Hengeveld, Kees (1992). Non-verbal predication: Theory, typology, diachrony. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Figure 7. Types of predication, i.e. copula clauses (page 27).

So in linguistics, a very common feature for a language to have is the copula (or the copular verb), which essentially means “to be.” Some languages have a locative copula, meaning “to be at.”

I wonder how an emotional copula would come about naturally. Something like “to be feeling.” What kind of culture would place that much importance in emotion to spec their language into adopting such as a feature? Anyone have any ideas, if not, food for thought then.

Here is Grac, the newest monster to be spotlighted in my novel series. Read about him in Copula (sequel to Secunda) currently posting on Tapas.

I might do a spicy drawing of him too, once we get there in the story~

I learned yesterday that Khmer has no inflections no conjugations, and zero copula..... honestly super cool !!!

New publication: The General Fact/Generic Factual in Yolmo and Tamang (Studies in Language)

The Yolmo evidential system includes a category for generally known facts. Things like lemons are sour or tea is sweet (in Nepal at least) are marked using the general fact evidential òŋge. The form òŋ is also the verb ‘to come’.

This evidential turns up in every dialect of Yolmo documented to date, but it doesn’t exist in any other Tibetic language, not the specific form, or the even the semantic category. There is one language with a similar category though, and that’s the variety of Tamang spoken near the Melamchi Yolmo villages. The Tamang form kha-pa covers similar evidential semantics, and is also based on the lexical verb ‘come’.

In this paper we look at these similar forms, and how the similarities between them and social history of the area indicates the Yolmo òŋge is likely a calque from the Tamang kha-pa. I’m very grateful to my colleagues Thomas Owen-Smith for working with me on this paper. Thomas was working on the documentation of this variety of Tamang while I was writing my thesis about Yolmo evidentiality. Chatting with him helped me make sense of this unique feature of Yolmo and I’m so happy we’ve turned our long conversations into a not very long paper setting out our analysis.

Abstract

This paper examines the similarity of the Yolmo ‘general fact’ evidential and the ‘generic fact’ evidential in the Tamang dialect spoken in the valley of the Indrawati Khola. Yolmo òŋge is unlike any evidential attested in other Tibetic languages, but shares features with 1kha-pa in the local dialect of Tamang. Semantically, they both are used for situations that are generally known facts. Structurally, both are copulas with evidential functions that are formed using the lexical verb ‘come’. We argue that language contact between Tamang speakers of the Indrawati Khola area and Yolmo speakers in the Melamchi Valley led to the Yolmo language calquing the Tamang form. We illustrate these copulas and their relationship because grammaticalisation of copulas from a lexical verb ‘come’ is cross-linguistically uncommon.

Reference

Gawne, L. & T. Owen-Smith. 2022. The General Fact/Generic Factual in Yolmo and Tamang. Studies in Language. Issue number forthcoming. doi: 10.1075/sl.21049.gaw

The Hofburg, 1279.

How to use the COPULA in Irish 💚 Past tense + conditional (as Gaeilge)

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FRUTTI ROSSI RETATI

TRAMA DEL SOGNO “Estraevamo con qualche difficoltà degli strani frutti rossi retati delle dimensioni di una mela dal nostro ombelico. Mio padre ci aveva spiegato il modo di farlo. Per lo più bisognava insistere e soprattutto crederci. A un certo punto sono seduto sul divano. Mio fratello nudo sale sul ventre di mia madre nuda a cavalcioni come a compiere una specie di copula che non era una…

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"Fortissimi Belgae", in (GJ) CÆSAR.De Bello Gallico.

Note: he had just conquered our regions and was preparing his political career, qualifying his slain enemies as the bravest was quite a bout of propaganda.

(via "Field Guide to the Jellyfish of the Western Pacific Ocean"

Oh my god

I cannot stop thinking abt the "habitual be"

i love strickler but we have graduated from going "oh you pathetic little meow meow" any time he appears to going "oh my god shut the fuck up" any time he speaks. sometimes both.

dropula: the vampire that elides "to be" forms