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gemboundprism · 1 year

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you like dinos? name every dino

Aardonyx Abdarainurus Abelisaurus Abrictosaurus Abrosaurus Abydosaurus Acantholipan Acanthopholis Achelousaurus Acheroraptor Achillesaurus Achillobator Acristavus Acrocanthosaurus Acrotholus Adamantisaurus Adasaurus Adelolophus Adeopapposaurus Adratiklit Adynomosaurus Aegyptosaurus Aeolosaurus Aeolosaurus Aepyornithomimus Aerosteon Afromimus Afrovenator Agathaumas Agilisaurus Agrosaurus Agujaceratops Agujaceratops Agustinia Ahshislepelta Ajkaceratops Ajnabia Akainacephalus Alamitornis Alaskacephale Albalophosaurus Albertaceratops Albertadromeus Albertavenator Albertonykus Albertosaurus Albinykus Alcmonavis Alcovasaurus Alectrosaurus Aletopelta Algoasaurus Alioramus Alioramus Allosaurus Allosaurus Allosaurus Almas Alnashetri Altirhinus Altispinax Alvarezsaurus Alxasaurus Amanzia Amargasaurus Amargatitanis Amazonsaurus Ambiortus Ambopteryx Ampelosaurus Amphicoelias Amtocephale Amurosaurus Amygdalodon Anabisetia Analong Anasazisaurus Anchiceratops Anchiornis Anchisaurus Andesaurus Angolatitan Angulomastacator Anhuilong Aniksosaurus Animantarx Ankylosaurus Anodontosaurus Anomalipes Anoplosaurus Anserimimus Antarcticavis Antarctopelta Antarctosaurus Antarctosaurus Antarctosaurus Antarctosaurus Antetonitrus Antrodemus Anzu Aoniraptor Aorun Apatoraptor Apatornis Apatosaurus Apatosaurus Appalachiosaurus Apsaravis Aquilarhinus Aquilops Arackar Aragosaurus Aralosaurus Aratasaurus Archaeoceratops Archaeoceratops Archaeodontosaurus Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx Archaeorhynchus Archaeornithoides Archaeornithomimus Archaeornithomimus Archaeornithura Arcovenator Arcusaurus Arenysaurus Argentinosaurus Argyrosaurus Aristosuchus Arkansaurus Arkharavia Arrhinoceratops Arrudatitan Asfaltovenator Asiaceratops Asiaceratops Asiahesperornis Asiatosaurus Asiatosaurus Astrophocaudia Asylosaurus Atacamatitan Atlantosaurus Atlantosaurus Atlasaurus Atlascopcosaurus Atrociraptor Atsinganosaurus Aublysodon Aucasaurus Augustynolophus Auroraceratops Aurornis Australodocus Australotitan Australovenator Austrocheirus Austroposeidon Austroraptor Austrosaurus Avaceratops Aviatyrannis Avimimus Avimimus Avisaurus

Baalsaurus Bactrosaurus Bactrosaurus Bagaceratops Bagaraatan Bagualia Bagualosaurus Bahariasaurus Bainoceratops Bainoceratops Bajadasaurus Balaur Bambiraptor Banji Bannykus Baotianmansaurus Baptornis Barapasaurus Barilium Barosaurus Barrosasaurus Barsboldia Baryonyx Bashanosaurus Batyrosaurus Batyrosaurus Baurutitan Bauxitornis Bayannurosaurus Beg Beibeilong Beiguornis Beipiaognathus Beipiaosaurus Beishanlong Bellusaurus Berberosaurus Berthasaura Bicentenaria Bienosaurus Bissektipelta Bistahieversor Blasisaurus Blikanasaurus Bohaiornis Bolong Boluochia Bonapartenykus Bonapartenykus Bonapartesaurus Bonatitan Bonitasaura Borealopelta Borealosaurus Boreonykus Borogovia Bothriospondylus Brachiosaurus Brachyceratops Brachylophosaurus Brachytrachelopan Bradycneme Brasilotitan Bravasaurus Bravoceratops Breviceratops Brighstoneus Brodavis Brodavis Brodavis Brodavis Brohisaurus Brontomerus Brontosaurus Buitreraptor Burianosaurus Buriolestes Byronosaurus

Caenagnathasia Caenagnathus Caihong Calamosaurus Callovosaurus Camarasaurus Camarasaurus Camarasaurus Camarasaurus Camarillasaurus Camelotia Camposaurus Camptodontornis Camptosaurus Campylodoniscus Canadaga Canardia Carcharodontosaurus Carcharodontosaurus Cardiodon Carnotaurus Caseosaurus Cathartesaura Caudipteryx Caudipteryx Cedarosaurus Cedarpelta Cedrorestes Centrosaurus Ceramornis Cerasinops Ceratonykus Ceratops Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus Ceratosuchops Cerebavis Cetiosauriscus Cetiosaurus Changchengornis Changchunsaurus Changmiania Changyuraptor Changzuiornis Chaoyangia Chaoyangsaurus Charonosaurus Chasmosaurus Chasmosaurus Chasmosaurus Chebsaurus Chenanisaurus Chialingosaurus Chiappeavis Chiayusaurus Chiayusaurus Chilantaisaurus Chilesaurus Chindesaurus Chingkankousaurus Chinshakiangosaurus Chirostenotes Choconsaurus Chondrosteosaurus Chongmingia Choyrodon Chromogisaurus Chuandongocoelurus Chuanjiesaurus Chuanqilong Chubutisaurus Chungkingosaurus Chupkaornis Chuxiongosaurus Cimolopteryx Cimolopteryx Citipati Citipes Claosaurus Coahuilaceratops Coelophysis Coelurus Colepiocephale Coloradisaurus Comahuesaurus Compsognathus Compsosuchus Concavenator Conchoraptor Concornis Condorraptor Confuciusornis Confuciusornis Confuciusornis Confuciusornis Convolosaurus Coronosaurus Corythoraptor Corythosaurus Corythosaurus Craspedodon Craterosaurus Cretaaviculus Crichtonpelta Crichtonsaurus Cristatusaurus Crittendenceratops Cruxicheiros Cryolophosaurus Cumnoria

Dacentrurus Daemonosaurus Dakotadon Dakotaraptor Dalianraptor Daliansaurus Dandakosaurus Daspletosaurus Daspletosaurus Datanglong Datonglong Datousaurus Daurlong Daxiatitan Deinocheirus Deinodon Deinonychus Deltadromeus Demandasaurus Denversaurus Diabloceratops Diamantinasaurus Dicraeosaurus Dilong Dilophosaurus Diluvicursor Dineobellator Dinheirosaurus Diplodocus Diplodocus Diplodocus Dongbeititan Dongyangopelta Dongyangosaurus Draconyx Dracoraptor Dracovenator Dreadnoughtus Dromaeosauroides Dromaeosaurus Dromiceiomimus Drusilasaura Dryosaurus Dryptosaurus Dubreuillosaurus Duriatitan Duriavenator Dynamoterror Dyoplosaurus Dysalotosaurus Dysganus Dysganus Dysganus Dysganus Dyslocosaurus Dzharaonyx Dzharatitanis

Echinodon Edmontonia Edmontonia Edmontosaurus Edmontosaurus Efraasia Einiosaurus Ekrixinatosaurus Elaltitan Elaphrosaurus Elmisaurus Elopteryx Elrhazosaurus Emausaurus Enaliornis Enaliornis Enaliornis Enantiophoenix Enigmosaurus Eoabelisaurus Eocarcharia Eoconfuciusornis Eocursor Eodromaeus Eogranivora Eolambia Eomamenchisaurus Eoraptor Eosinopteryx Eotrachodon Eotriceratops Eotyrannus Eousdryosaurus Epachthosaurus Epanterias Epichirostenotes Epidexipteryx Equijubus Erectopus Erketu Erliansaurus Erlikosaurus Erythrovenator Eshanosaurus Eucamerotus Eucercosaurus Eucnemesaurus Eucnemesaurus Euhelopus Euoplocephalus Europasaurus Europatitan Europelta Euskelosaurus Eustreptospondylus Evgenavis Evgenavis

Falcarius Falcatakely Ferganasaurus Ferrisaurus Foraminacephale Fosterovenator Fostoria Fruitadens Fukuipteryx Fukuiraptor Fukuisaurus Fukuititan Fukuivenator Fulgurotherium Fumicollis Fushanosaurus Fusuisaurus Futalognkosaurus Fylax

Galeamopus Galeamopus Galleonosaurus Gallimimus Gallornis Galvesaurus Gannansaurus Gansus Gansus Ganzhousaurus Gargantuavis Gargoyleosaurus Garrigatitan Garudimimus Gasosaurus Gasparinisaura Gastonia Gastonia Geminiraptor Genusaurus Genyodectes Geranosaurus Gettyia Gideonmantellia Giganotosaurus Gigantoraptor Gigantspinosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Gilmoreosaurus Giraffatitan Glacialisaurus Glishades Glyptodontopelta Gnathovorax Gobihadros Gobioolithus Gobioolithus Gobipteryx Gobiraptor Gobisaurus Gobititan Gobivenator Gojirasaurus Gondwanatitan Gongpoquansaurus Gongxianosaurus Gorgosaurus Goyocephale Graciliceratops Graciliraptor Gravitholus Gryphoceratops Gryposaurus Gryposaurus Gryposaurus Gryposaurus Guaibasaurus Gualicho Guanlong Guemesia

Hadrosaurus Haestasaurus Hagryphus Halimornis Halszkaraptor Hamititan Hanssuesia Haplocanthosaurus Haplocanthosaurus Haplocheirus Harpymimus Haya Heptasteornis Herrerasaurus Hesperonychus Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornis Hesperornithoides Hesperosaurus Heterodontosaurus Hexing Hexinlusaurus Heyuannia Hippodraco Histriasaurus Hollanda Homalocephale Hongshanornis Hoplitosaurus Horshamosaurus Hortalotarsus Huabeisaurus Hualianceratops Huallasaurus Huanansaurus Huanghetitan Huangshanlong Huaxiagnathus Huayangosaurus Hudiesaurus Huehuecanauhtlus Huinculsaurus Hulsanpes Hungarosaurus Hylaeosaurus Hypacrosaurus Hypacrosaurus Hypselosaurus Hypselospinus Hypsilophodon

Iaceornis Iberospinus Ibirania Ichthyornis Ichthyovenator Ignavusaurus Iguanacolossus Iguanodon Iguanodon Iguanodon Ilokelesia Imperobator Incisivosaurus Indosaurus Indosuchus Ingentia Intiornis Invictarx Irisosaurus Irritator Isaberrysaura Isanosaurus Isasicursor Ischioceratops Isisaurus Issi Itapeuasaurus Itemirus Iuticosaurus Iyuku

Jainosaurus Jakapil Jaklapallisaurus Janenschia Jaxartosaurus Jeholornis Jeholornis Jeholornis Jeholosaurus Jeyawati Jianchangornis Jianchangosaurus Jiangjunosaurus Jiangshanosaurus Jiangxisaurus Jianianhualong Jibeinia Jinbeisaurus Jinfengopteryx Jingshanosaurus Jinguofortis Jintasaurus Jinyunpelta Jinzhousaurus Jiuquanornis Jiutaisaurus Jixiangornis Jobaria Judiceratops Judinornis Juratyrant Juravenator

Kaatedocus Kaijiangosaurus Kaijutitan Kakuru Kamuysaurus Kangnasaurus Kansaignathus Kaririavis Karongasaurus Katepensaurus Kayentavenator Kazaklambia Kelmayisaurus Kelumapusaura Kentrosaurus Kerberosaurus Khaan Khinganornis Kholumolumo Khulsanurus Kileskus Kinnareemimus Klamelisaurus Kol Kompsornis Kookne Koparion Koreaceratops Koreanosaurus Koshisaurus Kosmoceratops Kotasaurus Kritosaurus Kryptops Kulceratops Kulindadromeus Kunbarrasaurus Kundurosaurus Kuru Kurupi Kuszholia

Labocania Laevisuchus Laiyangosaurus Lajasvenator Lamarqueavis Lamarqueavis Lamarqueavis Lambeosaurus Lambeosaurus Lambeosaurus Lanzhousaurus Lapampasaurus Laplatasaurus Lapparentosaurus Laquintasaura Latenivenatrix Latirhinus Latirhinus Lavocatisaurus Leaellynasaura Ledumahadi Leinkupal Leonerasaurus Lepidus Leptoceratops Leptorhynchos Leshansaurus Lesothosaurus Lessemsaurus Levnesovia Lexovisaurus Leyesaurus Liaoceratops Liaoningosaurus Liaoningotitan Liaoningvenator Ligabueino Ligabuesaurus Liliensternus Limaysaurus Limenavis Limusaurus Lingwulong Lingyuanosaurus Linhenykus Linheraptor Linhevenator Lirainosaurus Liubangosaurus Llukalkan Lohuecotitan Longicrusavis Longipteryx Longirostravis Longusunguis Lophorhothon Lophostropheus Loricatosaurus Losillasaurus Lourinhasaurus Luanchuanraptor Lucianovenator Lufengosaurus Lufengosaurus Luoyanggia Lurdusaurus Lusotitan Lusovenator Lycorhinus Lythronax

Maaqwi Machairasaurus Machairoceratops Macrocollum Macrogryphosaurus Macrurosaurus Macrurosaurus Magnamanus Magnapaulia Magnosaurus Magyarosaurus Magyarosaurus Mahakala Mahuidacursor Maiasaura Maip Majungasaurus Malarguesaurus Malawisaurus Maleevus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Mamenchisaurus Manidens Mantellisaurus Mapusaurus Maraapunisaurus Marmarospondylus Marshosaurus Martharaptor Masiakasaurus Massospondylus Massospondylus Matheronodon Maxakalisaurus Mbiresaurus Medusaceratops Megalosaurus Megapnosaurus Megapnosaurus Megaraptor Mei Melanorosaurus Mendozasaurus Menefeeceratops Mengciusornis Menucocelsior Meraxes Mercuriceratops Meroktenos Metriacanthosaurus Microceratus Microceratus Micropachycephalosaurus Microraptor Microraptor Microraptor Microvenator Mierasaurus Minmi Minotaurasaurus Miragaia Mirarce Mirischia Mnyamawamtuka Moabosaurus Mochlodon Mochlodon Mongolostegus Monkonosaurus Monolophosaurus Mononykus Montanoceratops Morelladon Moros Morrosaurus Mosaiceratops Murusraptor Mussaurus Muttaburrasaurus Muyelensaurus Mymoorapelta Mystiornis

Naashoibitosaurus Nambalia Nankangia Nanningosaurus Nanosaurus Nanshiungosaurus Nanuqsaurus Nanyangosaurus Narambuenatitan Narindasaurus Nasutoceratops Natovenator Navajoceratops Nebulasaurus Nedcolbertia Nedoceratops Neimongosaurus Nemegtomaia Nemegtonykus Neogaeornis Neosodon Neovenator Neuquenornis Neuquenraptor Ngwevu Nhandumirim Niebla Nigersaurus Ningyuansaurus Ninjatitan Niobrarasaurus Nipponosaurus Noasaurus Nodocephalosaurus Nodosaurus Nomingia Nopcsaspondylus Normanniasaurus Notatesseraeraptor Nothronychus Notoceratops Notocolossus Notohypsilophodon Nqwebasaurus Nullotitan Nuthetes

Oceanotitan Ohmdenosaurus Ojoceratops Ojoraptorsaurus Oksoko Olorotitan Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omeisaurus Omnivoropteryx Ondogurvel Oohkotokia Oplosaurus Orkoraptor Ornatops Ornitholestes Ornithomimus Ornithomimus Ornithomimus Ornithopsis Orodromeus Orthomerus Oryctodromeus Osmakasaurus Ostafrikasaurus Ostromia Ouranosaurus Overoraptor Overosaurus Oviraptor Owenodon Oxalaia Ozraptor

Pachycephalosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Pachyrhinosaurus Padillasaurus Palaeopteryx Palintropus Paludititan Pampadromaeus Pamparaptor Panamericansaurus Pandoravenator Panguraptor Panoplosaurus Panphagia Pantydraco Papiliovenator Parabohaiornis Parahesperornis Parahesperornis Parahongshanornis Paralitherizinosaurus Paranthodon Parapengornis Pararhabdodon Parasaurolophus Parasaurolophus Parasaurolophus Paraxenisaurus Pareisactus Parksosaurus Paronychodon Paronychodon Parvicursor Pasquiaornis Pasquiaornis Patagonykus Patagonykus Patagopteryx Patagosaurus Patagotitan Pawpawsaurus Pectinodon Pedopenna Pegomastax Pelecanimimus Pellegrinisaurus Peloroplites Pelorosaurus Pendraig Penelopognathus Pengornis Pentaceratops Perijasaurus Petrobrasaurus Phaedrolosaurus Philovenator Phuwiangosaurus Phuwiangvenator Phyllodon Piatnitzkysaurus Pilmatueia Pinacosaurus Pinacosaurus Piscivoravis Pitekunsaurus Piveteausaurus Planicoxa Plateosaurus Plateosaurus Plateosaurus Platypelta Plesiohadros Pneumatoraptor Poekilopleuron Polacanthus Polarornis Polyodontosaurus Polyonax Potamornis Powellvenator Pradhania Prenocephale Prenoceratops Priconodon Proa Probactrosaurus Probrachylophosaurus Proceratosaurus Procompsognathus Proornis Propanoplosaurus Prosaurolophus Protarchaeopteryx Protoceratops Protoceratops Protognathosaurus Protohadros Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Psittacosaurus Pterospondylus Puertasaurus Pukyongosaurus Pulanesaura Punatitan Pycnonemosaurus Pyroraptor

Qantassaurus Qianzhousaurus Qiaowanlong Qijianglong Qinlingosaurus Qiupalong Qiupanykus Quetecsaurus Quilmesaurus

Rahiolisaurus Rahonavis Rajasaurus Rapator Rapaxavis Rapetosaurus Raptorex Ratchasimasaurus Rativates Rayososaurus Rebbachisaurus Regaliceratops Regnosaurus Rhabdodon Rhabdodon Rhadinosaurus Rhinorex Rhoetosaurus Rhomaleopakhus Riabininohadros Rinchenia Rinconsaurus Riojasaurus Riparovenator Rugocaudia Rugops Rukwatitan Ruyangosaurus

Sahaliyania Saichania Saltriovenator Sanjuansaurus Sanpasaurus Santanaraptor Sanxiasaurus Sapeornis Sarahsaurus Sarcosaurus Sarmientosaurus Saturnalia Saurolophus Saurolophus Sauroniops Sauropelta Saurophaganax Sauroplites Sauroposeidon Saurornithoides Saurornitholestes Saurornitholestes Savannasaurus Scansoriopteryx Scelidosaurus Schizooura Schleitheimia Scipionyx Sciurumimus Scolosaurus Scolosaurus Scutellosaurus Secernosaurus Sefapanosaurus Segisaurus Segnosaurus Seitaad Sektensaurus Serendipaceratops Serikornis Shamosaurus Shanag Shantungosaurus Shanweiniao Shanxia Shanyangosaurus Shaochilong Shengjingornis Shenqiornis Shenzhousaurus Shidaisaurus Shingopana Shishugounykus Shixinggia Shri Shuangbaisaurus Shuangmiaosaurus Shunosaurus Shuvuuia Siamodon Siamosaurus Siamotyrannus Siamraptor Siats Sibirotitan Sierraceratops Sigilmassasaurus Silvisaurus Similicaudipteryx Sinocalliopteryx Sinocephale Sinoceratops Sinornithoides Sinornithomimus Sinornithosaurus Sinornithosaurus Sinosauropteryx Sinosaurus Sinosaurus Sinotyrannus Sinovenator Sinraptor Sinraptor Sinusonasus Sirindhorna Skorpiovenator Smitanosaurus Songlingornis Sonidosaurus Sonorasaurus Soriatitan Soroavisaurus Spectrovenator Sphaerotholus Sphaerotholus Sphaerotholus Spiclypeus Spinophorosaurus Spinops Spinosaurus Spinostropheus Staurikosaurus Stegoceras Stegoceras Stegopelta Stegosaurus Stegosaurus Stegosaurus Stegouros Stellasaurus Stenonychosaurus Stenopelix Stokesosaurus Streptospondylus Struthiomimus Struthiosaurus Struthiosaurus Struthiosaurus Styracosaurus Styracosaurus Suchomimus Suchosaurus Suchosaurus Sulcavis Supersaurus Suskityrannus Suuwassea Suzhousaurus Syngonosaurus Szechuanosaurus

Tachiraptor Talarurus Talenkauen Talos Tamarro Tambatitanis Tangvayosaurus Tanius Tanius Tanycolagreus Taohelong Tapuiasaurus Tarbosaurus Tarchia Tarchia Tarchia Tastavinsaurus Tatankacephalus Tataouinea Tatisaurus Taurovenator Tawa Tazoudasaurus Tehuelchesaurus Telmatosaurus Tendaguria Tengrisaurus Tenontosaurus Tenontosaurus Teratophoneus Terminocavus Tethyshadros Texacephale Texasetes Thanatotheristes Thanos Thecocoelurus Thecodontosaurus Theiophytalia Therizinosaurus Thescelosaurus Tianyulong Tianyuornis Tianyuraptor Tianzhenosaurus Tienshanosaurus Timimus Timurlengia Tingmiatornis Titanoceratops Titanosaurus Titanosaurus Tlatolophus Tochisaurus Tonganosaurus Tongtianlong Tornieria Torosaurus Torosaurus Torvosaurus Torvosaurus Torvosaurus Tototlmimus Tralkasaurus Transylvanosaurus Tratayenia Traukutitan Triceratops Triceratops Trierarchuncus Trigonosaurus Trinisaura Triunfosaurus Troodon Tsaagan Tsagantegia Tsintaosaurus Tuebingosaurus Tugulusaurus Tuojiangosaurus Turanoceratops Turiasaurus Tylocephale Tyrannosaurus Tyrannotitan

Uberabatitan Ubirajara Udanoceratops Ultrasaurus Ulughbegsaurus Unaysaurus Unenlagia Unenlagia Unescoceratops Unquillosaurus Urbacodon Utahceratops Utahraptor Uteodon

Vahiny Valdoraptor Valdosaurus Vallibonavenatrix Variraptor Vayuraptor Vectaerovenator Vectiraptor Vegavis Velafrons Velocipes Velociraptor Velociraptor Velocisaurus Venenosaurus Vescornis Vespersaurus Veterupristisaurus Viavenator Vitakridrinda Volgatitan Volkheimeria Vorona Vouivria Vulcanodon

Wakinosaurus Walgettosuchus Wamweracaudia Wannanosaurus Weewarrasaurus Wellnhoferia Wendiceratops Wiehenvenator Wintonotitan Wuerhosaurus Wuerhosaurus Wulagasaurus Wulatelong Wulong

Xenoceratops Xenoposeidon Xenotarsosaurus Xianshanosaurus Xiaosaurus Xiaotingia Xingtianosaurus Xingxiulong Xinjiangovenator Xinjiangtitan Xiongguanlong Xixianykus Xixiasaurus Xiyunykus Xuanhanosaurus Xuanhuaceratops Xunmenglong Xuwulong

Yamaceratops Yamatosaurus Yandangornis Yangavis Yangchuanosaurus Yangchuanosaurus Yanornis Yanornis Yaverlandia Yehuecauhceratops Yi Yimenosaurus Yingshanosaurus Yinlong Yixianornis Yixianosaurus Yizhousaurus Yongjinglong Ypupiara Yuanchuavis Yuanmousaurus Yueosaurus Yulong Yunganglong Yunmenglong Yunnanosaurus Yunnanosaurus Yunnanosaurus Yunyangosaurus Yurgovuchia Yutyrannus Yuxisaurus

Zalmoxes Zalmoxes Zanabazar Zapalasaurus Zaraapelta Zby Zephyrosaurus Zhanghenglong Zhenyuanlong Zhongjianornis Zhongjianosaurus Zhongornis Zhongyuansaurus Zhouornis Zhuchengceratops Zhuchengtyrannus Ziapelta Zigongosaurus Zizhongosaurus Zuniceratops Zuolong Zuoyunlong Zupaysaurus Zuul

#dinosaurs #yeah

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arminreindl · 1 year

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Fossil Crocs of 2022

For what its worth, its been a great year for fossil Pseudosuchians, many of which didn't get a lot of attention because people always assume its just "another crocodile". We'll go through them by the order of appearance in the fossil record, or in other words oldest to youngest. Better grab some popcorn and the drink of your choice, cause this is going to be a long one.

Mambawakale

Starting off is Mambawakale ruhuhu (Ruhuhu Basin Crocodile Ancestor in Kiswahili) from the middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania. The fossils for this guy had been known since at least the 1960s, after which it was named Pallisteria angustimentum, a name that was never officially published however. It was a large animal, its skull 75 centimeters long attached to what was likely an animal similar in build to what we think of for "rauisuchians", given that it sits at the base of Paracrocodylomorpha. The below life reconstructoin was done by the fantastic Gabriel Ugueto with Steve Irwin inserted in post by me, tho its not rigorously scaled it gives a general idea of the animal's size.

We can then skip over the Jurassic (no new crocs from that period) and straight into the Cretaceous, specifically the Albian some 100 million years ago.

Yanjisuchus

Yanjisuchus longshanensis (Yanji City Crocodile from the Longshan Hill) was a paralligatorid, a group of Neosuchians I fully admitt I'm not too well aquainted with. Its fossils, which include a partial skull, vertebrae osteoderms, ribs, parts of the shoulder girdle and front limbs, were discovered in the Longjing Formation in what is now north-eastern China.

Confractosuchus

One I can decidedly talk more about is Confractosuchus sauroktonos (Lizard Eating Broken Crocodile) from the Australian Winton Formation, home to animals such as Isisfordia, Australovenator and Diamantinasaurus. The genus name refers to the fact that the skull is squashed to hell and back, but its the species name thats interesting. "Lizard eating" in this case refers to the fact that this 2.5 meter long basal Eusuchian was found with preserved stomach contents. Said stomach contents being the bones of a small ornithopod dinosaur as the press release art by Julius Csotonyi enthusiastically shows. The other image here not from the paper was drawn by Joschua Knüppe (@knuppitalism-with-ue ) showing a definitely more relaxed individual.

Eptalofosuchus

We did know about this guy for a bit longer as the pre-proof has been out since 2021, but lets include it anyways because I wasn't on Tumblr last year. Eptalofosuchus viridi (Green Seven Hills Crocodile) is not a crocodile in the strict sense but a Notosuchian, a cousin to the more typical Neosuchians. This animal is known from a single distinct lower jaw that belonged to a rather small creature. Among Notosuchians, Eptalofosuchus is most closely related to "advanced Notosuchians", specifically Sphagesauridae. We also know that it wasn't alone, as described alongside it are fossils of an unnamed baurusuchid (a large carnivore) and a peirosaurid, a more basal Notosuchian. Finally, both parts of the scientific name allude to the Uberaba Formation, specifically the nickname of Uberaba being “the city of the seven hills” and the green color of the sediments there. Life reconstruction of the little guy was done by the always incredible Júlia d'Oliveira.

Titanochampsa

Sticking to South America we have Titanochampsa iorii (Ior's Titan Crocodile). A significant find no doubt tho with an estimated size between 2.98–5.88 m (sizable I admitt) based on very scant remains perhaps a little bit hasty. Alas we only have the skull table of this animal, so the precise size can still vary as you can see. But it is still a fascinating one due to the fact that its the ONLY non-Notosuchian from the Bauru Group. Cretaceous South America is almost synonymous with these mostly terrestrial crocodyliforms but surprisingly lacking a diverse semi-aquatic croc fauna. Being at the very least a Neosuchian, possibly Eusuchian, Titanochampsa seems to have filled this niche. Given that the big terrestrial Baurusuchids had relatively weak bites and reached a length of at most 4 meters, this presents an interesting contrast with the strong bite force of the potentially larger semi-aquatic Titanochampsa. And would you look at that, press release art by Júlia once again.

Eurycephalosuchus

One final croc for the Mesozoic, Eurycephalosuchus gannanensis is an animal I covered very recently so I'll keep things brief. Stemming from the Maastrichtian Hekou Formation in south eastern China, Eurycephalosuchus was a very small species of orientalosuchine. Orientalosuchina is recovered as a group of early alligatoroids in the paper, tho talking to Adam Yates (who's croc phylogeny is my go-to) there is a chance they might be closer to crocodiloids. Regardless, Eurycephalosuchus was a small animal with large teeth towards the front of the skull, blunt teeth in the back and an overall very short face (tho there is slight compression so its not 1:1 like the fossil). Over on twitter people started comparing it to DnD Kobolds, leading to the below artwork by Manusuchus (@ mmujicam2000; full body of course highly speculative lmao)

Qianshanosuchus

Following the cataclysm that was KPG, crocs held on and in China we next meet Qianshanosuchus youngi (Young's Qianshan Basin Crocodile). It's another tricky one. While important as being the first crocodyloid from Paleocene China, the material, as you could guess based on the tiny size, is that of a juvenile (I now realize this being kinda ironic given the small but adult croc above). So the phylogeny is hard to nail down and gave different results. Still it could hold significance in our understanding how crocodyloids spread around the world and entered Europe after KPG. Below a quick comparison of the material with my hand.

Coming up a duo of two new species but not new genera, I also didn't really go deep into their publication as with some of the others so I'll try to stay brief

Maomingosuchus acutirostris

Maomingosuchus acutirostris (Acute Snouted Maoming Crocodile) is a new species of the already established genus Maomingosuchus from China. This new species however, differentiated amongst other things by having a pointed, not rounded, premaxilla stems from the Eocene of northern Vietnam. The skull is about 55 cm long giving us a medium sized tomistomines. Like Qianshanosuchus, M. acutirostris could have implications for the dispersal of crocodilians, in this case the spread of tomistomines from Europe to Asia, which the authors suggest happened thrice. That being said it should be noted that, between the two main ideas of what tomistomines are, the paper goes with them being a sister group to crocs and unrelated to modern gharials as Lee and Yates suggest (the later idea like I said I am more drawn towards).

Diplocynodon kochi

Another new species in a familiar genus, Diplocynodon kochi (Koch's Double Dog Tooth) is the latest in a long list of Diplocynodon species, a genus of alligatoroid very prominent in the Paleogene of Europe. This newest species from Transylvania is known from some well preserved skull material and was recovered as being one of the most derived members of its genus. With a size of 1.76 meters it was a medium sized Diplocynodon species and small by our modern standards. What is interesting is that the fossilw as recovered from shallow marine sediments. This is unusual in so far that alligatoroids are not especially known for their salt tolerance. Tho there's exceptions like Deinosuchus, alligators usually don't venture into salt water unlike crocodiles. Still, given the shallow water and the ability of large adult Mississippie Alligators to tolerate brackish water, it might have occasionally entered coastal waters. It is noted that the skull is in such good condition that it couldn't have been transported for a very long time.

Kinyang

Back to new genera we got Kinyang (derived from various Nilotic terms for crocodile), a genus of "giant" dwarf crocodile from the Miocene of Kenya. Now this guy doesn't just introduce one new species but two: Kinyang mabokoensis (Maboko Island Crocodile) and Kinyang tchernovi (Tchernov's Crocodile). Occuring in western and northern Kenya, Kinyang was a prime example over the prominence osteolaemines (dwarf crocodiles) had in the early Cenozoic prior to the takeover of crocodylines. Kinyang was surprisingly large and had a robust, blunt skull with several traits clearly setting it apart from any modern species. Still there is some clues that could be taken. Given the robust nature and more widened skull rather than V-shaped, its likely that it went after prey as big or even bigger than itself. They appear to have inhabited the shores of lakes located in open forests and woodlands. Alas this might have been their doom too. Osteolaemines are known to build nests made of foliage and with Africa growing increasingly dryer around this point in earths history, both change in prey and environment could have been factors that drove the dwarf crocodiles into the rainforests they inhabit today while the more dry resistant Crocodylus took over their rolle in the grasslands. The first image shows all three known skulls, the second is a quick composite of the cranium and mandible of K. mabokoensis I put together before the third image was published (ironic) by Christopher Brochu.

Almost done, only two more to go.

Sacacosuchus

On the other side of the world, specifically the Sacaco locality of Peru's Pisco Formation (among others) we have Sacacosuchus cordovai (Córdova's Sacaco Crocodile). A medium sized and longirostrine "tomistomine" gharial, here is where we come in conflict between the crocodylid and gavialoid model of what these guys are. Earlier with Maomingosuchus you had the idea that tomistomines were related to crocodylids, well here we have tomistomines being a paraphyletic group leading up to derived gharials. There is some significance to Sacacosuchus for seemingly showing that gharials entered South America on two separate occassions, but imo that's not the coolest thing about it. No instead I prefer to talk about the fact that its not just a marine gharial, living in the coastal waters of the Pacific, but that it coexisted with a second gharial showing perfectly how they specialise in different things. While the contemporary Piscogavialis was notably larger (about 7 meters) it had a very narrow and long snout, better adapted at catching fish. Sacacosuchus meanwhile was only 4.3 meters long, but with much more robust jaws, showing that it was much more of a generalist than its relative. This is well shown in the reconstruction by Javier "Canelita" Herbozo, tho it doesn't show the immense size difference. The third iamge shows Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi with the material and the fourth illustration by Gabriel Ugueto does not feature Sacaco, but the much more gracile Piscogavialis.

Hanyusuchus

The final one, Hanyusuchus sinensis (Han Yu's Crocodile from China) is the youngest crocodile described this year. How young? Well the OLDEST records of the species date to the Chinese Bronze Age, 4.000 BC, while the most recent records indicate that it went extinct in the 15th century. Hanyusuchus is a large tomistomine with a length between 5.43–6.19 meters and, if historical reports are to be believed, a big appetite. Stories tell of large crocodiles in Southern China attacking livestock, deer, boats and even killing humans while other reports suggest that these animals were used to fill moats and fed with prisoners. Despite appearing relatively narrow snouted, people often underestimate just how dangerous such animals could be. Even the modern false gharial has reports of it attacking and eating humans. Unsurprisingly, in addition to spawning some unique folklore (like crocodiles turning into tigers during autumn), this lead to humans attacking and killing these animals in retaliation. Fossils from the Bronze Age bear the clear marks of human attacks with cut marks focused around the animals head and the neck. Given the age of this material humans likely used bronze axes to kill and decapitate Hanyusuchus, drying their heads afterwards. Things didn't get better later in history. Han Yu, poet and politician and namesake of the genus, once demanded that the crocodiles leave the Han River delta before threatening to kill them. Later in history soldiers were sent to kill them in masses to avenge the death of a child. Eventually all of this, coupled with habitat loss, lead to the extinction of Hanyusuchus a mere 600 years ago. The below reconstructions were done by Hikaru Amemiya and Joschua Knüppe respectively.

And that is basically every crocodile officially published in 2022 (I think). Personally, I think its been a fantastic year for Pseudosuchian taxa, with some unique and fascinating additions.

#crocodiles #palaeoblr #mambawakale #hanyusuchus #sacacosuchus #kinyang #qianshanosuchus #eurycephalosuchus #diplocynodon kochi #maomingosuchus acutirostris #titanochampsa #confractosuchus #eptalofosuchus #yanjisuchus #prehistory #paleontology #pseudosuchia #steve irwin for scale #2022

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