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p-oisn · 2 months

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spread some love 💗

talk about your favourite mutuals and why you like them

IM JS gonna do ppl who i interact w the most okay </3

@obrigados - real question here is why do you not likw them 😖😖 fav of favs LIKE cá blog is ARTT if user obrigados has a million fans im one of them if user obrigados has a thousand fans im one of them if user obrigados has 1 fan THAT IS ME if the world is agaisnt cá I AM AGAINST THE WORLD obrigados fan till the day i die 🔛🔝 no one can compare !

@yeritos - oh june just gets me !!!!!!!! my nctzen twin ilysm ... 😞 I always yap to june (thats my bad !) n she always listens ☹️💖💖 js such a silly person their comments make me giggle very much also thee most breathtaking blog ever like how can you not love june they always make my day #junefanclub4life

@minslune - literally the sweetest person ever how could you not love my angel 😞 js so supportive n amazing n she always asks ab my day like #?! how cute could she get ☹️☹️ also such an ethereal blog I adore it very much ! ALWAYS MAKING ME SMILE EAR TO EAR LIKE sotp pls ilysm 😞😞💞💞💞

@wiotas - idk i just love < leo 3 SO MUCH they have my entire heart how can you not love them 💖💖😞 they always make my day n they also have such a beautiful blog like !!!! leo is simply the definition of perfect idk what to tell you ☹️

@koosuvi - literally gave me sm motivation thru my exam szn like I love mar so much :( literally the most supportive person ever n js so fun to talk to n sweet n amazing n everything 😖

@jeonzio - tee is literally the silliest person i know !!!! can truly embrace my inner silliness around her n i js love talking to her ITS SO FUN ☹️ (i miss yoy already come back plz i can feel my chest collapsing ...💔)

@fairytopea - ILU literally the best mb creator EVER im literally so obsessed w vini's mbs i could talk abt them ALL DAAAAY ! js soo creative n amazing everyone needs to take notes from user fairytopea NOWW

@y2qi - literally always makes my day like ... her comments make me smile SMM they're so silly istg getting a comment from nini is like a blessing 😖 also such a beautiful blog EVERYONE FOLLOW NINI RN

@jaes1lvr - I LOVE MELY 💞💞 no bc her blog is so underrated like her creativity when it comes to mbs is OUT OF THIS WORLD istg they're the prettiest thing ive laid my eyes on . i love them wholeheartedly n she deserves all the love in the world what can i say ! ALSOOO a purin AND jaehyun enthusiast ?? go follow her rn .

@f-loqweres - KARAPAN PUCCHI 🥹 we've had ... interesting .... conversations ! but i literally love them sm n they have such a special place in my heart <3 n jen js makes such GORGEOUS mbs likeeeee i could look at them forever ..... ilu jen

@gigittamic - GIGII 😖 literally the sweetest person ever , always drops by n sends smth cute in my inbox omg !!! also such a cute person her moodboards and dividers are thee cutest ever 💞 js such a creative person , i love her mwah

other ppl who are my favs ♡ @iwonbin , @thsv , @haenxn , @vivrhan , @y2jiz BUT we haven't rly interacted a lot so idk how to whip up a paragraph sorry 😞 (your sign to interact more yes yes idk how to start conversations) BUT I love all my mutuals smm , they're all very special to me !

#ㅤ𝆬ㅤ ㅤ◌ㅤㅤׅㅤinboxㅤ₍ᐢ ᐢ₎

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jujumin-translates · 1 year

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Event | Sanrio characters x A3! | Chapter 5

Izumi: (In the end, we went with the idea Sakuya-kun had suggested for the script…)

Izumi: (Alright, today’s mission at Puroland is to talk with the Sanrio characters that we’ll be performing with.)

Azuma: Going to Puroland after closing time is quite the experience, isn’t it?

Juza: Everyone else is on their way home now, huh.

Sakuya: Yeah. …Everyone’s got smiles on their faces.

Kumon: They’ve all got that look that says, “I knew this sorta theme park would be so much fun!”, y’know?

Taichi: Yeah, they’re super genuine smiles!

· • —– ٠ ✤ ٠ —– • ·

Izumi: Hello, we’re MANKAI Company.

Kitty: Hello! Once again, I’m Kitty. It’s so nice to be working with you ♪

Kitty: Today I’d like to introduce you to my friends that you’ll be performing with.

Daniel: Nice to meet you, I’m Daniel. I’m looking forward to seeing what the play will be like. Pleased to be working with you!

Purin: I’m Purin ♪ I hope we can put on a fun play together~.

Cogimyun: Cogimyun is Cogimyun myun…! Cogimyun will do her best for the performance myun…!

Cinnamon: I’m Cinnamon! I’m really looking forward to performing with all of you ♪

Kuromi: I’m Kuromi! I’m gonna give it my all for this thing, so you better get fired up and give it your all too!

Sakuya: Nice to meet you all! I’m MANKAI Company’s Spring Troupe leader, Sakuya Sakuma.

Tenma: And I’m Summer Troupe’s leader, Tenma Sumeragi. Nice to meet you.

Banri: Autumn Troupe leader, Banri Settsu. Let’s try and influence each other in a good way, yeah?

Tsumugi: I’m Winter Troupe’s leader, Tsumugi Tsukioka. We’ve been looking forward to doing this performance with all of you. Pleased to be working together.

Izumi: Just like I told you all in advance, I’m hoping that today you can read through the script and give us your opinions once you’re done.

Kitty: Of course. But before that…

Cinnamon: Well, we have some ideas too.

Sakuya: By ideas, do you mean…?

Daniel: First off, we want to start by splitting up into groups by fairies from each world to get to know each other better as a team.

Purin: Once we get to know each other better, I’m sure we can come up with even more wonderful ideas~.

Kitty: The story is about fairies from four different worlds, right?

Kitty: I think it would be great if we could talk about the fairies from the different worlds while getting to know each other better.

Kuromi: Yeah, yeah, we’ve gotta get in sync! We can do a play without knowing each other, but we can do an even better play if we do.

Tenma: That’s a good point.

Cogimyun: Cogimyun wants… To learn more and more about everyone myun…! So that’s… That’s why… Myumyu…

Daniel: What’s wrong, Cogimyun?

Cogimyun: Myu~... Noth… Nothing myun…

Tenma: W-Whoa, hey, are you okay!?

Kuromi: Whoa there, Cogimyun! Jeez~. Did everyone end up startling you~?

Daniel: When Cogimyun gets startled or sad, she scatters everywhere.

Cinnamon: How about you try to say what you wanted to say again later? I’m sure you’ll be able to do it then, Cogimyun!

Cogimyun: Myu… Cogimyun will do her best myun…

Purin: It’s all okay~! There’s still plenty of time!

Izumi: (Although they can be surprising at times, these guys are truly a unique and fun group. I’m sure the guys will get along with them right off the bat.)

Izumi: Alright then, everyone divide up into groups with the characters who are related to each of your respective worlds.

Banri: Gotcha.

[ ⇠ Previous Part ] • [ Next Part ⇢ ]

#a3!#a3! translation #sakuya sakuma #tenma sumeragi #banri settsu #tsumugi tsukioka

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calypsoscyclone · 1 month

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Easterpurine

~ Coined by 🐰 ~

“a gender under -purine related to how pure easter is , purity in easter ; easter as a sacred holiday and how it represents a rebirth of life”

~ -purine system coined by @puriette ~ ~ dividers by chaefilm ~

#🐰 ~ ⟡#this is your gloomy fate!#mogai coining #mogai flag #purine gender system #easterpurine #Matilda la surdouée!

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arloauro · 1 year

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♡ ⏆ . + ○

NF2U , ⋒ purin theme divider

Made by me, discord ; eunoia#5396

Mostly hand drawn!

#gfx #drawing #purin #cute #simple #nf2u #discord stuff

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actiasdara · 7 months

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DNA Repair and Recombination

DNA Maintenance

DNA replication → inheritance

DNA repair → genome stability and integrity

DNA recombination → variety in organism

Why are DNA lesions lethal

Structural damage → prevent replication/transcription stalling of replication fork

Harmful mutations → impair survival of organism mutation in tumor suppressor gene (gene that prevent proliferation wildly, pro cell survival)

If unrepaired:

Senescence (cellular aging)

Apoptosis

Aberrant cell division cancer

Not all DNA lesions create cell death, but in some part they do

Culprits

Endogenous

Replication error

Reactive oxygen species

Defective repair system

Exogenous

Radiation

Interchelating agent

Carcinogen

Viruses (integrate genome to host)

Types of DNA Lesions

Single base changes

Damages on nucleobases or nucleotide

Examples:

Cytosine hydrolysis and become uracil (deamination)

Guanine methylation (add methyl group to guanine)

Guanine oxidation (may only create 2 hydrogen bond with C)

Depurination (lost of purin)

alkylation/methylation (protecting nucleotide)/oxidation

Repair:

Base excision repair

recognition of damage base and remove it (DNA glycosylase)

AP (area that don’t have nucleobase)

AP endonuclease (remove nucleotide of AP)

DNA Polymerase and ligase will fill the gap (divided into short and long “up to 10 nucleotides”)

Structural distortion

Bulky DNA lesions (include covalent bond “T dimer” triggered commonly by UV radiation)

Repair:

Nucleotide excision repair

Multicomplex nuclease (recognize and cut the bulky section)

DNA Helicase (the cut strand)

DNA polymerase and ligase (fill the gap)

DNA Mismatch

Repair

Mismatch excision repair

MutSalpha (MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer) recognize and recruit other protein

PCNA clamp, RFC, and Exo1 (cut the mismatch area)

Fill the gap

ligation

DNA backbone damage

Can occur when single strand break is not fixed

Strategies:

Homologous recombination (HR)

Active only in S-G2 phase

Require homologous chromosomes

Less efficient repair

Lead to faithful repair outcomes

Protein

MRN complex (cut and create ssDNA “overhang”)

Exo1 exonuclease (expose the overhang)

Rad51 Bind to 3’ ssDNA overhangs and help migrate

BRCA1 aids Rad51 search and invade homologous sequence

DNA polymerase

May end with crossover

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)

JUST JOIN THE END

Active throughout the cell cycle (last choice)

Could create small mutation (change DNA sequence, frame shift)

Ku protein (Ku70-Ku80), recognize and binds to DNA DSB ends

Protect and stabilize DNA ends

Recruit additional protein

Bring to ends together

Artemis (additional DNA end processing)

DNA-PK (kinase, add phosphate) and DNA ligase

Alternative End Joining

PARP1 → Recognize, binds, and match

Match with 2-20 nucleotide base pairing

PolQ (polymerase)

DNA Lesion Comes from Different Forms

Base pair mismatch (you get the idea, single base changes, most common)

Repair with mismatch repair

Single strand break (break of the phosphodiester bond on one strand, DNA backbone damage)

Single strand break repair

Structural base pair distortion (match with its own strand

Nucleotide excision repair (removal of entire nucleotide)

Nucleotide alteration (can change the helical structure)

Base excision repair

Double strand break

Homologous recombination

Non-homologous end joining

Genetic Recombination - Cross overs

Often happen in fertilization process

Morgan & Sturtevant

Types of Mutation

Silent mutation (mutation but same product, except when it create splicing region)

Missense mutation (produce different product, but same function)

Nonsense mutation (produce stop codon)

Frameshift (shift of translation frame)

Variation = Polymorphism

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Variation at single position in DNA sequence among individual

Single nucleotide variation

More than 1% of the population carries this sequence

Copy number variations

Variation in copy number of particular DNA sequence among individual

Structural Variation

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pacehospitalshyd · 8 months

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Chemotherapy - Procedure Indications, Side effects, Benefits

PACE Hospitals is one of the best hospital for chemotherapy in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It has a team of experienced oncologists who are experts in the latest cancer treatments. The hospital also has a state-of-the-art chemotherapy facility that provides a comfortable and supportive environment for patients.

Department of Oncology offers a variety of chemotherapy options, including oral, injectable, and intrathecal chemotherapy. We also offers supportive care services, such as nausea and vomiting prevention, hair loss management, and pain management.

What is chemotherapy treatment?

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It is a systemic treatment, which means that the drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body.

Chemotherapy is used to treat many different types of cancer, but not limited to cancer of breast, lung, prostate, colon, ovarian, pancreas, stomach, and leukaemia. It can be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as radiation therapy or surgery.

The side effects of chemotherapy can vary depending on the type of drug and the dose used.

How does chemotherapy work?

With the ever-developing field of oncology and the discovery of newer information helped in understanding carcinogenesis (cancer growth) and their milestones. The newer information enabled the discovery/invention of certain chemotherapy drugs and medicines which can stop the carcinogenesis at various milestones.

Chemotherapy drugs classification: The chemotherapeutic drugs are classified based on their mechanism. The various types of chemotherapeutic agents are:

Alkylating agents

Platinum analogues

Anti-metabolites

Microtubule damaging agents

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Chemotherapy antibiotic drugs

Steroidal chemotherapy

Chemo-irradiation

Alkylating agents: In short it can be said that alkylating agents deal with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) thus preventing the cancer cells from dividing and replicating.

To understand further, DNA must be understood. DNA is the hereditary material in almost all the life forms present in the cells. During organisms reproduce, a portion of the parent’s DNA is passed along to the offspring. It exists in the double helix structure, and every strand of DNA can serve as a pattern for duplication during cell division.

Alkylating agents damage the DNA of cancer cells in 2 ways. They are:

Monofunctional alkylation: these kinds of chemotherapy drugs react with a single strand, separating it from its partner in DNA, eventually causing permanent cell damage.

Bifunctional alkylation: through an irreversible bond, the drug attaches between two base pairs in the DNA chain, causing cytotoxic effects (destroying or poisoning cells).

The six types of alkylating agents are used in the chemotherapy of cancer are:

Nitrogen Mustards

Ethyleneimines

Alkyl Sulfonates

Nitrosoureas

Triazenes

Methylhydrazines

Platinum analogues: These platinums based chemotherapy drugs display broad antineoplastic (anticancer) activity especially in ovarian, head and neck, bladder, oesophagus, lung, and colon cancers. Similar to alkylating agents, these drugs work by binding to the DNA of cancer cells, the difference is that these platinum analogues form covalent bonds.

Anti-metabolites: The antimetabolites in cancer chemotherapy interfere the synthesis of DNA and RNA by appearing as metabolites.

To understand further, the compounds which are necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA must be studied. Purines and pyrimidines are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Folic acid is an essential vitamin that helps in cell replication. Since antimetabolites resemble these compounds, the cancer cells often take antimetabolites rather than the original compounds, thus disrupting carcinogenesis. The three types of antimetabolites in cancer chemotherapy treatment are:

Purine antagonists

Cytidine analogues

Pyrimidine analogues

Folic acid analogues (antifolates)

Microtubule-Damaging Agents: Microtubule chemotherapy constitute a diverse group of drugs that bind to microtubules affecting their function and properties.

Microtubules are small tube-like structures that run inside the cell. They maintain the shape and motility of the cell facilitating the intracellular transport of cellular proteins. As such, inhibition of microtubule formation has important consequences that can lead to cell death. The nine types of microtubule chemotherapy are:

Vinca Alkaloids

Taxanes

Vinca alkaloidconjugate

Macrolides

Peptides

Heterocyclic nitrogen compound

Combretastatin

Epothilones

Maytansine/auristatin conjugate

Topoisomerase Inhibitors: These drugs arrest the activity of Topoisomerase I and II, thus inhibiting cellular growth. Topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II are the enzymes found in the nucleus of nearly all mammalian cells which functions for the replication and cellular division of DNA. There are two types of topoisomerase inhibitors:

Camptothecin Analogues (from the bark of Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata)

Epipodophyllotoxins (from American mandrake plant Podophyllum peltatum)

Chemotherapy Antibiotic Drugs: Although the “conventional antibiotics” are used to treat bacterial infections, there are antibiotics which restrict carcinogenesis. They achieve carcinogenesis through various methods such as:

Interfering with the replication or maintenance of DNA

Production of free radicals

Prevention of mRNA production etc

Steroidal Chemotherapy: Steroids are compounds which are naturally produced within the bodies in small amounts to help in the control and maintenance of various functions. These can also be synthetically prepared. With the discovery of tumour regression by cortisone, the incorporation of steroids in chemotherapy treatment commenced. They achieve cytotoxicity by decreases in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.

#chemotherapy treatment

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animatedglittergraphics-n-more · 1 year

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pompompurin dividers (sanrio)

f2u (please don't claim as your own)

requested by anon

#my asks #anon #dividers request #pompompurin dividers #purin dividers #mine #photo studio editor #online image editor.com #page dividers #line dividers #dividers #separators #8of10 transparent #divider #purin #sanrio

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ella0630 · 10 months

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Diet Quality: Eating Healthy

A balanced diet is beneficial to a person's overall health. This is because your food contains essential nutrients that help in tissue growth, maintenance and repair. Some nutrients are produced naturally by our bodies, while others must be obtained through diet. There are two types of nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients include carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and proteins, which nutrients provide our body with energy. Vitamins, minerals and water are micronutrients. Therefore, it is important to eat with nutrition in mind, and a varied diet will ensure that your diet is balanced and has all the nutrients you need. To build a strong and healthy body, your diet must be right, not just enough. Let us learn together how to develop good eating habits!

To build a strong and healthy body, your diet must be of high quality, not just enough. Let's learn how to develop good eating habits together!

Eatwell Guide

The UK Eatwell guide assists us in developing healthy eating habits by giving guidance and guidelines for a nutritious and balanced diet. The Eatwell plate in the above image depicts the proportions of several food groups, mirroring the main notion of the "UK Eatwell Guide." The Eatwell guide specifies how much of each food we should consume in order to maintain a healthy diet. This should be visually included in our daily diet with vegetables and fruits, starchy carbohydrates, protein, milk, etc. Following the Eatwell Plate can help us achieve a balanced diet and meet our nutritional needs.

Fruit and vegetable: 5 A Day

The British Department of Health launched the "5 a day" campaign, advocating a daily intake of at least 400g of fruit and vegetables, which has always been an important part of the British dietary guidelines (Buttriss 2016). In detail, consuming at least five servings of fruits and vegetables each day has been shown to provide significant health advantages. It is advised that you consume at least 400g of fruit and vegetables every day, divided into 5 portions of 80 grammes each, to lower your risk of severe health issues such as heart disease, stroke, and some malignancies (NHS). Since nearly all fruits and vegetables are included in 5 A Day, it's easier to get your daily recommended intake. For information on what counts as A visit https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/5-a-day/5-a-day-what-counts/.

Diet consideration

1. Eat in moderation

Knowing portion sizes is critical to maintaining a healthy weight and eating a balanced diet. The UK Food Guide guides appropriate portion sizes for different food groups. By being mindful of portion sizes, we can avoid overeating and ensure our bodies are getting the right amount of nutrients. Obese people usually cannot control the intake of food, and the intake exceeds the intake, which leads to obesity. In the next blog, we will discuss how to calculate energy intake and manage weight.

2. Eat a balanced and varied diet

The UK Eatwell Guide emphasizes the importance of eating a variety of foods from each food group. This helps ensure we get a wide range of essential nutrients and prevents a monolithic diet. Experimenting with different recipes, cuisines and seasonal produce can make healthy eating more enjoyable. Specifically, eating more fresh vegetables and fruits can not only supplement vitamins but also increase the intake of dietary fiber and promote gastrointestinal motility. At the same time, reduce the intake of high-purine foods, such as animal offal, seafood, broth and other foods with high purine content. Obese patients usually suffer from gout or hyperuricemia, and high-purine foods will aggravate the condition and make obesity more serious.

3. Limit sugar and fatty foods

If you eat too much sugar, the excess energy stays in the body and turns into fat, leading to more obesity and an increased risk of diabetes. In addition, eat less high-fat foods, such as fried chicken, fatty meat, etc. These foods are not only high in calories, can lead to obesity, but may also lead to hyperlipidemia. So controlling your intake of high-fat foods, including sugary snacks, desserts, fried foods, and processed foods, is key to maintaining a healthy diet.

4. Check food labels

Understanding food labels is essential to making informed choices about the foods we consume. The UK Food Guide stresses the importance of reading food labels to determine nutritional content, including calories, fat, sugar and salt (NHS). This information helps us make healthier choices and compare products to choose the most nutritious option. Among these, the food distribution table is critical, and food packing must be included in the box or added to the label. As a result, the component list might assist you in understanding the product's health condition. components must be stated in descending order by weight, thus if you want a low-sugar alternative, sugar should not be put in the first three components.

All in all, making healthy food choices is critical to maintaining optimal nutrition and overall health. By understanding the principles of healthy eating, considering nutrient density, and utilizing the information available on food labels, we can make informed choices that support our health goals. Remember, a balanced diet consisting of a variety of nutrient-dense foods is the key to a healthy and happy lifestyle.

Reference

Buttriss, J. (2016). The eatwell guide refreshed, Wiley Online Library.

NHS (2003) Why 5 A Day? [online] Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/5-a-day/why-5-a-day/ (Accessed 02 July 2023).

NHS (2016) The Eatwell Guide. [online] Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-guidelines-and-food-labels/the-eatwell-guide/ (Accessed 02 July 2023).

NHS (2022) Food labels. [online] Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-guidelines-and-food-labels/how-to-read-food-labels/ (Accessed 02 July 2023).

#eatwell #health diet #5 a day #eating healthy

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moni-babes · 2 years

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#pudding #flan #purin #pompompurin #gif #gifcities #resources #graphics #pixels #dividers

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adorniki · 2 years

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୨♡︎୧ purin.jpeg ʚ₍ᐢ. .ᐢ₎ɞ 𓂃 🍮

like & reblog if u save / use !

#pompompurin #messy moodboard #sanrio #purin #desserts #cute #kawaii #messy layouts #sanrio pompompurin #yellow moodboard #gif headers #gif dividers #flashing gif

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mariananicoleli · 7 years

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INKTOBER: DAY 2 ~ DIVIDED (Charlotte Purin) (Please check out my art!!)

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irispublishersagriculture · 3 years

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Iris Publishers - World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (WJASS)

Nutrient Intake, Fermentation, Digestibility and Growth Performance of Barbarin Lamb Supplemented with Sweet Lupin

Authored by S Abidi

In Tunisia, particularly in the arid and semi-arid zones, climatic conditions have caused the degradation of rangelands leading to a chronic forage deficit and a nutritional imbalance in animals, particularly in sheep and goats. Thus, energy and / or nitrogen supplementation has become essential to maintain these animals and ensure the expected performance. For this reason, Tunisia has resorted to the import of raw materials including soybean meal, barley and corn [1]. However, fluctuations in their prices on the world market are negatively affecting animal nutrition industry. Our country imports annually, over 300,000 tons of soybean meal at a price of 1.2dt / kg [2]. Similarly, these imported raw materials are unstably available on the Tunisian market which can affect the profitability of farms and alter the sustainability of animal production sector in Tunisia. As a result, several attempts to replace these foods, including soybean meal, have been considered by researchers. Protein crops (Lupine, faba beans and peas) are good alternatives to soybean meal because of their high crude protein content. However, despite their good nutritional quality, their use in animal nutrition is currently limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (Faba bean tannins, lupine alkaloids) and their fluctuating availability on the market (limited forage legume crops). Thus, the main objective of this study is the evaluation of the substitution effect of soybean meal by sweet lupine on the ingestion, digestion, growth and meat quality in Barbarine lambs.

Materials and Methods

Animals

Twenty-four six-month-old Barbarine lambs were selected. The initial live weight averaged 23 kg. These animals were transported to INRAT headquarters. They were acclimated for 4 days to new housing conditions. Lambs were weighed than divided into three equal groups. All animals received oat hay ad libitum and concentrate. the first group received CC1 containing 75% barley, 22.5% soybean meal and 2.5% CMV, whereas the second received CC2 containing lupine as a substitute for soybeans in term of CP to be iso-nitrogenous with CC1. The third group received intermittently CC2 and CC3 which contain only barley and CMV. Animals have undergone a growth period (80 days) followed by a digestible period (10 days).

Sampling

During growth period, average daily growth was assessed through weighing animals biweekly. At digestible period, lambs were housed individually in metabolic cages and were allowed three days for acclimatization to new conditions. Animals received weighed amounts of corresponding feed. A 7-day faecal collection period started on the following day. After weighing the amounts of fresh feed, refusals and faeces, samples of each were taken daily. Part of each sample was used for DM determination and the other part (20% of the weight of the fresh refusals and faeces) was stored at 4 °C for hay and concentrates or at – 5 °C for faeces. Urine was collected in plastic recipients containing 100ml of a 10% sulphuric acid solution (v/v) to maintain pH below 3. After weighing, an aliquot (10%) corresponding to each animal was taken and frozen (- 20 °C). In the last day, pooled samples of individual feed refusal, and faeces were dried at 50 °C; ground through 1 mm screen then stored pending analysis. Pooled samples of urine were stored in the freezer (- 20 °C) until analyzed. Rumen fluid was taken in two consecutive days to measure pH and ammonia content and to determine protozoa number.

Analyses

Feed, refusals and faeces samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and crude protein according to AOAC [3]. They were also analysed for (NDF, ADF and ADL) [4]. Urine was analyzed for Kjeldahl nitrogen [3] and allantoin concentrations measured using a colorimetric method. Urinary excretion of allantoin (Y, mmol/d) was used to calculate microbial purines absorbed (X, mmol/d [5]. Rumen fluid samples were analyzed for NH3-N [6].

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis of the results was performed using an analysis of variance according to the model: Yijk = μ + Ai +εi.

In which μ= arithmetic mean; Ai = the effect of diet (i= 1,2 or 3) and εi is the residual experimental error. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA procedure. All statistical analyses were carried out using the GLM (general linear model) procedures of SAS Package (1987). Differences between the means of all the analyses were analyzed using the LSMEANS procedure.

Results and Discussion

Nutrient contents of feeds are presented in Table 1. Soyabean meal is greater in CP than lupine, while the opposite trend was observed for NDF, ADF and ADL.

Diets intake and digestibility are shown in Table 2. Results revealed that the nature of the additional protein source did not affect feed intake (P> 0.05), which corroborates with results reported by El Maadoudi [7] and El Maadoudi and El Housni [8]. The level of hay ingestion considered similar between the three groups reminds us of the result reported by Ephrem et al. [9]. This could be explained by the importance of the nutritional quality of protein sources and the tolerance of sheep to lupine alkaloids. Nevertheless, our results are contradictory to those reported by Lestingi et al. [10,11] by testing the replacement of peas and faba beans. In addition, proteins source did not reveal a significant effect on digestibility of MS, MO, MAT and NDF (P> 0.05). The amount of DCPi was significantly affected (P = 0.0003). Purroy et al [12] did observed significant differences in DM, OM, CP and fiber digestibility’s by replacing soybean meal with lupine seed in lambs. The incorporation of lupine into different quantities improved digestibility’s of DM, OM and cellulose without affecting those of NDF and ADF [13]. Lupine had no significant effect on their average daily gain (ADG). This result agrees with those of many trials carried out on the replacement of protein seeds by lupine which revealed comparable digestive uses between diets [9,11,14,15]. Moreover, Facciolongo et al. [16] found that supplementation with soybean meal and lupine induced similar ADG, while Lestingi et al. [10] showed low weight gain in animals fed lupine diet compared to those which consumed faba beans. We note that although the 3rd group received half of the quantity of lupine consumed by the 2nd one, the corresponding lambs were able to have similar and even better ADG than the others. This leads us to think about the concept of food efficiency. It seems that these animals were able to optimize their efficiency to transform food resources into meat to reach same weight as the others. The nitrogen balance and microbial synthesis are shown in Table 3. It appears that all animals had positive balances. However, a significant variation in the amount of nitrogen intake and retention was observed in the 3rd group in comparison with the two others. This difference is explained by the variation of the ingested quantity of the concentrate. On the other hand, by correcting the retained nitrogen to the nitrogen intake, the nitrogen balance was similar for all diets, which confirms that animals had the same nitrogen use efficiency. Moreover, similar CP digestibility reinforces this finding.

The total amount of purine and the amount of microbial nitrogen were not influenced by the source of supplemented proteins (P> 0.05), which is consistent with the lack of effect on the CP digestibility. In accordance with our results, Yu et al. [17] found no significant differences between purine and microbial nitrogen concentrations in lambs supplemented or not with blue lupine or faba beans.

Table 4 presents the different fermentation parameters. Our study showed that the average pH of rumen juice was affected by the diet (P < 0.05). pH corresponding to the 2nd group (6.25) exceeded significantly that of the 1st group (6.07), but no significant difference was detected between pH corresponding to the 3rd group (6.13) and the others. Brand et al. [18] reported pH values ranged between 6.4 and 6.3 in castrated rams fed a lupine diet. Rumen ammonia level was affected only by diet (P > 0.05). The highest concentration was observed in daily lupine fed lambs (23.9 mg / dl). White et al. (2002) found that ruminal ammonia concentration was higher with lupine incorporation rate of 70% than with 35%, which corroborates the high ammonia level in animals receiving lupine daily and the low one in animals receiving lupine intermittently. Protozoa enumeration revealed a significant difference between diets. Animals belonging to the 2nd group had the highest number (15.3 * 105 / ml) whereas those of the 3rd group had the lowest one (11.7 * 105 / ml). This could be explained by the corresponding ammonia concentrations in the rumen since a large population of protozoa is generally associated with a high concentration of ammonia in the rumen [19,20].

Conclusion

It can be concluded that lupine grains can substitute safely soybean meal in diets of Barbarine lambs. The distribution intermittently of lupine seems to be a double interesting alternative to soybean meal. It decreases lupine quantity and therefore reduce feeding cost

#agriculture #Agriculture and Soil Science #journal of agriculture #Inter National Agriculture Science #soil science #Food science

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