Hadrosaurs from the world

#Archovember Day 16 - Shantungosaurus giganteus

While hadrosaurs tend to be perceived as horse or cow-size, there were some intimidatingly huge members of the family. As the largest hadrosaur discovered so far, Shantungosaurus giganteus could reach 15 metres (49 ft) to 16.6 metres (54 ft) long and weigh an estimated 13 metric tons (14 short tons) to 16 metric tons (18 short tons). It lived in Late Cretaceous China, and would have filled a niche typically filled by sauropods in its ecosystem. As these dinosaurs have been found in a mass grave, it’s likely they also traveled in large, formidable herds. Shantungosaurus also had very large nostril holes which were probably covered by flaps of skin that could have inflated to amplify its calls.

Shantungosaurus lived alongside other hadrosaurs like Laiyangosaurus, Tanius, and Tsintaosaurus, all quite large animals but still overshadowed by Shantungosaurus. It would have also lived alongside a diverse array of ceratopsians like Sinoceratops, Ischioceratops, Zhuchengceratops, and Micropachycephalosaurus, as well as the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus and the oviraptorosaur Anomalipes. So far, only one sauropod has been found in this area, Zhuchengtitan, the tallest animal in its ecosystem… beating Shantungosaurus by a neck. The apex predator of this region was the tyrannosaur Zhuchengtyrannus. However, it’s likely would not have been able to take on an adult Shantungosaurus, but could have picked off young or sick individuals that strayed from the herd.

Patreon request for @/rome.and.stuff (Instagram) - Secernosaurus koerneri

Secernosaurus was a member of a small group of hadrosaurs native to South America: the Austrokritosaurs, and it was the first of this group to be formally named. Most hadrosaurs lived in Laurasia (what is now North America and Eurasia) which was seperated from South America in the Cretaceous. The existence of Secernosaurus and its relatives suggests a land bridge temporarily formed between North and South America at this time, allowing North American kritosaurines to migrate South.

So far, only one specimen of Secernosaurus has been found. This fossil was previously thought to belong to a subadult, but recent study shows it was likely mature, or at least almost mature. This makes it the smallest of the Austrokritosaurs, only 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) long. Still a large animal, but rather small by hadrosaur standards!

Secernosaurus received its big screen debut in Prehistoric Planet’s second episode, however, the design of the animals were based off the better known Huallasaurus australis, as Huallasaurus was thought to be a species of Secernosaurus at the time.

Secernosaurus koerneri lived in the Late Cretaceous Lago Colhué Huapí Formation In Argentina. As depicted in Prehistoric Planet, this environment was semi-arid with large deposits of gypsum, and fluctuated between seasonally wet conditions and intense aridization. But Secernosaurus wasn’t the only dinosaur in this environment. It shared the formation with titanosaurs like Elaltitan lilloi, Argyrosaurus superbus, and Aeolosaurus rionegrinus. Fragmentary remains of dromaeosaurids and megaraptorids have been found here, as well as the ornithischians Notoceratops (which could have been either a ceratopsian or another hadrosaur) and Sektensaurus (a possible elasmarian). Turtles, pseudosuchians, and lungfish have also been found, which would have made use of the floodplains during the wet season and possibly aestivated during the dry.

Day 25- Velafrons

Prompts

Dinofact #92

The site where the first and only specimen of Hadrosaurus was discovered is now a National Historic Landmark, known as the Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy site. Hadrosaurus represents the first dinosaur species to be known from more than isolated teeth identified in North America.

Source: Wikipedia

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For a long time there were no hadrosaurid fossils known from Africa.

This seemed to mainly be due to the limits of the geography of their time. Hadrosaurs evolved and flourished during the late Cretaceous, when Africa was isolated from all the other continents, and they didn't seem to have ever found their way across the oceanic barriers.

…Until in 2021 a small hadrosaur was discovered in Morocco, a close relative of several European species, showing that some of these dinosaurs did reach northwest Africa just before the end of the Cretaceous - and with no land bridges or nearby island chains to hop along, they must have arrived from Europe via swimming, floating, or rafting directly across several hundred kilometers of deep water.

And now another hadrosaur has just been described from the same time and place.

Minqaria bata lived in Morocco at the very end of the Cretaceous, about 67 million years ago. Only known from a partial skull, its full appearance and body size is unknown, but it probably measured around 3.5m long (~11'6") – slightly larger than its previously discovered relative, but still very small for a hadrosaur. It might represent a case of insular dwarfism, since at the time Morocco may have been an island isolated from the rest of northwest Africa.

Along with its close relative Ajnabia, and at least one other currently-unnamed larger hadrosaur species, Minqaria seems to be part of a rapid diversification of hadrosaurs following their arrival in Morocco, adapting into new ecological niches in their new habitat where the only other herbivorous dinosaur competition was titanosaurian sauropods, and the only large predators were abelisaurs.

If the K-Pg mass extinction hadn't happened just a million years later, who knows what sort of weird African hadrosaurs we could have ended up with?

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