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holytheoristtastemaker · 4 years

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The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), an organization that defines standards for web content accessibility, does not specify a minimum font size for the web.

But we know there’s such a thing as text that is too small to be legible, just as text that can be too large to consume. So, how can we make sure our font sizes are accessible? What sort of best practices can we rely on to make for an accessible reading experience?

The answer: it’s not up to us. It Depends™. We’ll get into some specific a bit later but, for now, let’s explore the WCAG requirements for fonts.

Sizing, contrast, and 300 alphabets

First, resizing text. We want to provide users with low vision a way to choose how fonts are displayed. Not in a crazy way. More like the ability to increase the size by 200% while maintaining readability and avoiding content collisions and overlaps.

Secondly, there’s contrast. This is why I said “it depends” on what makes an accessible font size. Text has to follow a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, with the exception of a large-scale text that should have a contrast ratio of at least 3:1. You can use tools like WebAIM’s Contrast Checker to ensure your text meets the guidelines. Stacy Arrelano’s deep dive on color contrast provides an excellent explanation of how contrast ratios are calculated.

Example of three color contrast measurements and their WCAG test results according to WebAIM’s contrast checker.

There are around 300 alphabets in the world. Some characters are simple and readable in smaller sizes, others are incredibly complex and would lose vital details at the same size. That’s why specs cannot define a font size that meets the specification for contrast ratios.

And when we talk about “text” and “large text” sizes, we’re referring to what the spec calls “the minimum large print size used for those languages and the next larger standard large print size.” To meet AAA criteria using Roman text, for example, “large” is 18 points. Since we live in a world with different screen densities, specs measure sizes in points, not pixels, and in some displays, 18pt is equal to 24px. For other fonts, like CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) or Arabic languages, the actual size in pixel would be different. Here’s the word “Hello” compared next to three other languages:

Hello สวัสดี مرحبا 你好

In short, WCAG specifies contrast instead of size.

The WCAG recommended font size for large text has greater contrast than something half the size. Notice how a larger font size lets in more of the background that sits behind the text.

Here is the good news: a browser’s default styles are accessible and we can leverage them to build an accessible font size strategy. Let’s see how.

Think about proportions, not size

The browser first loads its default styles (also known as the “User Agent stylesheet”), then those cascade to the author’s styles (the ones we define), and they both cascade and get overwritten by the user’s styles.

As Adrian Sandu mentions in his article about rem CSS units:

[…] there is an empirical study run by the people behind the Internet Archive showing that there is a significant amount of users who change their default font size in the browser settings.

We don’t fully control the font-family property, either. The content might be translated, the custom font family might fail to load, or it might even be changed. For example, OpenDyslexic is a typeface created to increase readability for readers with dyslexia. In some situations, we may even explicitly allow switching between a limited set of fonts.

Therefore, when defining fonts, we have to avoid hindering the ability of a user or a device to change our styles and let go of assumptions: we just don’t know where our content is going to land and we can’t be sure about the exact size, language, or font that’s used to display content.

But there is one thing that we can control: proportions.

By using CSS relative units, we can set our content to be proportional to whatever the environment tells it to be. WCAG recommends using em units to define font size. There are several publications discussing the benefits of using ems and rems and it’s beyond the scope of this article. What I’d say here is to use rems and ems for everything, even for other properties besides font-size (with the exception of borders, where I use pixels).

Avoid setting a base font-size

My recommendation is to avoid setting font-size on the :root, <html> or <body> elements in favor of letting the browser’s default size serve as a baseline from where we can cascade our own styles. Since this default is accessible, the content will also be accessible. The WACAG 2.2 working draft states that:

When using text without specifying the font size, the smallest font size used on major browsers for unspecified text would be a reasonable size to assume for the font.

Of course, there is an exception to the rule. When using an intricate, thin, or super short x-height font, for example, you might consider bumping up the font size base to get the correct contrast. Remember that the spec defines contrast, not size:

Fonts with extraordinarily thin strokes or unusual features and characteristics that reduce the familiarity of their letter forms are harder to read, especially at lower contrast levels.

In the same manner, a user might change the base font size to fit their needs. A person with low vision would want to choose a larger size, while someone with an excellent vision can go smaller to gain real estate on their screens.

It’s all about proportions: we define how much larger or smaller parts of the content should be by leveraging the default base to set the main text size.

:root { /* Do not set a font-size on a :root, body nor html level */ /* Let your main text size be decided by the browser or the user settings */ } .small { font-size: .8rem; } .large { font-size: 2rem; }

What about headings?

Since headings create a document outline that helps screenreaders navigate a document, we aren’t defining type selectors for heading sizes. Heading order is a WCAG criteria: the heading elements should be organized in descending order without skipping a level, meaning that an h4 should come right after an h3.

Sometimes resetting the font sizing of all headings to 1rem is a good strategy to make the separation of the visual treatment from the meaning mandatory.

How can we work with pixels?

Both rem or em sizing is relative to something else. For example, rem calculates size relative to the <html> element, where em is calculated by the sizing of its own element. It can be confusing, particularly since many of us came up working exclusively in pixels.

So, how can we still think in pixels but implement relative units?

More often than not, a typographical hierarchy is designed in pixels. Since we know about user agent stylesheets and that all major browsers have a default font size of 16px, we can set that size for the main text and calculate the rest proportionately with rem units.

Browser Name Base Font Size Chrome v80.0 16px FireFox v74.0 16px Safari v13.0.4 16px Edge v80.0 (Chromium based) 16px Android (Samsung, Chrome, Firefox) 16px Safari iOS 16px Kindle Touch 26px (renders as 16px since it’s a high density screen)

Now let’s explore three methods for using relative sizing in CSS by converting those pixels to rem units.

Method 1: The 62.5% rule

In order to seamlessly convert pixels to rem, we can set the root sizing to 62.5%. That means 1rem equals 10px:

:root { font-size: 62.5%; /* (62.5/100) * 16px = 10px */ --font-size--small: 1.4rem; /* 14px */ --font-size--default: 1.6rem; /* 16px */ --font-size--large: 2.4rem; /* 24px */ }   .font-size--small { font-size: var(--font-size--small); } .font-size--default { font-size: var(--font-size--default); } .font-size--large { font-size: var(--font-size--large); }

Method 2: Using the calc() function

We can also calculate sizes with CSS calc() by dividing the pixel value by the font base we assume most browsers have:

:root { --font-size--small: calc((14/16) * 1rem); /* 14px */ --font-size--default: calc((16/16) * 1rem); /* 16px */ --font-size--large: calc((24/16) * 1rem); /* 24px */ }   .font-size--small { font-size: var(--font-size--small); } .font-size--default { font-size: var(--font-size--default); } .font-size--large { font-size: var(--font-size--large); }

Method 3: Using a “pixel-to-rem” function

Similar to calc() , we can leverage a preprocessor to create a “pixel-to-rem” function. There are implementations of this in many flavors, including this Sass mixin and styled-components polish.

:root { --font-size--small: prem(14); /* 14px */ --font-size--default: prem(16); /* 16px */ --font-size--large: prem(24); /* 24px */ }   .font-size--small { font-size: var(--font-size--small); } .font-size--default { font-size: var(--font-size--default); } .font-size--large { font-size: var(--font-size--large); }

It’s even possible to create a “pixel-to-rem” function with vanilla CSS:

Embrace a diverse web!

The bottom line is this: we don’t have control over how content is consumed. Users have personal browser settings, the ability to zoom in and out, and various other ways to customize their reading experience. But we do have best CSS best practices we can use to maintain a good user experience alongside those preferences:

Work with proportions instead of explicit sizes.

Rely on default browser font sizes instead of setting it on the :root, <html> or <body>.

Use rem units to help scale content with a user’s personal preferences.

Avoid making assumptions and let the environment decide how your content is being consumed.

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suzanneshannon · 4 years

Text

Accessible Font Sizing, Explained

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), an organization that defines standards for web content accessibility, does not specify a minimum font size for the web.

The answer: it’s not up to us. It Depends™. We’ll get into some specific a bit later but, for now, let’s explore the WCAG requirements for fonts.

Sizing, contrast, and 300 alphabets

Example of three color contrast measurements and their WCAG test results according to WebAIM’s contrast checker.

Hello สวัสดี مرحبا 你好

In short, WCAG specifies contrast instead of size.

The WCAG recommended font size for large text has greater contrast than something half the size. Notice how a larger font size lets in more of the background that sits behind the text.

Here is the good news: a browser’s default styles are accessible and we can leverage them to build an accessible font size strategy. Let’s see how.

Think about proportions, not size

As Adrian Sandu mentions in his article about rem CSS units:

[…] there is an empirical study run by the people behind the Internet Archive showing that there is a significant amount of users who change their default font size in the browser settings.

But there is one thing that we can control: proportions.

Avoid setting a base font-size

When using text without specifying the font size, the smallest font size used on major browsers for unspecified text would be a reasonable size to assume for the font.

Fonts with extraordinarily thin strokes or unusual features and characteristics that reduce the familiarity of their letter forms are harder to read, especially at lower contrast levels.

It’s all about proportions: we define how much larger or smaller parts of the content should be by leveraging the default base to set the main text size.

What about headings?

Sometimes resetting the font sizing of all headings to 1rem is a good strategy to make the separation of the visual treatment from the meaning mandatory.

How can we work with pixels?

So, how can we still think in pixels but implement relative units?

Browser NameBase Font SizeChrome v80.016pxFireFox v74.016pxSafari v13.0.416pxEdge v80.0 (Chromium based)16pxAndroid (Samsung, Chrome, Firefox)16pxSafari iOS16pxKindle Touch26px (renders as 16px since it’s a high density screen)

Now let’s explore three methods for using relative sizing in CSS by converting those pixels to rem units.

Method 1: The 62.5% rule

In order to seamlessly convert pixels to rem, we can set the root sizing to 62.5%. That means 1rem equals 10px:

Method 2: Using the calc() function

We can also calculate sizes with CSS calc() by dividing the pixel value by the font base we assume most browsers have:

Method 3: Using a “pixel-to-rem” function

Similar to calc() , we can leverage a preprocessor to create a “pixel-to-rem” function. There are implementations of this in many flavors, including this Sass mixin and styled-components polish.

It’s even possible to create a “pixel-to-rem” function with vanilla CSS:

Is it possible to create a "Pixel to rem" function without using a preprocessor? Yes! ✨See it in action!https://t.co/kPfIMxO0vw cc/ @srambach @matthewcarleton #CSS #DontDoIt pic.twitter.com/PKxE7QCWuO

— Andres Galante (@andresgalante) March 3, 2020

Embrace a diverse web!

Work with proportions instead of explicit sizes.

Rely on default browser font sizes instead of setting it on the :root, <html> or <body>.

Use rem units to help scale content with a user’s personal preferences.

Avoid making assumptions and let the environment decide how your content is being consumed.

Special thanks to Franco Correa for all the help writing this post.

The post Accessible Font Sizing, Explained appeared first on CSS-Tricks.

Accessible Font Sizing, Explained published first on https://deskbysnafu.tumblr.com/

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recruitmentdubai · 4 years

Text

Accessible Font Sizing, Explained

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), an organization that defines standards for web content accessibility, does not specify a minimum font size for the web.

The answer: it’s not up to us. It Depends. We’ll get into some specific a bit later but, for now, let’s explore the WCAG requirements for fonts.

Sizing, contrast, and 300 alphabets

Example of three color contrast measurements and their WCAG test results according to WebAIM’s contrast checker.

Hello สวัสดี مرحبا 你好

In short, WCAG specifies contrast instead of size.

The WCAG recommended font size for large text has greater contrast than something half the size. Notice how a larger font size lets in more of the background that sits behind the text.

Here is the good news: a browser’s default styles are accessible and we can leverage them to build an accessible font size strategy. Let’s see how.

Think about proportions, not size

As Adrian Sandu mentions in his article about rem CSS units:

[…] there is an empirical study run by the people behind the Internet Archive showing that there is a significant amount of users who change their default font size in the browser settings.

But there is one thing that we can control: proportions.

Avoid setting a base font-size

When using text without specifying the font size, the smallest font size used on major browsers for unspecified text would be a reasonable size to assume for the font.

Fonts with extraordinarily thin strokes or unusual features and characteristics that reduce the familiarity of their letter forms are harder to read, especially at lower contrast levels.

It’s all about proportions: we define how much larger or smaller parts of the content should be by leveraging the default base to set the main text size.

What about headings?

Sometimes resetting the font sizing of all headings to 1rem is a good strategy to make the separation of the visual treatment from the meaning mandatory.

How can we work with pixels?

So, how can we still think in pixels but implement relative units?

Now let’s explore three methods for using relative sizing in CSS by converting those pixels to rem units.

Method 1: The 62.5% rule

In order to seamlessly convert pixels to rem, we can set the root sizing to 62.5%. That means 1rem equals 10px:

Method 2: Using the calc() function

We can also calculate sizes with CSS calc() by dividing the pixel value by the font base we assume most browsers have:

Method 3: Using a “pixel-to-rem” function

Similar to calc() , we can leverage a preprocessor to create a “pixel-to-rem” function. There are implementations of this in many flavors, including this Sass mixin and styled-components polish.

It’s even possible to create a “pixel-to-rem” function with vanilla CSS:

Is it possible to create a "Pixel to rem" function without using a preprocessor? Yes!

✨See it in action!https://t.co/kPfIMxO0vw

cc/ @srambach @matthewcarleton #CSS #DontDoIt pic.twitter.com/PKxE7QCWuO

— Andres Galante (@andresgalante) March 3, 2020

https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js

Embrace a diverse web!

Work with proportions instead of explicit sizes.

Rely on default browser font sizes instead of setting it on the :root, <html> or <body>.

Use rem units to help scale content with a user’s personal preferences.

Avoid making assumptions and let the environment decide how your content is being consumed.

Special thanks to Franco Correa for all the help writing this post.

The post Accessible Font Sizing, Explained appeared first on CSS-Tricks.

source https://css-tricks.com/accessible-font-sizing-explained/

from WordPress https://ift.tt/2XZxRyT via IFTTT

#web developer #web development #website developer

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greenplanetplumbing · 5 years

Text

Most important Stumbling blocks of Studying the second Expressions Penning Strategy

Check out new post published on https://www.greenplanetplumbing.com.au/most-important-stumbling-blocks-of-studying-the/

Most important Stumbling blocks of Studying the second Expressions Penning Strategy

Secondary terminology units like Arabic, Eastern, Korean, Thai, Japanese, Ancient greek and European all have various kinds of alphabets. Being taught the alphabet is the first task in mastering to study and generate within these spoken languages.

Almost like gaining knowledge of a different expressions weren’t extremely tough sufficiently, the procedure is built more difficult by means of to find out a completely new authoring body above it. Now are among the principle conflicts of learning a completely new alphabet unit:

Information phonetics

Certainly, there can be an inclination to aim to make factors seem like the foreign language you’re most accustomed to. Nevertheless in so many alphabets, the appears you’ll be experiencing shall be completely different from The english language seems. Do you know the ‘th’ seem is different on the way to The english language terminology and overwhelming for anyone comprehension The english language to pronounce? In the same way, so many tones in other spoken languages will most likely be troublesome so you might knowledge at the beginning. Don’t be aggravated if you decide to can’t obtain a reliable directly on your first have a shot at. Intonation and feature take the time to develop. Have at it and you’ll improve.

Learning the common sense

The The english language alphabet, aka the Roman alphabet, is centered on looks, not about representations. The words are foundations to have a concept and in most cases do not have message unto his or her self. However is not all producing technologies have similar common sense. The truth is, for some other terms techniques, the characters for this alphabet are icons that represent anything independently. By exploring the alphabet like a phonetic foundation, you fail to see the common sense for the other expressions which would be to use icons to make that means.

In Chinese language, the industry vernacular influenced by representations, you can’t pronounce anything if you decide to don’t recognize its indicating. In English language, never the less, you could possibly strong anything out in line with the characters with out any hint what are the term implies. Don’t begin to utilise the common sense through the Roman alphabet to an alternative writing articles machine. Be trained its reason in order to really recognize the words.

Picking out multiple typefaces

Similar to in Language, you’ll must learn how to pinpoint creating in a variety of typefaces and designs. Handwriting varies from published wording and you will find alternatives of reproduced txt on top of that. Look at cursive crafting, capitalization additionally, the several thousand many different personalised typefaces that any British audience can certainly establish. But the truth is, a little boy or girl having only just experienced to produce the alphabet wouldn’t be ready to find a message designed in cursive.

Other spoken languages offer this equivalent difficulty. Plus, some spoken languages have many different publishing technologies. Japanese, such as, has a few authoring platforms that can be all clear from the other. The optimal way to understand these a variety of penning versions and typefaces requires you to open you to ultimately the many various kinds of generating which exist within a terminology guaranteeing that you’re not mixed up when dealing with another type of fashion.

Finding out how to come up with

Looking through is something. Creating can also be a. Many people recalls that cycle as soon as they happen to be finding out how to post the alphabet. The way it has been a painstaking procedure that was significantly more similar to painting the words rather than posting them. With time, it started to be natural. Now, you’re on a point at which you’re grasping not merely what is the characters using the new alphabet appear to be, but crafting them. Some spoken languages, like Hebrew and Arabic are posted from directly to rendered. If you attempt to publish these dialects from kept to most desirable, it may not really be legible.

Contemplate if somebody made an effort to come up with a phrase in British by creating all written text in reverse. It is going to image weird and difficult. All different languages possess special route to prepare their personalities and characters. Understand the buy for the pencil-cerebral vascular accidents as well as focus professionally so the handwriting will custom essay help likely to be easily readable.

Outlook is anything

The main reason some individuals neglect to discover how is because they let go of at the same time with ease. It’s not too the tongue is simply too very difficult or way too nearly impossible or much too assorted. Most people can perform getting to know a single thing if they commit his or her self on it. Survive through the slower uncomfortable step, comprehend that it’s diverse from immediately after you were definitely learning how to checked out British to be a toddler and concentrate on limited triumphs. You could could appreciate anything printed in distinctive typefaces or else you could take a look at a complete phrase out boisterous with no pausing. Remember these milestones whilst doing business at it.

No-one was given birth to a freelance writer. All authors enjoyed to endure the entire process of ‘becoming a writer’ and, if you’ve find out any amount of writer’s biographies after i have, you’ll understandthat it wasn’t an effortless way for people.

Might be you would like to seek out assistance from your competent author but you’re concerned they won’t answer. It’s a sensible presumption the fact that they won’t. Aside from the undeniable fact that if they is beginning, a lot of today’s impressive authors suffered from advisors who had been professional and organized.

It’s not nearly impossible to receive a article author to answer a frosty email address seeking their useful information. Yet it is a fragile effort and something that needs some finesse. Below are some tips teaching how to influence a article writer to publish you once again:

Discovered their effort

To begin with, if you’re travelling to publish onto a Stephen Master and a Joyce Carol Oates and you’ve under no circumstances understand some of their do the job, you may need to choose to opt for a different writer in whose tasks you need to do know or fracture available several of their own literature to get at know their making best. It’s only honest if you’re wanting to know these people to view your succeeds that you’ve a minimum of achieved your research and look at a number their own initial.

Do track record examine

Look over some interview and biographical knowledge about them. Use their webpage, Myspace Webpage or Facebook profile whether they have an individual. Learn what sorts of concepts they have got about posting, the way that they found their embark on, what they’re presently perfecting. Working with a sense of these records will enable you to art a bit more own notice. It will help you do not tread to their feet accidentally. One example is, whether your picked contributor is undoubtedly an adamantly in opposition to e-textbooks, you may not can consist of the advantage that you’re taking a look at creating your job as a possible e-reserve.

Develop your issue sections

As with most composing, when considering titles, head lines and web mail issue product lines, it’s information on getting their treatment. It’s really worth the time you place into mastering your matter sections pitch. Often, although you may created the spectacular message, you take the possible risk of them in no way even starting it.

Explore mailing snail send

It’s not difficult to discount a message. Seldom somebody will get precise postal mail this afternoon. There’s things relating to the labor you have to pass through to handwrite a message, add a stamp over it and send out it well from your mail box. That distinguishes you somebody who photograph out 100 e-mails to a variety of renowned creators. It’s the greatest solution to customize a note. If you submit a message by snail snail mail, be sure you incorporate your web mail involved in the message. Don’t imagine them to take a seat and create you with a notice in respond. Allow it to simple for authors you will need to get in touch with out.

What makes you generating to these people?

Will you articulate why its that you’re authoring to the next experts particularly? Can it be simply because you adore their do the trick or you’re article writing an ebook for a corresponding content among their ebooks? Might it be as a result of anything they talked about inside an employment interview that grabbed your attraction? Why do you reckon their suggestions could possibly be important to you? Describing this towards authors might help them bring your ask for many more actually.

Keep it uncomplicated

You’re possibly aware reliable authors are rather busy some individuals. Questioning it to devote some time far from their own unique developments to help you out with the one you have is regarded as a vulnerable problem, so do them a big favor by permitting to the stage rapidly. Professional people will treasure you attempting to keep your text quick. You could possibly even wish to recognize you are aware of they’re very busy and now you value them spending them time for it to look at and answer to your communication.

What exactly your expertise?

Persons like to help individuals who they believe will thrive. If you’ve posted other is working, you must useful resource them. If you’ve received any honours or come with an MFA or previously worked as the associate to somewhat of a recognized screenwriter or article author, or been employed in croping and editing or posting, then it might be exceptional to note those activities. Just about anything expertise it is possible to (lightly) supply you with can help them get a solid idea of whom you are and why hanging out checking out your job wouldn’t be considered waste matter.

Inquire further a thing very specific

Be sure to make sure you ask penning industry experts an issue very specific rather than just a little something conventional. One example is, don’t you can ask: How to get printed? That’s too overall as well as maddening challenge to the majority of writers. How to begin? In fact question a given topic. Help it become a specific thing that’s strongly related their career or their undergo that you just feel that they may be able to provde the easiest option about. It’s easier for somebody to response towards exact problem rather than respond toward a request ‘advice’ generally speaking.

Have you got something to give you them?

When you have something great to present that you really think about they could delight in, go on and supply you with it. If for example the article author everyday life within a very same zone when you, just supply to get these to meal or purchase them a tea. Could be their upcoming hire is scheduled in Brazil which means you resided there for 3 a long time. Will offer you to share with you many of your ordeals that may be useful to them.

Permit it to be trouble-free to enable them to approach you

Give editors a number of alternatives for attaining you. All people have their favorite mode of correspondence, so allow them to have your contact number, e mail, and Skype consideration. Make sure they know when you’re designed for speak and ensure you’re provided whether they try and call you.

Give thanks to them should they generate to return

If you undertake be capable of grab their undivided attention plus they establish to answer your sales message, ensure you appreciate them. It is really a huge price that popular freelance writers spent the time to response in your life, to be sure the the bare minimum you should do is understand their efforts by permitting them recognize how a good deal you value it. It will make it simpler so they can react to you need to you get in touch with them repeatedly.

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