Events 12.22 (before 1950)

AD 69 – Vespasian is proclaimed Emperor of Rome; his predecessor, Vitellius, attempts to abdicate but is captured and killed at the Gemonian stairs. 401 – Pope Innocent I is elected, the only pope to succeed his father in the office. 856 – Damghan earthquake: An earthquake near the Persian city of Damghan kills an estimated 200,000 people, the sixth deadliest earthquake in recorded history. 880 – Luoyang, eastern capital of the Tang dynasty, is captured by rebel leader Huang Chao during the reign of Emperor Xizong. 1135 – Three weeks after the death of King Henry I of England, Stephen of Blois claims the throne and is privately crowned King of England, beginning the English Anarchy. 1216 – Pope Honorius III approves the Dominican Order through the papal bull of confirmation Religiosam vitam. 1489 – The forces of the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, take control of Almería from the Nasrid ruler of Granada, Muhammad XIII. 1769 – Sino-Burmese War: The war ends with the Qing dynasty withdrawing from Burma forever. 1788 – Nguyễn Huệ proclaims himself Emperor Quang Trung, in effect abolishing on his own the Lê dynasty. 1790 – The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies. 1807 – The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the U.S. Congress at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson. 1808 – Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and performs in concert at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna, with the premiere of his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy. 1851 – India's first freight train is operated in Roorkee, to transport material for the construction of the Ganges Canal. 1851 – The Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., burns. 1864 – American Civil War: Savannah, Georgia, falls to the Union's Army of the Tennessee, and General Sherman tells President Abraham Lincoln: "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah". 1885 – Itō Hirobumi, a samurai, becomes the first Prime Minister of Japan. 1888 – The Christmas Meeting of 1888, considered to be the official start of the Faroese independence movement. 1890 – Cornwallis Valley Railway begins operation between Kentville and Kingsport, Nova Scotia. 1891 – Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography. 1894 – The Dreyfus affair begins in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason. 1906 – An Mw  7.9 earthquake strikes Xinjiang, China, killing at least 280. 1920 – The GOELRO economic development plan is adopted by the 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR. 1921 – Opening of Visva-Bharati College, also known as Santiniketan College, now Visva Bharati University, India. 1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City. 1939 – Indian Muslims observe a "Day of Deliverance" to celebrate the resignations of members of the Indian National Congress over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter World War II with the United Kingdom. 1940 – World War II: Himara is captured by the Greek army. 1942 – World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon. 1944 – World War II: Battle of the Bulge: German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium, prompting the famous one word reply by General Anthony McAuliffe: "Nuts!" 1944 – World War II: The People's Army of Vietnam is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Indochina, now Vietnam. 1945 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman issues an executive order giving World War II refugees precedence in visa applications under U.S. immigration quotas. 1948 – Sjafruddin Prawiranegara established the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia, PDRI) in West Sumatra.

Le ministre en chef de l'Uttarakhand, Pushkar Singh Dhami, a annoncé dimanche que son gouvernement honorerait le jour de la République le chauffeur et exploitant de Haryana Roadways, qui a sauvé la vie du joueur de cricket vedette Rishabh Pant qui a récemment eu un accident. S'adressant à ANI, Dhami a déclaré: "Le gouvernement de l'Uttarakhand rendra hommage au chauffeur et à l'exploitant de Haryana Roadways, qui ont sauvé la vie du joueur de cricket Rishabh Pant le 26 janvier." Il a ajouté : "Le conducteur et l'opérateur ont risqué leur vie pour sauver la vie de Rishabh Pant. La voiture du joueur de cricket a roulé plusieurs fois devant leurs yeux (après avoir heurté une cloison et s'être enflammée sur l'autoroute Delhi-Dehradun). Le personnel d'Haryana Roadways a fait ses preuves en s'attaquant à la situation d'urgence." Rishabh Pant suit un traitement dans un hôpital de l'Uttarakhand. Le 30 décembre vers 5 h 30, Pant a eu un grave accident alors qu'il revenait de Delhi à Roorkee pour surprendre sa mère lorsque sa voiture est entrée en collision avec le mur à la frontière Narsan de Roorkee près de Hammadpur Jhal vendredi. Le jeune homme de 25 ans était seul dans la voiture et a été blessé au dos, au front et à la jambe. Selon des photographies du site, la voiture a été gravement brûlée et Pant était au volant lorsqu'il a rencontré l'accident. Haridwar SP (Rural) Swapan Kishore a déclaré vendredi que Pant avait été admis à l'hôpital Max de Dehradun. Le joueur de cricket a échappé de peu à la mort après que son véhicule haut de gamme a percuté une barrière routière. Pant a échappé à l'accident presque mortel avec des brûlures entre autres qui nécessiteront des chirurgies plastiques et il pourrait être transporté par avion à Delhi si nécessaire, a déclaré un responsable de la DDCA. Selon les rapports, il s'était assoupi sur le volant. Il a été rapporté plus tôt que le chauffeur de bus, Sushil Kumar, et le conducteur, Paramjeet, ont repéré une voiture bélier non contrôlée au-dessus de la séparation près de Gurukul Narsan. Ils ont couru vers la voiture pour aider le passager », a déclaré le directeur général de Panipat Bus Depot, K Jangra, après que le gouvernement de l'Haryana les ait honorés le 30 décembre pour leur service à l'humanité. "Alors que nous le traînions (Rishabh Pant) dehors, la voiture a pris feu et a brûlé en 5 à 7 secondes. Il avait des blessures graves au dos. Nous nous sommes renseignés sur ses informations personnelles et c'est à ce moment-là qu'il a dit qu'il était un joueur de cricket de l'équipe indienne. ", a déclaré le personnel du bus Paramjeet qui a sauvé le joueur de cricket Rishabh Pant. Le Dr Sushil Nagar de l'hôpital de Saksham, où Pant a été admis, a déclaré à ANI plus tôt : "Quand il a été admis ici, il était dans un état critique. Mais notre équipe a répondu avec un traitement rapide. Nous avons également fait ses radiographies, il n'y avait pas de blessures osseuses plutôt une blessure ligamentaire au genou droit, qui deviendra plus claire après les rapports d'IRM." Nagar a également déclaré: "Il y avait deux blessures ouvertes sur son front et des écorchures sur sa taille. Il n'y avait rien de mortel. Il était conscient et parlait bien. Je lui ai demandé pourquoi il conduisait à ce moment-là tôt le matin. Il a dit qu'il allait rendre une visite surprise à sa mère."

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Events 12.22

AD 69 – Vespasian is proclaimed Emperor of Rome; his predecessor, Vitellius, attempts to abdicate but is captured and killed at the Gemonian stairs. 401 – Pope Innocent I is elected, the only pope to succeed his father in the office. 856 – Damghan earthquake: An earthquake near the Persian city of Damghan kills an estimated 200,000 people, the sixth deadliest earthquake in recorded history. 880 – Luoyang, eastern capital of the Tang dynasty, is captured by rebel leader Huang Chao during the reign of Emperor Xizong. 1135 – Three weeks after the death of King Henry I of England, Stephen of Blois claims the throne and is privately crowned King of England, beginning the English Anarchy. 1216 – Pope Honorius III approves the Dominican Order through the papal bull of confirmation Religiosam vitam. 1489 – The forces of the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, take control of Almería from the Nasrid ruler of Granada, Muhammad XIII. 1769 – Sino-Burmese War: The war ends with the Qing dynasty withdrawing from Burma forever. 1788 – Nguyễn Huệ proclaims himself Emperor Quang Trung, in effect abolishing on his own the Lê dynasty. 1790 – The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies. 1807 – The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the U.S. Congress at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson. 1808 – Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and performs in concert at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna, with the premiere of his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy. 1851 – India's first freight train is operated in Roorkee, to transport material for the construction of the Ganges Canal. 1851 – The Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., burns. 1864 – American Civil War: Savannah, Georgia, falls to the Union's Army of the Tennessee, and General Sherman tells President Abraham Lincoln: "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah". 1885 – Itō Hirobumi, a samurai, becomes the first Prime Minister of Japan. 1888 – The Christmas Meeting of 1888, considered to be the official start of the Faroese independence movement. 1890 – Cornwallis Valley Railway begins operation between Kentville and Kingsport, Nova Scotia. 1891 – Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography. 1894 – The Dreyfus affair begins in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason. 1906 – An Mw  7.9 earthquake strikes Xinjiang, China, killing at least 280. 1920 – The GOELRO economic development plan is adopted by the 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR. 1921 – Opening of Visva-Bharati College, also known as Santiniketan College, now Visva Bharati University, India. 1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City. 1939 – Indian Muslims observe a "Day of Deliverance" to celebrate the resignations of members of the Indian National Congress over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter World War II with the United Kingdom. 1940 – World War II: Himara is captured by the Greek army. 1942 – World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon. 1944 – World War II: Battle of the Bulge: German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium, prompting the famous one word reply by General Anthony McAuliffe: "Nuts!" 1944 – World War II: The People's Army of Vietnam is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Indochina, now Vietnam. 1945 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman issues an executive order giving World War II refugees precedence in visa applications under U.S. immigration quotas. 1948 – Sjafruddin Prawiranegara established the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia, PDRI) in West Sumatra. 1963 – The cruise ship Lakonia burns 290 kilometres (180 mi) north of Madeira, Portugal with the loss of 128 lives. 1964 – The first test flight of the SR-71 (Blackbird) takes place at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, United States. 1965 – In the United Kingdom, a 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) speed limit is applied to all rural roads including motorways for the first time. 1968 – Cultural Revolution: People's Daily posted the instructions of Mao Zedong that "The intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty." 1971 – The international aid organization Doctors Without Borders is founded by Bernard Kouchner and a group of journalists in Paris, France. 1973 – A Royal Air Maroc Sud Aviation Caravelle crashes near Tanger-Boukhalef Airport (now Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport) in Tangier, Morocco, killing 106. 1974 – Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli vote to become the independent nation of Comoros. Mayotte remains under French administration. 1974 – The house of former British Prime Minister Edward Heath is attacked by members of the Provisional IRA. 1975 – U.S. President Gerald Ford creates the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in response to the 1970s energy crisis. 1978 – The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform. 1984 – "Subway vigilante" Bernhard Goetz shoots four would-be muggers on a 2 express train in Manhattan section of New York, United States. 1987 – In Zimbabwe, the political parties ZANU and ZAPU reach an agreement that ends the violence in the Matabeleland region known as the Gukurahundi. 1989 – Romanian Revolution: Communist President of Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu is overthrown by Ion Iliescu after days of bloody confrontations. The deposed dictator and his wife Elena flee Bucharest in a helicopter as protesters erupt in cheers. 1989 – German reunification: Berlin's Brandenburg Gate re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of East and West Germany. 1990 – Lech Wałęsa is elected President of Poland. 1990 – Final independence of Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia after termination of trusteeship. 1992 – During approach to Tripoli International Airport, a Boeing 727 operating as Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103 collides in mid-air with a Libyan Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, killing 157 people. 1996 – Airborne Express Flight 827 crashes near Narrows, Virginia, killing all six people on board. 1997 – Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas are massacred by paramilitary forces. 1997 – Somali Civil War: Hussein Farrah Aidid relinquishes the disputed title of President of Somalia by signing the Cairo Declaration, in Cairo, Egypt. It is the first major step towards reconciliation in Somalia since 1991. 1999 – Just after taking off from London Stansted Airport, Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 crashes into Hatfield Forest near Great Hallingbury, killing all four people on board. 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Islamic State of Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai. 2001 – Richard Reid attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard American Airlines Flight 63. 2008 – An ash dike ruptured at a solid waste containment area in Roane County, Tennessee, releasing 4.2 million m3 (1.1 billion US gal) of coal fly ash slurry. 2010 – The repeal of the Don't ask, don't tell policy, the 17-year-old policy banning homosexuals serving openly in the United States military, is signed into law by President Barack Obama. 2012 – Bashir Ahmad Bilour of Awami National Party and eight others are killed in a Pakistan Taliban bomber suicide attack in Dhaki Nalbandi area near Qissa Khwani Bazaar. 2016 – A study finds the VSV-EBOV vaccine against the Ebola virus between 70 and 100% effective, thus making it the first proven vaccine against the disease. 2017 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 2397 against North Korea is unanimously approved. 2017 – President Donald Trump signs the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. 2018 – A tsunami caused by an eruption of Anak Krakatau in Indonesia kills at least 430 people and injures almost a thousand more. 2018 – The 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown, the longest shutdown of the U.S. federal government in history, begins.

Rishabh Pant a subi une chirurgie plastique mineure au front. Il est actuellement stable et hors de danger, a informé le directeur de la DDCA Shyam Sharma à NDTV. Le frappeur-gardien de guichet indien a rencontré un horrible accident vendredi matin alors qu'il conduisait de Delhi à Dehradun dans sa Mercedes Benz. Sa voiture a pris feu après avoir heurté une cloison. Pant a eu la chance de sortir de la voiture à temps, bien qu'il ait subi une déchirure ligamentaire au genou droit et des coupures au-dessus du front. "Rishabh Pant a subi une chirurgie plastique mineure près de son front. Une équipe de 3 membres de la DDCA arrive à Dehradun dans une heure. BCCI est constamment en contact avec les médecins de l'hôpital Max et avec la famille de Pant. Il est actuellement stable et hors de danger. Nous devons encore décider s'il doit être transféré à Delhi ou non", a déclaré samedi le directeur de la DDCA, Shyam Sharma, à NDTV. Rishabh Pant a échappé de peu à la mort après que son véhicule haut de gamme ait percuté une barrière routière et pris feu sur l'autoroute Delhi-Dehradun. Selon les rapports, il s'était assoupi sur le volant. Selon SK Singh, le surintendant de la police de Haridwar (rural), Pant se rendait à Roorkee pour rencontrer ses proches. Il a ajouté que l'accident s'était produit parce que Pant s'était endormi au volant à un kilomètre devant Narsan en direction de Roorkee. Pant était seul dans la voiture lorsqu'il a rencontré l'accident sur l'autoroute Delhi-Dehradun. Selon des photographies du site, la voiture a été vue dans un état gravement brûlé. (Avec entrées ANI)

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UGC NTA NET Exam Preparation: Professional, Technical and Skill based Education|unit-10|part-4|

 UGC NTA NET Exam Preparation: Professional, Technical and Skill based Education|unit-10|part-4|

Professional Education: 

professional program is a program that develops individuals to acquire special competencies for professional practice and develop skills in youths. it includes all those educational courses which provide training for livelihood. professional education is the component of technical education programme. 

The aim of this education system is to enable youths to get employment in government and non-government sectors after getting degree or diploma.

professional education includes curriculum based on banking, media,management,tourism, teaching, aviation etc. these curriculum enable youths to get opportunity of jobs in different sectors like auditing, editing, hotel management, finance management, managers and so on. this education system enable students to become responsible for their life.

important professional courses are BBA, MBA, MCA in management, mass communication/journalism master's in data analytics, B.ED, M.Ed, hospitality, global marketing management, and air hostess courses and so on.

Indian institute of Management(IIM):

IIMs are a group of 20 public, autonomous institute of management education and research in india. they primarily offer post graduate, doctoral and executive education programmes. the establishment of IIMs was initiated by jawaharlal nehru. They are registered as societies under the indian societies registration act.

There are 20IIMs located in different regions of indian states/UTs.

indian institute of management, calcutta was the first IIM to be set up on 13th november 1961 and soon later in ahmedabad on 16th december 1961.

Technical Education:

Technical education has a very important role in the development of human resource for the country. it creates skilled manpower, enhances industrial productivity and improves the quality of life of people. this education covers programmes in engineering and technology.

centres of technical training can be seen from the british period when first engineering college was established in the uttar pradesh in 1847 for the training of civil engineers at Roorkee. it is now located in uttarakhand. the indian institute of sciene was established in 1909 in order to provide research work and education in the field of engineering and science.

The first degree classes were started in university of banaras in 1917, which provided degrees in different disciplines like mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and metallurgy, which was founded by pt. madan mohan malaviya,

in order to promote technical education and to establish norms for this education, the GOI established the All india council for technical education (AICTE) in 1945. its headquarters is in ew delhi and seven regional offices located at kolkata, chennai, kanpur, mumbai, chandigarh, bhopal, and bangalore.

important technical courses are like B.Tech course (e.g. computer science and engineering, information technology, electronics and communication engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, petroleum engineering, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, industrial engineering, Aeronautical engineering), M.Tech (e.g software engineering, distributed computing, advanced computing, power systems, instrumentation & control system, micro electronics, thermal engineering, computer aided design and manufacturing, mechatronics engineering, hydraulic and water, resources engineering, chemical plant design, chemical process design, aerodynamics, biomedical engineering), M.Arch, surveyor training course and so on. there are many institutions which promote technical education in india.

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT): 

IIT are apex institutions by engineering education and research. they are governed by the institutes of technology act 1961 which has declared them as institutions of national importance and lays down their powers, duties and framework for governance.

The first IIT was set up in kharagpur in 1951 an soon later in bombay (1958), madras (1959), kanpur(1959) and delhi (1963). the university of roorkee was converted to IIT Roorkee in 2001.

National Institute of Technology (NIT):

NIT are autonomous public institutes for science and engneering education. they are governed by the national institutes for technology act, 2007, which declared them as institutions of national importance. the first NIT was established at Allahabad in 2001. gradually the no. has increased to 31.

Indian institute of information technology (IIIT):

These are a group of institutes of HE and focused on information technology. The IIIT s at Gwalior, Allahabad, Jabalpur and Kancheeppuram were set up by the ministry of human resource development (MHRD). Besides the government funded IITs, in 2010 the union cabinet approved a scheme for setting up twenty more IIITs, based on the public-private partnership (PPP) model, funded by the central government, state government and industry partners in the ratio 50:35:15. There are 3 IIITs located at different places in indian states.

National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training and Research(NITTTRS)

It was established as an autonomous institute by ministry of human resource development to improve the quality of engineering education system in india. it is located at bhopal, chandigarh, chennai, and kolkata.

it also fosters research in the inter-disciplinary area of engineering education and offers consultancy and extension services for the total development of engineering colleges, polytechnic college, vocational institutions, industry, service sector and the community at large.

Skill Based Education: 

This type of education includes such courses which provide training and skills in different disciplines. duration of these courses can be from 6 months to 2 years. the main objective of this education is to develop skills in students and enable them to achieve a suitable carrier option in life. skill based courses are fashion designing, tourism, food processing, garment technology, s/w development, hospitality management and IIT courses like carpenter, cutting, technology technician, electrician, photography, embroidery needle work, health sanitary inspector and so on.

Industrial Training Institute(ITI):

These are post-secondary schools which provide skill education and training to students. these are constituted by directorate general of employment and training (DGET), ministry of skill development and entrepreneurship, indian government. after completion of the training, trainees/students have to pass the all india trade test (AITT) and they then get the national trade certificate (NTC).

As on April, 2016 there are around 13105 ITIs, out of these, the no. of government ITIs are 2293, while the private ITIs are 10812.

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