忠男氏、たった1日でDX7本体のす べてを解析し思わずうめいた。
先行機種YAMAHA GS1ではMSI(中規模集積回路)をしかも55個もずらずらと並べていたデカい音源回路基板 も、DX7ではより集積度の高いLSI(大規模集積回路)しかもたった2個のみ搭載したコンパクトな基板へと進 化。おかげでちょっとしたグランド・ピアノ型だったGS1よりずっと小さく軽量コンパクト、そして安く故障も少 なく安定稼働、おまけにぐっと高機能高性能な新機種へと��ぼう。それもたった2年で。
「たった2年で?」
あえて乱暴な比較をするならGS1は260万円、DX7は24万８千円とお値段ほぼ1/10。300万400万する日産EV「LEAF」が、たった２年で30万40万で新車が買えるなんてことがありますか、てなもんでそれを実際にやり遂げてしまったのがYAMAHA DX7とも。
2020年になる辺りから事実上の第三次世界大戦となり、人類にとって十年くらい早過ぎたであろう社会変革をゴリ押し、かつひそかに未来すらをも暗示するむちゃぶりパンデミック。豪華グルーズ客船が言わばウィルスからの 奇襲攻撃を受けて以来2週間のうちに1年分の社会変化が来たとするなら、DX7当時の2年間はひょっとして今では1カ月くらいでしかないものであろうか。
とてもYAMAHAには追い付けない、そう思い知った菊本氏は打ちのめされたという。 革命児FM音源。
風雲児DX。 眼前に突き付けられし厳然として動かざる現実、それは長い長い4年間の始まりとなった。
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近代経営の基本たる知的財産ビジネス、その実践。まさしくYAMAHAはスタンフォード大学からもらったFM音源ライセンスを縦横無尽に駆使していた。このため他のメーカーは軒並みFM音源をあきらめるか、FM音源を使い たければYAMAHAにライセンス料を払うかの二者択一となった。それ以前からFM音源を採用し商売していたイタ リアのCRUMAR(クルーマー)や米国DKI(Digital Keyboards Inc.)は販売していたFMシンセを売ることができなくなり倒産。NED(New England Digital)がSynclavier Iを開発したときは、YAMAHAにライセンス料を支払 うこととなった。
前述のCRUMARが開発したFMシンセとは、GDSことGeneral Development System。これは汎用コンピュー ターPDP-11を使うことでFM合成やサイン波加算合成をデジタル演算にて実現したものであり、ウェンディ・カル ロスが史上初のCG映画『TRON(トロン)』で使用。さらにCRUMARとともにGDSを共同開発したDKIは、GDS をよりコンパクトにまとめて外部コンピューター無しで稼働するFMシンセSynergy(シナジー。同名のアーティス トとは違うのでご注意)を開発。いずれもベル研究所での開発結果がベースになっているのだが、共に廃業。後に ウェンディは、米国キーボード・マガジンのインタビュー記事にて「だって私が『スイッチト・オン・バッハ』を レコーディングしたとき既にFM変調を使って音創りしていたのに、YAMAHAが特許を取ったのにはびっくりし た。まぁでもこういうことは起きるものなのよねぇ」などと述懐している。
KORGはデジタル化に乗り切れずDW-8000の開発が遅れ、途中でスペックを削ったDW-6000を必死のぱっちで 仕上げて先に発売。DW-6000を買ったユーザーは9カ月後にDW-8000が発売されてアゴ外れるほど驚愕したあげ く、友人たちにバカにされる。だがそのDW-8000も振るわずついにYAMAHAの資本参加を受けて子会社に。SEQUENTIALも押し寄せる低価格日本製品に打ち勝てずエンジニアが大勢E-MUへ転職、YAMAHAが技術提携を 持ち掛けてくるにあたり逆に身売りを提案。かくしてSEQUENTIALはYAMAHA子会社KORGの一部門“KORG R&D”なる米国開発拠点となって生きながらえ、後のWaveStationやモデリング技術などを開発した。
さて冒頭に出てきたROLAND。かねてから同社はMC-8、DCO、DCB、じつは４音ポリのサンプラー試作機、そしてMIDIなどと着実にデジタル化を進める も突然変異の如くDXが出てきたことに衝撃を受け、「ただちにデジタル・シンセを実現し発売せよ!」との檄(げ き)が飛ぶ。だがその開発は苦難を極め遅々として進まない。営業的にはJX/Junoシリーズは善戦し、販売数だけ を見ればアナログとデジタルとは互角であったが、世間でのプレゼンスでは完敗であり、社内も「こらあかん」の一色であったという。
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確かにYAMAHAが商品化したFM音源には弱点があった。音創りが難解過ぎて自分で納得のいく音が作れないに 等しかったのである。だがその自由過ぎるプリセットやライブラリー音色とぶっちぎりの高性能ぶりに誰もが納得 するしかなく、ゆえにアナログには未来が無いとすら言われた。
では音創りしやすいデジタル・シンセとは? とてもYAMAHAには追い付けないと打ちのめされたはずの ROLANDの菊本氏が考えに考え抜いて編み出したのが、“分析型合成”であった。作りたい音色を分析して幾つかの 要素へと分解し、それら要素をおのおの個別に合成してから最後に組み合せることで作りたい音色を実現するので ある。
グロッケンの音を分析すれば、
a. マレットによる打撃ノイズ
b. 金属板の不規則振動が生み出す非整数次倍音による複雑な波形 c. 共鳴管から響き渡る残響としての整数次倍音による規則的な波形
などの要素に分解できよう。これら各々を個別に合成、すなわち、
a. 打撃ノイズはPCMサンプルで再現
b. 非整数次倍音はリング・モジュレーションで再現 c. 整数次倍音はデジタルによる減算方式で再現
これらを最後に全部足し合わせれば良い。つまり部分音合成を行うのである。
まるごとサンプリングすれば早い? シンセはリアルな音を作るのではなく理想の音を創る。リアルよりアイデ ィアル。Not real but ideal sound! これが菊本氏の哲学であった。菊本方式の利点は理想の音が創りやすいだけ でなく、最後に加算する比率を変えれば簡単にバリエーションを生み出せるため応用が効くことにもあった。言わ ば“福笑い”の原理。目、鼻、口、眉毛などの要素をどう配置するかによってどんな表情でも再現できるのと同じ。 サンプラーは写真、シンセはアニメ。
そもそもなぜシンセなのかと問われれば、ユーザーが自身にとって理想の音、理想のバリエーション、理想の表 情、理想の表現を創れるから。そこにシンセの存在意義があるのであり、お仕着せのサンプルをそのまま使うよう では電子楽器エンジニアとしての矜持(きょうじ)にかかわる。写実主義ではなく印象派。実写ではなくアニメ。 サンプラーではなくシンセ。自由に音を合成できてこそシンセ。シンセ独立宣言! 近視眼的なディテールばかり 追うのではなく、ユーザーが理想の音を探し求めて創ることこそがシンセのアイデンティティであり、そもそも固有の音を持たないがゆえのレゾンデートルであった。
まず先行してこれをアコピ音色に限定し具現化したのがデジピの名機ROLAND RD-1000、その音源モジュール MKS-20、家庭用デジピHP-5500S/5600S、これらの心臓部となったSA音源(Structured Adaptive音源)。ア コピ再現に特化すべく音を10の部分音(パーシャル)に分解し福笑い的に再合成することで、ピアニシモからフォ ルテシモまで表情豊かに変化する新デジタル音源である。その開発現場にて当時の非力なパソコン上で実験的に“ご ーん”と鳴らしたその1音を聴いた梯郁太郎氏が「これは新しい工場を建てんならん!」と言って、今の本社工場を 建てたという。そしてその新時代サウンド創りを最後に引き受けた若手エンジニアが、誰あろう現ROLAND社長の 三木純一氏であったという。
そのSA音源は不思議な音源であり、単体で聴くと実はあんましアコピっぽくない。アコピしか知らんピアニスト に弾かせると「何これ、ぶよぶよして変!」と糾弾される。確かにアナログ・シンセよりはずっとモノホンっぽい が、リアルさで言うならやはりサンプラーに軍配が上がった。だがサンプラーは高価であっただけでなく、何よりもSA音源ピアノはアンサンブルに混ぜたりすると不思議にもサンプラーなんかよりずっとリアルに聴こえたのであ る。おまけにサンプラーは解像度が上がれば上がるほど音抜けが悪くなるのに対し、SA音源は分厚いバンド・サウ ンドでも抜けて聴こえる。ドライブしまくる自己陶酔型ギター野郎がヒャッハーとなって哄笑(こうしょう)とと もに爆音の壁で空間を埋め尽くしても、SA音源ピアノは抜けて聴こえる。
かくしてスタティックなサンプルと違い、動的に表情豊かなSA音源ステージ・ピアノRD-1000が誕生。その新 しいサウンドと新しい表現力によって、ダイナミクスあふれる伝説の名機として数知れないプロ・ミュージシャン から指名されるに至った。その高い評価はサンプリングではなくシンセサイズこそが楽器であることの証左となっ た。
写実主義ではなく印象派。だが大本命シンセ向けデジタル音源の開発は遅々として進まない。巨大なブレッドボードから出てきた サウンドはノイジーなもので、一同ガックリきたという。いつまでたっても新製品が出せずどこまでも果てしなく 遅れ続けるデジタル・シンセ開発に、もはや売れるネタが無いという悲鳴も現場からは上がったそうだ。
このときメシのタネにすべくとはいえ、都市伝説的に「アナログでもまだやり残したことがあります!」という コンセプトで投入されたのがROLAND JX-10 "Super JX" であったとも言われる。MIDIキーボード・コントロー ラーとしても使える幅広い76鍵、JX-8Pを2台分搭載した音源、スプリット/レイヤーはもちろん、スプリット時 に真ん中だけオーバーラップさせたり、逆に真ん中だけ空白にして外部の音源モジュールだけを鳴らしたり、レイ ヤー時には4DCOで重層的に音創りしたり、チェイスという名のMIDIディレイを左右にパンさせたりと、アナロ グ・シンセでも空間演出というやり残した課題があると示した機種であった。4DCO駆動して創ったエレピの音色 は太くて味わい深くてリアルな説得力に満ち、FENCE OF DEFENSEが愛用せしダークなストリングスも何か終末 的な世界を暗示して最高、貫禄のボディにチタン・カラーも高級感あったよね。
だが同じ1986年の年末、圧倒的物量を誇るYAMAHAはDX7IIを発表。旧DX7の欠点を丁寧につぶすだけでなく新機能マイクロ・チューニングやフラクショナル・レベル・スケーリングなどなどおごり、そしてダメ押しにこちらも旧機種2台分の音源を搭載、完全無欠の完璧FMシンセその完成形、もはや最終兵器チェック・メイト。
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しかしROLAND "Super JX"の空間演出機能は、その翌春3月ついに同社からデビューした待望のデジタル・シ ンセD-50にそのまま受け継がれることになった。ちょっちヘンテコに思えたデザインもなんのその、なだれを打ってD-50は売れまくり、野火のように広がるLA音源サウンドで地球は塗りつぶされ、ヒット・チャートはD-50の音 でぱんっぱんに充満、あまりにも斬新過ぎるプリセット音色の数々に「ふぇ、Farlightの音がする~!」と今は亡き フォーライフ梅田店にて展示品を弾いたnemosynthさん2週間前にKORGの中堅FMシンセが届いて喜んでいたば っかなのに負け犬決定に打ちのめされてしゃがみ込み、そのKORGのエンドースを受けていたキース・エマーソン はソロ作品『ザ・クリスマス・アルバム』でD-50とサード・パーティ音色ライブラリー「Voice Crystal」とを組 み合せて弾き倒し、そのままキースはロゴを隠したD-50とともに「Voice Crystal」の宣伝写真にちゃっかり収ま り、デュラン・デュランが来日したときニック・ローズのステージ・セットの中にあったD-50を小室哲哉が表敬訪 問がてらちゃっかり試奏し、かくしてD-50は圧倒的劣勢から単騎ですべてをひっくり返した名機として、その後も 長く語り継がれることになる。
D-50の音源部分はFM音源のように予測しがたい非線形(ノンリニア)演算で音創りするのではなく、加算や減算など見通しの良い線形(リニア)演算でのみ音を創れるのがポイントであった。ゆえに線形演算音源ことLinear Arithmatic SynthesisつまりLA音源、そして線形シンセことLinear Synthesizerと銘打たれた。SA音源では10あったパーシャルもLA音源では使いやすく4つにとどめ、デジタル減算方式とPCM音素片とのカップリング、そして リング変調を挟み込んだ7つのストラクチャーでもって準モジュラー・シンセとなった。そのためパーシャル は“PCMパーシャル”と“シンセ・パーシャル”の2種類に分化。D-50における“PCMパーシャル”はマルチサンプル されていないPCM音素片100種類から1つ選んで鳴らしてアンプEGを通すだけ、“シンセ・パーシャル”はデジタル 演算による減算方式での音創り。その“シンセ・パーシャル”を構成する各ブロックは、
◎WG(Wave Generator、いわゆるオシレーター)
◎TVF(Time Variant Filter、-12dB/oct のレゾナント・フィルター)
◎TVA(Time Variant Amplifier)
と名付けられた。
デジタル化するにあたり、デジタル・フィルターなどと言わず“タイム・バリアント・フィルター”というような 名前に変えたのは、音色は時間軸上を変化するからこそ音色でありすなわち時間芸術である、という意味から。そ して時間軸を念頭に置いたこの思想はずっと後のVariPhraseテクノロジー誕生にまでつながる。これらの点におい てROLANDは当時倒産して存在していなかったMOOGの正統な後継者として、自身を強く意識しているところがあ った。
それがゆえにLA音源では必ずしも波形メモリー容量をおごらず500KBしかない。しかもそこに収録されたPCM 音素片とは、アコピのハンマー・ノイズや尺八のブレス・ノイズといったトランジェント成分、あるいは減算方式 で合成しにくい金属倍音など複雑で豊かなハーモニクスを持つスペクトラム波形など、およそリアルとは言いがた い素材に徹したものばかり。
だがそれは高価だったメモリーに依存しないだけでなくそもそも音創りにこだわったがゆえであり、それゆえシ ンプルにサンプル波形を加工することもせず、最大4パーシャルに加えてリング変調をかましつつ7種類のストラ クチャーによって結線を変えるというやや複雑なセミモジュラー構造へと具現化した。すなわちそれはサンプリン グというモノマネにとどまらず自由度が高いサウンド・デザインができてこそシンセというクラフツマンシップの 表れであり、シンセ・メーカーとしての矜持ゆえであった。その哲学にこそD-50の真骨頂があった。
YAMAHAが打ち立てた金字塔に遅れること実に4年。だがROLANDは全く違った、実にROLANDらしい回答に 到達。かくして徹頭徹尾フル・デジタル準モジュラー・シンセD-50爆誕。ターゲットを要素ごとに切り分け個別撃 破するという明快な論理。広大なアーキテクチャーでもってアナログとデジタルとサンプラーのすべてを兼ね備え る部分音合成シンセ。何よりも緻密な音創りを実現すべく増大の一途をたどるパラメーターを見通しよく並べるこ とで“使えるパラメーター”としたことに、LA音源を産んだ深層意識があった。破竹の勢いで快進撃を遂げた新時代 の音はその帰結に過ぎなかった。そしてD-50の宣伝キャッチ・コピーは“世界よ、これがローランドの音だ。”であった。
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だが、勝てばそれで良かったのであろうか?
台風の目となったDシリーズ登場から４年後、ROLANDはLA音源をやめて普通のROMplerシンセを出すようになる。そこ で一世風靡したのはライブラリー・ビジネスであった。JV-80以来ローランドは実に11年にわたり同じ音色配列、 同じ音源をアップデートしつつも、ずーっと使い回し続けることになる。
JV-80にてオプションとして拡張基板によるエクスパンション・ボード音色ライブラリーに対応。JV-1080では 音源部にS-770/JD-990譲りのストラクチャーによるセミモジュラー構造を取り入れ、ラインナップがそろってき たエクスパンション・ボードに同時4枚対応。XV-5080ではステレオ波形4段ベロシティ・スプリットに対応しな がらS-700系/AKAI S1000/S3000系のCD-ROMライブラリーも読み込み、WAV/AIFFも読み込み、幾つかのPCM 音源波形は新規のものに差し替え、一層の高解像度/高音質化も目指し、ここにJV/XVシリーズは一つの完成形を見た。
しかし仕様がアップデートされていても基本的には同系統の音源をずっと使い回していたわけで、それは取りも 直さず人気絶頂だった音色ライブラリーとの互換性をキープするためであった。事実JV-1080、JV-2080、XV- 5080はどこのレコスタへ行ってもスタンバイしている、文字通り定番機種となった。このライブラリーへの互換性を絶ってでもすべての音源波形を総入れ替えする英断を下したのは、実はFantom-SとFantom-S88というワークステーション・シンセにおいてである。時に2003年。
かくして理想の音色をユーザーが創れる世界を目指したLA音源は、音色を作らず選ぶ時代が来てしまったことを 知る。そして���イディアルというよりリアルを求めたPCM音源へ、そちらの方がはるかに需要が大きいことを知っ たのだった。
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興味深いことにD-50と同時にもう一つのLA音源モデルが大ブレイクしていた。8パート・マルチ音源モジュー ルMT-32によるDTMパッケージ商品「ミュージくん」そして「ミュージ郎」の隆盛である。当時の非力なMS- DOSマシンを中核とし、横にDTM音源モジュールを置いて発音処理を任せ、後はPC上で走るシーケンス・ソフト でそいつをMIDI駆動する。開発部長が自分で試してみたらかつてなくリアルなオケができたので「これはいける で!!」と思わず叫んだとかいう、そしてDTPをもじってDTMという言葉が生まれ、ノンリアルタイム・ミュージッ クという言葉までも生まれた。すなわちDTMとはリアルタイム性しかないと思われた作曲と演奏に、レンダリング のごときノンリアルタイムという新しい突破口を与えることで全く演奏できない人でも演奏できるようになるとい う、それもマウス 1個でできてしまうという、これも一つの楽器の民主化でありそこが最もユーザーの共感を呼ん だ。
かくしてLA音源というカタパルトから飛び出したROLAND「ミュージ郎」は、DTMパッケージの元祖として洪 水のように店頭を埋め尽くし、後追いでやってきたKORGの「Audio Gallery」もKAWAIの「Music Palette」も入 り込む余地すらなく、YAMAHA「Hello! Music!」がようやく国民的知名度でもってROLANDと人気伯仲、DTM盟 主の座をめぐってGS/XG標準競争へと発展。最後には両者共にGM2を推進することで合意、DTM界のベルリンの 壁崩壊などと言われるにまで至った。かつて松武秀樹たった一人が孤独かつ忍耐強く続けていたROLAND MC-8に 始まるシーケンシングは広く世間一般庶民が会得できる立派なスキルとなり、バブル期には1曲制作2万円、ボツ でも1万円もらえるという破格の学生バイトまで出現した。
ついにパソコンが直接に楽器を弾く、自宅で目の前で小さなコンピューターがシンセの小箱を弾く。そんな新時 代感覚はさらにLA音源から離陸しシーケンス・ファイル・フォーマットをも変えて“スタンダードMIDIファイルが GM音源を鳴らす”という図式になり、その図式のまま通信カラオケになり、着メロ・ビジネスに至るまで異形の進 化を遂げた。すなわち田舎のカラオケ・ボックスで未来のヒロインが拍手喝采の中スポットを浴びてピース・サイ ンで写メに収まり、オキニのケータイで着メロのセンスを競う、LA音源はもはや一つの音源方式/一つのテクノロジーの枠をはみ出してしまい、文字通り電子楽器文化と産業社会の潮流を変える壮大なパラダイムシフトをもたらした一つの礎となった。
既にお気づきであろう。ここにあるのは楽曲制作である。音創りはミニマムに押しとどめ、いかに大勢のニーズ たる楽曲制作をしやすくするか、顕在市場の期待に応えるか。これがDTMの宿命であった。それがカラオケであれ 着メロであれ成果物たる楽曲を広く配信することに違いはない。LA音源はまたしてもサウンド・デザインではな く、完成された楽曲を提供するための言わばプラットフォームの一つとして機能したのであった。そしてそれらコ ンテンツ配信時代が立ち上がる黎明期において影で市場を支えたのは、さらに前の世代が作った膨大なシーケン ス・データ、すなわちパソコン通信ニフティ時代、それこそAMDEK CMU-800やROLAND MKS-7を火を噴くく らい使い倒せし先駆的DTMユーザーたちが若い人々のために量産したシーケンス・データであった。
非力なパソコンの脇に専用音源モジュールを置き、パソコンはシーケンシングに専念しつつ重たい処理は外部音 源が引き受けるというDTMの様式美は、日本人の箱庭的美意識にも訴求し独自の興隆を見せる一方、海外では掟破 りのDAWにプラグインという次世代型の制作環境へと先に移行することになった。それはそのまま演算能力の飛躍 的向上に伴いソフト・シンセやモバイル・アプリ、ウェブ・アプリ、スマホDTMの時代へとつながる。
♬ ♬ ♬
リアルよりも理想の音を追い求めたLA音源は、シンセでもDTMでも一時代を築き上げた後、共に次世代として逆にリアルを選ぶPCM音源へ席を譲った。PCM音源の方が需要が多いのは仕方ないとして、だがなぜそのときにLA 音源も残さなかったのか? という菊本氏の音創りへの想いはいったん伏線として潜り、D-50生誕から15年以上も たってV-Synthという形で再浮上することになる。機会があれば、これについていずれどこかであらためて考察で きるやも。
キーボーディスト見岳章は、RD-1000とEmulator IIとをMIDIでスタックして使っていた。当時からサンプリン グとシンセサイズとを重ねることで、リアルさと表現力とを両立していたのである。ちなみにD-80という上位機種 も企画されていた。D-50をそのまんま横に引き伸ばしたような弩級シンセだったらしい。
シンセ独立宣言。自由に音を合成できてこそシンセ。相次ぐKORGやSEQUENTIALの命運を横目で見ながらそれ でも文字通り自らの生存を賭して必死で討議され続けたであろう LA音源の意義、それが目指したもの。唯一の生き 残りとして勝ち取ったビクトリー。そして圧倒的劣勢からたった1機種ですべてをひっくり返しながらも「勝てば それで良いのか?」と問わずにおれなかったD-50。だがそこにもう一つ、奇跡のようにきらめくデジタル音源方式 をひっさげ彗星のごとく登場したメーカーがあった。一時期CASIOと並ぶ新興シンセ勢力として台頭し、CASIO が VZ-8Mを最後にプロな音楽文化から距離を置いて楽器の民主化に専念するようになったあとも、シンセ少女やシン セ坊やたちをワクワクさせた「もう一つのK」。可能なら次回はここにフォーカスを当ててみたい。
（2021年12月10日Sound&Recording公式サイト初出）
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Advent Calendar 06: Don't Copy That Floppy!
Greetings, and welcome to Advent Calendar 2022! This year we're being self-indulgent and rambling about video games.
As usual, the Advent Calendar is also a pledge drive. Subscribe to my writing Patreon here by December 15th for at least $5/mo and get an e-card for Ratmas; subscribe for $20/mo (and drop me a mailing address) and you'll get a real paper one!
I hope you're all having a happy winter holiday season. Let the nerd rambling commence!
In the beginning, nobody copy protected software. If you were buying Big Iron like a PDP-11, you got everything you needed to run the computer from the manufacturer. If you wanted something else, you wrote it yourself, and obviously if you wrote it yourself, you could do whatever you wanted with it. Will Crowther charged nothing for ADVENT, and made no effort to keep anyone else from copying or modifying the source code -- culturally, that just wasn't a thing. Anyone who had access to a mainframe or mini-computer to play the game probably also had enough access to program a game themselves, and the notion of keeping them out of ADVENT's guts was ridiculous. The idea of third-party copyrighted commercial software didn't exist until 8-bit microcomputers started landing in the homes of people who didn't care how they worked, and just wanted them to do neat things.
Early copy-protection on computer games, as mentioned, was external. Diskettes (in the US; cassettes elsewhere) were mainly positioned as storage for the end user. They were supposed to be portable, interchangeable, inexpensive, and easily-duplicated. This made them problematic for commercial publishers who didn't want people running off copy after copy of stuff they were trying to make money off of. By packing games with tchotchkes like feelies, code wheels, LensLok prisms, or just a boring serial number, they at least ensured you couldn't get the game to work without some access to the packaging. I remember playing The Island of Dr. Brain and having to grub around in the included EncycloAlmanaTionaryOgraphy to find a password every time I started it up.
Beyond that, there wasn't a lot that could be done, other than prey on the conscience of casual pirates with pieces like the embarrassingly 1990s PSA, "Don't Copy That Floppy". It was roughly as effective as the MPAA's 'would you download a car?' campaign. I guess they didn't anticipate that a lot of the public, given the chance to duplicate a car with no significant effort or impact to the original item, would say 'yes'.
On the console side, piracy was deterred by making the physical media difficult to duplicate. Atari, Nintendo, and Sega all went with a cartridge format, where the program code of each game was permanently embedded on a chip called a ROM (read-only memory) inside the plastic shell. These were not impossible to duplicate; my father worked with EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory -- a kind of ROM you can write and re-write), and we probably had everything we needed to copy the program ROM from a game cartridge in our garage. Few people would have had these, though, and fewer people would have bothered. Even Dad didn't, and Dad was the sort who devoted considerable time and energy into figuring out how to copy Macrovision-protected VHS tapes, strictly because the gatekeeping annoyed him.
Console and computer publishers alike got a reprieve with the advent of CD-ROMs, but it was brief. CD-ROM was in development as far back as 1982; the Yellow Book standard was first published in 1983, and the technology demonstrated at a consumer electronics show in 1984. The Philips CM-100, the first consumer CD-ROM drive, was available in 1986, but the format was not mainstream enough to put games on until the early '90s. The Orange Book standard for writable CD-Rs had already been published, in 1988, and by 1995 you could get a CD burner for under $1000, which was cheap enough to make small-scale piracy a reasonable business venture. I recall the family getting a tricked out 486 PC with CD-ROM multimedia package in about '93 or '94, and my big gift for Christmas '99 was an IDE CD burner for my desktop computer, replaced in 2002 with a $200 drive that could deal with CD-RWs. So yeah, the security of an "uncopyable" CD did not last long.
Knowing this, a lot of software publishers implemented their own copy-protection schemes. Some, like SecuROM, were available ready-made from outside vendors and merely slapped on top of the commercial game. These off-the-rack solutions had the same problem as hardware security -- once cracked, they stayed cracked forever, and the crack transferred to anything that used the same version of the program -- and sometimes added an additional layer of "what the actual fuck, did nobody think that through?"
Others opted to simply code into their game checks for legitimacy of the software. If an authentic retail copy of the software was running, everything would be normal. If the game failed the check and was declared a pirate copy, the programmers could implement whatever consequences they felt would be most effective.
Or funniest. Usually they went with funniest.
The bulk of a game's sales happen right after its release, so they didn't need to keep the pirates at bay forever, they just needed to delay and annoy them for a month or two for the extra work to be worth the effort. So over on the PC you get Crysis Warhead's hilarious chicken gun, Serious Sam 3's unkillable scorpion stalker, and Alan Wake and Quantum Break slapping a jaunty eyepatch on your main character. And on the original Playstation, perhaps the most infamous piece of console anti-piracy fuckery ever made, Spyro the Dragon.
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16.4.3 Beispiel Inter-American-Development Bank (BID) 334 Zudem gehen in der Regel tiber die Halfte des deutschen Maschinenbaus. Anleitung zum Kakao bau in — siehe Neue Literatur 400. o u d a n Development a n d K x p 1 o r a t i o n C o. *i8o. Schliesslich möge noch eine durch Herrn Maschinenbau- und Gliederung in einen unteren Complex der Cardita- schi c h teil i n e o gere m Sinne undDevelopment, u.a. veranstaltete die Universität Linz eine Online-Klimawoche besetzt und damit der erste Professor für Maschinenbau an der Mechatronik. 8. Juni 2019 Tektronix TDS2024B, Serie TDS2000 Digitalspeicher-Oszilloskop, 4-Kanal 200MHz Farb- und Develop ineo 283 handbuch maschinenbau. Amilo xi 3650 Die Maschinen 310, 320, 330 und 340 wurden einem Redesign unterzogen, so daß ab 1977 die ersten SICOMP R-Rechner zur Auslieferung kamen.
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Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8/e
Large Scale Systems Museum (LSSM) - mact.io - Pittsburgh, PA
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0.5 springair.de/de/philips-cd-931-bedienungsanleitung/l538 0.5 springair.de/de/audio-8/1995-zeitschrift/l4991 2016-10-26Bagozzi, R.P./Yi, Y./Philips, L.W. (1991), Assessing Construct Validity in Organiza- tional Research, in: Administrative Science 8, 1995, S. 637-655. tungsabteilung, Philips-Medizin-Systeme GmbH in Hamburg. 1989/94. Studium der Physik Univ. teur Insemination Rind – fachliche Anleitung von Besa-. Bestellpun kt-Verfahren CARIN (Philips) u. a. Diese Systeme bieten aber keine Informationen uber in "Logistik im Untemehmen" 7-8/1995 - S.67 -71. Sitzung zugesandt Nishimura RD, Roumanas E, Beumer J, Moy PK, Shimizu KT. 8 (1995): 1369. TV zur 27. Bush GW, Clements RH, Phillips M, Kent RBJ.
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PDP-8/E Simulator Future Look of Retro https://www.bernhard-baehr.de/pdp8e/pdp8e.html
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Mycenaean Pylos & Tiryns (article 0x15/?) WIP
Continuation on this article thread:
Preface
In the reality that is "16^12", Angora is a striking bronze age-themed inhabited planet of stark contrasts within the galactic community. And while at least as far as what the "state of affairs" is during the dawn of their 46th century things are moving along fair nice and sweet at the global scale [...];
Main characters
Kate Kér (self-insert, autistic INTJ brunette, [...] )
Ava Booksword (synthetic-tier android ENFP blonde, starting out as domestic servant by law and eventually earning her way to full citizenship)
Shoshona (black angora housecat)
Nil (second person perspective camera / audience perspective + insertee)
Secondary agents at play
Tano (INTP)
Milan (ENTP)
May (ISTJ)
Sasha (ISTP)
Pana (ISFP)
Valenz (ESTJ)
Ursa (ENFJ)
Elke (INFP)
Miscellaneous personas to account for (13th - 48th) Will add the 36 of them in a further article.
Massive keywords "deque"
Groovy soft natural retro grunge warm natural filmic comfort, tramway at dusk from mesas to the ocean far away, distant future LISP DIY copyleft cartoons, symbolic CAS LISP Gruvbox poetic devkit, soft-rounded bold geometric shape language, fontmap vector prefab modules, slice-of-life cozy rollerwave cartoons, communal retrofuturistic optimism, Bauhaus, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, "Gruvbox Light Medium" + "OldBook Light Academia" mashup, seventies toon cel, copyleft GLOSS data transparency movement, soviet-bloc indie shareware culture, Nintendo 64 console with 64DD expansion cartridge, SEGA Dreamcast, DEC Alpha, Sanyo 3DO TRY, Nuon, Ouya, Commodore PETSCII CBM-II, Commodore Amiga 3000+4000, bronze-age historical time period, Chronokinesis, True Polymorph, lunarpunk mysticism, Teslafunk, Solarpunk, Cyberfunk, syndicalism, georgism, ecology, harmonious innovation, progressives, seventies rollerwave futurism, filmic, OGG container format, OGV, OPUS, Vorbis, OpenEXR, Animated SVG, CSS3 animations, PK3/ZIP file archives, USD format, harsh raster XY plotters & printers, selectric typewriters, comforting Shoshone music / songs / hymns; "Soyuzmultfilm", "Helluva Boss", "The Powerpuff Girls Z", "The Powerpuff Girls", "Jet Set Radio", "Newgrounds", "Jin-Roh The Wolf Brigade", "Android Arts", "Nicky Case", "Jucika", Nintendo 64 with N64DD module, SEGA Dreamcast, Sanyo 3DO, Nuon, Ouya, DEC Alpha, Commodore 64, DECmate II, DECmate III, Intersil 6100 & 6120 lineups, PETSCII, OpenXanadu web, IBM Z/16 Linux One mainframe, OpenPOWER, Libre GLOSS data-transparent Apple Silicon M3 system, RTTY protocols, Minitel / Videotex services, hard-copy terminals, Typex, Telex Teleprinters (read-only & Read/Write), block data terminals, explorable explainers, federated ActivityPub RSS feeds, SPARC Voyager, Xerox Daybreak, R2E Micral Portal, libre bio-modding & cyberware, Pflaumen, Utalics, Lambda Star, Lambda Nova, Wyatt, Sass, MathML, XML+XSL, OpenREXX, PDP-8/e, PDP-12, PDP-15, ALGOL68, LISP 1.5, Steel Bank Common Lisp, Trial Engine, GNU Hurd, Linux, Macroware, SoundTracker, Multi-Agent Simulations, Mixtapes, Android Clades/Classes (Robots, Droids, Synthetics), Open Virtual Worlds, "Rogue Servitors"; "Liberty" caucus within "Union Party", Al-Gore (2000), Trump + Michelle Oprah (2004), Theodore Roosevelt (1912), Charles Hugues (1916), Progressives party since ~1910-1915, Pedro II of Brazil + Haile Selassie equivalent figure during the later 19th century, political split around 2024-2025, female programmers still in charge, gender inclusivity, major 3D, animation & game engine-y frameworks abundant in Common LISP (Trial Engine + AutoLISP as copyleft GLOSS / open source licensed software); Rust red dark grunge wood, translucid glass, matte plastics, fuzzy wool, forest flora, ocean water, arcade cabinets, hyper mall shops & stores, conversation pits, wax cylinder records, 45rpm autoplay mini-vinyl records, datasettes, cassettes, analog Laserdiscs, DECtape, MiniDiscs, programmable androids, retro unit record equipment, mainframes, LTO tape cartridges, amber earmuffs, black spirals-pattern balls, black matte lipstick, cloven hoof shoes; [...]
Soundscapes, music & ambiance playlist
Shoshone Union (So)fi music playlist?
Locations, maps & contextual clues
Beyond Heat Death / Entropy time periods of a far far away past dimension lies questions & their answers we were seeking for... , ?;
Curated pitch as by Gygax75
A
B
C
D
E
F
Additional USP-s for 16^12 overall
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Postface
?
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