#American Agriculturalist
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Make the cowboy Mexican again. A man in a vaquero ensemble brands a steer. From a sketch by Franco-American illustrator Edward Jump (1831?-1883), as published in "American Agriculturist," 1870.
Found on the blog JPTAK Science Books.
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til that the vanilla orchid is a new world native (mexico)
#add it to the list#potatos tomatos chilis and corn#thanks to indigenous american agriculturalists for providing so many of the world's favorites foods
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Twelve Famous Native American Women
Native American women are traditionally held in high regard among the diverse nations, whether a given people are matrilineal or patrilineal. Traditionally, women were not only responsible for raising children and caring for the home but also planted and harvested the crops, built the homes, and engaged in trade, as well as having a voice in government.
The history of the women of the Native peoples of North America attests to their full participation in the community whether as elders and "medicine women" or as skilled agriculturalists and merchants and, in some cases, even warriors. Although hunting and warfare were traditionally the provenance of males, some women became famous for their courage and skill in battle. These women, as well as others in the arts and sciences, are often overlooked because they do not fit the paradigm of what has been accepted as American history.
Pocahontas and Sacagawea are usually the only North American Native women that non-Natives have heard of, but even their narratives have been obscured by legend and half-truths. Many other Native American women have simply been ignored, and among them are most of those listed below. These women, and the nations they were citizens of, include:
Jigonhsasee – Iroquois
Pocahontas – Powhattan
Weetamoo – Wampanoag
Glory-of-the-Morning – Ho-Chunk/Winnebago
Sacagawea – Shoshone
Old-Lady-Grieves-the-Enemy – Pawnee
Pine Leaf/Woman Chief – Crow
Lozen – Apache
Buffalo Calf Road Woman – Cheyenne
Thocmentony/Sarah Winnemucca – Paiute
Susan La Flesche Picotte – Omaha
Molly Spotted Elk/Mary Alice Nelson – Penobscot
There are many others who do not appear here because they are more widely known, such as the Yankton Dakota activist, musician, and writer, Zitkala-Sa (l. 1876-1938) or the Cheyenne warrior Mochi ("Buffalo Calf", l. c. 1841-1881). Modern-day figures are also omitted but deserve mention, such as the activist Isabella Aiukli Cornell of the Choctaw nation, who drew national attention in 2018 with her red prom dress designed to call attention to the many missing and murdered indigenous women across North America, and poet/activist Suzan Shown Harjo of the Muscogee/Southern Cheyenne nation. There are many more, like these two, who have devoted themselves to raising awareness of the challenges facing Native Americans and continue the same struggle, in various ways, as the women of the past.
Jigonhsasee (l. c. 1142 or 15th century)
According to Iroquois lore, Jigonhsasee (Jikonhsaseh, Jikonsase) was integral to the origins of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy dated to either the 12th or 15th century. She was an Iroquoian whose home was along the central path used by warriors going to and from battle and became well-known for the hospitality and wise counsel she offered them. The Great Peacemaker (Deganawida) chose her to help him form the Iroquois Confederacy, based on the model of a family living together in one longhouse, and, along with Hiawatha, this vision became a reality. Jigonhsasee became known as the 'Mother of Nations' and established the policy of women choosing the chiefs of the council in the interests of peace, instead of war. The American women's suffrage movement of the 19th century called attention to the freedom and rights of Native American women, notably those of the Iroquois Confederacy, in arguing for those same rights for themselves.
Continue reading...
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Compared to ecologically and topographically similar regions of Europe or east Asia, the northeastern United States is unusually heavily forested. One might think "well, yeah, the U.S. hasn't been settled by agriculturalists for as long and is less densely populated, obviously there's going to be less percent land cleared for farms," but this is not so! Everywhere in the northeast, our forests rise from what were once old fields. In 1860, for instance, Maine was only 60% forested by land area. Today, that proportion is closer to 90%.
We owe our current landscape to two great waves (and several smaller ones) of farm abandonment. The first happened in the decades after the Civil War, when for various reasons* northeasterners (mostly from New England) packed up their pitchforks and decamped to the midwest. This had been going on before the war too, of course, but up until then it had not been in numbers enough that the northeastern farms stopped being worked. There was always a son or two left to till up more stones from the Vermont field. But that changed after the war, and the fields started to revert to oak and maple and pine. Indeed, much of the early formal scientific study of American forestry and ecology happened in these old Yankee fields and young Yankee forests, by outdoorsy young men from Harvard with names like a Lovecraft protagonist.
The second great wave was in the Great Depression and World War 2, when for various reasons** people from all the rougher sorts of terrain the east has to offer - from West Virginia to Indiana's Brown County to the Ozarks and back to the Catskills - left their farms to come down and seek work in the then-thriving industrial cities. Much of the hilly landscape of the east that had previously been dotted with small subsistence farms, full of exactly the barefoot gap-toothed hillbillies who captured the imagination of urban popular culture with their exotic poverty and folkways when they suddenly appeared in Cleveland, or wherever, in 1933.
These pulses of farm abandonment have left very specific patterns written in the ecologies of the northeast. For instance, the fact that the poor ridgetop farms that were once extremely common in Southern Ohio and Indiana were nearly all abandoned in the 1930s and '40s means that the forests that now grow there are uniformly approaching their first century (excepting, of course, where there's been logging in the meantime.) This is almost exactly long enough for the process of ecological succession to complete itself, and the forests to move into their mature phase.
And so you read books written in the '50s, '60s, or '70s about these areas, and you notice how common early successional species are, everywhere chokecherry and black birch. Whereas today the only evidence you may see of the forest's relative youthfulness is a few very large bigtooth aspens nearing the end of their lives, surrounded by tulip poplars and chestnut oaks that will endure for many years after all the aspens are dead.
*Young men returning from war with a restlessness and a desire to leave home again; those same young men posted far from home during the war and realizing just how awful the New England soil is, lmao; Republican government policy writtrn explicitly to favor small homesteaders heading west; the late 19thc. crash in agricultural prices (as, in a few short decades, the Great Plains, the Australian wheat belt, parts of the Kazakh and Siberian steppes, the plains of South Africa, and the Argentine pampas were all put under the plow for the first time, and during an era of global free trade) making many small farms entirely unsustainable.
**Years of erosion on fields carelessly laid out on steep terrain; the Great Depression making running a small farm, ah, difficult; economic modernisation making staying as a subsistence farmer a damn foolish thing to do; new roads and automobiles making fleeing to the city easier than ever; and the TVA and other federal land grabs displacing hundreds of thousands of people.
#Slightly scattershot post but that's why it's on tumblr and not somewhere more seruous#american history#Ecological history#economic history
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Happy birthday, Henry Wallace! (October 7, 1888)
Second Vice President to Franklin Roosevelt, Henry Wallace began his career as a farmer and agriculturalist, rising to become Secretary of Agriculture before replacing John Nance Garner on the Democratic ticket. A lightningrod for controversy, Wallace was viewed by conservatives as emblematic of the Communist influence on the Roosevelt administration. Wallace was dumped in 1944 after Roosevelt was pressured by party conservatives to do so in light of his own ailing health. A strident progressive who was sympathetic to socialism and communism, and a firm anti-racist, Wallace would run for President in his own right in 1948 on the ticket of the Progressive Party, with the tacit endorsement of the Communist Party. Wallace lost enormously, but he ran a memorable campaign, including a bold tour through the Jim Crow South. In later years, Wallace drifted towards anti-communism, but remains a pivotal figure in the American progressive movement.
“The American fascist would prefer not to use violence. His method is to poison the channels of public information. With a fascist the problem is never how best to present the truth to the public but how best to use the news to deceive the public into giving the fascist and his group more money or more power.”
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Oh my gosh Eitan what you wrote about vegans and ecofascism…
I have also noticed in some particular niche circles of this topic, there is a horrible amount of what I think must be unintentional orientalism and demonization of the Indigenous Peoples of West and Central Asia, the Levant… essentially the cultures who were the early agriculturalists. I just cannot not notice.
Self congratulating vegans who veer into ecofascist territory have said to me that agriculture was the point in history when humankind went downhill. That agriculture and civilizations ruined humanity… and do they think about who are they talking about?! Sumerians, later Akkadians, Assyrians… the peoples of Mesopotamia. Persians. Hebrews/Israelites and other Levantines. Egyptians/Copts. Also South Asian cultures! Some of the oldest peoplehoods/nations/civilizations still in existence were also the places where agriculture began. Also in China! And Ethiopia!
I sometimes also see not necessarily vegans but just environmental activists who promote living all as hunter gatherers again, they say similar things that agricultural civilizations ruined humanity and brought only negative developments to the “natural” way a human is supposed to live and I think to myself, do these people even know how horrible this is? These things they are saying? That our ancestors in the levant, the first agriculturalists, are the reason for the downfall of all humanity? Because that is what they are talking about.
I hope this makes some kind of sense. This complete disrespect and disgust with agriculture feels very insulting to the history of West Asia… not that ANYONE has ever cared about respecting West Asian people or history…
Don't forget the Americas! There was all kinds of agriculture all across North, Central, and South America before European contact. It's a colonialist myth that Indigenous Americans didn't have agriculture before European contact.
Humans across the world developed agriculture because part of the human ecological niche is *adaptability* and *niche construction*. It is in our species to manipulate our environments and interact with them.
Our subsistence strategies as a species is incredibly diverse: Hunting, Gathering, Foraging, Complex foraging, Pastoralism, Agriculture. And within agriculture there's an incredible diversity of strategies.
And hunter gatherers were never passive members of their environment. Hunter gatherers manipulate their environment too- controlled fires to encourage growth, herding game into controlled valleys, deciding which animals to kill and which to allow to reproduce, complex foraging.......
There's an incredible amount of racism and ignorance among certain vegan and environmentalist ideology. Humans were never passive members of their environments. Before we even became Homo sapiens, our Genus had fire, tools, persistence hunting, cultural symbolism.....
We are not passive participants, and we never were. We can be active participants and manipulators of our environment without destroying it. We are an incredibly intelligent species with the capability to plan, and think about far into the future.
#environmentalism#anthropology#agriculture#subsistence strategies#human evolution#racism#history#orientalism
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@triviallytrue, @headspace-hotel
Re: this: I can't reblog the post, but "pre-Columbian North American giant wild bison herds had a similar total biomass to modern North American grazing cattle herds and converted grass to animal tissue at a similar rate" doesn't seem obviously silly to me.
Biologically, cattle are basically just more docile bison. Human selective breeding has probably made some difference to how much metabolic resources domestic cattle invest in growth vs. everything else, but cattle and bison are physiologically and structurally very similar organisms and meat is already a large percentage of a bison's mass, so I doubt it's an orders of magnitude difference. It's not like fruit, where you can easily selectively breed the plant to grow orders of magnitude bigger fruit.
There is the factor that with domestic cattle you can feed them stuff that isn't wild grass. You can feed them irrigated farmed animal feed crops extensively selectively bred for high yields that grow in monoculture fields with no competition and have their own growth supercharged by commercial fertilizers full of mined phosphorus and Haber process nitrogen etc.. That might make an orders of magnitude difference. But I have the admittedly vague impression that while modern cattle-raising does involve a significant amount of stable feeding with animal feed crops or agricultural waste, it also still involves quite a bit of basically just letting the cattle walk around the landscape and eat grass.
It's worth noting that there is at least one major biome where basically industrialized hunting is still a major modern food source for humans: the ocean. It doesn't seem crazy to imagine the same approach might work in terrestrial contexts; the oceans and the land have similar total productivity and the land is significantly more productive per average square kilometer. On the flip side, it's also worth noting that modern fishing isn't exactly a glowing model of sustainability and even there we're seeing a switch to aquaculture.
Like, I doubt "return the land to the bison and then industrially harvest them the way we harvest ocean fish" would actually be a good idea (or what Headspace Hotel actually wants to do), but it actually isn't obvious to me that it would be orders of magnitude less land-efficient than modern cattle ranching, at least in terms of meat production (a major advantage of cattle over wild bison is you can milk cattle, but we're talking about meat, so that isn't very relevant).
Now I wonder to what degree modern San Franciscan office workers eating way more meat than tenth century Chinese peasants has more to do with improvements in transport (railroads, trucks, motorized ships), food preservation (canning and refrigeration), weapons (guns and railroads enable agriculturalist states to conquer semi-arid nomad country and turn it into export-oriented meat factories), and the efficiency of specifically chicken production than with a general increase in the land efficiency of meat production.
Aside: I have no idea how realistic it is, but "basically treat bison the way we treat fish" gives me a mental image of giant vehicles that drive around the Great Plains to run down herds of bison and pull them in for efficient industrial slaughter, dismemberment, and packaging; basically exactly how fishing boats work, but on land! Giant vehicles roaming steppes and gathering up big wild herbivores for on-site slaughter and processing might be a neat idea for speculative fiction!
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weird shit from the lesbian general
this is what happens when ignorance and antisocial channer lonerism combine
hyenas have "a sex hierarchy prioritizing females"? hmmm
female hyenas also have a "pseudo penis" that leads to their first born cubs being stillborn every time because it has to tear in order for the newborn to pass through.
intense male-male competition usually produces masculinized males AND females because the most aggressive and dominant males are usually the most reproductively successful, thus making those genes more common. this is what probably contributed to the hyenas' pseudo penis.
human groups where a minority of men have had a historical pattern of monopolizing women, & where older men are prioritized in the "mate market" results not only in dysfunction, as the younger men then opt to have clandestine relationships with women/raping rival villages women but causing masculinization of the population in general to occur over time.
High testosterone levels are widely attested among populations that descend from sub-Saharan agriculturalists. When Ross et al. (1986) studied white and black American students (mean age = 20 yrs), they found mean testosterone levels to be 19% higher in the blacks than in the whites and free testosterone levels 21% higher. In a later study, Ross et al. (1992) found that young East Asian men had intermediate testosterone levels but less 5α-reductase—an enzyme that converts testosterone into the physiologically more active DHT.
more:
Some northern European countries’ population is 80% blonde because their societies had males travel long distances to hunt for food which resulted in an increased amount of deaths and an imbalance in their population, with more females than males, sexual selection acted strongly on females. men overwhelmingly chose mates whose infantile traits persisted beyond puberty, and that includes blonde hair.
Moreover, Kleisner et al. (2010) have found an apparent sex linkage between blue eyes and feminization of face shape. They initially wished to determine whether eye color influences perception of male dominance, using facial pictures of Czech men. The results showed that brown-eyed men were rated as more dominant than blue-eyed men. As a control, the authors repeated the experiment after altering the facial photos of the brown-eyed men to make them blue-eyed. These altered photos were still rated as more dominant.
[...]Blond hair darkens with age more slowly in women than in men (Olivier, 1960, p. 74). A ‘digit ratio’ study indicates that prenatal exposure to estrogen is higher in individuals with blond hair or non-brown eyes (Mather et al., unpublished). The same study, however, found no evidence of sexual dimorphism. Women and men had roughly the same proportions of hair and eye colors among the 18-to-38 year olds under study. Such a dimorphism, if it does exist, may be a transient one limited to younger age groups.
Careful study of the photos revealed that the brown-eyed men had more masculine facial features:
In contrast with blue-eyed males, brown-eyed males have statistically broader and rather massive chins, broader (laterally prolonged) mouths, larger noses, and eyes that are closer together with larger eyebrows. In contrast, blue-eyed males show smaller and sharper chins, mouths that are laterally narrower, noses smaller, and a greater span between the eyes. (Peter Frost, 2011)
[...]
Rosenberg and Kagan (1987, 1989) investigated the association between eye color and behavioral inhibition, revealing that children with blue eyes are more inhibited. Coplan et al. (1998) found a significant interaction between eye color and social wariness within preschoolers. Blue-eyed males were rated as more socially wary, i.e. being more temperamentally inhibited, displaying more reticent behavior and having more internalizing problems, than males with brown eyes, though there were no differences between blue- and brown-eyed females (Coplan et al., 1998).
[...]
Men’s preference for blonde hair may have gone through a similar runaway selection. As PT Senior Editor Carlin Flora has pointed out to me before, many young blond children cease to be blond and their hair turns dark long before they reach puberty (as Carlin’s did). So by preferring to mate with women with light blonde hair, men are often (maladaptively) attracted to prepubescent children. Their preference for women with large eyes may similarly be maladaptive. But men’s preference for women with neotenous features, and women’s possession of such features, may nonetheless have evolved via runaway selection.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200810/barbie-manufactured-mattel-designed-evolution-viii
#anthropology#masculinization#If anything this reminds me of Dworkin's comments on egalitarianism#radfem
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Tepwat Manu Chaper 7 is live on ao3!
I'm kind of employed again so I didn't have any time for painting.
Instead, here's a glossary entry that got a lil carried away. Love y'all.
...
- Tribe: (Disambiguation) This is a fraught term, poorly defined in pop culture, which can easily conjure racist stereotypes. As a white American, I want to be sensitive about how I use the term, so here is quick explanation of what it means in the context of this story.
Simply put, a tribe is a kinship group. It is an egalitarian community of extended families, linked by customs and by blood. Family is the currency of a tribe. A tribe's status and political power is linked to the fame and importance of its ancestors. Family can be real or fictive - people could be adopted into the intricate web of families for any number of reasons. In the bronze age, most people lived in tribes, or regularly interacted with them. Tribesmen were hunters, foragers, shepherds, agriculturalists, soldiers, clerks, painters, scribes, sculptors, priests, bakers, coppersmiths, merchants, prostitutes, and kings. They maintained their tribal allegiances and customs within the framework of the state-level societies which popped up around them in the 3rd and 4th millennium BCE. Many times in Mesopotamian and Egyptian history, kings themselves and their retinues belonged to powerful local tribes.
Because tribal societies were so widespread, when peasants chafed under the yoke of a cruel king, they could run away and join the nomadic tribes who lived on the margins of the best agricultural lands, who did not demand any taxes. The balance of power between tribes and kings swung from one end to another for thousands of years. Kings fought bitterly to control neighboring tribes, denigrating them in inscriptions, while simultaneously relying on them for resources, political influence, and manpower - but kingship was fragile in the ancient world - time and time again, tribes would get the upper hand against kings, and destroy the seats of their power, redistributing their horded wealth to the multitudinous dispossessed. In ancient works of propaganda - public inscriptions in cuneiform and hieroglyphs commissioned by kings, Tribal societies were slandered because of the threat they posed to kings. The rhetoric which kings used might feel familiar: they said that tribal societies were barbaric - that they were unclean, animal-like, and foolish. They said that statehood and kingship was the inevitable end result of 'advanced' civilization. In fact, none of these things were true. Today, developments in archeology, sociology, anthropology, ecology, etc. have shown students of history (even unschooled, passionate amateurs like myself) that tribal societies were egalitarian - that they were intricate, sophisticated, sustainable, and self-determined. In the Bronze age, statecraft was a relatively modern phenomenon that proved to be destructive and unsustainable on a greater scale than what had ever before been seen in human history. From the perspective of tribesmen, who had thrived in right relation with the land, with non-human species, and with one another for tens of thousands of years before states ever existed, kings must have seemed like little more than highly organized and incredibly violent sedentary thieves.
After 5000 years of fighting, it seems like the states of the world have won. Kings wear different clothes these days, and call themselves by different names, but they still still do the same sorts of things - extracting resources, holding a monopoly on violence, denigrating tribal societies, and hoarding wealth to a staggering and unprecedented degree. We live in a world where statehood is taken for granted. You can't go anywhere on the planet today without falling inside the borders of one country or another. Statehood is still considered the inevitable end result of 'advanced' civilization. But we also live in a world filled with tribal societies, who have weathered catastrophe and genocide, who survive, who thrive, who remember how to live in right relation with the land, with our non-human relatives, and with one another. These, the indigenous peoples of the the world, are everywhere, all over the globe, and their life-ways are threatened by the grasping hands of governments, of states. But it doesn't have to be this way.
I wanted to write Tepwat Manu, in part, to tell a story about regular people who resisted kings - who resisted death itself, because they knew in their harts that something about the world was wrong. They're right. Something is wrong. It hasn't always been this way. It was never inevitable that it would be this way.
It doesn't have to be this way.
#Tepwat Manu#The Journey to Ilvelinir#My Writing#Ancient Egypt#Ancient Mesopotamia#I definitely romanticize the past too much#alas#what's there to do
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Back in 1971, the editors of the magazine Scientific American invited the geoscientist Earl Cook to contribute to an essay that he called "The Flow of Energy in an Industrial Society." He included in it a diagram, much reprinted since then, showing best guesses at per-person energy consumption among hunter-gatherers, early agriculturalists (by which he meant the farmers of southwest Asia around 5000 BCE whom we met in Chapter 2), advanced agriculturalists (those northwest of Europe around 1400 CE), industrial folk (western Europeans around 1860), and late-twentieth-century "technological" societies. He divided the scores into four categories of food (including the feed that goes into animals whose meat is eaten), home and commerce, industry and agriculture, and transport (Figure 3.1).
Figure 3.1. The Great Chain of Energy in numbers: the geoscientist Earl Cook's estimates of energy capture per person per day, from the time of Homo habilis to 1970s America
"Why the West Rules – For Now: The patterns of history and what they reveal about the future" - Ian Morris
#book quotes#why the west rules – for now#ian morris#nonfiction#70s#1970s#20th century#scientific american#geoscience#earl cook#contribution#energy flow#industrial society#diagram#energy consumption#hunter gatherer#agriculture#farmers#southwest asia#northwest europe#western europe#15th century#60s#1860s#19th century#food#home#commerce#industry#transport
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Things you should know about Irish immigration
Are you looking for an Ireland immigration lawyer for your immigration to Ireland? If yes, you should be aware of all the important elements related to Irish immigration. So, let’s get to delve deep and understand a lot of things.
During the period between 1820 and 1840, Irish and Germans were considered the two big clusters of people that were largely involved in the immigration to the US. The primary reasons behind this large-scale immigration were discrimination and anti-foreign bias.
US – A Nation of Immigrations
Being a nation of immigrants, the United States has always encountered the contest of including new demographic clusters of people into its ethos and civilization. The backdrop of the United States, that was led to severecountry-widediscussions over what it refers to be an American national. Consecutivesurfs of immigration expanded the country from its roots in white, Anglo-Saxon Protestantism while increasing and mounting the explanation of the tenure American.
Irish Immigration
Between the period of 1820 and 1840, almost 90 percent of immigrants to the United States emerged from England, Germany, and England, or Germany. In the middle of these assemblies, the Irish were forming the largest part. In the same period, almost 50,000 Irish people settled in the United States. During 1830, these figures rose to 250,000. And, in 1840, the number jumped to 900,000 because of a potato famine in Ireland.
The Great Irish Famine, as it was termed, was the result of a 5-year disfigurement that transformed the potato harvests black. From the year of 1845 to 1850, nearly 1 million Irish people lost their lives due to starvation and another 2 million people left the nation.
The latest Irish immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics, were often the focal points of xenophobic—anti-foreign—preconception. The influx of a large number of Irish Catholics almost got doubled the average count of Catholics residing in the United States. Anti-Catholic prejudgment was still prettynatural at that period, and most American nationalspreservedtypecasts of Catholics as superstitious and blindly obedient to the Vatican in Rome. A majority of peopledoubted the devotion of Catholic immigrants to the United States, amidst the lurking threat of war, their y would be not to their nation but also to the Pope. Catholicism was considered a threat to democracy, and many feared that it would undermine the strength of Protestantism in the United States.
In spite of the presence of these challenges, the Irish were hardy and integratedefficiently into US life and culture.
Irish people resided in both urban and rural localities, deciding the western end, utilizing the land as agriculturalists, and setting up a major presence in cities like New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. They built powerful political machines in major metropolitan areas, the most famous of which was undoubtedly Tammany Hall in New York City. These political machines, typically run by the Democratic Party, helped recent immigrants assimilate into American society by awarding them with education, vocational skills, job opportunities, and often even cash gifts, to cover for their ballots at the election phase.
According to a leading Ireland immigration lawyer in UK, fourth-generation Scottish-Irish, was considered the most noted person among all the popular political pioneers. He was the one whospearheaded the governments of US cities from the mid-1850s till his capture in 1871 on the accounts of misappropriation, deception, and corruption. Althoughhe was surelyshamefaced of allegedcustodies, there is hardly any doubt that he and other political apparatusessimilar to him delivered an unmatchedservice in helping the latest immigrants, particularly the Irish, to integrate into the culture and civilization of the United States.
By the end of the 20th century, the Ireland people had become one of the most accomplished, wealthy, and well-informed immigrants in the US.
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Farmland Intrepreneurs
Joint Ventures as a Chief Strategy Officer (CSO) with Femme Chief Engineering Officer (CENO) below me. Thé CEO is thé Otherside of thé Joint Venture. A public benefit corporation is a legal entity that is organized and taxed as either an S corporation or C corporation.[37] Founders will want to keep in mind that C-corporations experience a double tax associated with profits and again with dividends or payouts to shareholders.[38] S corporations are a legal entity that escapes this double taxation but there are certain stipulations that an entity will have to consider before being able to file as an S corporation.[38] If you are currently an S or C corporation your company will not change its tax status when you transfer to a public benefit corporation.[37] If you are currently an LLC, partnership or sole proprietorship then you will have to change tax status.[37] While public benefit corporations are taxed the same as their underlying corporation status, there is added benefit to taxation on charitable contributions. If a firm makes donations to a qualifying non-profit the charitable contributions receive a tax deductible status. This will lower a firm's taxes compared to a typical C-corporation that is not donating money and only focusing on short term profits. Many enterprise foundations are non-profits without a personal profit motive, which sets them aside from other ownership structures. Instead, they are legally bound by their purpose, which typically is to secure the longevity and independence of the companies that they own and to contribute to society by philanthropy. As perpetuities which cannot be dissolved, they are long-term owners. However, not all enterprise foundations are equally idealistic. Some have strong ties to the founding family and continue to donate to its descendants. Others again have ties to government organisations, cooperatives or associations, which helped establish them.
Non Profits
Bioeconomic Research
Agronomics
Farmland E-commerce
TV Incubators and Startup Accelerators
AgTech
Soil Science
Artisanal Plantation Case Study
Rental Properties, Rental Farmland Plantation Economy, AG Indexes w/ FX CFDs, Gold Bars, Garunteed Investment Certificate are my Net Asset Portfolio.
Yvon Chouinard (born November 9, 1938)[1] is an American rock climber, environmentalist, philanthropist, and outdoor industry businessman. His company, Patagonia, is known for its commitment to protecting the environment. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2023.[2]
Douglas Rainsford Tompkins (March 20, 1943 – December 8, 2015) was an American businessman, conservationist, outdoorsman, philanthropist, filmmaker, and agriculturalist.
Contracts and Investments
Share Appreciation Right Plans (SAR Plans)
Under SAR Plans, the corporation grants plan participants share appreciation rights. Each SAR entitles participants to receive, on vesting, the net value of the increase in the market value of the corporation’s share between the grant date and the vesting date. Share Appreciation Right Plans are similar to stock option plans in some ways, and to RSU Plans in others:
Value. Share Appreciation Rights function much like stock options in many ways – but unlike stock options, participants aren’t required to pay the exercise price when they exercise the SAR. Share Appreciation Rights start with a nil value at the time of grant, so will have no value at vesting if the market value of the shares has decreased between the dates of grant and of vesting.
Plan Terms. Share Appreciation Right Plans typically contain provisions similar to those of RSU Plans in respect to plan administration, maximum shares reserved for issuance, grant agreement, market value, employment, share capital adjustments, change of control and shareholder agreements.
Vesting. Like RSU Plans, vesting provisions in SAR Plans can also be based on time, performance or both. Performance-based SARs are sometimes called “performance appreciation rights” or “PARs”. Once vested, the plan participant can settle the SARs in cash or in an amount of shares that equals the amount payable to the participant divided by the per share market value
Deferred Compensation
Deferred compensation refers to that part of one’s contribution that is withheld and paid at a future date. Retirement plans and employee pensions are examples of deferred compensation. Employers usually withhold a fraction of employees’ compensation every month, accumulate it over time, and pay the lump sum amount on a date previously agreed upon in the employment contract.
Real Estate Joint Venture (JV)
A real estate joint venture (JV) is a deal between multiple parties to work together and combine resources to develop a real estate project. Most large projects are financed and developed as a result of real estate joint ventures. JVs allow real estate operators (individuals with extensive experience managing real estate projects) to work with real estate capital providers (entities that can supply capital for a real estate project).
Farmland Investments
Age 16-19
Bond Funds
Farmland REITS
CFDS
Real Estate Brokerage Trust Account
Age 20-30
Farmland Recession Proof Stocks (AgTech, Ag ETFS, AgETN)
Incubator and Startup Accelerators
Age 30-40
Farmland Blue Chip Indexes w/ Credit Spread Options
VEDETTE
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Tan & Lovely[1] [2]
I feel a bit uncomfortable about re-purposing a photograph of “Tan Mom”, especially when I read of her health struggles. But if there’s a single image that can make the point of the world-wide obsession with altering our complexions, it’s probably any one of her well done, beef jerkey-esque head shots. Not to judge. I grew up in California in the 1980s. Having a golden-brown tan was considered the embodiment of a healthy look. I spent many a summer day out by the pool or at a nearby lake, getting as tan as I could, and rarely remembering (or caring to) apply sunscreen. In middle age now, I have a number of friends that have been diagnosed with some form of skin cancer. And even still, I feel better when my skin turns from pasty white to light tan after a few days in the sun.
It's not quite the same thing, you might say, as the author’s point of India’s deep rooted “color consciousness” and biases toward fair complexions. Scholars, however, differed on when and how this desire for fairness turned into a prejudice against dark skin. According to the authors “Some historians believed that the roots of this prejudice could be traced back to the Aryan invasion of India from the north… Others believed that this form of racism was intertwined with the history of casteism and colonialism in India. Historically, the fair-skinned Kshatriyas (warriors) and Brahmins (priests) were thought superior to Vaisyas (agriculturalists, traders, and cattle rearers) and the Shudras (servers to the other three castes). ‘There’s this notion about dark-skinned people belonging to the labor class because they’d work on the fields under the sun. White skin, on the other hand, symbolized power,’ stated Devdutt Pattnaik, a scholar of Indian mythology. This existing discrimination was exacerbated during India’s colonization by the British, where the white Westerners ruled over the native Indians, lending an air of power and supremacy to fairer skin. A more recent phenomenon, which was often quoted as perpetuating and intensifying this obsession, was the promotion of the Western-Caucasian ideal of tall, thin, and fair as a universal standard of beauty.”
So what do I know about all of this? More than you might think. I have spent much of the last several years living as an American ex-Patriot in Cambodia, and everything that we just read about India I witness on a daily basis in Cambodia. I returned home to Phnom Penh for Christmas after spending a fall semester largely indoors in Boston. I was pasty white and didn’t feel particularly energized or self-confident. One of the first things my mother-in-law commented to me was how white and handsome I looked. And after a few weeks of soaking up as much sun as I could on a lovely beach holiday to Koh Rong Island, she was quick to note, much less enthusiastically, how quick I was to get tan. The views of people like my mother-in-law seem to pervade the Cambodian people. Darker skinned individuals are associated with rural laborers and are perceived to be the less sophisticated, educated, and urbane portion of the population. Just the opposite with those that manage to maintain their complexions in a lighter shade.
When I first moved to Cambodia, I experienced dry skin and found myself in need of moisturizing lotion. Just about every lotion variety in every store I went to touted the whitening power of the lotion inside (and coincidentally most were sold in white bottles). I didn’t want to whiten my skin…I just wanted to moisturize it. Apparently, I was the only person in the country with this odd perspective. This was reinforced when I later ran out of sunscreen and went to purchase more. Every bottle of sunscreen advertised the dual purpose of sun protection plus whitening!
To extract some data specific to India “India’s first fairness cream, Afghan Snow, was launched in 1919… Fair & Lovely, launched in 1975… The cream inspired other consumer goods companies to launch skin-lightening products in the 1990s…, many more international skin-care brands became available in India, and most included skin-lightening products within their portfolios…the size of the Indian facial-care market was expected to grow about $2 billion by 2019 … Fair & Lovely controlled 53.6% of the market share for the facial moisturizer sub-category”.
I don’t claim to be qualified to judge the relevance or sensibility of this obsession with fair skin. Based on the early biases imprinted on my developing brain, I still think that tan skin suggests a healthy outdoor lifestyle. I don’t feel my best when I’m pasty white; but that is probably a combination of science and psychology. When I am Vitamin D deprived, I don’t feel my best and when I look in the mirror it becomes a self-reinforcing loop of perception and feeling. Maybe “Tan Mom” felt the same thing, but that’s not what our authors are talking about. That’s not what’s going on in India…or in Cambodia…or in any number of countries around the world where our perceptions of complexion and beauty are so ingrained in our upbringings that it’s hard to put a finger on exactly where or why the attitudes manifest.
[1] Image sources: Urban Hollywood 411, uv whitening skin lotion - Search Images (bing.com)
[2] Content for this article sourced from “Fair & Lovely vs. Dark is Beautiful” written by Rohit Deshpande and Saloni Chaturvedi, Copyright 2016, 2017, 2022, President and Fellows of Harvard College
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Plant Growth Regulators Market 2029 Growth Outlook and Demand Forecast
Surge in research and development activities is expected to drive the Global Plant Growth Regulators Market growth in the forecast period, 2025-2029.
According to TechSci Research report, “Plant Growth Regulators Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2029”, the Global Plant Growth Regulators Market stood at USD3.17 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 4.27% in the forecast period, 2024-2029. Initiatives taken by government based on plant growth regulators has led to favorable market conditions for the Global Plant Growth Regulators Market. Several factors contribute to the growth of various plant growth regulators products.
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a vital role in safeguarding the environment by regulating the use of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs). These regulatory measures ensure that the application and utilization of PGRs, such as the pesticide Chlormequat chloride, are effectively controlled. Currently registered as a PGR for use in ornamentals grown in greenhouses and nurseries, the EPA has proposed new uses for Chlormequat chloride, thereby expanding its range of applications.
Recognizing the importance of biosafety and biosecurity, the U.S. Government has taken the initiative to launch the Biosafety and Biosecurity Innovation Initiative. This forward-thinking initiative aims to mitigate biological risks while simultaneously advancing biotechnology and biomanufacturing innovation. By fostering a sustainable, safe, and secure American bioeconomy, this initiative indirectly supports the development and utilization of PGRs, thereby contributing to the overall growth of the market.
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In recent years, advancements in agricultural technology have had a profound impact on the plant growth regulators (PGRs) market. Through continuous research and development efforts, scientists and experts are tirelessly working towards the creation of even more efficient and effective PGRs. These innovative solutions play a pivotal role in bolstering global crop production by effectively mitigating various environmental stress factors that crops often face, such as drought, extreme temperatures, and nutrient deficiencies. By harnessing the power of advanced PGRs, farmers and agriculturalists can optimize crop growth and yield, ensuring food security and sustainability for a growing population.
The Global Plant Growth Regulators Market is segmented into type, crop type, regional distribution, and company.
Based on its crop type, the fruits and vegetables segment held the largest market share in the forecast period. One of the key factors that can be attributed to the growing health-consciousness among consumers is the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle. As individuals become more aware of the impact of their dietary choices on their overall well-being, there is a rising demand for healthier and more nutritious options.
The rising income levels of consumers also play a significant role in driving this trend. With higher disposable incomes, consumers are now more willing to invest in their health and opt for products that promote a healthier lifestyle. In particular, the fruit and vegetable segment is experiencing a significant acceleration in demand as consumers prioritize incorporating these nutrient-rich options into their diets.
Based on region, Europe segment is expected to grow during the forecast period.
The increasing awareness and demand for organic food, coupled with the strict regulatory frameworks governing maximum residue levels in agricultural soil, have significantly contributed to the rising popularity of crop growth regulators among European farmers. These regulators, known for their environmentally friendly nature, offer a sustainable solution for enhancing crop growth and yield. As a result, the European market for crop growth regulators is poised for substantial growth in the coming years.
Major companies operating in Global Plant Growth Regulators Market are:
BASF SE
Bayer Crop Science AG
Corteva Agriscience AB
Syngenta AG
Nufarm Limited
Sumitomo Australia Pty Ltd
TATA chemicals limited
Arysta Lifescience Ltd
FMC Corporation
UPL Limited
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“As the global population continues to expand and arable land diminishes, the agricultural sector faces mounting pressure to boost productivity and yield to meet the rising demand for food. In this context, plant growth regulators emerge as pivotal tools in agricultural practices, offering strategic solutions to enhance crop quality, increase yield, and improve stress tolerance. By leveraging these regulators, farmers can optimize plant growth and development, resulting in healthier crops with enhanced resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, disease, and adverse climatic conditions.
This not only addresses the immediate need for high-quality crops but also contributes to the long-term sustainability of agricultural systems by maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact. Hence, the utilization of plant growth regulators represents a proactive approach towards meeting the challenges posed by global population growth and dwindling agricultural resources, ensuring food security and resilience in the face of evolving agricultural landscapes.,” said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a research-based management consulting firm.
“Global Plant Growth Regulators Market By Type (Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Absicisic Acid, Ethylene), By Crop Type (Cereals, Oilseeds and Pulses, Fruits and Vegetables, Turf and Ornamentals, Others), By Region, By Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2019-2029”, has evaluated the future growth potential of Global Plant Growth Regulators Market and provides statistics & information on market size, structure, and future market growth. The report intends to provide cutting-edge market intelligence and help decision makers take sound investment decisions. Besides, the report also identifies and analyzes the emerging trends along with essential drivers, challenges, and opportunities in Global Plant Growth Regulators Market.
Browse Related Reports:
United States Grain Analysis Market
United States Plant Factory Market
United States Crop Protection Chemicals Market
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#Plant Growth Regulators Market#Plant Growth Regulators Market Size#Plant Growth Regulators Market Share#Plant Growth Regulators Market Trends#Plant Growth Regulators Market Growth
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Its more that I consider development a lot more time then patience can tolerate and so behaviourists emphasize better social communications instead of house now
The French can explain that misunderstanding and mutual theft....it was Antoine's and Ruth mas killed women of starvation with herself with it
You can just watch your Ina times to see Harriet Jacobs the same....white beauty care isn't done by white chicks often.....so she does look dry and ho yes....
The UK wants me for work fried fries fried all the time
I explained to her it's very dangerous here because latin American were displaced in france or white people so no the same if indigenous people weren't actually agriculturalists white peoples are not actually euro centric hospitality sunni to them I practice blamed things
People like me find appetite reduction a very dense male that thinks the world is it and never say diet or weight or perception I have to publish dissertations
So no people should not ask you for too much money they aren't euro centric and do not socialize that way and is just worse then Europe here
Indigenous women like zitkala sa use to teach music and habits and politics so I don't understand tepid coffee and starve off biscuits is good and Godly women have to work here
He told me coffee goes right through him.....so I told him coffee here is awful for you till you get over your emigration phobia
I like Florida I just walked around there like it was willy wonkas chocolate factory and they showed me the oldest emigration tree from latin America and it's whole by nation hospitality company
The treatment of Mexican migrants to cross the border into Texas is not all free born NATO citizens....they have to go to very sick compounds and get that sun and color out of them
The coffee isn't dark enough and of living waters....and people who don't treat a stimulant like it's an organic grown plant use Botox or sarin and expect you to suicide with them or for them they won job placement and your out and victory is a tragic thing
If you stop with white this white that and believe in latin Americans a lot of harmful byproducts leave your stuff if you keep up get the colors out of em you didn't like life off rents no
I like bravo and Columbian food and Cuban stuff with Africans is always that attempt to bring proper to life instead of gross ass dope holes in the wall so
Anyway he had told me to not feel too bad for him he called them white men renters and he would go around forcing them to give money out of their paycheck to some lady landlord and so people make him live a white punishment
So first he had to go to the hostel and get kicked out for expired 🆔.....and now he has anti emigration problems
Then he had to live through renters giving him their old cancer stuff instead of black men have heart conditions your chick is some mental to niggers
And he had to live through white jesus of give your last blanket to a mean nigger out here and sleep with nothing.....so I admit eventually feeling like maybe they were a little too mean to him....
I get stalked by those mean hick nigger drunks like steal my cart so they can use my last blanket so he got told that he had to finally baby sit niggers
Their neo Nazis....so I had to have some creepy hick start screaming at me bitch bow down and suck dick.........for trying to go to the hare Krishnas about it......so eventually white men will have to actually control addiction and recidivism normally
A lot of natural product here is taken to European beauty factories so no people shouldnt have called my kind of scattered technology use chronicly mental they have these meds and wouldn't give them too me.....
Manchester thermodynamics.....the British get to go out to really positive clubs though
Figs.....
English boss gets mad at ho trying to binge eat my friends so he steals stuff back so she has manners lessons
I find Tex Dan to eva about bulimia too gross also and I'm told don't to eva that is my friend
Uhm I don't know about that situation if I at work was off company I could be murdered in situations like that for rationalizing gay.....but Dan can so I suspect that's why we never talked again....
I dont know what happened to......those people.....I found out they act nicer then their actually trained to be......so I get scared of people who know their life will have to fight that meanly and leave them alone or I would have to be some creep that enjoys revenge
I would have to turn into one of the freaks that suspects they can't love anyone.....if I had to live a grudge
A creep someone whose image obsessed and only shows up with their success day and racially correct children.....so I take advise from Germans who tell me my secret best friends have physical handicaps and God does love me
I found it too mean to him because he says mean stuff then turns around and gives his last blanket to someone else so his tone and mood isn't all that abnormal
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George Washington Carver was a pioneering scientist and agricultural trailblazer
George Washington Carver emerged as one of America's most important figures from the shadow of slavery. Carver lived an inspiring life. Born in 1864 near Diamond, Missouri, george washington carver is the subject of this article. It explores his journey as a pioneering agriculturalist and scientist.
Early childhood and education
Carver experienced adversity in his early life as he navigated through the post Civil War challenges. Moses Carver adopted him after he became orphaned. Carvers were aware of George's intellect and encouraged him to pursue his education. This led George to Simpson College in Iowa before transferring on the Iowa State Agricultural College.
Carver made a name for himself at Iowa State in the areas of botany as well as agriculture. It was his first Bachelor of Science. The insatiable passion for plant life and curiosity that he had sparked in him laid the groundwork to a career which would change agricultural practices across the United States.
Farming: Groundbreaking work in agriculture
Carver's ground-breaking work was focused on sustainable agricultural practices. Crop rotation was his preferred method of soil preservation, and he encouraged farmers to diversify. The research he did on sweet potato and the peanut, which were both deemed to be viable alternatives to cotton by him, led him and his team of researchers into innovative new products.
Carver's peanut experiments resulted to over 300 new products such as oil, dyes, and peanut butter. His experiments with sweet potato led to new foodstuffs, industrial products and even medicine. Carver's innovative agricultural techniques not only gave farmers an alternative to the traditional cash crops, but they also improved their financial situation.
Teacher and Advocate
George Washington Carver, a prominent educator, accepted in 1896 a teaching post at Tuskegee Institute. This institution was for African American children. Carver spent several decades at Tuskegee as a teacher, and also as a champion of agriculture and science education.
Carver was convinced that education would lead to progress, and he worked tirelessly in order to impart his knowledge on farmers. His innovative methods of farming were demonstrated through the publication of numerous educational brochures and bulletins. Ses efforts focused on empowering African American farmer and lifting the communities out poverty via education and sustainable agricultural practices.
Legacy and Recognition
George Washington Carver’s impact on American history continues far past his time. Indelible marks in American history are left by Carver’s contributions to sustainability, agriculture, and education. The Spingarn Medal was presented to him in 1941 as a recognition of his achievements. George Washington Carver National Monument stands out as testament to Carver's lasting influence.
Carver's works and life inspire scientists and educators who strive to bring about positive change. It is through his story that we are reminded of our own potential to be great, no matter where in life we were born. George Washington Carver has left a legacy that is full of hope. It illustrates how education can transform lives, as well as the importance of perseverance and innovation in the face obstacles.
#what did george washington carver invent#a timeline of george washington carver#george washington carver contributions
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