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fideidefenswhore · 2 years

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what DID william thomas write about henry the eight's queens?

the below (keep in mind the intended audience was edward vi, and it's something of an apologist, tiptoe whitewash of henry viii)--

Catherine of Aragon:

"that gentle and virtuous Lady Katherine [...] she yielded her spirit unto God, leaving her daughter, that courteous Lady Mary, whom we have so often mentioned"

Anne Boleyn:

"whose liberal life were too shameful to rehearse [...] once she was a wise woman, indued with outward good qualities [...] such courtly graces [...]as few women were of her time [...] with such an outward profession of gravity as was to be marvelled at, but inwardly she was [another] dame than she seemed to be... she had conspired the King's death"

"this second wife lived with the King about the space of four years, having issue a daughter by him named the Lady Elizabeth, [presently] fourteen years of age, a very witty and gentle young lady"

Jane Seymour:

“one of the humblest and chastest maidens in the world, replete of all beauty and wisdom [...] lived in perfect and loving matrimony”

Anne of Cleves:

“[the king] loved this woman beyond measure; for why? her personage, beauty, and gesture did no less merit it”

“for the singular love he bare unto her, he offered her liberty to remain in England at his honourable provision [...]”

Catherine Howard:

“a very beautiful gentlewoman, and, to worldly judgement, a very virtuous and chaste creature, though in effect contrary was found afterwards”

Katherine Parr:

"beloved of all creatures"

"right fair and excellent"

“his glorious chance had brought him to die in the arms of so faithful a spouse”

#anon #i'll include his sisters because it's interesting #and also that elizabeth's paternity was not as 'questioned' by edwardian historians as marian #the praise of AB is interesting but the idea is that henry wasn't foolish she was just a mirage of a woman that she wasn't #if he wrote that she was an awful ugly flirtatious harridan then it would make henry seem like a moron for marrying her #but if she had 'outward' dignity and wisdom and grace then how was he to know

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tacklewithjet · 8 months

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Is it India? Is it Bharat? Speculations abound as Modi govt pushes for country's Sanskrit name

The possibility is resonating with Hindu nationalists who form the prime minister's core vote base. But the reasons — political, cultural, historical — run far deeper.

NEW DELHI: It began with a dinner invitation. How it ends could affect more than a billion people.

State-issued invites sent to guests of this week’s G20 meeting referred to India’s president, Droupadi Murmu, as “President of Bharat.”

Suddenly, in many circles, the question was everywhere: Would the country of more than 1.4 billion now be called by its ancient Sanskrit name?

Since then, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ministers, his Hindu nationalist supporters, Bollywood stars and cricketers have made similar public proclamations: India should officially be rebranded as Bharat. India is known by two names: India, used worldwide, and the Sanskrit and Hindi nomenclature of “Bharat.”

Now, Modi’s government is signalling that Indians should shed the name India and instead call their country Bharat. The possibility is resonating with Hindu nationalists who form the prime minister’s core vote base. Their stated reason: the name “India” is tied to colonialism and slavery, a sentiment that Modi’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party has long shared.

But the reasons — political, cultural, historical — run far deeper.

There are some precedents, but India’s situation is singular

A name — be it of a person or an entire country — is many things. It’s descriptive, emotionally important and deeply wrapped up in identity. So when it comes to a whole nation, a name change is not a small thing.

Around the world, there have been some notable national rebrandings in recent decades as nations shed names inflicted by colonial rulers. Ceylon was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Rhodesia was rebranded as Zimbabwe in 1980. Burma became Myanmar in 1989.

And last year, Turkey was officially changed to Türkiye. The list goes on — Cambodia to Kampuchea, Swaziland to Eswatini, Malaya to Malaysia.

In India, the country’s renaming demands stem from a more cultural and religious perspective. They are often invoked by Hindu nationalists who say the name Bharat is more authentic to the nation’s past.

Officially, the Indian government has made no decision and issued no statement, and one senior leader dismissed the speculations of a name change as “just rumours.”

But India’s foreign minister, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, seemed to advocate the increased use of Bharat this week. “‘India, that is Bharat’ — it is there in the constitution. Please, I would invite everybody to read it,” Jaishankar said Wednesday.

Indeed, India’s constitution uses the term Bharat just once: “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.” Everywhere else, the country is referred to as India in English. The name Bharat is an ancient Sanskrit word that many historians believe dates back to early Hindu scriptures.

“India” has etymological roots in the Indus River, which was called “Sindhu” in Sanskrit. Another popular but not legally recognized name for the country is Hindustan, which means “land of the Indus” in Persian. All three names were in use long before British rule.

But Modi’s government, which won the 2014 national polls and returned to power in 2019, has a penchant for changing names. It has done so with various cities, towns and prominent roads that were long associated with British rule and Muslim heritage, arguing it is an ongoing effort to salvage the country from the taint of colonialism and so-called Muslim invaders.

Prominent among such efforts is the government’s renaming of the northern city of Allahabad — named by Muslim Mughal rulers centuries ago — to the Sanskrit word “Prayagraj.”

Politics is at centre of debate

The name-changing exercise is fraught with a political motivation that is an essential ingredient of the ruling government’s revisionist agenda and has, under Modi’s rule, come amid increasing attacks by Hindu nationalists against minorities, particularly Muslims.

A largely Hindu country that has long proclaimed its multicultural character, India has a sizable Muslim minority — 14 per cent of the population. Already, Indians and even foreigners are tacitly being nudged to get used to the revised nomenclature of the country.

A government-made mobile application for media and G20 delegates attending the summit says Bharat is the official name of the country — a first public proclamation of its kind during any global event. Visiting guests for the summit are also being welcomed to the host’s capital city with giant billboards that refer to the country as both Bharat and India.

Efforts to change India’s name have been made in the past through court cases, but judges have so far steered away from the issue. However, an upcoming session of the federal Parliament — a surprise announcement made by the Modi government without disclosing any agenda — has prompted speculation.

Opposition parties say an official rebranding could very well be in the cards.

In July, India’s opposition parties announced a new alliance called INDIA in an effort to unseat Modi and defeat his party ahead of national elections in 2024. The acronym stands for “Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance.”

Since then, some officials in Modi’s party have demanded that the country be called Bharat instead of India. The formation of that alliance, says Zoya Hasan, an Indian academic and political scientist, “could be the immediate provocation here.”

“It’s a political debate which is aimed at embarrassing the opposition who have re-appropriated the nationalism platform with their new name,” Hasan said. “This rattled the ruling establishment, and they want to regain their monopoly over nationalism by invoking Bharat.”

She also said the timing of suddenly using Bharat is curious given one particular recent event.

Mohan Bhagwat, the chief of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a radical Hindu movement widely accused of stoking religious hatred with aggressively anti-Muslim views, recently urged Indians to use the Sanskrit name more often.

The RSS is the ideological mothership of Modi’s party, and the prime minister has been its lifelong member. “They can call it Bharat. It’s one of the official names. But there’s no need to erase India,” Hasan said, adding that the furore is a “needless controversy” as both names “have happily coexisted.”

Modi’s party leaders, meanwhile, have celebrated what they call a much-needed change.

“REPUBLIC OF BHARAT — happy and proud that our civilisation is marching ahead boldly towards AMRIT KAAL,” BJP politician Himanta Biswa Sarma wrote on X, formerly known as Twitter.

“Amrit Kaal” is a Hindi phrase meaning “auspicious era” that Modi often uses to describe what he calls India’s resurgence under his government.

Modi’s opponents have been less welcoming, with many saying the government’s priorities are misplaced amid more pressing crises like increasing unemployment, widening religious strife and the backsliding of democracy.

They also say his government is rattled by the INDIA grouping, and have — at least sarcastically — suggested they might change the alliance’s name as a countermove.

“We could of course call ourselves the Alliance for Betterment, Harmony And Responsible Advancement for Tomorrow (BHARAT),” opposition lawmaker Shashi Tharoor wrote on X.

“Then perhaps the ruling party might stop this fatuous game of changing names.”

#India #Bharat

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officeakash · 2 years

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Delhi to Patna Flight price

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New Delhi to Patna flight information

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The huge transporters flying frequently from Delhi to Patna consolidate GoAir, Air India, Flavor Fly, Vistara, and IndiGo. The flights are either quick or have a defer in no less than one metropolitan network. The postpone metropolitan networks between New Delhi to Patna flights consolidate Lucknow, Kolkata, Ranchi, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Amritsar and Guwahati.

Delhi Air terminal workplaces

The capital city's Indira Gandhi Worldwide Air terminal has a variety of decisions to shop, and eat close to banking workplaces. Medanta arranged at both local and overall terminals manages all of the clinical prerequisites of the voyagers. There are ATMs of various banks, for instance, Punjab Public Bank, Canara Bank, Citibank, and Indus IndBank.

Patna Air terminal workplaces

The Jay Prakash Narayan Air terminal is a singular terminal local air terminal organized generally 8km away from the city and 5km away from the rail course station. This 23rd most dynamic air terminal in India is correct now under expansion. The air terminal gives set free internet services for 30 minutes to explorers. There are various workplaces, for instance, adolescent consideration rooms, help individuals who have debilitations and ATMs.

Things Information, Security Enrollment and Report required

The stuff settlement changes across the aeroplanes. Indigo and Air India are the two progressive transporters offering Delhi to Patna trips reliably. All you need to acknowledge about stuff payment in these transporters are given under:

Air India: The local excursions of Air India license 25kg enrollment stuff for Economy explorers. The staff payment for Business class and First in class are 35 kg and 40 kg independently. The hand stuff requirement for each Air India flight is 8kg on each flight.

IndiGo: IndiGo grants 7kg as cabin stuff. The enrollment staff payment for local flights is 15kg. Indigo allows an additional sack, for instance, a ladies' travel bag or a PC pack not weighing more than 3kg.

After you have booked your flight and downloaded the e-ticket, you ought to pass a couple of genuine records as ID affirmation on to enter the air terminal. Any of the reports referred to under will permit you to enter the air terminal:

Visa

Skillet Card turned out by the Income Cost Office.

Resident ID card

Birth support when you travel with your child.

Individual ID cards given by the public power or assumed private affiliation

Driving Grant.

School ID card for young people.

Spots to visit in Delhi

Delhi is notable for its great social attractions and likely the best are referred to under:

Sri Bangla Sahib Gurudwara: A perceptible spot of affection for the Sikhs, the famous Bangla Sahib Gurudwara incorporates a library, water tank and a display corridor. The division from the IGI Air terminal is by and large around 14km.

Dilli Haat: Dilli Haat is an external claim to fame and a food commercial centre. The different workmanship dials back here sell articulations and strengths from a couple of districts of the country. The food dials back similarly to India serve real extravagances and among the gathering, top decisions are the dials back from Sikkim and Nagaland.

Spots to visit in Patna

The greatest city in Bihar offers a ton of attractions, for instance,

Eco Park: Generally called the Rajdhani Vatika, the amusement region is arranged in the midtown region. The entertainment region has two fragments related to an underground entry. It has two lakes and a stream, which passes close to it. You can appreciate fun activities, for instance, water zorbing and cruising on the lake. There is in like manner a minute cafeteria inside its premises. The air terminal is simply 3.5km away from here.

Patna Exhibition: Organized 5km away from the Jay Prakash Narayan Air terminal, this verifiable focus has generally what you need to know about the authentic scenery of Patna. The verifiable focus has archaeological articles, coins, articulations, imaginative manifestations and materials from different periods. A striking fossil of a tree, which is more than 200 million years old is a high need here.

Kumhrar: This is a notable evident site where the remnants of the Pataliputra of the Mauryan time frame were found. Stayed aware of by the Archeological Outline of India (ASI), the massive Mauryan passageway maintained by 80 sandstone points of help and Panini's Arogyashala are the key highlights here.

Shops and restaurants in Patna

There are various decisions to shop and eat in Patna

P and M Retail outlet: The retail outlet is seen as 7km from the air terminal. It houses first-rate marks, departmental stores, a multiplex and a food court. If you want to shop in the city, this is a must-visit.

Patna Market: It is the city's popular retail plaza point and is only 9 km away from the Jay Prakash Narayan Air terminal. The market is remarkable to both energetic and old, for being among the best places to buy ethnic wear in the city.

Maurya Lok Shopping complex: One of the brilliant retail outlets in Patna is around 6 km away from the air terminal. Other than shopping, the spot has dialled back and shops that sell delectable street food like little chokha, puri kachauri, jalebi, samosa, and panipuri. You can in like manner value the arrangement of paan that Bihar all around is known for.

Depleting Road: Not in any way shape or form like the name, it is an essentially private and business region of the city. There are a lot of spots to eat and shop. Scramble toward Peshawari Chicken and assess its well-known biryani. Headquarters Bistro here is in like manner well-known headquarters among adolescents. The air terminal is essentially 5.5km away.

Environment in Patna

The environment in Patna is quiet. The summers are astoundingly warm with the most raised temperature up to 39°C and in the winters, the least typical temperature is 9°C. The city of Patna gets a great deal of precipitation during the tempests.

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riversalondayspa1 · 2 years

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kirkgross · 2 years

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laxita015 · 2 years

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Hinduism

What is Hinduism?

Hinduism is one of the world's oldest religions and is the oldest religion that is still practiced today. The religious tradition of Hinduism is primarily focused on connecting to the supreme god or ultimate reality, known as Brahman, and bettering oneself to escape the cycle of reincarnation. The tradition functions not only as a religion, but the definition of Hinduism also includes combining the beliefs, cultural practices, and philosophy of ancient and modern India. Hinduism is famous for having thousands of deities, both gods and goddesses, but most Hindus believe that all of the deities are manifestations of Brahman. In the 21st century, Hinduism is considered the third most-practiced religion in the world, following Christianity and Islam. It is especially common in India, the area where it originated, as 94% of the world's Hindu population resides there. It is also widely practiced in Nepal and Bangladesh.

What is the origin of Hinduism?

Unlike most world religions, there is no singular founder of Hinduism, so no one knows who started Hinduism. Since the tradition is so ancient, there are few facts known about its origins and early history. When did Hinduism begin? Some scholars believe that Hinduism originated where northern India is today in the Indus Valley region, as early as 10,000 BCE. The tradition may have started as an indigenous tradition native to the area. The term Hindu, meaning Indian, was given to the tradition by the Persians who inhabited the area much later. Around 1,500 BCE, however, Hinduism became a functioning religion with codified scriptures called the Vedas, which contain the basic principles of Hinduism. This period of history in early Hinduism, when the earliest texts and doctrines were established, is called the Vedic period.

Scriptures

Hinduism is not always practiced as a scriptural tradition, with people relying on texts for guidance. However, there are a variety of texts that are authoritative for the tradition. The tradition breaks religious texts into two categories: the shruti, meaning what is heard, and the smriti, meaning what is remembered. The latter category contains popular religious literature, including the epics the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The former category contains many sacred scriptures that monks and other religious leaders have preserved and studied over time, all of which are contained in the Vedas.

Shruti

The authoritative texts of Hinduism are called shastras, or scriptures, and contain a collection of the spiritual laws passed along by Hindu saints and sages. In the shastras, the Vedas, which simply means knowledge, are the oldest texts of Hinduism. According to the tradition, the Vedas does not contain ideas just thought of by humans but instead, contains knowledge that always existed in the world but was finally written down. Some believe that they began as oral traditions that the gods gave to scholars to write down. The texts are primarily focused on rituals and how to worship different deities.

The Vedas also contain other collections of Hindu scripture. The Brahmanas are a subset of the Vedas that provide Hindu commentary on the earlier Vedas. Perhaps the best-known section of the Vedas is the Upanishads. The Upanishads are the latest written texts in the Vedas and contain the philosophical discourse of the tradition. The name Upanishads literally means to sit down near, which is appropriate as the texts are formatted as Hindu teachers or gurus passing down knowledge to their students.

Smriti

The smriti contains the texts that most non-monastic Hindus read and study. Instead of lofty philosophical thought, details on ancient Hindu rituals, and instructions of how to worship the deities, the smriti contains two epics and other mythologies that tell two of the most important stories in Hinduism. The Puranas, which means old or ancient, contain mythologies and creation stories of the deities. The Ramayana is one of the Hindu epics that tell the story of Prince Rama, an incarnation of the god Vishnu, killing the demon king Ravana to rescue his wife, Sita, whom Ravana had kidnapped. The story is significant because Rama follows his dharma, or duty, throughout the story, which becomes an example for all Hindus.

The Mahabharata is the second Hindu epic and is also the longest recorded poem in the world. This epic describes a war that takes place between families in India (Mahabharata literally means great India) who are part of a larger royal family: the Pandavas and the Kauravas. The two families are at war for who will take the throne of India, but the Pandavan warrior-prince Arjuna is conflicted because Hinduism teaches non-violence. One of the most famous and influential parts of the Mahabharata is the Bhagavad Gita, meaning song of the Lord, which contains Arjuna seeking help over what his role is in the war from Krishna, the incarnation of Vishnu. Despite the emphasis on non-violence, Krishna explains that Arjuna's dharma, or duty, as a warrior and prince is the most important path for him to follow.

Major Beliefs of Hinduism

One of the unique aspects of Hinduism versus other world religions is that there is no set of unified beliefs, practices, or guidelines one must adhere to to be a Hindu. Most Hindus believe, however, that certain laws govern the universe and humanity. These include:

dharma

samsara

moksha

karma

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wavywebsurf · 7 months

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fuck i cant think of anything else to out here

Just my ocs chilin ig lmfao

Idk what to do lmfaoooo XD

Herez the lore post even if lotsa them dont have lore.

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hars-hit · 2 years

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Hinduism

What is Hinduism?

What is the origin of Hinduism?

Scriptures

Shruti

Smriti

Major Beliefs of Hinduism

dharma

samsara

moksha

karma

#Jai Hind #Hare Krishna

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doggoswoofwoof · 2 years

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the epithet erased characters as kids at school

Zora: Wolf girl who bit people

Giovanni: the singular boy and the otherwise all girls club at school. also was really good at Wallball

Ramsey: the one kid who always had some kind of side hustle going on like selling Pokemon cards also try to befriend every rodent he saw. got bitten by a lot of squirrels

Molly: the girl who always had really dark story lines with her Barbies.

Indus: the kid who ate dirt

Mera: the kid whose parents were overly protective and also for some reason made their kid brush their teeth after lunch at school

Percy: the kid who played a cop in cops and robbers and was really into big cats

Howie: the kid who always built really complex Lego creations during indoor recess

Sylvester: the kid who found a VHS tape at a thrift store of some weird cult like yo-yo instruction video and got way too obsessed with yo-yos. Also watches anti-cult PSAs for fun

Yoomtah: the kid who got heelys and immediately ran into a wall and broke her nose

#epithet erased mera #epitheterased #epithet erased #zora salazar

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swingstep · 3 years

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In the Pokémon Au, why did Indus start collecting gym badges?

short answer? fun. long answer? his hometown was actually chosen by a professor to help distribute pokedexes. or well, pokedex singular. they only happened to get one, and well. they chose indus! so he started his pokemon journey.

gathering badges is pretty on-par for dex holders, and indus wasnt any different! but the thing is, indus... really isnt interested in challenging the elite four. rather, he likes collecting badges because of the memories attached to them. and also theyre cool. have you seen some of those things?

while this wasnt exactly the plan from the professors end, indus’ folks are really incredibly proud of him! and hes having fun, so whos the real winner here? though it should be known that his refusal to do the elite four challenge isnt because hes a bad battler-- honestly, its quite the opposite. he just prefers travelling with his pokemon and making friends over the lights and crowds of the big stadium. and well, hes doing a fantastic job of that!

#i am so pleasantly surprised the first ask was about indus #anon whoever you are thank you so much #epithet erased #indus tarbella #tagging this one as an act of self care!#pikasks #ee pkmnau

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ayearinfaith · 4 years

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𝗔 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗙𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟰𝟴: 𝗛𝗶𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗶𝘀𝗺

“When we think of the Hindu religion, we find it difficult, if not impossible, to define Hindu religion or even adequately describe it. Unlike other religions in the world, the Hindu religion does not claim any one prophet; it does not worship any one God; it does not subscribe to any one dogma; it does not believe in any one philosophic concept; it does not follow any one set of religious rites or performances; in fact, it does not appear to satisfy the narrow traditional features of any religion of creed. It may broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more.”

-Supreme Court of India, from 1995 ruling on the minority religion status of Ramakrishnaism

Hinduism is an indigenous faith of the Indian subcontinent, currently practiced by over 15% of the global population and the world’s third largest religion. It is one of two surviving modern traditions to evolve directly from the historical Indo-European faith, the other being Zoroastrianism. The internal diversity of Hinduism is very high and has been likened by some to the use of “Abrahamic” as a single term for diverse traditions such as Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The word “Hinduism” was coined in the early 19th century and comes from the ethnic term “Hindu”, itself derived from the name of the Indus River, located in modern day Pakistan.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Like with Shinto or Old Norse religion, indigenous faiths of Japan and Scandinavia, pre-modern Hindus were unlikely to have perceived themselves as being members of a religion. What would become Hinduism was simply their culture. Developments in self-identification have largely developed alongside the development of and need to distinguish from other traditions in India, most notably Buddhism and Islam. One of the earliest possible identifiers would have been “Vaidika” or “Vaidika Dharma”: the “way of the Vedas”. The Vedas, whose name literally means “knowledge”, are a collection of ancient scripture, some dating back as far as 1500 BCE. Though the beliefs of the Vedas have significant differences with modern Hindu denominations, perception of the Vedas as a source of truth is generally considered to be the defining feature of Hinduism, distinguishing it from other indigenous Indian faiths such as Buddhism or Jainism. Because of this direct and still active connection to 2-3000+ year old texts, Hinduism has often been called the world’s “oldest religion”. That said, the faith of the ancient Vedic people was quite different from the modern traditions. Many of modern Hinduism’s most venerated deities, such as Shiva, Vishnu, or Ganesha, are either absent from the Vedas, exist as alternate names for other gods, or are quite minor deities. Most prominent are gods like the king of the gods, Indra, and the fire god Agni, all of whom are generally easy to relate to the deities of European pagans. Aside from the Vedas the most important and universal Hindu scripture are the Upanishads and the Puranas. The Upanishads are actually a part of the Vedas, albeit the final layer of them, written in the second half of the first millennium BCE, by which time more familiar versions of figures like Vishnu and Shiva had emerged. From these come many core Hindu concepts such as Ātman (eternal soul) and Brahman (universal consciousness). The Puranas are a hug and diverse body of literature from which most of the legends and genealogies of the gods and the universe are derived.

𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝘀

A significant difference between Hinduism and Buddhism is the belief in an eternal soul or Ātman. All living things have an Ātman, and when we die the Ātman is reincarnated in a new body. Escaping the cycle of reincarnation is seen as a type of salvation called Moksha. Though generally considered the ultimate “goal” of Hinduism, Moksha is only one of four concepts knows as Puruṣārtha, literally a “spiritual/human pursuit”. The other three are Dharma (righteous and ethical behavior, literally “path/way”), Artha (wealth, or means, also conceived of as purpose), and Kama (physical pleasures). Artha and Kama are seen as necessary for a fulfilling life, though they should never go against Dharma, and all is done in pursuit of Moksha. Karma, literally “deed” or “act”, is a concept of causality between reincarnations. Doing good deeds will cause someone to be reincarnated into a better life, while bad deeds have the opposite effect. One of the greater Hindu virtues is Ahimsa or non-violence and is applicable not just to humans, but animals and plants. This is the reason behind widespread vegetarianism in India, and also a source of conflict between Hindus and Muslims: the Islamic method of animal slaughter, Dhabīḥah, is seen as a slow and painful death in direct opposition to the Hindu method, Jhatka, which literally means “instantly”. In addition to the cycle of reincarnation, the concepts of illusion and truth are core to Hinduism. Truth in this context is Brahman, the universal consciousness and/or ultimate reality. Brahman is the supreme force in Hinduism, generally seen all pervasive and singular. The reality we perceive is ultimately an illusion, a concept called Maya. Enlightenment in Hinduism is the ability to perceive through Maya and into the true Brahman. The role of the gods in Hinduism is complex; sometimes they are supreme forces and sometimes they are just powerful superhuman entities. Often both is true, with the gods being emanations of each other and ultimately of Brahman itself. The Om, written in Devanagari as “ॐ” is one of Hinduism’s most recognizable symbols, and represents the primordial cosmic sound of the universe.

𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀

As has already been stated in this post, Hinduism is incredibly diverse. Academics and philosophers, from within India and without, have made many valiant efforts to categorize the various threads. The most widely used currently differentiate by which god, or gods, have been elevated to supreme status. Though functional, use of these terms should not be thought of in the same vein as Christian denominations, like Methodist or Catholic, which have relatively clear and exclusionary division. A Hindu person may or may not identify with one, or multiple of these divisions, or may consider themselves of an altogether different traditions or prefer a different system of division altogether. The four major denominations are as follows:

𝗩𝗮𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗻𝗮𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗺

Vaishnavism is the largest Hindu denomination, and is estimated to cover 2/3rds of the Hindu population, though an exact number is impossible to gather. Vaishnavism is named for and elevates Vishnu, the preserver god, to the status of supreme consciousness. The doctrine of ten avatars is a core belief, and the epics 𝘔𝘢𝘩𝘢𝘣𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘢 and 𝘙𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘺𝘢𝘯𝘢 are important texts.

𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗺

Shaivism is the second most popular denomination and probably originated in Dravidian South India. Shaivism elevates the destroyer god Shiva. Shaivism is best known for its asceticism and Yoga. The aniconic Lingam is one of its most recognizable artifacts.

𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗺

Shaktism is the worship of the supreme feminine energy, Shakti. The varied Hindu goddesses, or Devi, are collectively worshiped as emanations of this supreme force, especially Parvati, Kali, and Durga. The Hindu esoteric and mystic tradition, Tantra, is most common in this denomination.

𝗦𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗺

Smartism is named for the Smriti texts, basically any scripture that is not the Vedas (or Upanishads). Smartism holds all gods in equivalents status, though generally portrays a council of five: Ganesha, Shiva, Vishnu, Shakti, and Surya. Smartism distinguishes the supreme consciousness, Brahman, into a Saguna Brahman, “Brahman with attributes”, and a Nirguna Brahman, “Brahman without attributes”. Put simply, the chosen deity is a face given to the universal consciousness as a means to understand it. Any deity can serve this function, and the more enlightened the practitioner becomes, the less they need this tutelary Saguna Brahman and can realize the true Nirguna Brahman. Smartism is seen as a syncretic tradition, developed as a means to bring disparate traditions together.

𝗔 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗱

This has been one of the most difficult posts I have yet to write. Deciding what to include and what to omit was incredibly difficult. I wrote, deleted, and rewrote this several times. Doing research was difficult and as it turns out the internet is full of Hindu voices with a lot to say. Just to give an example, Wikipedia itself is full with meta-pages with editors striving against each other for what I would describe as the “least incorrect” version. In the end my aim was simply to give what I felt was as brief and general a post as I could write and still give an effective overview of the basic ideas and terminology one can expect to encounter when speaking about Hinduism. Even after all this, I feel like I have failed at that. However, at some point I have to stop writing this and move on for the sake of this series, and that point is now.

Image Credit: I could not determine the source, though I believe this is an Om encircled by the Om Nama Shivaya mantra. If you are able to find or know the source, please let me know.

#A Year in Faith #Hinduism #Religion #Mythology #Day 48

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officeakash · 2 years

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