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A recent study published in Nature presents a groundbreaking discovery that Saturn’s moon, Mimas, commonly known as the “Death Star” moon due to its similarities with the iconic Star Wars space station, possesses an internal ocean underneath its rocky crust. This study was conducted by an international team of researchers and holds the potential to help planetary geologists better understand the conditions for a planetary body to possess an internal ocean, which could also possess the conditions for life as we know it. While Mimas was photographed on several occasions by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, including a close flyby in February 2010, what was the motivation behind this recent study regarding finding an internal ocean on Mimas?Dr. Gabriel Tobie, who is a planetary scientist at Nantes Université in France and a co-author on the study, tells Universe Today, “One of the initial motivations to study Mimas was to understand why it is so different from the neighboring moon, Enceladus, which is characterized by a very active surface with direct communication with a global surface ocean. On Enceladus, we know that all the observed activity is controlled by tidal forces generated by Saturn. Mimas is closer to Saturn and should normally experience even more intense tidal forces. So why Mimas’ lack sign of activity?”Discovered by William Herschel on September 17, 1789, Mimas is best known for its Death Star appearance due to Herschel Crater, which spans 139 kilometers (86 miles) in diameter, or just over one-third the diameter of Mimas at 396 kilometers (246 miles). Unlike other ocean worlds like Europa and Enceladus, whose surfaces are largely devoid of craters due to the frequent resurfacing from their respective internal oceans, the surface of Mimas possesses countless craters with no indications of resurfacing. Therefore, the debate for Mimas possessing an internal ocean has raged for years, including a 2014 study published in Science and a 2017 study published in JGR: Planets.2022 video discussing the possibility of an ocean on Mimas based on research at the time.Dr. Tobie continues by telling Universe Today, “It was initially thought that Mimas remained frozen since its formation and that the conditions to initiate ice melting in its interior were never met. This new finding we report in this study shows that Mimas in fact is not that different than Enceladus. It also has a global ocean, but in contrast to Enceladus, such an ocean was formed very recently, explaining the lack of surface activity.”After analyzing data from NASA’s Cassini, the researchers concluded that an internal ocean exists on the heavily cratered Mimas approximately 20-30 kilometers (12-18 miles) beneath its surface, forming less than 25 million years ago, which is young in geologic terms. Additionally, the team concluded the juncture where the internal ocean and ice interact reached less than 30 kilometers (18 miles) from the surface only 2-3 million years ago, indicating the ocean is potentially still developing and growing. Therefore, what implications does finding an ocean on Mimas have for other potential ocean worlds in our solar system?Saturn’s moon, Mimas, captured by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft in 2010. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)Dr. Alyssa Rhoden, who is a Principal Scientist at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado and co-authored an article in Nature discussing the groundbreaking discovery, tells Universe Today, “As far as stealth ocean moons go, Mimas pretty much takes the cake. Its surface betrays nothing of the ocean underneath. Icy moons around Uranus, for example, do show some geologic activity on their surfaces that have (in absence of other options) have been attributed to oceans enabling tidal stresses and/or enhanced heating to drive processes like convection. More importantly, Mimas is showing us that it’s not too late for moons to undergo massive changes. Maybe triggering ocean formation later in a moon’s lifetime is more common in this size range of moons than we initially considered.”As noted, an internal ocean on Mimas indicates it could possess habitable conditions for life as we know it like Europa and Enceladus. This is because scientists have hypothesized that internal oceans are created from internal heat generated from the moons being tugged and pulled as they orbit their respective planets, also known as tidal heating. While such internal oceans are completely absent from receiving sunlight due to their outer surfaces, scientists hypothesize that the internal heat that creates the ocean could also harbor hydrothermal vents where life has been observed to exist here on Earth. Therefore, what implications does finding an ocean on Mimas have for finding life beyond Earth?“Finding an ocean on Mimas demonstrates that habitable environments may be found even in small objects far from the Sun, which is already a great discovery,” Dr. Tobie tells Universe Today. “However, the chance to detect any sign of life on such objects is extremely low, as there is no direct communication between the subsurface ocean and the surface. Enceladus, with its very active jets, is a much better target to address the question of life beyond Earth. Mimas, however, provides an opportunity to study the first stage of ocean formation and potentially chemical complexification before life emerged, a fundamental stage which is still unknown on Earth.”In terms of follow-up studies, Dr. Tobie tells Universe Today that the methods used for this recent study could also be applied for other moons in the solar system, specifically moons orbiting Uranus, along with providing an opportunity to use Cassini data to re-evaluate not only Mimas, but other mid-sized moons orbiting Saturn, including Enceladus.With this groundbreaking discovery, Mimas joins several other planetary bodies within the solar system that can be called ocean worlds, which include the aforementioned Europa and Enceladus, but also the dwarf planets, Ceres and Pluto; Jupiter’s moons, Ganymede and Callisto; Saturn’s largest moon, Titan; and Neptune’s moon, Triton. It is through these fantastic and mysterious worlds that scientists from around the world are studying to better understand the conditions for life to exist, both here on Earth and beyond.2“The main take-away from Mimas is that we ought to test ideas, even if they seem unlikely,” Dr. Rhoden tells Universe Today. “Mimas’ surface doesn’t show evidence of an ocean, so it was easy to dismiss the ocean hypothesis when it was first proposed. But to come to a scientific conclusion, we have to back up inferences with tests. Sometimes, we find that the tests confirm our expectations, and sometimes, we get to be surprised.”What new discoveries will scientists make about Mimas and other ocean worlds in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!The post Saturn’s “Death Star Moon” Mimas Probably has an Ocean Too appeared first on Universe Today.
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What Types of Shingles Should I Choose for My Roof?
The choice of shingle material is crucial when it's time to replace your roof. Many different materials are commercially accessible, and they all have their advantages and disadvantages. Choosing roofing shingles for your home's roof might be difficult, but these pointers can help.
Regardless matter whether they are low-slope or steep-slope, all roofs are made to shed water. Don't use the phrase "flat roof" if you want to look smart; every roof has a slope, even if it's less than a half an inch. Roofing contractors generally use the ratio of inches of slope per foot as a metric for determining whether a roof has a modest or steep pitch. In roofing parlance, a low-slope roof is one with a pitch of less than four inches per 12 inches in length ("4 on 12"). Most homes have steep-slope roofs.
As a result of the roof's pitch, different materials are employed for its construction. Consumers should not worry so much about finding the "best" material as they should about finding a well-made product with expert installation. Contact Air Roofing & Contracting LLC today for a free estimate if you need a Tulsa roofing company that is known for providing the city's finest roof replacement services.
Roofing Shingles to Choose From
Tiles made of asphalt. These are the most often used since they are inexpensive, straightforward to set up, and simple to maintain. In order to create shingles, a fiberglass mat is covered with asphalt and mineral granules.
That of the 30th. Shingles with a 30 year warranty against impacts come in four different strength levels. The shingle's durability and materials depend on the class. Generally speaking, a shingle with a class 4 rating has the best amount of protection against hail and other forms of storm debris.
Shingles in the highest quality category. The categories are as follows: Shingles in the Class 1 category are sturdy enough to withstand ice balls with a diameter of 31.8 mm (1.25 inches). Class 2 shingles are durable enough to withstand ice balls with a diameter of 38.1 mm (about 1.5 inches). Class 3 shingles are sturdy enough to withstand ice balls with a diameter of 44 mm (1.75 inches).
Shingle of the second quality. Class 2 shingles are those that remain intact after being hit by 1.25-inch balls dropped from 20 feet. Class 4 is the best possible ranking. Class 3 shingle standards were used to test these shingles, and they passed with flying colors. Class 3 rated roofs can survive impact from a steel ball measuring 1 3/8 inches in diameter, dropped from a height of 20 feet. Hail stones are the obvious focus of these experiments.
Shingle of the Class 4 variety. Class 4 shingles can withstand winds of up to 110 miles per hour and are rated to withstand impacts from hail up to two inches in diameter. These tiles are the pinnacle of IR (impact resistant) technology. Roofing shingles must go through extensive testing to earn this distinction. SBS You may expect to pay an extra 10-25% more for Class 4 impact-resistant shingles than you would for standard asphalt shingles. Although impact-resistant shingles are more expensive up front, they save homeowners money in the long run by delaying the need for routine roof maintenance and a complete roof replacement.
Wood shakes and shingles
Shakes and shingles made of wood. Cedar, redwood, or southern pine are common materials for them. Machines produce shingles, while humans craft shakes.
Do you need Tulsa roof repair services? The helpful members of our staff are standing by to take your call and provide additional information about the best material to use in your house.
Roofing using asphalt shingles: what you need to know
When it's time to replace the roof on your home, you can pick from a wide variety of materials and designs. Residential roofing materials can be confusing to those who aren't familiar with them. If you're looking for a reliable roofing contractor in Tulsa, OK, go no farther than Air Roofing & Contracting LLC. Our expert staff will help you select the ideal asphalt roofing system for your property.
The first piece of advise is to listen to the guidance of a seasoned builder. Roofing shingle manufacturers accredit most competent roofing companies, and they can help you through the entire process. Roof repair and installation services for asphalt shingle roofs in Tulsa are available from our skilled crew of roofers.
How Asphalt Shingles Are Put Together
All asphalt shingles share the same basic construction materials, albeit some specialized shingles do include unusual ingredients.
Fiberglass mat: This high-strength reinforcement material serves as the shingle's backbone, as it possesses all the desirable characteristics for easy handling and long life.
Asphalt: Asphalt's basic function is as a water-shedding agent and a granule-holding adhesive. It's a major component of the shingle itself.
Finely ground elements called fillers (or mineral stabilizers) are added to asphalt during production to boost its fire resistance, weathering, flexibility, and durability.
The shingle's "face" is covered with granules, which are ceramic-coated crushed rock particles. Granules give shingles their color and shield the asphalt underneath from the degrading effects of sunlight.
Back surfacing is a fine mineral material that is put to the underside of the shingle. Back surfacing allows shingles to be created and stored with fewer clinging to the machines or to each other.
If you're thinking of getting a new roof, this article should serve as a helpful reference. Contact Air Roofing & Contracting LLC if you need a Tulsa roofing business that is dedicated to providing the best quality roof repair and roof replacement in the area.
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Random D&D Spells!
(based on this post)
This is a list of 100 strange, offbeat, and questionable D&D spells. There's more where these came from, but I decided I was going to post them in sets of 100, for convenience.
Suggested usage: I imagine a spell-scroll "gumball machine" that randomly dispenses spells to players based on a roll of a d100.
Not all of these spells are particularly useful and many are very much a "use at your own risk" sort of thing. The "random spell dispenser" will be more fun once there are more spells, since there will be more "overly specific" or useless spells, but have fun with these!
Electrocuting Noose (Level 2)—You braid a rope of lightning and roll to hit a creature within 30 feet of you. If successful, the rope tightens around the neck of the entity you select, causes 1d6 lightning damage, and pulls the creature 10 feet into the air, where it must make a Strength saving throw equal to your spell save DC or take an additional 2d6 damage.
Levitate Deer (Level 1)—You use an action to cause a deer within 50 feet of you to levitate for 45 minutes. It has a flying speed of 15 feet for the duration.
Freshwater Authority (Level 1)—You move to a pond, river, stream, or other freshwater body of water and summon a being made of water weeds and algae wearing a suit and tie, which bestows upon you 1d10 to add to your next Wisdom, Charisma, or Intelligence check or saving throw.
Complaint Invisibility (Level 2)—For 30 seconds, you complain loudly about an object or creature no larger than 10 feet in diameter in all directions, causing it to become invisible for 25 minutes or until you end the spell (by complimenting the object or creature).
Plaid Striking (Cantrip)—When you hit with a melee weapon, the creature or object hit is covered with a colorful plaid pattern until your next turn.
Torturing Counterexample (Level 2)—When an entity within 30 feet of you is successfully revived after their hit points drop to 0, you summon a frightening image of that entity’s dead body, showing what would have happened if the affected entity were not successfully revived. This image follows closely behind the affected entity, as if undead, for two hours or until you end the spell. Whenever an ally within a 30 foot radius of the affected entity and their image rolls a critical failure, the image will cling to the arm or wrist of a nearby ally of the affected entity and say something like “Why couldn’t you save me?” or “I didn’t want to die this way!” causing all allies that can hear to take 1d10 psychic damage.
Delousing Stab (Level 1)—For the next 12 hours, any creature you stab with a bladed weapon of any kind is instantly cleansed of lice. The weapon still does the usual amount of damage.
Crystal Flare (Level 2)—You hold a crystal of quartz or some mineral and cause it to glow brightly for the next 5 minutes; for 24 hours, you can instantly get 5 more minutes of light from the crystal by touching it again. The light illuminates everything in a 20 foot radius, dissipates magical darkness in a 20 foot radius, and unless obstructed it can be seen up to 3 miles away.
Dirtying Stun (Cantrip)—You gather a ball of mud or other filth to throw at a creature within range. If you successfully hit them, they have disadvantage on their next saving throw and are knocked prone.
Respiratory Brightness(Cantrip)—Your lungs appear to give off a bright glow from within your ribcage, and each breath you exhale appears as a cloud of bright mist in front of your face before dissipating. This is visible even in magical darkness and lasts for 5 hours or until you end the spell.
Fireproof Finger (Cantrip)—For 10 minutes, the index finger of your dominant hand is immune to fire damage.
Dark Whisk (Level 1) —You summon a whisk made of shadow and beat a nearby shadow as if making meringue. Magical darkness expands from the area you are whisking in a radius that increases by 1 foot for every 15 seconds you do this. If you whisk for more than 8 minutes, the darkness falls apart and dissipates because you over-beat it.
Shredding Surgery (Level 2)—You seize three or more daggers or sharp knives of any type (up to 12), thread, and a sewing needle, select a creature within 10 feet of you, and roll to hit for each blade (all of this is a single action). That creature must make a Dexterity saving throw with a DC equal to your spell save DC. If failing, they take 2d4 slashing damage for each knife that hits as the knives become animated and cut randomly into their body. The damage increases by 1d4 for each higher level you use to cast the spell. Immediately afterward, the sewing needle becomes animated and stitches their wounds haphazardly, causing an additional 1d4 piercing damage. The creature must make a Constitution saving throw with a DC of 10. If failing, they take an additional 1d12 necrotic damage as the wounds become infected; otherwise, they heal 1d8 hit points.
Prying Twilight (Level 1)—During the period of dusk or dawn, you gain advantage on skill checks to open doors and containers, locked or unlocked.
Topiary Eluding (Level 1)—Using an action, you change a nearby shrub or tree into a realistic topiary in your likeness, causing the next attack directed at you to be directed at the topiary instead. Projectiles aimed at you will hit the topiary, and enemies attempting to hit you will find themselves hitting the topiary.
Ferret Commentary (Level 1)—As an action, you cause a talking illusion of a ferret to appear and to comment on events and activities in your surroundings for 20 minutes. The ferret follows the spellcaster, walking through the air at about chest height. The comments are typically good-natured, highly rambling and distractible, and often reminiscent of a sports commentator.
Roving Tambourine (Level 1)—Summons a magical tambourine, which roams randomly over an area of up to 1 square mile as if carried and shaken by a person for 24 hours or until the caster ends the spell.
Intimidating Carcass (Level 3)—You enchant the carcass of any animal to walk behind you, granting you an automatic +10 to intimidation for the spell’s duration. After 15 minutes, the carcass flops to the ground again like an ordinary carcass.
Freckle Appearing (Cantrip)—You point at the skin of a creature you can see within 10 feet, causing a freckle to appear where you point.
Woodsy Thwarting (Level 1)—In any area covered with trees or shrubs, you can, as a bonus action, halve the movement of up to 3 entities that you can see until your next turn.
Lube Region (Cantrip)—Produces a slippery magical water-based substance that continuously lubricates an area of your choice up to 1 foot in diameter for 15 minutes or until you end the spell. After the spell ends, the substance evaporates.
Moose Troubleshooting (Level 1)—Summons a moose that gives you the power to reroll an Insight or Investigation check up to 4 times. However, it causes a -3 debuff to all your rolls. This ability can be used once per long rest.
Hemorrhage Illumination(Cantrip)—For 10 minutes, whenever you bleed the blood gives off light illuminating objects it touches or stains. This is visible in magical darkness up to 20 feet away.
Fox Purging (Level 1)—You speak a word of power, causing all foxes to be forcefully propelled out of a sphere with a 90-foot radius centered on the caster.
Mollusk Radar (Level 2)—For 15 minutes, you can sense the location of any mollusks within 300 feet of you. This ability can be used only once per long rest.
Sparing Dazzle (Level 1)—As a bonus action, you touch a nearby creature or entity, causing them to sparkle brightly like snow in sunlight and to be unaffected by any spell cast in the next 12 seconds with an area effect. This lasts until your next turn.
Forging Repulsion (Level 2)—You hold a small metal object tightly in your fist and summon arcane power, causing red-hot metal bars to appear around you, cool immediately to the color of the metal object you are holding, and push outward from you, forcing all entities and creatures that fail a Strength saving throw with a DC of 20 out of a circle with a 5-foot radius centered on the caster. Each level above 2nd that you use to cast the spell expands the radius of the circle by 5 feet.
Optimism Scorch (Level 1)—You make a confident, positive assertion about the near future and roll Persuasion. Any entity that can hear you that is successfully persuaded (whether your optimistic assertion is positive or negative to them) takes 1d6 fire damage.
Caustic Seesaw (Level 2)—You cast a spell that falls over you and one another creature you choose within 40 feet of you, lasting for 6 minutes. As you cast the spell, the creature you choose immediately takes 1d6 acid damage and is propelled 15 feet into the air for 6 seconds. When the current turn ends, the creature descends safely to the ground, and you take 1d6 acid damage and are propelled 15 feet into the air. After 6 seconds, you safely descend to the ground and the creature you choose is propelled again into the air and takes an additional 1d6 acid damage. This continues, with the spell’s effect alternating every 6 seconds, until the spell ends, until your hit points or the creature’s hit points drop to 0, or until you use an action on your turn to end the spell. (If you are in the air on your turn, ending the spell will cause you to fall 15 feet.)
Hail Pounding (Level 2)—You select a creature within 40 feet of you and roll a d10, then roll to hit that number of times. Large hailstones fly from a storm cloud that gathers above the creature you selected and hit the creature once for every successful hit, each dealing 1d6 bludgeoning damage.
Clown Chase (Level 2)—Summons a pack of 3-6 frightening clowns, which chase a creature of your choice for 3 minutes in a direction of your choice. That creature’s movement speed increases by 30 feet per turn for the duration, but they become frightened and must flee from the clowns.
Starlight Filibuster (Level 1)— When an entity you can see attempts an action while situated where the stars are visible, you can use an action to postpone their action until starlight fades from the sky at dawn.
Circular Igniting (Level 1)—You pick a point within 50 feet of you. Objects and entities along the edge of a circle with a radius of 12 feet, centered on the point you choose, catch fire, taking 1d4 fire damage. Objects within the circle and outside it are unharmed.
Blasting Putrefying (Level 6)—You summon a blast of decay and rot in a straight line emanating 60 feet from you. Any food that falls within this line rots, plant material dies, and living creatures take 4d8 necrotic damage. Additionally, any creature within 15 feet of falling on the line must make a Constitution saving throw with a DC equal to your spell save DC or start gagging and vomiting for the next 30 seconds. Undead creatures are unaffected.
Paw Transplanting (Level 1)—You enchant the paws of an animal within 10 feet of you, causing its paws to trade places with your hands for 25 minutes. You will be able to use the paws as though they were part of your own body, and the animal will be able to do the same with your hands.
Pervading Agony (Level 4)—You focus on your most painful and horrific memories, causing you and everyone within 20 feet of you to make a Wisdom saving throw, taking 5d4 psychic damage if failing and half damage if successful. If the caster fails, the spell ends, but if the caster succeeds, everyone within 20 feet including the caster must make a Constitution saving throw or have their movement reduced to 5 feet per turn for the duration of the spell and their vision reduced to 15 feet in any direction. The 5d4 psychic damage and Wisdom saving throw is repeated on each turn beginning in the spell’s effects. The spell lasts until the caster fails a Wisdom saving throw (failing the Constitution saving throw will reduce the caster’s vision and movement, but will not end the spell).
Ignited Trial (Level 1)—You challenge an entity to perform a feat that you choose (requiring a skill/ability check.) If they accept the challenge and successfully perform the feat, they catch fire and take 2d8 fire damage.
Dagger Redouble (Level 1)—You touch a dagger. Any hits made using that dagger until the spellcaster’s next turn automatically do double damage as a second dagger appears to materialize and follow the first dagger’s movements.
Labyrinthine Negation (Level 2)—You summon an aura of confusion around yourself stretching to a radius of 50 feet, which lasts until your next turn. Projectiles, spells and effects that travel in a straight line, when entering the area affected by the spell, will turn and loop around in a maze-like pattern of detours until they hit the ground or dissipate without reaching their intended targets.
Entity Janitor (Level 1)—You summon a strange entity, impossible to fully comprehend to the mortal mind. For the next hour, the entity will attempt to clean anything within a 50 foot radius it perceives as dirty. This includes anything with hair, anything visibly wet, anything covered in grass or foliage, and anything shiny or reflective. The janitor has an AC of 12 and carries an ordinary mop, spray bottle, bucket, and rag to clean with, and disappears if hit by an attack, though all attack rolls against it have disadvantage.
Redirect Dew (Level 1)—You use an action to gather up all the dew in a 30 foot radius of you and redirect it into a container or onto a point of your choice.
Charring Convalescence (Level 1)—You select a creature you can touch. That creature instantly heals 1d12 hit points while simultaneously taking 1d12 fire damage.
Enamel Laceration (Level 1)—You touch a piece of enamel, such as a tooth, which the spell consumes. Roll to hit a creature within 50 feet of you. If you are successful, they take 4d4 slashing damage from enamel shards lacerating their flesh.
Allergenic Ripple (Level 1)—A wave of magic ripples outward from you, causing itchy skin and sniffles in creatures within a 15 foot radius. All creatures within this radius must make a Constitution saving throw (DC:5) or begin the next turn with disadvantage due to being distractingly itchy. Any creatures who roll critical failures enter anaphylactic shock and their hit points drop immediately to zero.
Nameless Eggplant (Cantrip)—You summon an eggplant. Anyone who sees, touches, or otherwise becomes aware of the eggplant’s presence must make a Wisdom saving throw (DC: 20) If failing, they will be unable to identify, describe, or refer to the eggplant using any word. (This also applies to the person who cast the spell).
Enraging Insulter (Level 1)—An entity you choose within 50 feet of you is followed by a loud voice which shouts insulting comments at them for 10 minutes. If the entity begins their turn under the spell’s influence, they must make a Wisdom saving throw (DC: 8). If failing, they will be compelled to disengage from combat and angrily argue with the voice until their next turn.
Unhinged Decay (Level 3)—An enemy you choose within 30 feet immediately takes 6d6 necrotic damage. On their next turn, the nearest entity to them within 30 feet must make a Wisdom saving throw (DC: 15). If failing, they too take 6d6 necrotic damage and also prompt the nearest unaffected entity within range to make a DC 15 Wisdom saving throw on beginning their next turn, which in turn will have the same effect. There is no limit to the number of entities that can be affected at once. The spell ends only when all affected entities are killed or when all affected entities begin their turns with no one else in range.
Maiming Lecture (Level 4)—You sternly lecture an entity that can hear you and understand your language for one minute, causing them to make a Wisdom saving throw with a DC equal to your Performance roll when you are finished. If you are not interrupted and they fail the save, they take 3d10 slashing damage.
Appraising Sabre (Level 1)—You touch a bladed weapon of any type, causing it to become enchanted. For twenty-four hours, when any object is damaged by the weapon, a voice emitted from the weapon will announce the initial monetary value of the item and the cost of the damage done, becoming audibly agitated if the item is destroyed or damaged beyond repair. The weapon will not appraise enemies themselves but will appraise their weapons and armor.
Circumvent Glassware (Level 1)—For 10 minutes, all parts of your body will be able to pass through glass objects as though they were air, making you unable to touch, interact with, or pick up anything made of glass.
Disquieting Bleeding (Level 1)—You touch an entity, causing them to constantly ooze blood without any visible wounds for one hour. This has no harmful effects but it is disquieting.
Reviving Quip (Level 1)—You say something snappy and clever over your fallen companion’s body, which revives them with 1d8 HP.
Soapy Glide (Level 1)—A slippery foam of soap bubbles forms beneath you, which grants you an additional 20 feet of movement per turn for the spell’s duration (12 minutes). The momentum of your slippery gliding also grants you an additional +2 to hit. However, if you are hit by an enemy, you will slip and be knocked prone.
Misplace Carcass (Level 1)—You touch an animal carcass and visualize a location within 300 feet of you, which causes it to be teleported to a location within 300 feet that isn’t the one you thought of.
Induced Frolic (Level 1)—A creature within 30 feet of you must make a Charisma saving throw with a DC equal to your spell save DC. If failing, they become charmed and skip and bound happily about for 10 minutes, disengaging from combat and disregarding anything happening around them, though they may repeat their saving throw on their turn.
Grime Council (Level 2)—You summon a group of nine to twelve filthy, humanoid creatures dressed in heavily soiled aristocratic finery, which bestow favor or disfavor on any entity you select within 40 feet of you. Entities favored by the council will receive advantage on a type of check or saving throw of your choice, and an additional 10 temporary hit points, for 24 hours. Entities disfavored receive disadvantage and their max HP is lowered by 10 for the same period. Favor or disfavor is bestowed based on how visibly dirty they are, with extremely filthy entities being favored.
Puny Hailstorm (Level 1)—Causes a handful of small hailstones to fall from the sky over a 10 foot radius centered at a point within 30 feet of the caster. Entities within that radius must make a Dexterity saving throw (DC: 5) to avoid being hit by a hailstone; if failing, they take 1 point of damage.
Boniest Discomfort (Cantrip)—Up to 3 creatures that you can see must make a Wisdom saving throw with a DC equal to your spell save DC. If they fail, they are made very uncomfortable by the sensation of skeleton hands touching them.
Coarsen Undershirt (Cantrip)—You use an action to make the undershirt or other equivalent inner clothing layer of an entity you can touch coarser and more uncomfortable.
Oceanic Strengthening (Level 1)—For either the duration of your turn or for one ability check or saving throw, you receive a +5 to strength on top of any additional bonuses, provided you are in contact with seawater.
Venom Godmother (Level 2)—You allow yourself to be stung or bitten by a venomous animal, which allows you to summon a wasp-like fairy creature that claims to be your Venom Godmother. The Venom Godmother offers you three wishes, which will be granted as long as they are for non-magical venomous animals. If you wish for something that is not a venomous animal, the Venom Godmother will disappear and have to be summoned again.
Confetti Bafflement (Cantrip)—You throw confetti in someone’s face. They gain disadvantage on their next Wisdom saving throw.
Crepe Stockpile (Level 1)—Summons a pocket dimension that can be used to hold a finite but incredibly large amount of crepes (equivalent to a large warehouse). Crepes stored in the crepe stockpile do not go bad and are always in the exact condition they were in when placed. The pocket dimension remains open for 120 seconds at a time when the spell is cast. When it closes, any object within the pocket dimension that is not a crepe or an acceptable topping or filling for a crepe will result in the destruction of the pocket dimension and all crepes within, and the ejection of the non-crepe object.
Tranquility Slap (Level 1)—You meditate on a peaceful, serene image for one minute. For the next 10 minutes, any entity you slap with your open palm will become Charmed by you and seek out a peaceful place to lie down and relax.
Catastrophic Moonbeam (Level 3)—You look directly at the moon and draw its light toward you, causing a pure white moonbeam to focus itself over you and descend around you in a 15 foot radius, dealing 1d12 radiant damage during a crescent moon, 2d12 damage during a half moon, 3d12 damage during a gibbous moon, and 4d12 damage during a full moon. If the moon is not visible to you, the spell has no effect.
Seasick Roil (Level 1)—You choose a location within 30 feet of you. All entities within a 10 foot radius of that location feel the ground tilt and sway beneath them like the deck of a ship, and must make a Constitution saving throw equal to your spell save DC. If failing, they become seasick until your next turn and must make an additional Dexterity saving throw to avoid being knocked prone.
Kinglier Lettering (Cantrip)—You run your finger or hand across written or carved lettering, which causes it to be written in a fancier and more kingly-looking font.
Frostbite Hurling (Level 1)—You roll to hit any creature within range with a thrown projectile. On a successful hit that creature takes 1d10 cold damage and its movement is halved for its next two turns.
Menacing Trash (Level 1)—You enchant a pile of garbage or refuse at least 4 cubic feet in volume, causing it to exude an aura of menace. For the next hour, anyone that comes within 20 feet of it must make a Wisdom saving throw (DC: 8) or become frightened by it and attempt to leave the 20 foot radius surrounding the trash pile.
Bite Enhancement (Level 1)—For one hour, your bites deal double damage.
Spooky Pebble (Cantrip)—You summon a ghostly pebble from beyond the mortal plane. The pebble can touch objects but floats a few inches above the ground, and disappears after 15 minutes.
Rain Hemorrhage (Level 1)—You summon reddish-brown rain clouds above an area within 100 feet of you with a 10 foot radius, which release a downpour of fresh blood for 3 minutes before dissipating.
Pervading Terminology (Level 2)—You choose a random word, in any language or of your own invention, and speak an enchantment containing it over an object of your choice. For 24 hours, all entities within 30 feet of you that fail an Intelligence saving throw (DC:20) will refer to the object using that word, including the caster. If any entities successfully pass the saving throw and question the use of the word, all affected by the spell will begin to more broadly apply the word, using it to apply to the class of objects the object belongs to or to other, similar objects. If the caster passes their initial Intelligence save they can end the spell whenever they choose; otherwise it ends after 24 hours.
Sunburst Remedy (Level 2)—During the hours of daylight, you spend 15 minutes gathering a burst of sunshine, which can be used at any time until sunset to end the effect of one poison, disease or curse from an entity you can touch.
Soil Acquirement (Level 1)—You instantly transfer up to a cubic foot of dirt from the ground around you into your pack or into any container you are carrying.
Certifying Boar (Level 1)—Summons a spectral boar which confers upon you a license or certification of your choice. For one hour, anyone who attempts to verify that you are qualified to do something requiring a license or certification must make a DC 20 Wisdom saving throw. If failing, they will find that you possess the license or certification, otherwise the spell ends.
Mushroom Identifying (Cantrip)—Once per long rest, you can accurately identify any mushroom and know its properties.
Leaf Incantation (Cantrip)—You pluck a green leaf from a nearby tree and gain a 1st-level spell slot. This can be used once per long rest.
Synthesize Wolf (Level 2)—You arrange organic materials of your choice into the life-sized shape of a wolf and perform rituals (including howling) for several hours over them. At the end of the rituals, the materials will form into a wolf-like creature with the abilities, hit points, etc. and needs of a normal wolf, except its appearance will hint at its components. The creature is tame and follows your commands.
Char Mediocrity (Level 1)—When an entity within 10 feet of you rolls an 8 or above, but no more than 12, on a skill check, you cause fire to envelop them as a reaction, dealing 1d6 fire damage. (You do not automatically know if a roll is within the specified range, but may attempt to cast the spell an unlimited number of times without consuming a spell slot until successful.)
Drenching Purr (Level 1)—A rumbling, cat-like purr emanates from the sky and douses an area with a 5 foot radius in a downpour of water that lasts 2 minutes.
Steely Hiatus (Level 3)—You cause a creature you can touch to be outlined in a gleaming, steel-like layer of magic. For the next 5 minutes or until your concentration is broken, the creature cannot attack, move, take any action or bonus action, be affected by magic, or be damaged even when hit, but can react to being hit and respond to others when spoken to.
Cinder Pain (Cantrip)—As a bonus action, you light a cinder on the skin of a creature within 15 feet, dealing one point of fire damage and breaking their concentration.
Butterflying Charm (Cantrip)—You touch any willing creature or object. For the next 12 hours, butterflies are attracted to the creature or object and will fly around and land on it.
Immobilizing Sizzle (Level 2)—You select an entity within 15 feet of you. For the next 3 minutes, they take 1d4 fire damage per turn and their movement drops to 0.
Counterstrike Feldspar (Level 1)—As a reaction, you enchant a piece of feldspar and propel it at an enemy that has hit you or an ally, dealing 1d12 bludgeoning damage.
Stormy Doom (Level 1)—You summon dark clouds around yourself, causing unfriendly entities that can see you to make Charisma saving throws with a DC equal to your spell save DC. If failing, they become frightened by you until your next turn.
Pillar Striking (Level 5)—Using a piece of workable stone such as granite or marble, which the spell consumes, you can summon a large pillar that can be propelled at an entity within 50 feet of you. If hit, the entity takes 5d10 bludgeoning damage. The pillar immediately crumbles to dust and disappears after striking.
Gargled Greenery (Level 1)—You touch a leaf or stem from any plant, which the spell consumes, and select an entity within 10 feet of you. That entity begins sprouting leaves of the type corresponding to the plant you use as a spell component and begins choking until they dislodge the leaves, until their hit points drop to 0, or until you end the spell.
Dysfunctional Mandolin (Level 1)—You enchant a normal mandolin to be exclusively capable of playing music inappropriate for the tone of any given moment. During sad or somber occasions, the mandolin plays bawdy, upbeat tunes; on happy occasions, it can only play slow, sad songs, and when quiet or restful music is called for, it can only play loud and disruptive songs. A person touching, holding or playing the mandolin believes its tunes to be fully appropriate for the circumstance, and is incapable of admitting otherwise without blame, guilt-tripping or other dysfunctional behaviors. The enchantment lasts 72 hours.
Tempest Obsidian (Level 6)—You use a piece of obsidian, which the spell consumes, to summon a black thundercloud over an area with a radius of 50 feet, from which descends a destructive hail of volcanic glass, lasting 18 minutes. Every entity beginning their turn in the storm cloud must make a Dexterity saving throw (DC:12) or take 2d10 piercing damage from obsidian shards.
Sedative Coupon (Level 1)—You spend several hours mulling over an abstruse ritual, ending with you writing several obscure symbols on a small piece of paper or other material that can be written upon. You then spill some blood onto the ground and drop the writing into a portal that appears before you to a hellish dimension, where it is accepted by an unknown entity that bestows upon you the ability to relieve the suffering of a creature you can touch, healing 1d10 hit points and inducing peaceful sleep. If any other object is dropped into the portal, a clawed hand will emerge from the portal and attempt to drain all the blood in your body as payment, but you can prevent this by mentally ending the spell.
Stupefying Tether (Level 1)—You enchant a length of ordinary rope. For 8 minutes, any entity that is restrained with the rope has disadvantage on Wisdom and Intelligence checks and saving throws.
Immediate Sunflower (Cantrip)—You drop a sunflower seed on the ground. It immediately grows into a mature sunflower.
Unfaithful Likeness (Level 1)—You roll a d6 and manifest a spectral image of a person you choose. According to your roll, the likeness is unfaithful in one of the following ways: 1—It is accurate, except the likeness exaggerates one or more of their prominent features, like a mean-spirited caricature. 2—It is accurate, except the likeness makes the person much more attractive than they normally are. 3—The likeness’s skin tone, hair color, and eye color are all noticeably different from what it actually is like. 4—The likeness is accurate, except the person is shown wearing clothes they would never actually wear. 5—The likeness is accurate, except the person appears significantly taller or shorter than they actually are. 6—The likeness is not accurate at all, and instead depicts a seemingly random person. This image lasts 6 minutes or until you end the spell.
Folly Recirculating (Cantrip)—Once per long rest, when an entity you can see is attempting a skill check that another entity has already failed, you can cause the failing roll to be repeated. This still causes the same outcome if the new entity possesses different bonuses that would cause a different outcome than the original.
Antagonizing Pseudopod (Level 2)—A portal opens within a ten-foot range of you, from which protrudes a fleshy pseudopod. This appendage pokes, annoys, and harasses an entity within 5 feet of it that you select, giving it disadvantage on all saving throws and -2 to ability checks for one minute. The pseudopod has an AC of 19. If it is hit, the spell ends; if an attempt to hit misses, the pseudopod retreats into the portal for one turn unharmed.
Falsifying Moaning (Level 1)—For the next 10 minutes, whenever an ally within 10 feet of you attempts a Deception roll, moaning voices appear that support the deceptive statements or actions, granting a +5 bonus to the Deception rolls. The moans are unpleasant and cause everyone in the vicinity to feel uncomfortable, but have no harmful effects.
Exhuming Vine (Level 1)—You cause a vine to grow up from the ground at your feet, dragging up in its entangling tendrils any bones buried within a 10 foot radius of you (up to 10 feet underground)
Downgrading Mist (Level 2)—Summons a cloud of mist in a sphere with a 30-foot radius centered on the caster. All weapons within the cloud have their damage debuffed by -2, and all other magic items which cause bonuses to rolls have their bonuses debuffed by -1.
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Board of Bakhaar
Wondrous item, legendary
This item appears to be a slab of dark grey stone, with 52 white tiles making a winding path across its face.
The board always has two six-sided dice made of stone. These are bound to the board. If the dice are lost or destroyed, they will reappear on the face of the board in 1 minute.
The magical effects of the Board of Bakhaar take effect when a player rolls the dice across the face of the board. Upon rolling 2d6, a stone token carved in the shape of a prehistoric animal appears on the first tile of the board and moves forward the rolled number of spaces. Once the token has stopped moving, the player must roll d100 and consult the Board of Bakhaar table, below. The effects of the Board of Bakhaar table immediately take place within sight of the players if not otherwise stated.
Up to four players can roll the dice and have a token appear on the board. The tokens cannot be removed from the board, and the players cannot take their turn out of the order which they originally rolled.
Once a token has landed on the fifty-second white tile, Bakhaar, a magical giant ape, appears and congratulates the players. He undoes all the effects of the game and banishes all summoned creatures. The party is left with any treasure they might've received while playing the game. The board cannot be used again until 30 days have passed.
Curse: Any creature who rolls the dice and receives a token is magically compelled to complete the game. In addition to this, any player who attempts to move their token or otherwise cheat must make a DC 14 Wisdom saving throw at the beginning of their next turn or be Polymorphed into a baboon, vulture, or giant frog.
Board of Bakhaar table
01-02 The token moves back 3 tiles.
03-04 Over the next minute, 20 feet of water floods the surrounding 4 miles. A plesiosaur appears.
05-06 2d6 baboons attempt to steal the board.
07-08 A blizzard rolls in. Outdoor spaces within 4 miles are considered difficult terrain, and Wisdom (Perception) checks relying on sight are made with disadvantage.
09-10 2d6 wolves appear.
11-12 A brontosaurus appears.
13-14 The player is sealed within a crystal until another player rolls either a 5 or an 8.
15-16 A mantrap sprouts directly underneath the player and attempts to engulf them.
17-18 The player must make a DC 14 Constitution saving throw. If the saving throw fails by 5 or more, the player is instantly Petrified. Otherwise, a player that fails the save begins to turn to stone and is Restrained. The Restrained player must repeat the saving throw at the end of its next turn, becoming Petrified on a failure or Ending the Effect on a success. The petrification lasts until the player is freed by the Greater Restoration spell or other magic.
19-20 A prehistoric human warrior (tribal warrior) appears. She is friendly to the party and willing to ally with them, although she cannot speak Common. If the warrior has already been summoned, reroll.
21-22 Fungus starts growing around the board, sending spores. All corpses of creatures summoned by the board are reanimated as spore servants.
23-24 The player no longer understands any written or spoken language; however, they can now communicate with the tribal warrior or the shaman if they have been summoned.
25-26 The token moves forward 3 tiles.
27-28 Webs sprout in a 20-foot cube around the board, as if cast by the spell Web. The webs are difficult terrain, and each creature that starts its turn in the webs or enters them during its turn must make a DC 14 Dexterity saving throw. On a failed save, the creature is Restrained unless it successfully makes a DC 14 Strength check. A giant spider also appears and attacks the party.
29-30 Day becomes night, night becomes day.
31-32 Plants start growing around the board in a 100 foot radius, as if under the Plant Growth spell.
33-34 The player must make a DC 14 Wisdom saving throw. If they fail, they are transformed into a baboon as if under the Polymorph spell.
35-36 A prehistoric human shaman (druid) appears. She is friendly to the party and willing to ally with them, although she cannot speak Common. If the shaman has already been summoned, reroll.
37-38 The player receives what appears to be 3 Greater Healing Potions. However, one of them is in fact a Potion of Poisoning.
39-40 A pteranodon attempts to steal the game board.
41-42 An opaque fog fills a space of 100 feet around the board, making the area heavily obscured.
43-44 Reroll the dice.
45-46 All creatures summoned by the board are compelled to attack the player for 1 minute.
47-48 2d6 cultists and one cult fanatic attack the party; they will also attempt to steal the game board.
49-50 A mammoth appears.
51-52 2d6 lizardfolk attempt to convince the party to join them in their war against 2d6 ape men (orcs).
53-54 2d6 ape men (orcs) attempt to convince the party to join them in their war against 2d6 lizardfolk.
55-56 The player must skip their next turn.
57-58 A herd of 1d6 triceratops stampede through the area.
59-60 A giant scorpion attacks the party.
61-62 The player receives a rare or rarer magical item of the DM’s discretion.
63-64 Heavy rains fall directly over the game board. The water level raises by 2 feet, turning the area into difficult terrain. Wisdom (Perception) checks relying on sight or hearing are made with disadvantage.
65-66 All creatures summoned by the board now have an Intelligence of 19. Beasts can now arm themselves with spears and other weapons.
67-68 A yellowish disease-filled mist spreads out from the board. All creatures summoned by the board become zombified.
69-70 Creatures in a 20-foot-radius sphere must make a DC 15 Dexterity saving throw as a meteor falls directly on top of the board. Each creature takes 8d6 fire damage on a failed save, or half as much damage on a successful one. The board is totally unharmed.
71-72 A pack of 1d6 saber toothed tigers appear.
73-74 The terrain in a 10 foot diameter around the board becomes quicksand.
75-76 A Tyrannosaurus Rex attacks the party.
77-78 The flesh of the player turns as hard as stone, as if under the Stoneskin spell.
79-80 A pack of 1d6 deinonychus are in hiding by the party. They will wait for one member of the party or a creature summoned from the board to separate from the group before they attack.
81-82 A UFO falls to earth in sight of the party. Inside is a dead alien pilot and a laser pistol.
83-84 A fissure opens, turning the surrounding 4 miles into volcanic terrain. The area is under the effects of extreme heat, and lava flows appear.
85-86 The player’s token is sent back to the first tile.
87-88 At any time, the player can select one beast summoned by the board and charm it as if under the Animal Friendship spell. This effect lasts even if the beast is zombified or made aggressive by other magic.
89-90 The party is instantly restored to full health as though they have completed a long rest.
91-92 Fifty gems worth 1,000 gp each appear at the player's feet.
93-94 The player must make a DC 14 Wisdom saving throw. On a failed save, the player hallucinates the rest of the party as demons and is compelled to attack them. This effect lasts until the player is freed by the Greater Restoration spell or other magic.
95-96 A swarm of bats appears directly above the board.
97-98 Bakhaar the Giant Ape appears and ends the game early.
99-00 The player is granted one Wish. If the wish has been granted, reroll.
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Two Hundred Fifty Things an Architect Should Know
by Michael Sorkin
1. The feel of cool marble under bare feet.
2. How to live in a small room with five strangers for six months.
3. With the same strangers in a lifeboat for one week.
4. The modulus of rupture.
5. The distance a shout carries in the city.
6. The distance of a whisper.
7. Everything possible about Hatshepsut’s temple (try not to see it as ‘modernist’ avant la lettre).
The Temple of Hatshepsut
8. The number of people with rent subsidies in New York City.
9. In your town (include the rich).
10. The flowering season for azaleas.
11. The insulating properties of glass.
12. The history of its production and use.
13. And of its meaning.
14. How to lay bricks.
15. What Victor Hugo really meant by ‘this will kill that.’
16. The rate at which the seas are rising.
17. Building information modeling (BIM).
18. How to unclog a Rapidograph.
19. The Gini coefficient.
20. A comfortable tread-to-riser ratio for a six-year-old.
21. In a wheelchair.
22. The energy embodied in aluminum.
23. How to turn a corner.
24. How to design a corner.
25. How to sit in a corner.
26. How Antoni Gaudí modeled the Sagrada Família and calculated its structure.
27. The proportioning system for the Villa Rotonda.
28. The rate at which that carpet you specified off-gasses.
29. The relevant sections of the Code of Hammurabi.
30. The migratory patterns of warblers and other seasonal travellers.
31. The basics of mud construction.
32. The direction of prevailing winds.
33. Hydrology is destiny.
34. Jane Jacobs in and out.
35. Something about feng shui.
36. Something about Vastu Shilpa.
37. Elementary ergonomics.
38. The color wheel.
39. What the client wants.
40. What the client thinks it wants.
41. What the client needs.
42. What the client can afford.
43. What the planet can afford.
44. The theoretical bases for modernity and a great deal about its factions and inflections.
45. What post-Fordism means for the mode of production of building.
46. Another language.
47. What the brick really wants.
48. The difference between Winchester Cathedral and a bicycle shed.
49. What went wrong in Fatehpur Sikri.
50. What went wrong in Pruitt-Igoe.
51. What went wrong with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.
52. Where the CCTV cameras are.
53. Why Mies really left Germany.
54. How people lived in Çatal Hüyük.
55. The structural properties of tufa.
56. How to calculate the dimensions of brise-soleil.
57. The kilowatt costs of photovoltaic cells.
58. Vitruvius.
59. Walter Benjamin.
60. Marshall Berman.
61. The secrets of the success of Robert Moses.
62. How the dome on the Duomo in Florence was built.
Duomo in Florence
63. The reciprocal influences of Chinese and Japanese building.
64. The cycle of the Ise Shrine.
65. Entasis.
66. The history of Soweto.
67. What it’s like to walk down the Ramblas.
68. Back-up.
69. The proper proportions of a gin martini.
70. Shear and moment.
71. Shakespeare, et cetera.
72. How the crow flies.
73. The difference between a ghetto and a neighborhood.
74. How the pyramids were built.
75. Why.
76. The pleasures of the suburbs.
77. The horrors.
78. The quality of light passing through ice.
79. The meaninglessness of borders.
80. The reasons for their tenacity.
81. The creativity of the ecotone.
82. The need for freaks.
83. Accidents must happen.
84. It is possible to begin designing anywhere.
85. The smell of concrete after rain.
86. The angle of the sun at the equinox.
87. How to ride a bicycle.
88. The depth of the aquifer beneath you.
89. The slope of a handicapped ramp.
90. The wages of construction workers.
91. Perspective by hand.
92. Sentence structure.
93. The pleasure of a spritz at sunset at a table by the Grand Canal.
94. The thrill of the ride.
95. Where materials come from.
96. How to get lost.
97. The pattern of artificial light at night, seen from space.
98. What human differences are defensible in practice.
99. Creation is a patient search.
100. The debate between Otto Wagner and Camillo Sitte.
101. The reasons for the split between architecture and engineering.
102. Many ideas about what constitutes utopia.
103. The social and formal organization of the villages of the Dogon.
104. Brutalism, Bowellism, and the Baroque.
105. How to dérive.
106. Woodshop safety.
107. A great deal about the Gothic.
108. The architectural impact of colonialism on the cities of North Africa.
109. A distaste for imperialism.
110. The history of Beijing.
Beijing Skyline
111. Dutch domestic architecture in the 17th century.
112. Aristotle’s Politics.
113. His Poetics.
114. The basics of wattle and daub.
115. The origins of the balloon frame.
116. The rate at which copper acquires its patina.
117. The levels of particulates in the air of Tianjin.
118. The capacity of white pine trees to sequester carbon.
119. Where else to sink it.
120. The fire code.
121. The seismic code.
122. The health code.
123. The Romantics, throughout the arts and philosophy.
124. How to listen closely.
125. That there is a big danger in working in a single medium. The logjam you don’t even know you’re stuck in will be broken by a shift in representation.
126. The exquisite corpse.
127. Scissors, stone, paper.
128. Good Bordeaux.
129. Good beer.
130. How to escape a maze.
131. QWERTY.
132. Fear.
133. Finding your way around Prague, Fez, Shanghai, Johannesburg, Kyoto, Rio, Mexico, Solo, Benares, Bangkok, Leningrad, Isfahan.
134. The proper way to behave with interns.
135. Maya, Revit, Catia, whatever.
136. The history of big machines, including those that can fly.
137. How to calculate ecological footprints.
138. Three good lunch spots within walking distance.
139. The value of human life.
140. Who pays.
141. Who profits.
142. The Venturi effect.
143. How people pee.
144. What to refuse to do, even for the money.
145. The fine print in the contract.
146. A smattering of naval architecture.
147. The idea of too far.
148. The idea of too close.
149. Burial practices in a wide range of cultures.
150. The density needed to support a pharmacy.
151. The density needed to support a subway.
152. The effect of the design of your city on food miles for fresh produce.
153. Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes.
154. Capability Brown, André Le Nôtre, Frederick Law Olmsted, Muso Soseki, Ji Cheng, and Roberto Burle Marx.
155. Constructivism, in and out.
156. Sinan.
157. Squatter settlements via visits and conversations with residents.
158. The history and techniques of architectural representation across cultures.
159. Several other artistic media.
160. A bit of chemistry and physics.
161. Geodesics.
162. Geodetics.
163. Geomorphology.
164. Geography.
165. The Law of the Andes.
166. Cappadocia first-hand.
Cappadocia
167. The importance of the Amazon.
168. How to patch leaks.
169. What makes you happy.
170. The components of a comfortable environment for sleep.
171. The view from the Acropolis.
172. The way to Santa Fe.
173. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
174. Where to eat in Brooklyn.
175. Half as much as a London cabbie.
176. The Nolli Plan.
177. The Cerdà Plan.
178. The Haussmann Plan.
179. Slope analysis.
180. Darkroom procedures and Photoshop.
181. Dawn breaking after a bender.
182. Styles of genealogy and taxonomy.
183. Betty Friedan.
184. Guy Debord.
185. Ant Farm.
186. Archigram.
187. Club Med.
188. Crepuscule in Dharamshala.
189. Solid geometry.
190. Strengths of materials (if only intuitively).
191. Ha Long Bay.
192. What’s been accomplished in Medellín.
193. In Rio.
194. In Calcutta.
195. In Curitiba.
196. In Mumbai.
197. Who practices? (It is your duty to secure this space for all who want to.)
198. Why you think architecture does any good.
199. The depreciation cycle.
200. What rusts.
201. Good model-making techniques in wood and cardboard.
202. How to play a musical instrument.
203. Which way the wind blows.
204. The acoustical properties of trees and shrubs.
205. How to guard a house from floods.
206. The connection between the Suprematists and Zaha.
207. The connection between Oscar Niemeyer and Zaha.
208. Where north (or south) is.
209. How to give directions, efficiently and courteously.
210. Stadtluft macht frei.
211. Underneath the pavement the beach.
212. Underneath the beach the pavement.
213. The germ theory of disease.
214. The importance of vitamin D.
215. How close is too close.
216. The capacity of a bioswale to recharge the aquifer.
217. The draught of ferries.
218. Bicycle safety and etiquette.
219. The difference between gabions and riprap.
220. The acoustic performance of Boston Symphony Hall.
Boston Symphony Hall
221. How to open the window.
222. The diameter of the earth.
223. The number of gallons of water used in a shower.
224. The distance at which you can recognize faces.
225. How and when to bribe public officials (for the greater good).
226. Concrete finishes.
227. Brick bonds.
228. The Housing Question by Friedrich Engels.
229. The prismatic charms of Greek island towns.
230. The energy potential of the wind.
231. The cooling potential of the wind, including the use of chimneys and the stack effect.
232. Paestum.
233. Straw-bale building technology.
234. Rachel Carson.
235. Freud.
236. The excellence of Michel de Klerk.
237. Of Alvar Aalto.
238. Of Lina Bo Bardi.
239. The non-pharmacological components of a good club.
240. Mesa Verde National Park.
241. Chichen Itza.
242. Your neighbors.
243. The dimensions and proper orientation of sports fields.
244. The remediation capacity of wetlands.
245. The capacity of wetlands to attenuate storm surges.
246. How to cut a truly elegant section.
247. The depths of desire.
248. The heights of folly.
249. Low tide.
250. The Golden and other ratios.
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Standing almost 40 feet tall on 8 spider-like legs, this creature has a spherical body aproximately 15 feet in diameter. Its body is covered in eyes peaking through a thick chitin, and has 6 jaws on long, flexible stalks and 3 crab-like claws on multi-jointed arms. While they share traits with other creatures, the combination looks artificial in a way, with skin and other features changing abruptly where the different body parts are attached to one another.
Few of the tundra's inhabitants can hope to stand against the fortunately rare and mostly passive shivhad. Much of their time is spent within their glacier homes, though what they do is mostly unknown as scrying into these areas is blocked by a powerful magic and entrance is impossible without drawing the shivhad's rage. Those who approach too close to a shivhad's glacier home will be quickly confronted, sometimes simply killed and left as an example, other times forced into service to the shivhad to guard its home or patrol the surrounding lands and report back all manner of strange and obscure information. Giants and ogres are more likely to be conscripted than smaller humanoids, likely for their greater size and strength.
When one does choose to travel however, they can tear a swath of destruction across the landscape, almost appearing to be playing with anything that gets within their reach. They are quite capable of speech and discussion, each one knowing many languages it has apparently perfectly learned from its nearest neighbors and speaking it with all six of its heads in perfect unison.
Wherever the shivhad came from, it appears quite recent. There's no historical records or legends of them, nor of any predecessor or creator that they're connected with. It's possible they're visitors, refugees, or scouts from another existence. Rumors of a creature similar to a shivhad spotted living out of an endless sandstorm in a far off desert has those with great influence and power readying themselves nervously.
Originally from the 3.5 Frostburn book. This post came out a week ago on my Patreon. If you want to get access to all my monster conversions early, as well as a spot on the Paper and Dice Discord server, consider backing me there!
5th Edition
A Shivhad's Lair:
Shivhads each have their own massive glacier they've made into their home, many ranging miles across. They have carved out many chambers from the interior and have arranged them to take advantage of their climbing capabilities so they can attack anywhere in each chamber with their exceptionally long necks.
Lair Actions
On initiative count 20 (losing initiative ties), the shivhad takes a lair action to cause one of the following effects: the shivhad can't use the same effect two rounds in a row:
• Thick mist fills a 60-foot radius sphere centered on a point the shivhad can see within 120 feet of it. The mist spreads around corners, and its area is heavily obscured. The shivhad can see through the mist without penalty. A wind of at least 20 miles per hour disperses the mist. The mist otherwise lasts until initiative count 20 on the following round.
• The shivhad gains a +4 bonus to AC and Dexterity saving throws until initiative count 20 on the following round.
• The shivhad learns the exact position of all creatures within its lair, including invisible and ethereal ones.
Shivhad
Gargantuan aberration, unaligned
Armor Class 20 (natural armor)
Hit Points 330 (20d20 + 120)
Speed 40 ft., climb 40 ft.
Str 27 (+8) Dex 15 (+2) Con 23 (+6) Int 21 (+5) Wis 14 (+2) Cha 12 (+1)
Saving Throws Int +12, Wis +9
Skills Intimidation +8, Nature +12, Perception +9
Damage Immunities cold, bludgeoning, piercing and slashing damage from nonmagical attacks
Damage Vulnerabilities fire
Senses passive Perception 19
Languages any 10 languages
Challenge 21 (33000 XP)
Cold Absorption. Whenever the shivhad is subjected to cold damage, it takes no damage and instead regains a number of hit points equal to the cold damage dealt.
Magic Resistance. The shivhad has advantage on saving throws against spells and other magical effects.
Multiple Heads. The shivhad has advantage on Wisdom (Perception) checks and on saving throws against being blinded, charmed, deafened, frightened, stunned, and knocked unconscious.
No Opportunity. The shivhad can't make opportunity attacks with its bites or claws.
Actions
Multiattack. The shivhad makes six bite attacks. It can only make one bite attack against each Medium or smaller target, two bite attacks against each Large target, or four bite attacks against each Huge target.
Bite. Melee Weapon Attack: +14 to hit, reach 25 ft., one target. Hit: 22 (4d6+8) piercing damage.
Claw. Melee Weapon Attack: +14 to hit, all targets within a 10-foot line that can start and end anywhere within 15 ft. of the shivhad. Hit: 17 (2d8+8) slashing damage. If the target is a creature, it must succeed on a DC 22 Strength or Dexterity saving throw (target's choice) or be thrown 10 feet in a random direction and fall prone.
Stomp. Melee Weapon Attack: +14 to hit, reach 5 ft., one target. Hit: 24 (3d10+8) bludgeoning damage.
Legendary Actions
The shivhad can take 3 legendary actions, choosing from the options below. Only one legendary action can be used at a time and only at the end of another creature's turn. The shivhad regains spent legendary actions at the start of its turn.
Claw. The shivhad makes one claw attack.
Cold Aura (Costs 2 Actions). Each creature within 60 feet of the shivhad must succeed on a DC 20 Constitution saving throw or take 10 (3d6) cold damage.
Trample (Costs 2 Actions). The shivhad moves up to half its speed and makes a single stomp attack at any point during that movement.
13th Age
Shivhad
Huge 14th level wrecker [aberration]
Initiative: +17
Vulnerability: Fire (only while staggered)
Stomp +19 vs. PD - 200 damage
Natural 11+: The target is also stuck and hampered (hard save ends both, 16+).
Miss: 100 damage.
C: Gigantic Jaws +19 vs. PD (a number of attacks equal to the escalation die; each against a different nearby enemy) - 100 damage
Natural 14+: The shivhad can attack the target with one of its unused gigantic jaws attacks for this round.
Miss: 50 damage.
C: Sweeping Claws +19 vs. AC (3d2 nearby enemies) - 25 damage
Natural Even Hit: The target pops free from each enemy and is thrown to a random nearby location (roll a die to determine direction).
Limited Use: 1/round, as a quick action.
Enormous: The shivhad ignores opportunity attacks. Attempts to disengage from the shivhad gain a +5 bonus.
Glacier Bond: While in its home glacier, the shivhad knows the location of all creatures in the glacier. It is also immune to invisibility and ignores any illusions. The shivhad has +2 AC and PD against attacks from a creature touching its glacier.
Wall Crawler: The shivhad can climb on cliff faces and inside gigantic glacier chambers easily, though few artificial walls can support its massive weight.
Absorb Cold 16 and Below: When a cold attack targets the shivhad, the attacker must roll a natural 16+ on the attack roll or the shivhad heals 1d6 x 50 damage before taking any damage from the attack.
AC 30 PD 26 MD 26 HP 1550
Nastier Special
Cold Aura: Each nearby enemy must roll a save at the start of its turn; on a failure, that enemy takes 15 cold damage.
#D&D#DnD#dungeons and dragons#5th edition#13th age#homebrew#my homebrew#monster#aberration#long post
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Thursday 29 August 1839
6 35/..
12
fine morning F61° at 6 50/.. at Geffle [Gävle] pronounced (Yaweleh) – worst beds we have had – Plo a plough – ployé to low. (employ) dirtiest room and worst supper we have had considering that we had soup and salmon – ½ dozen good boiled eggs and bread and butter made up our meal – counting over money – out at 8 ½ in the town and timber yards along the waters side
1 tree 2 feet diameter where cut off = 220 yards
1 ditto 15 yards long 18 to 20 diameter and 12 in. at the small end appears by the circles aet. 200 years +
the tree seems to make most wood from the age of about 50 to 100?
1 tree 21 yards long 10 or 11in. diameter small end – 20 to 22 in. bottom end – two or three very good vessels on the stocks.
passed a large coarse cloth (sail cloth) weaving room 26 [pair] looms and passed a snuff manufactory – 8,000 inhabitants says Handbook and that is all the mention of Geffle [Gävle] – the sea comes into the heart of the town up to the bridges in the form of a good river about like the Thames at Richmond, which runs westward some distance and there branches from it a canal or two that seem to surround the town at least on the south side – the principal street seems north and south running thro’ the grands places and several other streets run east and west – good quais and the raff-yards and ship-building and warehouses full of deals run along the other side of the water – of deals outside saw
1 piece 9 yards long would square to two ft.
1 ditto 12.............. would square to 16in.
very little oak
came in at 11 am
SH:7/ML/TR/13/0015
August Thursday 29 breakfast at 11 5/.. good coffee for Sweden – off from Geffle [Gävle] (Yēfflĕh) at 12 25/.. – Good town – commerce in wood [gaudron] and transport of iron – 2 fabriques de tabat – one of sailcloth, and one of serviettes the largest trees says our horseman come from about a mile from Geffle [Gävle], a forest that belongs to the peasants – near Elfkerby [Älvkarleby]– - trees there 400 – 500 years old sold by the ell of length – if the trees large and good (clean – free from knots) sell for 2 ½ rigsgeld dollars per ell – if less in girth or not so free from knots = 2 rigs dollars per ell – and so on –
.:. the 2 large trees (vide the last page) might sell for (supposing the whole length to be 30 yards) 75 rigs dollars = 50DB. = between £4 and £5 enough? if they have to be brought from Elfkerby [Älvkarleby]– - we walked this morning lastly on the south side the river ought to have been on the opposite side where there is a shaded (avenue of largeish trees) broad (public?) walk stretching far down to the rivers’ mouth – considerably farther than we could well get thro’ the raff-yards – off from Geffle [Gävle] at 12 25/.. broad road but much cut up, and for the 1st ¾ hour the worst road we have travelled in Sweden – the post station changed 2 years ago to when it is now i.e. Öby pronounced (Ellb-beu)
over the door is written as follows in yellow letters on black board in a yellow frame (like a picture frame about 18x14in.)
Från Öby Gästgifvaregård
i Whahlbo Socken af Gestrikland
Skjustas till Geffle [Gävle] ------------------- 7/8 mil.
---------------------Högbo----------------------- 1 3/8
-------------------Fremlingshem------------1 9/16
Skjuttslegan är 16 Gs. milen för hvarje häast-wagns [hästvagns] –
lega 2 Gs. och kärr lega 1 skilling banco milen.
Holcar, ostler
Gästgifvaregård auberge (gustgive.......
Gastgifvar, the landlord
August Thursday 29 had just written the last page at 1 55/.. sitting in the carriage at the door – off at 2 – nice foresty drive – at the forge at Forsbakka [Forsbacka] at 2 40/.. – foundries and forges – beautiful wooded islandy lake and a fine sheet of water or larger lake below – at a considerably lower level – and large handsome chateau and garden and hothouses – several buildings 2 or 3 large charcoal houses – 2 or 3 buildings where in each one water wheel turns 2 blast furnaces – and another wheel turns two stamping hammers which beat the iron into bars – two or 3 buildings where they make nails – one or 2 where they were making machinery soufflet blast bellows – with joiners shop above – saw only one forge where they were melting the ore – and I peeped into one corn mill 3 pair stories in the one top story I was at the different stories reached by inclined planes of wood outside and good picturesque scattered village – everything looks thriving – the baron to be in the iron trade – all who have to do with it seem rich and well �� en route again at 4 10/.. – chateaued or housed – gate just out of the village and pay 9sk. rigs = 6sk. banco toll – Rain at 4 ½ - at Högbo at 4 – poor looking place, but alighted to get out of the rain and found the woman very civil and the place much better looking into the court than into the village picturesque little place – several Stolpe-bods – kitchen separate as usual from the Inn part of the house – might sleep there if necessary – Rained but not heavily all the way from 4 to after arriving at [Ovanssö] at 6 48/.. nice looking place – alighted for the night – very clean and comfortable – 2 bedrooms and eating room besides – a wild water fowl and good boiled potatoes and pickled herring and smoked salmon (Lax) – good supper – A- enjoyed the bird – supper over at 8 ¾ - from then till now inking over accounts and inking over pencil in this book till now 10 40/.. – finish but dull day till 4 ½ pm and rain more or less almost ever since – F60 ¼° now at 11 ½ pm
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1831 Monday 10 October
7 55/..
11 55/..
Up at 7 and lay down (went to bed again) - fine morning - Fahrenheit 64°. now at 8 35/.. - breakfast at 8 50/.. - got a man as guide took Cameron and George and out at 9 40/.. - walked to the Dockyard in 10 mins. [minutes] - waited there 10 mins. [minutes] and then, a party of 7 or 8 besides myself being assembled, an intelligent sort of person took us in charge, and we began the round at 10 and it took us till 11 50/.. - I was beginning to make pencil notes as usual but the man said it was not allowed - I was not expecting to find this the case in England - however it was no great matter -
Went 1st. to the mast-rooms - masts of all sizes - the old ones took larger timber - those now made consist of from 30 to 52 pieces - apparently squares about 6 inches square and about 20 feet long? - saw the main mast of the victory (100 guns) - 52 pieces and would weigh about 12 tons - of american pine as were a great many of the masts - then passed the store (lying out) of anchors, an amazing quantity - 5 anchors for each vessel - saw those for the Nelson § [Margin - vide next page] (120 guns - will in reality mount 134 or 136) weighing above 97 cwt [hundredweight] - all of wrought iron welded together - would take 17 men a fortnight to weld one anchor - each anchor for the Nelson would cost ten or eleven hundred pounds - then to the ropery - rope cables 22 inches in circumference the thickest 27 inches circumference, but chain cables most used now -
Then to the anchor forge - the anchors moved to and from the fires by cranes - they used to have enormous bellows 6 or 8 yards long and 4 men to blow them by treading on them very hard work - now (for these about 10 years) have a constant current of air kept up and stronger than ever before produced by 2 barrels (about 4 1/2 foot diameter) something like a churn half filled with water turned backwards and forwards by 2 men - 2 valves - one in each half of each end - so that when the water falling to one side shuts the valve and presses the air out into the tube communicating with the fire the valve of the other half the barrel opens and lets in air which is the next turn pressed out by the falling back of the water as before - there being a tube from each of the barrels meeting in one tube near the fire, there is by this means a constant current - one of the gents. [gentlemen] present observed that at Mr. Guest's iron works
at Merthyr Twydvil in South wales, the bellows the largest in existence was a steam engine which pumped up air thro' a large cylinder - I must see these far-famed works -
Then went to the copper furnaces and rollers these are merely for the old copper - all the new copper is bought by contract in sheets ready done - the copper when taken liquid from the furnace in ladles is put into moulds forming plates of perhaps 1 1/2 feet by 1 foot and perhaps 1/4 inch thick - these are eventually rolled out (at twice) into four thin oblongs perhaps 3 1/2 by 1 foot - when rolled out to the last size, they are rubbed over with some acid, put into the furnace till red hot, then suddenly thrown into water on which the outside blackish coating immediately peels off and the copper appears that bright red copper colour we peculiarly call and know by the name of copper colour - inquired but could not learn what was the acid the sheets were mopped over with - they said it was an acid - a particular composition - the sheets were lastly put upon a roller that marked them thickly over with anchors in such sort that it is easy to know government copper -
The man too in passing an old rope pulled out one single green thread from one of the twists or threads of the rope - but mentioning the forges and furnaces I should have said that from the store of anchors we went to the block machinery (very curious) all turned by one centre wheel turned by a steam engine which was partitioned off from us so that we did not see the engine itself (of 50 horse power) - saw a block made from the square piece of Elm (because Elm does not fly off in splinters) to the last finish of the copper-eyed lignum vitæ (because very hard wood) pulley (what did the man call it?) and iron pin which fastens it within the block for the rope to run on - the man who worked the machinery that polished the iron pin was not there that we merely saw the principle of his machinery and how it worked - these 3 men (the Elm man, lignum vitæ man, and iron pin man) during the war made 12,000 blocks a month and supplied the whole navy - they are not in full employ now - tho' they still make for the whole navy - the man shewed us a large new building (enormous almost square span of roof) for making boilers for the government steamers - none yet in hand there - only a few iron tanks to mend -
From the copper furnaces, went on board the Indus 80 gun ship building these 4 or 5 years and still only (I think) the hull done - built on a new principle - diagonal timbers all along her inside in squares diamondwise so that if she strikes, she cannot spring a plank and directly fill with water and go down - 16 or 17 inches thick of timber covering of these diagonal timbers - what an immense machine! what strength! how mighty is man! how mightier far the wave that snaps his work in pieces like a bit of glass! the Indus built partly of English partly of African oak - then pass the Nelson § [Margin - § vide last page] built in India? of teak - has undergone a thorough repair - where laid up smear them all over with a yellowish composition to keep them from dry rot and roof them over to keep the weather from the deck -
The HMS Indus, finally launched from Portsmouth in 1839 [Image Source]
Left the Dock yard at 11 50/.. (no difficulty - had merely rung the bell, and asked to see it) - took boat at 11 55/.. and rowed off to the royal George (of which Lord .. Fitzclarence is Captain) the royal yatch that the late King went to Ireland and Scotland in - has 70 men - 310 tons (I think) - but what ever she is Lord Yarborough's yatch the Falcon lying near, and looking like a man of war, is tentons ten tons more - this last mounts 14 six pounders, and can take care of herself when the guns not mounted the gun carriages fit up as wash-stands! 50 men? the royal yatch a magnificently fitted up vessel - great deal of gilding without - great deal of comfort and luxury within - the rooms or cabins hung with a glazed calico (up these 15 years) that does and looks admirably well - shut-up chairs, the most excellent travelling concerns I ever saw - by Edward Bailey upholsterer etc. to his majesty mount street Grosvenor Square - an admirable wash-stand that holds a bed - capital for any dressing room - these too of Bailey -
From the yatch rowed across to the new victualling offices close to Gosport - we should have had an order to see them? but did not take any pains to get admitted - an enormous brick pile, - a large square projecting part of it towards the water standing on columns - then rowed forward and landed in Cold harbour Gosport - walked along the works, and came in at the far end of High street very good street very soon passed (left) the neat small house of Mr. Titcher and then near it same side the large 3 or 4 story (brick - all the town brick) best house in the town? of Mrs. Page (has been for some time confined to her bed), Mrs. Henry Priestley's uncle and mother -
Went into the handsome market house and reembarked close to there and in about 20 mins. [minutes] rowed off to the Victory the ship on board which Nelson was killed at Trafalgar - saw the spot where he fell - near (close to) the prow skylight - then went down to the 2nd deck (or mid-deck?) where a court martial was sitting admiral Sir John Gore president - Captain Lord ... Fitzclarence sitting, and 4 or 5 more officers at the table - Backhouse (1st. mate?) versus Captain Belcher of the Ætna bomb - Captain B- [Belcher] brought Backhouse to court martial, and then Backhouse brings the captain to ditto for lastly cruelty and unofficer like conduct and and several other charges that went before - 25 mins. [minutes] there - Backhouse seemed giving rather uncertain evidence - within musket shot and clear day yet could not tell whether signals were up or not - hurried off at last because when Backhouse was called on as to the last charge he said he could not repeat the word Captain Belcher used because there were ladies in the court myself and Cameron and a lady or famale [sic] person what shocking nonsense! I waited for no more but hurried off vexed that there should be such humbug should -
The HMS Victory, Lord Nelson’s flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar, can still be seen at the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard [Image Source]
High water now abouts (at 2 1/4 on leaving the Victory) - rowed down to near the entrance to the harbour (about 1/4 mile across) and landed near the round fort that defends it at 2 40/.. - sent home Cameron and George to get all ready for being off, and myself took the guide, and walked round the ramparts - soon came to what they call the King's steps where the King lands, a sort of small squary windowed ornament tower - but a battery? there - and several batteries all along - very strong place - double moated and ramparted - from just beyond the Kings stairs magnificent views of Spithead, Isle of Wight, see Ryde quite plain - Fort Monckton and its barracks, and Haslar hospital and Gosport, Stoke just beyond it, and Anglesea Crescent the Duke of Norfolk began about 2 years ago (2 miles from Gosport - near Stoke) for a watering place, but the work is not going on just now - 'Tis Portsmouth only within the fortifications - beyond these is Southsea (quite a town and Southsea castle a low thick round fort about a mile from the rampart where I stood) - then Portsea where the docks are, then on the other side the harbour Gosport - at high water a mile across - finest harbour in the world - the largest ship ride in safety - but if they should get aground it is only in mud, and the next tide gets them off unhurt - the new custom house a large pile of building, and immense government store houses close by - High street and 1 or 2 more good streets and 2 or 3 pretty good churches in Portsmouth -
Went into bookseller's shop near the George, and bought Portsmouth guide - no plan of the town in it - no plan of it allowed to be published - the George hotel (Guy) High street - very good hotel, and not dear considering - my expenses were more than usual, but I had dinner 4/6 and 2 bottles soda water 1/6 and servants dined I suppose when I sent them back for their expenses were 11/. - my wax lights and good sitting room were 2/6 and beds 5/6 and all that and the rest as usual - back at 3 25/.. -
Settled all and Off from Portsmouth at 3 42/.. - soon passed under the 2 covered ways (arches) and over the 2 wooden bridges - part of the last a drop bridge - still town, Portsea, or Southsea, or something, for a considerable distance the whole backed by the chalk range of Portsdown - at I suppose about 4 miles from Portsmouth (at 4 10/..) pass port's bridge, 2 wooden bridges over 2 canals or fosses and a military station like a french porticoed barrière close (left) by the road - then at 4 1/4 a short distance Portsbridge turnpike and then at 4 1/4 the neat enough little town or good village of Cosham - my once for a moment idea of staying there and taking horses thence to Portsmouth, would not have answered - the George Inn the best apparently is quite like a common Inn, and one at which one would not think of stopping, save on a pinch - at 4 17/.. turn (right) at the end of Cosham down to Havant, a village-like little town - neat enough little place posting Inn, the blackbear - a continued street for some distance - neat little liveable cottages (left) along the road - sea and shipping now and then right - Range of down (good sheep pasture) all along at a little distance (left) - 5 1/2 p.m. late enough for seeing anything now -
Enter Chichester at 5 55/.. - pass the cathedral close (right) - a lengthy, fine enough looking church - then beautiful gothic pinnacled rotunda, or market cross, or what, in the middle of the street and then immediately wide good street and alight at 6 at the Swan hotel - very good small sitting room opening on to balcony towards the street - good bedroom another flight on 2de. [secunde] and very comfortable - tea at 6 1/2 - sat over it till 7 3/4 - musing, as I had been all the way this afternoon and as I have done perpetually since seeing yesterday morning the gothic windows at Cowes -
On the plan for altering Shibden hall so as to make it liveable - put such gothic windows as at Cowes into both gables - take the drawing room end groundfloor and above for bedrooms and dressing rooms - take away my uncles room and butteries leaving only room enough for light stairs - Gothicize the passage like that to the courthouses at Norwich - pull away the kitchen part and parlour and all that instead of which add to the breakfast gable a part to correspond with the present hall and beyond and joined to that another gable extending backwards length enough to allow that is wanted - then taking a light gothic passage off the upper kitchen and likewise off the new hall-corresponding-part and all thro' the new gable everything would be comeatalbe [sic], and there the whole suite of rooms to the south opening into one another - new gable, or drawing room? new hall-corresponding-part, or dining room? present breakfast room enlarged by all the present upper kitchen but enough for gothic passage - present passage gothicized and perhaps heightened and lightened by the present library, present hall thrown up to the roof, and present drawing room fitted up as a French dress bedroom - the present passage would have 4 gothic doors - 2 on each side, at each end - 2 opening into the hall (with billiard table?) and 2 opening the one into the new passage along the upper kitchen etc. the other into the present breakfast room - the ground falls so rapidly to the East, that I think laundries and cellars etc. might all be under the new gable -
Very rain-threatening day but fair - raining heavily now at 10 35/. p.m. and has been for some time - great deal of rain fell during last night, too - Fahrenheit 64°. now at 10 35/.. p.m. at which hour had just done all the above of today - came upstairs at 10 50/.. -
Reference: SH:7/ML/E/14/0132 - SH:7/ML/E/14/0133
#anne lister#anne lister code breaker#gentleman jack#1831#southern england tour#portsmouth#portsmouth dockyard#chichester#HMS Indus#HMS Victory
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Thursday 29 August 1839
[To Ann’s delight, our heroines continue eating their way through the wildfowl of Sweden. Anne practices her Swedish and checks out the local timber, iron, and snuff (was she reminded of Tib?) industries.]
[up at] 6 35/”
[to bed at] 12
fine morning Fahrenheit 61º at 6 50/” at Geffle pronounced (Yaveleh) worst beds we have had – Plo a plough and ploye to plow (employ) dirtiest room and worst supper we have had considering that we had soup and salmon – 1/2 dozen good boiled eggs and bread and butter made up our meal – counting over money – out at 8 1/2 in the town and timber yards along the waters side 1 tree 2 feet diameter where cut off = 220 years 1 ditto 15 yards long 18 to 20 diameter and 12 inches at the small end appears by the circles aetatis 200 years+ the tree seems to make most wood from the age of about 50 to 100? 1 tree 21 yards long 10 or 11 inches diameter small end – 20 to 22 inches bottom end. two or three very good vessels on the stocks. passed a large coarse cloth (sail cloth) weaving room 26 pair looms and passed a snuff manufactory – 8,000 inhabitants says Handbook and that is all the mention of Geffle – the sea comes into the heart of the town up to the bridges in the form of a good river about like the Thames at Richmond, which runs westward some distance and there branches from it a canal or two that seem to surround the town at least on the south side – the principal street seems north and south running thro’ the grands places and several other streets run east and west – good quais and the raff-yards and ship-building and warehouses full of deals run along the other side of the water – of deals outside saw
1 piece 9 yards long would square to two feet
1 ditto 12 “ “ would square to 16 inches
very little oak
came in at 11 a.m.
breakfast at 11 5/” good coffee for Sweden – off from Geffle (Yēfflĕh) at 12 25/” – good town – commerce in wood, gaudron, and transport of iron – 2 fabriques de tabac – one of sail-cloth, and one of serviettes the largest trees, says our horseman, come from about a mile from Gefle, a forest that belongs to the peasants – near Elfkerby – trees there 400-500 years old sold by the ell of length – if the trees large and good (clean – free from knots) sell for 2 1/2 rigsgeld dollars per ell – if less in girth or not so free from knots = 2 rigs dollars per ell – and so on – therefore the 2 large trees (vide the last page) might sell for (supposing the whole length to be 30 yards) 75 rigsdollars = 50 Dollars Banco = between £4 and £5 English? if they have to be brought from Elfkerby – we walked this morning lastly on the south side the river ought to have been on the opposite side where there is a shaded (avenue of largeish trees) broad (public?) walk stretching far down to the river’s mouth – considerably farther than we could well get thro’ the raff-yards – off from Gefle at 12 25/” broad road but much cut up and for the 1st 3/4 hour the worst road we have travelled in Sweden – the post station changed 2 years ago to where it is now i.e. Öby pronounced (eub-beu) Over the door is written as follows in yellow letters on black board in a yellow frame (like a picture frame about 18x14 inches)
Från Öby Gästgifvaregård
i Whahlbo Socken af Gestrikland
Skjutsas till Gefle ------------- 7/8 mil.
-------------- Högbo ------------ 1 3/8
-------------- Fremlingshem --- 1 9/16
Skjuttslegan är 16 S[killing]s milen för hvarje häst-wagns-
lega 2 S[killing]s och kärr lega 1 Skill[ing] banco milen.*
Holear, ostler
gästgifvaregård auberge (guestgive. . . .
gastgifvar, the landlord.
had just written the last page sitting at 1 55/” – the carriage at the door – off at 2 – nice foresty drive – at the forge at Forsbakka at 2 40/” – fonderies and forges – beautiful wooded islandy lake and a fine sheet of water or larger lake below – at a considerably lower level – and large handsome chateau and garden and hot houses – several buildings 2 or 3 large charcoal houses – 2 or 3 buildings where in each one water wheel turns 2 blast furnaces - and and another wheel turns two stamping hammers which beat the iron into bars – two or 3 buildings where they make nails – one or 2 where they were making machinery soufflet blastbellows with joiners shop above – saw only one forge where they were melting the ore – and I peeped into one corn mill 3 pair stones in the one top story I was at the different stories reached by inclined planes of wood outside good picturesque scattered village – everything looks thriving – the baron to be in the iron trade – all who have to do with it seem rich and well chateaued or housed – En route again at 4 10/” – gate just out of the village and pay 9 skillings rigs = 6 skillings banco toll – Rain at 4 1/2 - at Högbo at 5 – poor looking place but alighted to get out of the rain and found the woman very civil and the place much better looking into the court than into the village picturesque little place – several stolpe-bods** – kitchen separate as usual from the Inn part of the house – might sleep there if necessary – Rained but not heavily all the way from 4 to after arriving at Ovanssö at 6 48/” nice looking place – alighted for the night – very clean and comfortable – 2 bedrooms and eating room besides – a wild water fowl and good boiled potatoes and pickled herring and smoked salmon (lax) – good supper – Ann enjoyed the bird – supper over at 8 3/4 – from then till now inking over accounts and inking over pencil in this book till now 10 40/” – finish but dull day till 4 1/2p.m. and then more or less almost ever since – Fahrenheit 60 1/4° now at 11 1/2 p.m.
Anne’s marginal notes:
Forsbakka.
Notes:
*From Öby inn
in Whahlbo parish of Gestrikland
Transport to Gefle ------------- 7/8 mile
-------------- Högbo ------------ 1 3/8
-------------- Fremlingshem --- 1 9/16
Transport fee is 16 S[killing]s per mile for each horse, fee for four-wheeled vehicle 2 sk[illings], fee for two-wheeled vehicle 1 skill[ing] banco per mile
**stolpebod - a storage hut erected on posts
(many thanks to Ylva Nilson for translation help!)
WYAS pages: SH:7/ML/TR/13/0014 SH:7/ML/TR/13/0015
A stolpebod dating to the 18th century (photo by Håkan Svensson) :
Gävle, north harbour:
#anne lister#ann walker#travelnotes1839#sweden1839#anne lister code breaker#gentleman jack#annelister#annwalker
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Sunday, 23 February 1840
6 50/’’
11
Jumped up all ready dressed as I was – Had given orders to be off at 7 – Breakfast – Over now at 7 3/4 and all nearly ready for being off – Off at 8 – Spask a poorish little village-town with one or two goodish looking brick buildings – Reaumur -20º at 7 1/2 a.m.? the Courier came and said -12º but -20 probable as it was Reaumur -15 lying in the open doorway (upon the cloaks) in the Kibitka at 9 a.m. – We passed thro’ a village and near a large lake before 9 –
Snow fell during last night which made it warmer this morning and driving small snow now at 9 almost till arrived at Bolgari at 9 50/’’ (but afterwards very fine) a long line of village on ridge of high ground, and we drove upon a steep pitch just before entering the village from the marais-like plain below over which we had passed – This marais running forwards between the village and the Kama, but the water (in flood time never coming nearer than 1/2 verst from the village which tho’ seeming on a high ridge as we approached it from the North seemed a flat plain but sloping westwards towards the Kama and Volga which meet 4 v.[versts] South of the village and not much raised above them apparently – But the water-like surface near the village our landlord said not a lake the village beautifully situated – 2 rooms in the little Post House – The 1st we went into had the family a largeish calf, &c. &c. – The other room very small with a stove oven in it –
But we left our cloaks and writing desks, and sac &c. and were out at 10 1/4 to see the village and its interesting remains of the olden time – The place supposed to have been destroyed by Ivan IV in the 16th century about 1552 on or after the taking of Kazan – The village runs in a long like from North to South – The Post House near the North end – A little farther South is the church – We went in for a minute or 2 – Service – 2 priests, the one of them at least in common white sheepskin Shube like all the peasants but whitish and like a newish and good one – The church low – Iconostase ∴[therefore] low in the usual style but less handsome – But a good village church – the prestole under the great and only dome the iconostase hiding all appearance of dome from those in the church – The clocher is close tothe entrance of the church, and leans Pisawise to the Eastward as does ditto ditto the high old round Tower 60 or 80 yards off farther South -
73 onefootsteps within the Tower and 6 steps up to the door at the top of the square basement without – The whole interior of the Tower taken up by the spiral staircase – The circle at the top is probably about 4 ft.[feet] in diameter or rather more 3 people may stand well enough the opening of the stairs occupying the 4th quarter of the circle which the Armenians have roofed over with an extinguisher like metal-plate top painted a dark colour drab or something I did not sufficiently observe what –
This Tower and its lower companion about a verst off? to the North East roofed in the same manner but the latter with a wood-balustrade balcony round it about 2 ft.[feet] lower than the eves of the roof – These 2 round towers the 1st about 76 to 78 ft.[feet] high, and the 2d.[2nd] (43 steps high + 8 steps of 2 little ladders into the roof inside and about 6 outside) 46 to 48 ft.[feet] high, evidently used as minarets? (to the mosques adjoining) from which the Mollahs called to service – Remains of a considerable square building close to the 1st Tower and other remains near it, more like little square based octangular towers or domes, or what not –
Near the 2d.[2nd] tower a considerable remain of one of these little square based 8tangular[octangular] domed buildings with some additional remains adjoining and close to it and the 2d.[2nd] Tower a wood railed off little square enclosure said to be where some great Tartar chief or saint was buried – And here the Tartars of Kazan come to pray – Come on pilgrimage, as the Russians go to Troitza – The Tatars repaired and white washed these towers last year – There is one Armenian inscription (over the door) remaining on the 1st tower, and one on the 2d.[2nd] tower on one side of the door over a sort of window-like nice in the square basement of the tower which basement might have been a burying place – As might also have been the square basement of the first tower but no appearance of niche or window into this last –
A lithograph of the two towers of Bolgar in the 19th century and photos of the same towers after the restoration. (Excerpt from Daniel C. Waugh’s paper.)
From both the Towers fine view – 20 minutes looking out of the 2 windows in the extinguisher top of the 1st Tower – Did not go up the 2 little 4 step ladders into the roof of the 2d.[2nd] Tower because they were too thick-laid with pigeon dirt – A good deal on some parts of the staircase of the other Tower – The 2d.[2nd] Tower must be at least a verst from the 1st – The ground covered with snow, it took us some time to get across –
In going passed several little stolpebods on low pillars – Stolpebods here called Enbar (in which the grain &c. is kept – And passed thro’ one of the enclosures called Toque in which the people thrash out of doors in fine weather, and under conical sort of hut in bad weather and adjoining this covered thrashing floor and under the sac roof is the place called Avêne where they dry the corn having first made a fire under the floor of it so that it is heated like an oven – These places frequently take fire and are the cause of burning down whole villages – They ought (said George) to be défendus – We saw several as we came along the smoke issuing generally thro’ the thatch of the roof – I had taken these for baths –
From the 2d.[2nd] Tower (left it at 12) the village seems situated on a large plain surrounding by Volga and Kama at 4 versts off – About 1/3 mile distant (to the South) close to 11 windmills (3 more quite at the South end of the village) is the most perfect remain except the 2 Towers – Built in 3 grades – 2 square, then one more (8tagonoctagon on going up to it) and then the stone dome roof – To the left of this remain perhaps 300 or 400 yards or 1/2 verst? (not more?) is the remain a Palace according to Mr. Froehn – Baths according to others – Prison according to Mr. Turnerelli –
The view from this 2d.[2nd] Tower very interesting – More some than from the other – One better sees the line of old fosse old mound? Fortification of the ancient ville, now marked off by a row of young trees looking like a sort of hedge had the old Town as much as a couple of miles length of fortification from end to end, North to South? The plain on which the village stands is surrounded by the wooded mountain-breaky, steep, high, right bank of the Volga on the West and a dark line of forest sweeping all round on the East, and behind this forest a line fords and a line of hill right bank of Kama? rising up to the horizon – The village very picturesque the situation fine – Must be beautiful in summer – Traces of fosse or walls all round the old town – 1/4 from the 2d.[2nd] Tower to the farthest remain the Palace of Foehn and prison of Turnerelli –
The annexed is the ground plan but there seems to have been something more on the side e – Each vaulted arm of the cross, bbbb, about 10 ft.[feet] square and about 13 ft.[feet] high to the crown of the arch – The crown of the dome a perhaps 18 or 19 ft.[feet] high (all inside measure) the dome of stone – The roof of all the rest stone covered over with soil and grass – The four corners cccc are each entered from the dome by a little pointed arch door – All the door-ways pointed arch – Built of lime stone compacte and cellulaire like the calcaire quartzeuse common stone rough building stone at Paris – (cellulaire, tuffa-like) with organic remains – The external square that I have dotted seems to have been a large square basement upon the building stood – The 4 corners, cccc, were little domes –
Then to the remain sketched first – About 7 yards square within – Door into the crypt from the North – Steps (all gone) up to the door (South) into the Mosque? One square story up to the hollowed angular corners from which springs the octagon neck of the dome – (vide the old Byzantine style church at Avignon) – All the monuments built of pierre calcaire – A-[Ann] apparently starved and tired –
The structure sketched by Anne. (Photo Source: Wikimedia Commons)
Came in at 1 1/4 – The best house in the village (all log-houses) and a neat little place, is the Curé’s – The next best is the Deacons – And perhaps the next best is the little Post House – Went to the Curé’s – Not at home – Had some women with old coins found in the ruins of Bolgari – The whole village seems built on a substratum of ruins – But nobody came to offer to sell any coins, till I had desired to have them – Gave what I liked for 8 little copper coins Silver Kopek 25. and two little silver coins 30. and one little silver coin boiled in ashes and thus whitened and cleaned 20. (the girl of the house asked this and I gave it) –
The ruins of the old fort of Bolgar in a lithograph by Pavel Svinin.
Off from Bolgari at 2 10/’’ – At the Volga at 3 20/’’ with its steep right bank – High and broken into little picturesque bare of wood gorges – Not much snow at Bolgari – The ground bare in several places – And not much depth of snow all along afterwards – Only just enough for getting us along – Crossed the Volga in 7 or 8 minutes and then a stand at the huts along the waters edge – I fancied we were going to change horses – Parley about the distance could not have come 22 versts – No! 4 v.[versts] farther up to the top of the hill and Tetiuschi chiefly (says Schnitzler) inhabited by Tatars – The steep pull up took us about barely 10 minutes till 3 3/4 and at the Post-House in the nice little town at 3 55/’’ – Four little versts from the Volga! Parley what to do –
Leave the auberge – Go down the Town (nice looking church high in the Town) for horses to go forwards – To where? 82 v.[versts] from here to Simbirsk by Tarchany 110 by Buinsk where the Courier wanted to go to get into the high road and be sure of horses – 40 v.[versts] from here to B-[Buinsk] 30 from here to T-[Tarchany] If I must go to B-[Buinsk] would go directly – But would drink tea here – Got here at back again at 4 10/’’ – At 1st George said there was only one room for us all – At last we got a nice little room to ourselves and George coming in to say we should get horses, tho’ tomorrow is post day (extra post day – quick – for letters only) – At Tarchany tomorrow (backwards and forwards work about all this) I immediately determined to stay all night and be off at 7 a.m. tomorrow to breakfast at 6 1/2 –
Very comfortable here – Butter but rather salted – Excellent honey not travaillé (not wrought up and mixed with farine and whitened) but good natural yellow honey at -/50 per lb. – Tea soon after or at 5 – We had lost 1/2 hour in all the pother about to go or not to go – Beds arranged and sat down to my writing at 6 1/2 – Had Domna to do my hair at 9 1/2 – Reaumur -12º dehors at 9 p.m. – Very fine day from about before 10 a.m. – Just written so far now at 10 20/’’ p.m. – Washed a little &c. &c. 11 before I lay down quite undressed in Chalat –
versts
8 to 9 50/’’ Spask to Bolgari 23
2 10/’’ to 3 55/’’ B-[Bolgari] to Tetiuschi 22
[in the margin of the page:] Bolgari
[in the margin of the page:] Bolgari
[in the margin of the page:] Evidently a Mosque?
[in the margin of the page:] there was a crypt beneath the door entered by a door on the opposite side
[in the margin of the page:] Bolgari
[in the margin of the page:] Tetiuschi
Page References: SH:7/ML/E/24/0021 SH:7/ML/E/24/0022 SH:7/ML/E/24/0023
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TWO HUNDRED FIFTY THINGS AN ARCHITECT SHOULD KNOW
Michael Sorkin
1. The feel of cool marble under bare feet.
2. How to live in a small room with five strangers for six months.
3. With the same strangers in a lifeboat for one week.
4. The modulus of rupture.
5. The distance a shout carries in the city.
6. The distance of a whisper.
7. Everything possible about Hatshepsut’s temple (try not to see it as ‘modernist’ avant la lettre).
8. The number of people with rent subsidies in New York City.
9. In your town (include the rich).
10. The flowering season for azaleas.
11. The insulating properties of glass.
12. The history of its production and use.
13. And of its meaning.
14. How to lay bricks.
15. What Victor Hugo really meant by ‘this will kill that.’
16. The rate at which the seas are rising.
17. Building information modeling (BIM).
18. How to unclog a Rapidograph.
19. The Gini coefficient.
20. A comfortable tread-to-riser ratio for a six-year-old.
21. In a wheelchair.
22. The energy embodied in aluminum.
23. How to turn a corner.
24. How to design a corner.
25. How to sit in a corner.
26. How Antoni Gaudí modeled the Sagrada Família and calculated its structure.
27. The proportioning system for the Villa Rotonda.
28. The rate at which that carpet you specified off-gasses.
29. The relevant sections of the Code of Hammurabi.
30. The migratory patterns of warblers and other seasonal travellers.
31. The basics of mud construction.
32. The direction of prevailing winds.
33. Hydrology is destiny.
34. Jane Jacobs in and out.
35. Something about feng shui.
36. Something about Vastu Shilpa.
37. Elementary ergonomics.
38. The color wheel.
39. What the client wants.
40. What the client thinks it wants.
41. What the client needs.
42. What the client can afford.
43. What the planet can afford.
44. The theoretical bases for modernity and a great deal about its factions and inflections.
45. What post-Fordism means for the mode of production of building.
46. Another language.
47. What the brick really wants.
48. The difference between Winchester Cathedral and a bicycle shed.
49. What went wrong in Fatehpur Sikri.
50. What went wrong in Pruitt-Igoe.
51. What went wrong with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.
52. Where the CCTV cameras are.
53. Why Mies really left Germany.
54. How people lived in Çatal Hüyük.
55. The structural properties of tufa.
56. How to calculate the dimensions of brise-soleil.
57. The kilowatt costs of photovoltaic cells.
58. Vitruvius.
59. Walter Benjamin.
60. Marshall Berman.
61. The secrets of the success of Robert Moses.
62. How the dome on the Duomo in Florence was built.
63. The reciprocal influences of Chinese and Japanese building.
64. The cycle of the Ise Shrine.
65. Entasis.
66. The history of Soweto.
67. What it’s like to walk down the Ramblas.
68. Back-up.
69. The proper proportions of a gin martini.
70. Shear and moment.
71. Shakespeare, et cetera.
72. How the crow flies.
73. The difference between a ghetto and a neighborhood.
74. How the pyramids were built.
75. Why.
76. The pleasures of the suburbs.
77. The horrors.
78. The quality of light passing through ice.
79. The meaninglessness of borders.
80. The reasons for their tenacity.
81. The creativity of the ecotone.
82. The need for freaks.
83. Accidents must happen.
84. It is possible to begin designing anywhere.
85. The smell of concrete after rain.
86. The angle of the sun at the equinox.
87. How to ride a bicycle.
88. The depth of the aquifer beneath you.
89. The slope of a handicapped ramp.
90. The wages of construction workers.
91. Perspective by hand.
92. Sentence structure.
93. The pleasure of a spritz at sunset at a table by the Grand Canal.
94. The thrill of the ride.
95. Where materials come from.
96. How to get lost.
97. The pattern of artificial light at night, seen from space.
98. What human differences are defensible in practice.
99. Creation is a patient search.
100. The debate between Otto Wagner and Camillo Sitte.
101. The reasons for the split between architecture and engineering.
102. Many ideas about what constitutes utopia.
103. The social and formal organization of the villages of the Dogon.
104. Brutalism, Bowellism, and the Baroque.
105. How to dérive.
106. Woodshop safety.
107. A great deal about the Gothic.
108. The architectural impact of colonialism on the cities of North Africa.
109. A distaste for imperialism.
110. The history of Beijing.
111. Dutch domestic architecture in the 17th century.
112. Aristotle’s Politics.
113. His Poetics.
114. The basics of wattle and daub.
115. The origins of the balloon frame.
116. The rate at which copper acquires its patina.
117. The levels of particulates in the air of Tianjin.
118. The capacity of white pine trees to sequester carbon.
119. Where else to sink it.
120. The fire code.
121. The seismic code.
122. The health code.
123. The Romantics, throughout the arts and philosophy.
124. How to listen closely.
125. That there is a big danger in working in a single medium. The logjam you don’t even know you’re stuck in will be broken by a shift in representation.
126. The exquisite corpse.
127. Scissors, stone, paper.
128. Good Bordeaux.
129. Good beer.
130. How to escape a maze.
131. QWERTY.
132. Fear.
133. Finding your way around Prague, Fez, Shanghai, Johannesburg, Kyoto, Rio, Mexico, Solo, Benares, Bangkok, Leningrad, Isfahan.
134. The proper way to behave with interns.
135. Maya, Revit, Catia, whatever.
136. The history of big machines, including those that can fly.
137. How to calculate ecological footprints.
138. Three good lunch spots within walking distance.
139. The value of human life.
140. Who pays.
141. Who profits.
142. The Venturi effect.
143. How people pee.
144. What to refuse to do, even for the money.
145. The fine print in the contract.
146. A smattering of naval architecture.
147. The idea of too far.
148. The idea of too close.
149. Burial practices in a wide range of cultures.
150. The density needed to support a pharmacy.
151. The density needed to support a subway.
152. The effect of the design of your city on food miles for fresh produce.
153. Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes.
154. Capability Brown, André Le Nôtre, Frederick Law Olmsted, Muso Soseki, Ji Cheng, and Roberto Burle Marx.
155. Constructivism, in and out.
156. Sinan.
157. Squatter settlements via visits and conversations with residents.
158. The history and techniques of architectural representation across cultures.
159. Several other artistic media.
160. A bit of chemistry and physics.
161. Geodesics.
162. Geodetics.
163. Geomorphology.
164. Geography.
165. The Law of the Andes.
166. Cappadocia first-hand.
167. The importance of the Amazon.
168. How to patch leaks.
169. What makes you happy.
170. The components of a comfortable environment for sleep.
171. The view from the Acropolis.
172. The way to Santa Fe.
173. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
174. Where to eat in Brooklyn.
175. Half as much as a London cabbie.
176. The Nolli Plan.
177. The Cerdà Plan.
178. The Haussmann Plan.
179. Slope analysis.
180. Darkroom procedures and Photoshop.
181. Dawn breaking after a bender.
182. Styles of genealogy and taxonomy.
183. Betty Friedan.
184. Guy Debord.
185. Ant Farm.
186. Archigram.
187. Club Med.
188. Crepuscule in Dharamshala.
189. Solid geometry.
190. Strengths of materials (if only intuitively).
191. Ha Long Bay.
192. What’s been accomplished in Medellín.
193. In Rio.
194. In Calcutta.
195. In Curitiba.
196. In Mumbai.
197. Who practices? (It is your duty to secure this space for all who want to.)
198. Why you think architecture does any good.
199. The depreciation cycle.
200. What rusts.
201. Good model-making techniques in wood and cardboard.
202. How to play a musical instrument.
203. Which way the wind blows.
204. The acoustical properties of trees and shrubs.
205. How to guard a house from floods.
206. The connection between the Suprematists and Zaha.
207. The connection between Oscar Niemeyer and Zaha.
208. Where north (or south) is.
209. How to give directions, efficiently and courteously.
210. Stadtluft macht frei.
211. Underneath the pavement the beach.
212. Underneath the beach the pavement.
213. The germ theory of disease.
214. The importance of vitamin D.
215. How close is too close.
216. The capacity of a bioswale to recharge the aquifer.
217. The draught of ferries.
218. Bicycle safety and etiquette.
219. The difference between gabions and riprap.
220. The acoustic performance of Boston Symphony Hall.
221. How to open the window.
222. The diameter of the earth.
223. The number of gallons of water used in a shower.
224. The distance at which you can recognize faces.
225. How and when to bribe public officials (for the greater good).
226. Concrete finishes.
227. Brick bonds.
228. The Housing Question by Friedrich Engels.
229. The prismatic charms of Greek island towns.
230. The energy potential of the wind.
231. The cooling potential of the wind, including the use of chimneys and the stack effect.
232. Paestum.
233. Straw-bale building technology.
234. Rachel Carson.
235. Freud.
236. The excellence of Michel de Klerk.
237. Of Alvar Aalto.
238. Of Lina Bo Bardi.
239. The non-pharmacological components of a good club.
240. Mesa Verde National Park.
241. Chichen Itza.
242. Your neighbors.
243. The dimensions and proper orientation of sports fields.
244. The remediation capacity of wetlands.
245. The capacity of wetlands to attenuate storm surges.
246. How to cut a truly elegant section.
247. The depths of desire.
248. The heights of folly.
249. Low tide.
250. The Golden and other ratios.
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99 Science Facts
1. The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second.
2. It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun’s surface to the Earth.
3. In October 1999 the 6 billionth person was born.
4. 10 percent of all human beings ever born are alive at this very moment.
5. The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.
6. Every year over one million earthquakes shake the Earth.
7. The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1 kg and fell in Bangladesh in 1986.
8. Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth.
9. Every year lightning kills 1000 people.
10. In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf.
11. If you could drive your car straight up you would arrive in space in just over an hour.
12. All the hydrogen atoms in our bodies were created 12 billion years ago in the Big Bang.
13. The Earth is 4.56 billion years old…the same age as the Moon and the Sun.
14. The dinosaurs became extinct before the Rockies or the Alps were formed.
15. Female black widow spiders eat their males after mating.
16. When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20 times that of the space shuttle during launch.
17. The earliest wine makers lived in Egypt around 2300 BC.
18. If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest star would be 445 miles away.
19. The Australian billy goat plum contains 100 times more vitamin C than an orange.
20. Astronauts cannot belch - there is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.
21. The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029 feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.
22. One million, million, million, million, millionth of a second after the Big Bang the Universe was the size of a …pea.
23. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss Friedrich Mieschler.
24. The molecular structure of DNA was first determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.
25. The thermometer was invented in 1607 by Galileo.
26. Englishman Roger Bacon invented the magnifying glass in 1250.
27. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.
28. Wilhelm Rontgen won the first Nobel Prize for physics for discovering X-rays in 1895.
29. The tallest tree ever was an Australian eucalyptus - In 1872 it was measured at 435 feet tall.
30. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 - the patient lived for 18 days.
31. The wingspan of a Boeing 747 is longer than the Wright brother’s first flight.
32. An electric eel can produce a shock of up to 650 volts.
33. Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m.
34. Chimps can understand 300 different signs.
35. The Ebola virus kills 4 out of every 5 humans it infects.
36. In 5 billion years the Sun will run out of fuel and turn into a Red Giant.
37. Without its lining of mucus your stomach would digest itself.
38. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.
39. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body.
40. An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.
41. On the day that Alexander Graham Bell was buried the entire US telephone system was shut down for 1 minute in tribute.
42. The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature.
43. The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away.
44. A quarter of the world’s plants are threatened with extinction by the year 2010.
45. Each person sheds 40lbs of skin in his or her lifetime.
46. At 15 inches the eyes of giant squids are the largest on the planet.
47. The largest galaxies contain a million, million stars.
48. The Universe contains over 100 billion galaxies.
49. Wounds infested with maggots heal quickly and without spread of gangrene or other infection.
50. More germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing.
51. The longest glacier in Antarctica, the Almbert glacier, is 250 miles long and 40 miles wide.
52. The fastest speed a falling raindrop can hit you is 18mph.
53. A salmon-rich, low cholesterol diet means that Inuits rarely suffer from heart disease.
54. Inbreeding causes 3 out of every 10 Dalmation dogs to suffer from hearing disability.
55. The world’s smallest winged insect, the Tanzanian parasitic wasp, is smaller than the eye of a housefly.
56. If the Sun were the size of a beach ball then Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball and the Earth would be as small as a pea.
57. It would take over an hour for a heavy object to sink 6.7 miles down to the deepest part of the ocean.
58. There are more living organisms on the skin of each human than there are humans on the surface of the earth.
59. The grey whale migrates 12,500 miles from the Artic to Mexico and back every year.
60. Quasars emit more energy than 100 giant galaxies.
61. Quasars are the most distant objects in the Universe.
62. The Saturn V rocket which carried man to the Moon develops power equivalent to fifty 747 jumbo jets.
63. Koalas sleep an average of 22 hours a day, two hours more than the sloth.
64. Light would take .13 seconds to travel around the Earth.
65. Neutron stars are so dense that a teaspoonful would weigh more than all the people on Earth.
66. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth.
67. Every hour the Universe expands by a billion miles in all directions.
68. Somewhere in the flicker of a badly tuned TV set is the background radiation from the Big Bang.
69. The temperature in Antarctica plummets as low as -35 degrees Celsius.
70. Space debris travels through space at over 18,000 mph.
71. The International Space Station weighs about 500 tons and is the same size as a football field.
72. Astronauts brought back about 800 pounds of lunar rock to Earth. Most of it has not been analyzed.
73. Tuberculosis is the biggest global killer of women.
74. Hummingbirds consume half of their body weight in food every day.
75. Some species of bamboo grow at a rate of 3ft per day.
76. Saturn would float if you could find an ocean big enough.
77. The highest recorded train speed is 320.2 mph by the TGV train in France.
78. The highest speed ever achieved on a bicycle is 166.94 mph by Fred Rompelburg.
79. The research spacecraft Helios B came within a record 27 million miles of the Sun.
80. 65 million years ago the impact of an asteroid is estimated to have had the power of 10 million H-Bombs.
81. The temperature at the centre of the Earth is estimated to be 5500 degrees Celsius.
82. Argentia in Newfoundland has an average 206 days of fog each year.
83. Mount Waiale’ale in Hawaii is the rainiest place in the world and has 335 rainy days a year.
84. 68% of all UFO sightings are by men.
85. 15% of the world’s fresh water flows down the Amazon.
86. A cat has 32 sets of muscles in each ear.
87. Over two-thirds of people admit to urinating while in public swimming pools.
88. More people die of heart attacks on Monday than on any other day of the week.
89. Beetles are the strongest animals on Earth relative to their size. A rhinoceros beetle can carry 850 times its own weight in its back.
90. In 1961 the Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in Space.
91. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
92. In 1885 Karl Benz built the first car powered by an internal combustion engine.
93. Scotsman John Baird invented the Baird televisor (now the television) in 1925.
94. Io, one of Jupiter’s moons, is the most volcanically active place in the Solar System.
95. The Walkman was launched in Japan by Sony in 1979.
96. Traffic lights with red and green gas lights were first introduced in London in 1868. Unfortunately, they exploded and killed a policeman. The first successful system was installed in Cleveland, Ohio in 1914.
97. Ticks are second only to the mosquito as the most dangerous parasites to humans.
98. 3 billion of the world’s 6 billion population are under the age of 25.
99. Infant mortality in 1900 was 142 in 1000 births. By 2000 it had reduced to just 6 in every 1000.
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TWO HUNDRED FIFTY THINGS AN ARCHITECT SHOULD KNOW
Michael Sorkin
1. The feel of cool marble under bare feet.
2. How to live in a small room with five strangers for six months.
3. With the same strangers in a lifeboat for one week.
4. The modulus of rupture.
5. The distance a shout carries in the city.
6. The distance of a whisper.
7. Everything possible about Hatshepsut’s temple (try not to see it as ‘modernist’ avant la lettre).
8. The number of people with rent subsidies in New York City.
9. In your town (include the rich).
10. The flowering season for azaleas.
11. The insulating properties of glass.
12. The history of its production and use.
13. And of its meaning.
14. How to lay bricks.
15. What Victor Hugo really meant by ‘this will kill that.’
16. The rate at which the seas are rising.
17. Building information modeling (BIM).
18. How to unclog a Rapidograph.
19. The Gini coefficient.
20. A comfortable tread-to-riser ratio for a six-year-old.
21. In a wheelchair.
22. The energy embodied in aluminum.
23. How to turn a corner.
24. How to design a corner.
25. How to sit in a corner.
26. How Antoni Gaudí modeled the Sagrada Família and calculated its structure.
27. The proportioning system for the Villa Rotonda.
28. The rate at which that carpet you specified off-gasses.
29. The relevant sections of the Code of Hammurabi.
30. The migratory patterns of warblers and other seasonal travellers.
31. The basics of mud construction.
32. The direction of prevailing winds.
33. Hydrology is destiny.
34. Jane Jacobs in and out.
35. Something about feng shui.
36. Something about Vastu Shilpa.
37. Elementary ergonomics.
38. The color wheel.
39. What the client wants.
40. What the client thinks it wants.
41. What the client needs.
42. What the client can afford.
43. What the planet can afford.
44. The theoretical bases for modernity and a great deal about its factions and inflections.
45. What post-Fordism means for the mode of production of building.
46. Another language.
47. What the brick really wants.
48. The difference between Winchester Cathedral and a bicycle shed.
49. What went wrong in Fatehpur Sikri.
50. What went wrong in Pruitt-Igoe.
51. What went wrong with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.
52. Where the CCTV cameras are.
53. Why Mies really left Germany.
Upto #53 ready reckoner here: https://adamachrati.wordpress.com/category/sorkin-250/
54. How people lived in Çatal Hüyük.
55. The structural properties of tufa.
56. How to calculate the dimensions of brise-soleil.
57. The kilowatt costs of photovoltaic cells.
58. Vitruvius.
59. Walter Benjamin.
60. Marshall Berman.
61. The secrets of the success of Robert Moses.
62. How the dome on the Duomo in Florence was built.
63. The reciprocal influences of Chinese and Japanese building.
64. The cycle of the Ise Shrine.
65. Entasis.
66. The history of Soweto.
67. What it’s like to walk down the Ramblas.
68. Back-up.
69. The proper proportions of a gin martini.
70. Shear and moment.
71. Shakespeare, et cetera.
72. How the crow flies.
73. The difference between a ghetto and a neighborhood.
74. How the pyramids were built.
75. Why.
76. The pleasures of the suburbs.
77. The horrors.
78. The quality of light passing through ice.
79. The meaninglessness of borders.
80. The reasons for their tenacity.
81. The creativity of the ecotone.
82. The need for freaks.
83. Accidents must happen.
84. It is possible to begin designing anywhere.
85. The smell of concrete after rain.
86. The angle of the sun at the equinox.
87. How to ride a bicycle.
88. The depth of the aquifer beneath you.
89. The slope of a handicapped ramp.
90. The wages of construction workers.
91. Perspective by hand.
92. Sentence structure.
93. The pleasure of a spritz at sunset at a table by the Grand Canal.
94. The thrill of the ride.
95. Where materials come from.
96. How to get lost.
97. The pattern of artificial light at night, seen from space.
98. What human differences are defensible in practice.
99. Creation is a patient search.
100. The debate between Otto Wagner and Camillo Sitte.
101. The reasons for the split between architecture and engineering.
102. Many ideas about what constitutes utopia.
103. The social and formal organization of the villages of the Dogon.
104. Brutalism, Bowellism, and the Baroque.
105. How to dérive.
106. Woodshop safety.
107. A great deal about the Gothic.
108. The architectural impact of colonialism on the cities of North Africa.
109. A distaste for imperialism.
110. The history of Beijing.
111. Dutch domestic architecture in the 17th century.
112. Aristotle’s Politics.
113. His Poetics.
114. The basics of wattle and daub.
115. The origins of the balloon frame.
116. The rate at which copper acquires its patina.
117. The levels of particulates in the air of Tianjin.
118. The capacity of white pine trees to sequester carbon.
119. Where else to sink it.
120. The fire code.
121. The seismic code.
122. The health code.
123. The Romantics, throughout the arts and philosophy.
124. How to listen closely.
125. That there is a big danger in working in a single medium. The logjam you don’t even know you’re stuck in will be broken by a shift in representation.
126. The exquisite corpse.
127. Scissors, stone, paper.
128. Good Bordeaux.
129. Good beer.
130. How to escape a maze.
131. QWERTY.
132. Fear.
133. Finding your way around Prague, Fez, Shanghai, Johannesburg, Kyoto, Rio, Mexico, Solo, Benares, Bangkok, Leningrad, Isfahan.
134. The proper way to behave with interns.
135. Maya, Revit, Catia, whatever.
136. The history of big machines, including those that can fly.
137. How to calculate ecological footprints.
138. Three good lunch spots within walking distance.
139. The value of human life.
140. Who pays.
141. Who profits.
142. The Venturi effect.
143. How people pee.
144. What to refuse to do, even for the money.
145. The fine print in the contract.
146. A smattering of naval architecture.
147. The idea of too far.
148. The idea of too close.
149. Burial practices in a wide range of cultures.
150. The density needed to support a pharmacy.
151. The density needed to support a subway.
152. The effect of the design of your city on food miles for fresh produce.
153. Lewis Mumford and Patrick Geddes.
154. Capability Brown, André Le Nôtre, Frederick Law Olmsted, Muso Soseki, Ji Cheng, and Roberto Burle Marx.
155. Constructivism, in and out.
156. Sinan.
157. Squatter settlements via visits and conversations with residents.
158. The history and techniques of architectural representation across cultures.
159. Several other artistic media.
160. A bit of chemistry and physics.
161. Geodesics.
162. Geodetics.
163. Geomorphology.
164. Geography.
165. The Law of the Andes.
166. Cappadocia first-hand.
167. The importance of the Amazon.
168. How to patch leaks.
169. What makes you happy.
170. The components of a comfortable environment for sleep.
171. The view from the Acropolis.
172. The way to Santa Fe.
173. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
174. Where to eat in Brooklyn.
175. Half as much as a London cabbie.
176. The Nolli Plan.
177. The Cerdà Plan.
178. The Haussmann Plan.
179. Slope analysis.
180. Darkroom procedures and Photoshop.
181. Dawn breaking after a bender.
182. Styles of genealogy and taxonomy.
183. Betty Friedan.
184. Guy Debord.
185. Ant Farm.
186. Archigram.
187. Club Med.
188. Crepuscule in Dharamshala.
189. Solid geometry.
190. Strengths of materials (if only intuitively).
191. Ha Long Bay.
192. What’s been accomplished in Medellín.
193. In Rio.
194. In Calcutta.
195. In Curitiba.
196. In Mumbai.
197. Who practices? (It is your duty to secure this space for all who want to.)
198. Why you think architecture does any good.
199. The depreciation cycle.
200. What rusts.
201. Good model-making techniques in wood and cardboard.
202. How to play a musical instrument.
203. Which way the wind blows.
204. The acoustical properties of trees and shrubs.
205. How to guard a house from floods.
206. The connection between the Suprematists and Zaha.
207. The connection between Oscar Niemeyer and Zaha.
208. Where north (or south) is.
209. How to give directions, efficiently and courteously.
210. Stadtluft macht frei.
211. Underneath the pavement the beach.
212. Underneath the beach the pavement.
213. The germ theory of disease.
214. The importance of vitamin D.
215. How close is too close.
216. The capacity of a bioswale to recharge the aquifer.
217. The draught of ferries.
218. Bicycle safety and etiquette.
219. The difference between gabions and riprap.
220. The acoustic performance of Boston Symphony Hall.
221. How to open the window.
222. The diameter of the earth.
223. The number of gallons of water used in a shower.
224. The distance at which you can recognize faces.
225. How and when to bribe public officials (for the greater good).
226. Concrete finishes.
227. Brick bonds.
228. The Housing Question by Friedrich Engels.
229. The prismatic charms of Greek island towns.
230. The energy potential of the wind.
231. The cooling potential of the wind, including the use of chimneys and the stack effect.
232. Paestum.
233. Straw-bale building technology.
234. Rachel Carson.
235. Freud.
236. The excellence of Michel de Klerk.
237. Of Alvar Aalto.
238. Of Lina Bo Bardi.
239. The non-pharmacological components of a good club.
240. Mesa Verde National Park.
241. Chichen Itza.
242. Your neighbors.
243. The dimensions and proper orientation of sports fields.
244. The remediation capacity of wetlands.
245. The capacity of wetlands to attenuate storm surges.
246. How to cut a truly elegant section.
247. The depths of desire.
248. The heights of folly.
249. Low tide.
250. The Golden and other ratios.
Published in: Michael Sorkin, What Goes Up, London: Verso, 2018.
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F250 With 295%2f65r20
Plus Sizes
295 65r20 Toyo Mt
295 60 R20 F150
F250 With 295/65r20
295 65r20 All Terrain Tires
295 65 R20 Tires
Sterling 10.25 Specs
295 65r20 Toyo At2
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255/75-16
Nitto Trail Grappler M/T Radial Tire - 295/65R20 129Q. 4.7 out of 5 stars 13. Cooper Evolution M/T All-Season 35X12.50R20LT 121Q Tire. 4.5 out of 5 stars 87. 29 $373.00 $373.00. Get it as soon as Mon, May 17. FREE Shipping by Amazon. Nitto Ridge Grappler all Season Radial Tire-35x11.50R20 124E.
35' Maximum tire diameter. 35x12.50 for no rub on a 9' wide wheel with 0 offset. 18' - 315/70R18. 20' - 295/65R20 / 325/60R20. 22' - 35X12.5R22. When lifting a vehicle and installing aftermarket wheels and tires, a tire manufacturer's construction and material quality can alter vehicle ride quality.
295/65-R20 tires are 1.02 inches (26 mm) larger in diameter than 275/65-R20 tires and the speedometer difference is 2.9%.
Side by sideOverlay
295/65-2035/12.5-20DifferenceDiameter inches (mm)35.1 (891.5)35.02 (889.6)-0.07 (-1.9) -0.2%Width inches (mm)11.61 (295)12.52 (318)0.91 (23) 7.8%Circum. inches (mm)110.26 (2800.73)110.03 (2794.76)-0.24 (-5.97) -0.2%Sidewall Height inches (mm)7.55 (191.75)7.51 (190.8)-0.04 (-0.95) -0.5%Revolutions per mile (km)574.62 (357.05)575.84 (357.81)1.23 (0.76) 0.2%
Forum embed code:(url=https://www.tacomaworld.com/tirecalc?tires=295-65r20-35-12.5r20)(img)https://www.tacomaworld.com/data/tirecalc/imagestats/295x65xR20-35x12.5xR20.png(/img)(/url)
35/12.5-20 Tires
Speedometer Difference
Speedo ReadingActual Speed20 mph (32.19 km/h)19.96 mph (32.12 km/h)25 mph (40.23 km/h)24.95 mph (40.15 km/h)30 mph (48.28 km/h)29.94 mph (48.18 km/h)35 mph (56.33 km/h)34.93 mph (56.21 km/h)40 mph (64.37 km/h)39.91 mph (64.24 km/h)45 mph (72.42 km/h)44.9 mph (72.27 km/h)50 mph (80.47 km/h)49.89 mph (80.3 km/h)55 mph (88.51 km/h)54.88 mph (88.33 km/h)60 mph (96.56 km/h)59.87 mph (96.36 km/h)65 mph (104.61 km/h)64.86 mph (104.38 km/h)70 mph (112.65 km/h)69.85 mph (112.41 km/h)75 mph (120.7 km/h)74.84 mph (120.44 km/h)80 mph (128.75 km/h)79.83 mph (128.47 km/h)85 mph (136.79 km/h)84.82 mph (136.5 km/h)90 mph (144.84 km/h)89.81 mph (144.53 km/h)95 mph (152.89 km/h)94.8 mph (152.56 km/h)100 mph (160.93 km/h)99.79 mph (160.59 km/h)
Speedometer forum embed code:(url=https://www.tacomaworld.com/tirecalc?tires=295-65r20-35-12.5r20)(img)https://www.tacomaworld.com/data/tirecalc/imagespeedo/295x65xR20-35x12.5xR20.png(/img)(/url)
Gear Ratio / RPMs for New Tire (@ 65 mph)2.352.732.943.073.213.313.423.553.733.914.114.274.564.885.135.295.385.716.177.1714651702183319142002206421332214232624382563266328443043319932993355356138474471
Most Popular 295/65-R20 Comparisons
Mickey Thompson was a pioneer and a product innovator. He created the first 35” tall truck tires for off-road use. Not satisfied, looking for more traction and a competitive advantage, Mickey created “tread-on-the-sidewall” for additional traction and pulling power in extreme off road conditions. Today, all Mickey Thompson truck tires, from street to off-road, are engineered and built to UNCOMPROMISED standards, delivering UNDISPUTED performance.
Tires
Builds
Sponsorships
Wheels & Tires
Mickey Thompson - 15/43-20LT Baja Pro XS Tires
Mickey Thompson - 20x12 SideBiter II Wheels w/Red Powder Coat
OMF - Conventional Sim-U-Lock Bead Lock Rings
Base Vehicle
2019 Ford® F150 Lariat Supercrew
3.0L Powerstroke Diesel
Suspension & Drivetrain
Bulletproof Suspension Inc - 12-inch suspension
Atlas Springs – Rear Leaf Springs
King – PR2512-COHR - 12' x 2.5' Front Remote Reservoir Coilover Shocks
King - PR2514-SS - 14' x 2.5' Rear Smooth Body Remote Reservoir Shocks w/ 24” hose length
Eibach 800lb SR Front Coil Springs
AFE – Rear Diff Cover
Yukon – Gears
Exterior
295 65r20 Toyo Mt
E&G Classics - F150 Heavy Mesh Black Grille
KC Hilites - Gravity® LED Pro6 9-Light 57” LED Light Bar
KC Hilites - Gravity® LED G34 Pair Pack System (in bumper)
Bushwacker - Extend-A-Fender Fender Flares Smooth Finish
N-Fab - RDS Front Bumper
N-Fab - RBS-H Prerunner Rear Bumper
Go Rhino - Dual Roll Bar / Bed Bar
AMP Research - Power Steps
PPG Automotive Finishes – Paint
Cervinis - Ram Air Hood PART # 1236
sPOD 12v Power Distribution System w/Touchscreen
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AFE - Cold Air Intake
AFE – DPF Back Premium Exhaust
AFE - SCORCHER BLUE Bluetooth Power Module, SCORCHER PRO Performance Programmer, & Sprint Booster Power Converter (Gas Pedal Response Booster)
AFE - BladeRunner GT Series Intercooler and Tubes
Interior
Kicker Powered Sub-Woofer
Leather Seats
Brakes
R1 Concepts Slotted & Drilled Rotors
R1 Concepts Performance Brake Pads
BUILD CONTRIBUTORS
Duval Off Road Designs, Newbury Park, CA
X-Treme Toyz, Simi Valley, CA
Bullet Proof Suspension, Mentone, CA
LGE*CTS Motorsports paint and body– San Dimas, CA
Build 2020 Jeep® Gladiator M/T® Baja Boss™ Edition
Wheels & Tires
Mickey Thompson - 40X13.50R17LT Baja Boss Tires
Mickey Thompson - 17x9 SideBiter II Wheels
OMF - Phaze 7 Sim-U-Lock Beadlock Rings, Anthracite Gray
Base Vehicle
2020 Gladiator Rubicon 4X4
Suspension & Drivetrain
Fabtech – 5-inch Long Arm Crawler Suspension
Dirt Logic – Reservoir Shocks / Coil Overs
Yukon - Gears (5:13 Front & Rear)
Exterior
Genright – Bumpers
Genright – Fenders
Artec – Skids
Artec - Fender Wells
Warn – Zeon 10S Winch
Factor 55 – Flat Link
ARB – On Board Air System
Bestop - SunRider Jeep Top
Rockslide – Rock Slider with Powered Steps
Vision X Lights
Performance
Magnaflow – Stainless Cat Back Exhaust
K&N Filters – Cold Air Intake
Interior
sPOD – 12v Power Distribution System
Kicker – Speakers
Scosche – Mounts
Powertank - Air Tank
Brakes
R1 Concepts 6 Piston Calipers and pads
R1 Concepts Slotted / Drilled Rotors
BUILD CONTRIBUTORS
Duval Off Road Designs, Newbury Park, CA
X-Treme Toyz, Simi Valley, CA
Rockstar Performance Garage, Lake Elsinore, CA
Mickey Thompson has teamed up with the expert builders at Duval Offroad Designs to create a mind-blowing custom 2017 'BAJA BOSS' Ford F-250 SUPER CREW 4x4. Heralded by Ford as the “toughest Ford Super Duty ever”. Designed with off-road adventure in mind, This F-250 is the ultimate truck for high-powered action. Torque rules. No other gas-powered full-size pickup can match the 430 lb.-ft. of torque of the Super Duty®.
Wheels & Tires
Mickey Thompson: “NEW” 38/15.50/R24 Baja Boss Tires
ATD Wheels Dropstars: F61BM1 Forged - 24 x 14 Wheels
Base Vehicle
2017 Ford Super Duty F-250 Lariat
Chassis
Fabtech eight-inch suspension system with Dirt Logic shocks
Mag Hy-Tech front and rear differential covers
AFE high-capacity aluminum transmission pan
Exterior
Paintin’ Place custom paint, Agoura, CA
Fab-Fours front and rear Vengeance Series bumpers
T-Rex custom grille
ZRoadZ LED lighting, front and rear
ARB on board air system
WARN locking hubs with rear 12-volt power outlet
EGR vent guards
Line-X bed liner
Bushwacker fender flares
AMP Research POWERSTEP XL, and BEDSTEP2
Ford accessories including rear wheel-well liners
Powertrain
6.2L SOHC 2-valve Flex Fuel V8 engine
AFE cold air intake
AFE cat-back exhaust
Drivetrain
Six-speed automatic transmission
Interior
Katzkin full leather interior with custom stitching
S-POD 12-volt power distribution system
Kicker sub-woofer
Ford accessories including stainless logo door-sill plates
Electronics
Stock
Designed By
Mickey Thompson Tires
Wheels & Tires
46” x19.50 Mickey Thompson Baja ProXS
20” KMC Hex double beadlocks
Base Vehicle
1983 CJ7 4.2L
Chassis
Custom Genright Elite suspension Kit
16' 2.5 king coilovers w/ reservoirs
PSC full hydro steering system
Artec dual hydro steering mount
Artec high steer arms
R1 Concepts 6 piston front and 4 piston rear big brakes
Exterior
Fully Lined by Bulletliner
Custom Genright Bumpers Front/Rear
Genright Fenders w/Competition Cuts
Spyder Auto Headlights
Rockslide Engineering Sliders/Steps
Trail Tail LED Rear Lights
Warn Zeon Winch
Spider Web Shade
Factor 55 Fairlead
Mishimoto Radiator/Oil Coolers
K&N Air Filter
Powertrain
K&N Intake and oil filters
Advanced adaptors Atlas transfer case
Magnaflow custom exhaust
Heatshield products thermal protectant
Howe fuel injection
Drivetrain
3-speed Auto Transmission
Front - 87 Dodge Kingpin Zip Locker w/ Yukon Internals/Locking Hubs
Rear - 14 Bolt with Grizzly Locker
295 60 R20 F150
Interior
Custom Rollcage
PRP Seats
20lb Powertank
Genright 23 gallon Fuel Cell
4x4 SPOD 6 switch Panel
Custom Center Console
Scosche Boom Bottles for Sound
Electronics
Stock
Designed By
Nic Ashby at Rockstar Performance Garage
Wheels & Tires
17x9 Sidebiter Lock Wheels
NEW 37/12.50/R17 Baja Boss™ Tires
Base Vehicle
2018 Jeep Wrangler JL Unlimited Rubicon
3.6L V-6
8 Speed Automatic
F250 With 295/65r20
Exterior
Firecracker Red Paint
Rock Hard: Rock Sliders
Fabtech; Gas Tank, Engine/Transmission, Transfer Case & Front/
Rear LCA Skid Plates
ARB: 12v Dual Air Compressor 100% Duty-Cycle OBA Air System
Complex Ink: Exterior Vinyl & Graphics
EGR: Vent Guards
Factor 55: Ultra Hook Link , HD Fairlead
Hi-Lift: Jack & Recovery Gear
Mopar Performance: Rear HD Spare Tire Carrier & reinforcement
Mopar Performance: Pillar Light Mounts
Mopar Performance: 3RD Brake Light Relocation Kit
Baja Designs: SL-80 LED Pillar Lights, S-2 Rock Lights,
S-2 Front Fog Lights
Line-X: Deck & Fender Coatings
Bestop: Sunrider Front Top
California Coating: Custom Powder Coating
Warn: RC 9000s Rock Crawler 9000# Winch, Power Leads,
Recovery Gear
Powertrain
aFe: “RB” Left Exit Cat-Back Exhaust, Cold Air Intake
aFe: Momentum Cold Air Intake
Superchips: Flash Cal Calibrator
Drivetrain
Fabtech: 3” Long Arm Suspension, Dirt Logic Front Coilover Shocks,
2.5” Rear Shocks, & Front Nitrogen Bump Stops
Fabtech; Front & Rear CV Driveshafts
Steersmarts: HD Cromoly Tie Rod , HD Drag Link, & Trac Bar
Dana: Advantek 4:88 Gears & HD Differential Covers
Interior
295 65r20 All Terrain Tires
Dometic: 12V Fridge/Freezer & Slide
Fabtech: Rear Cargo deck
Front Runner- Storage Boxes & Chairs
Duval Offroad Designs: Rear Lower Deck & Fridge mount
511 Tactical: Ballistic Nylon Storage Bags
H3R: Hal Gard Clean Agent Fire Extinguishers
Katzkin: Full Custom Leather Interior
Carolina Metal Masters: Billet Accessory Mounts
M.O.R.E.: Driver Dead Pedal
Atomic Monkey- Ballistic Grab Handles & Molle Bags
Mopar Performance: Tailgate Table
Mopar Performance: Rear Grab Handles
S-POD: SE 8 Switch12v Power Distribution System w/ Touch Screen
Magellan- TRX7CS Navigation System
Tuffy: Center Console security Insert
Ram Mounts: Accessory mounting Solutions
Uniden: CB Radio
Yaesu: Ham Radio
Designed By
X-Treme Toyz
Duval Offroad Designs
Sponsorship
295 65 R20 Tires
Tony Pellegrino
King of the Hammers #4485
https://filesblog206.tumblr.com/post/665677898582278144/archicad-9-library-free. In 2020 I will be racing my well known Jeep JK in the 4400 Class's to prove how good our products are. In 2018 & 2019 I took off to help my son Jordan Pellegrino move up to and get settled in the 4400 Class. 2017 was the 8th year that I drove the 4485 Team GenRight built Nexus, an 800hp Unlimited Class race car in the King of the Hammers for an 11th place finish after starting from the back to pass 102 other racers. After finishing 2nd in the 2011 & 2014 King of the Hammers races, Team GenRight does their best to win KOH every year!
Sponsorship
Jordan Pellegrino
King of the Hammers #98
Sterling 10.25 Specs
Jordan grew up in Simi Valley, CA, with a passion for the desert. Starting out on dirt bike at age 3, and learning how to read terrain on his 50cc bike at an early age has helped him over the years grow from bike to 4-wheel drive. At age 15 his desire to race turned to the Every Man Challenge class and he built a car for the 2014 EMC race at King of the Hammers. He finished 4th in class that year. Striving for a podium finish that year, Jordan won several races and podiumed multiple times in the 4500 class since his 2014 racing debut. 2017 was pivotal for Jordan as every race he entered he podiumed with multiple wins! Revving up for 2018, Jordan has targeted a podium finish in the 4400 class of Ultra4, and will be taking over the helm of the 4485 as #98
295 65r20 Toyo At2
Nicholas “Nic” Ashby is a combat veteran whose automotive career started in Iraq while serving as demolitions solider on a fire team. Nic outfitted and retrofitted his own uparmor Humvees. Upon returning to the states he became a military spokesman. Pursuing his passion for automotive, Nic began to build vehicles that ended up on magazine covers such as Road and Track, Truckin, Car and Driver, Import Tuner and GM High Tec, his builds and designs became the landing point for his success at the SEMA show. Building for OEM’s like Chevy, Nissan, Dodge and Hyundai, Nic prefers using Mickey Thompson Tires not just because they are Proudly Made in the USA, but for their Uncompromised Construction and UNDISPUTED performance. Download latest xcode dmg. When Nic goes big, he goes Mickey Thompson. To check out more of what Ashby is doing follow his pages on Instagram @theRockstarGarage
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NASA Dawn Reveals Recent Changes in Ceres' Surface Observations of Ceres have detected recent variations in its surface, revealing that the only dwarf planet in the inner solar system is a dynamic body that continues to evolve and change. NASA's Dawn mission has found recently exposed deposits that give us new information on the materials in the crust and how they are changing, according to two papers published March 14 in Science Advances that document the new findings. Observations obtained by the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIR) on the Dawn spacecraft previously found water ice in a dozen sites on Ceres. The new study revealed the abundance of ice on the northern wall of Juling Crater, a crater 12 miles (20 kilometers) in diameter. The new observations, conducted from April through October 2016, show an increase in the amount of ice on the crater wall. "This is the first direct detection of change on the surface of Ceres," said Andrea Raponi of the Institute of Astrophysics and Planetary Science in Rome. Raponi led the new study, which found changes in the amount of ice exposed on the dwarf planet. "The combination of Ceres moving closer to the sun in its orbit, along with seasonal change, triggers the release of water vapor from the subsurface, which then condenses on the cold crater wall. This causes an increase in the amount of exposed ice. The warming might also cause landslides on the crater walls that expose fresh ice patches." By combining chemical, geological and geophysical observations, the Dawn mission is producing a comprehensive view of Ceres. Previous data had shown Ceres has a crust about 25 miles (40 kilometers) thick and rich in water, salts and, possibly, organics. In a second study, VIR observations also reveal new information about the variability of Ceres' crust, and suggest recent surface changes, in the form of newly exposed material. Dawn previously found carbonates, common on the planet's surface, that formed within an ocean. Sodium carbonates, for example, dominate the bright regions in Occator Crater, and material of similar composition has been found at Oxo Crater and Ahuna Mons. This study, led by Giacomo Carrozzo of the Institute of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, identified 12 sites rich in sodium carbonates and examined in detail several areas of a few square miles that show where water is present as part of the carbonate structure. The study marks the first time hydrated carbonate has been found on the surface of Ceres, or any other planetary body besides Earth, giving us new information about the dwarf planet's chemical evolution. Water ice is not stable on the surface of Ceres over long time periods unless it is hidden in shadows, as in the case of Juling. Similarly, hydrated carbonate would dehydrate, although over a longer timescale of a few million years. "This implies that the sites rich in hydrated carbonates have been exposed due to recent activity on the surface," Carrozzo said. The great diversity of material, ice and carbonates, exposed via impacts, landslides and cryovolcanism suggests Ceres' crust is not uniform in composition. These heterogeneities were either produced during the freezing of Ceres' original ocean - which formed the crust - or later on as a consequence of large impacts or cryovolcanic intrusions. "Changes in the abundance of water ice on a short timescale, as well as the presence of hydrated sodium carbonates, are further evidence that Ceres is a geologically and chemically active body," said Cristina De Sanctis, VIR team leader at the Institute of Astrophysics and Planetary Science. The Dawn mission is managed by JPL for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Dawn is a project of the directorate's Discovery Program, managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. JPL is responsible for overall Dawn mission science. Orbital ATK Inc., in Dulles, Virginia, designed and built the spacecraft. The German Aerospace Center, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Italian Space Agency and Italian National Astrophysical Institute are international partners on the mission team. TOP IMAGE....This view from NASA's Dawn mission shows where ice has been detected in the northern wall of Ceres' Juling Crater, which is in almost permanent shadow. Dawn acquired the picture with its framing camera on Aug. 30, 2016, and it was processed with the help of NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline (ASP), to estimate the slope of the cliff. CENTRE IMAGE....This view from NASA's Dawn mission shows the floor of Ceres' Juling Crater. The crater floor shows evidence of the flow of ice and rock, similar to rock glaciers in Earth's polar regions. Dawn acquired the picture with its framing camera on Aug. 30, 2016. LOWER IMAGE....This view from NASA's Dawn mission shows Ceres' tallest mountain, Ahuna Mons, 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) high and 11 miles (17 kilometers) wide. This is one of the few sites on Ceres at which a significant amount of sodium carbonate has been found, shown in green and red colors in the lower right image. The top and lower left images were collected by Dawn's framing camera. The top image is a 3D view reconstructed with the help of topography data.
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Milwaukee Tool Announces MX Fuel, a New Battery Platform for Light Equipment
courtesy of Milwaukee Tool
Updated 5/29/20 - Milwaukee has announced official release dates for many of the new light equipment in their new MX Fuel lineup. The original article was published in October of 2019, which should help explain some of the timelines mentioned below.
Back in June of 2019, Milwaukee hosted its annual New Product Symposium (NPS), a media event featuring hundreds of new products that they planned to release throughout the year and Construction Junkie was in attendance. Just when we thought we were done seeing all of the new tools after several hours of presentations and hands-on time, Milwaukee threw a curveball at us.
After being told to shut down any live streams, we were sworn to secrecy for what they were about to show us until today. So today, I’m happy to say I’m finally able to tell you about what they revealed almost 5 months ago: a new line of products called MX Fuel.
Milwaukee MX Fuel
To be clear, this is a brand new battery system that is separate from the M12 and M18 lineups. The M12 lineup has traditionally been used as an ergonomic means to replace hand tools and the M18 lineup has pushed boundaries with the power it has been able to produce with only 18-volts, including a table saws, chainsaw, and a Super Sawzall.
The MX Fuel line isn’t going to be replacing the M18 line, it’s extending the reach of what cordless tools can accomplish and is targeting light equipment. The light equipment category has been mostly filled with gas powered and corded tools for decades and there are not many battery operated options available.
Let’s get to the details…
The MX Batteries
Milwaukee MX CP and XC Batteries and Charger
The battery pack has been a bit of a question mark since the launch event, but we’ve been able to gather some more information about them in the past few days. There will be two batteries: the compact CP battery pack, weighing in at 5.9 pounds, and a larger XC pack, weighing in at 10.6 pounds, both –unsurprisingly- much larger in size and weight than anything Milwaukee has previously offered.
The battery will operate at 72V, but, as Milwaukee tells us, voltage only tells part of the story:
“While the construction industry has traditionally used voltage to communicate the power and capability of cordless power tool platforms, voltage alone is not a good indicator of capability when it comes to light equipment. For example, most would agree that a fork lift has more “power” than a hand held power tool, but what many people do not realize is that most battery-powered forklifts operate at 48V while there are some handheld power tools at much higher voltages,“ Milwaukee told me after asking for additional information.
The New Equipment
At the launch event, Milwaukee announced 6 new products to kick off their new MX line. As we’ve seen with recent developments of battery powered outdoor power equipment, battery powered tools offer a lot of benefits over gas powered equipment, including emissions reductions for safer use indoor and a lot less noise. The biggest drawback, however, is run-time and we do not have a lot of information yet on many of the new products below.
MX Fuel 14” Cut-Off Saw (MXF314-1XC)
Since there is no gas to mess with, this saw features an instant start, no emissions, less vibration, and more quiet operation than fuel powered saws. Some runtime specs that Milwaukee told us at NPS (with 2 XC batteries) include 106’ of corrugated decking, 10 cuts of 8” cast iron pipe, 25 cuts of CMU block, and 9 cuts of 8” ductile iron. These numbers, they say, are comparable to a tank of gas on a comparable gas powered saw. There is also a cart with water tank storage for concrete floor slab cutting.
New information 5/29/20: With its recent release, Milwaukee has released additional details about the new cut-off saw, including its cut depth of 5”, RPMS of 5350, and its weight of 32 pounds with XC battery.
Release date: Available now
Price: $1,999 kitted with XC406 battery and charger (additional saw cart (3100) is also available for $999)
MX Fuel Breaker (MXF368-1XC)
Milwaukee tells us that the Breaker, which weighs in at 63.9 pounds, will be able to break over 2 tons of concrete on a single charge (equivalent of a trench that is 40 feet long, 12 inches wide, and 6 inches deep. They are also touting that it will be the lightest in its class with the lowest vibration.
New information 5/29/20: the new breaker exerts 50 ft/;bs of Impact Energy and 4.9M/s2 of measured vibration, which is up to 70% less vibration than corded breakers in its class.
Release date: Available now
Price: $2,499 kitted with XC406 battery, charger, cart, and 3 chisels
MX Fuel Handheld Core Drill (MXF301-1CP)
Not only can the new handheld core drill core up to 6” diameter cores in reinforced concrete, it also includes a patented clutch design and AUTOSTOP Technology to keep the tool from binding up and preventing injury to the user.
New information 5/29/20: The new handheld core drill comes enabled with Milwaukee ONE-KEY for location tracking and alerts and inventory management.
Release date: Available now
Price: $2,649 kitted with CP203 battery, charger, and carrying case ($3,999 if kitted with stand)
MX Fuel 3600W/1800W Power Supply
If you don’t have to do much work with concrete, this may be the piece of equipment that gets you excited. A few different applications and runtimes that they talked about at NPS included:
55” LCD TV for 7+hours
605 crosscuts of 2x4 SPF with a corded circular saw
600 3” framing nails with a corded compressor
30 threaded ends of ¾” black pipe
Power to run a jobsite microwave
Release date: 3rd Quarter 2020
Price: TBD
MX Fuel ROCKET Tower Light/Charger
There’s no doubt that Milwaukee absolutely dominates the lighting category with their M18 lineup, but this new tower light take their lighting to a whole new level. At its highest, it extends up to 10’ high, provides 27,000 lumens, and can withstand winds of up to 45 miles per hour with its adjustable outriggers.
Release date: 2nd Quarter 2020
Price: $2,999 kitted with battery
MX Fuel Sewer Drum Machine w/ POWERTREDZ
Drum machines are a must for most plumbers that work in maintenance, but they’re big and heavy, which can make them difficult to maneuver up and down stairs without a helper. The new MX Fuel Sewer Drum Machine features what Milwaukee calls POWERTREDZ, which uses the MX battery to power what look like small, rubber excavator tracks, assisting the user on stairs and on the back of their truck. Milwaukee also says it has the power to clear roots up to 200 feet out.
Release date: 2nd-4th Quarter 2020
Price: $2,899 kitted with CP battery and charger
These are just the first 6 tools Milwaukee will release on the MX platform…what other gas powered tools would you like to see on the MX line? Tell us in the comments below!
source https://www.constructionjunkie.com/blog/2019/10/31/milwaukee-tool-announces-mx-fuel-a-new-battery-platform-for-light-equipment
from G P NATIONAL CRANES LTD https://gpnationalcrane.blogspot.com/2020/05/milwaukee-tool-announces-mx-fuel-new.html
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