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manessha545 · 4 months

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Alfred Dreyfus

A French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry from Alsace

Alfred Dreyfus was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry from Alsace whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most polarizing political dramas in modern French history. The incident has gone down in history as the Dreyfus affair, the reverberations from which were felt throughout Europe. It ultimately ended with Dreyfus' complete exoneration.

Born: October 9, 1859, Mulhouse

Died: July 12, 1935, Paris

Children: Pierre Dreyfus, Jeanne Dreyfus

Spouse: Lucie Dreyfus (m. 1891–1935)

Place of burial: Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris

Parents: Raphael Dreyfus, Jeannette Dreyfus

Dreyfus affair

Dreyfus affair, political crisis, beginning in 1894 and continuing through 1906, in France during the Third Republic. The controversy centred on the question of the guilt or innocence of army captain Alfred Dreyfus, who had been convicted of treason for allegedly selling military secrets to the Germans in December 1894. At first the public supported the conviction; it was willing to believe in the guilt of Dreyfus, who was Jewish. Much of the early publicity surrounding the case came from anti-Semitic groups (especially the newspaper La Libre Parole, edited by Édouard Drumont), to whom Dreyfus symbolized the supposed disloyalty of French Jews.

Zola, Émile: Newspaper depiction of Émile Zola in court during his trial for defamation of the French military, 1898.

The effort to reverse the sentence was at first limited to members of the Dreyfus family, but, as evidence pointing to the guilt of another French officer, Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy, came to light from 1896, the pro-Dreyfus side slowly gained adherents (among them journalists Joseph Reinach and Georges Clemenceau—the future World War I premier—and a senator, Auguste Scheurer-Kestner). The accusations against Esterhazy resulted in a court-martial that acquitted him of treason (January 1898). To protest against the verdict, the novelist Émile Zola wrote a letter titled “J’accuse,” published in Clemenceau’s newspaper L’Aurore. In it he attacked the army for covering up its mistaken conviction of Dreyfus, an action for which Zola was found guilty of libel.

The second court-martial of Alfred Dreyfus, illustration from Vanity Fair, Nov. 23, 1899.

By the time of the Zola letter, the Dreyfus case had attracted widespread public attention and had split France into two opposing camps. The anti-Dreyfusards (those against reopening the case) viewed the controversy as an attempt by the nation’s enemies to discredit the army and weaken France. The Dreyfusards (those seeking exoneration of Captain Dreyfus) saw the issue as the principle of the freedom of the individual subordinated to that of national security. They wanted to republicanize the army and put it under parliamentary control.

Front page of the newspaper L'Aurore, January 13, 1898, with the open letter “J'accuse” written by Émile Zola about the Dreyfus affair....(more) -From L'Aurore, January 13, 1898

From 1898 to 1899 the Dreyfusard cause gained in strength. In August 1898 an important document implicating Dreyfus was found to be a forgery. After Maj. Hubert-Joseph Henry of the intelligence section confessed to fabricating the document in order to strengthen the army’s position, revision was made almost certain. At the same time, the affair was becoming a question of vital concern to politicians. The republican parties in the Chamber of Deputies recognized that the increasingly vocal nationalist right posed a threat to the parliamentary regime. Led by the Radicals, a left-wing coalition was formed. In response to continuing disorders and demonstrations, a cabinet headed by the Radical René Waldeck-Rousseau was set up in June 1899 with the express purpose of defending the republic and with the hope of settling the judicial side of the Dreyfus case as soon as possible. When a new court-martial, held at Rennes, found Dreyfus guilty in September 1899, the president of the republic, in order to resolve the issue, pardoned him. In July 1906 a civilian court of appeals (the Cour d’Appel) set aside the judgment of the Rennes court and rehabilitated Dreyfus. The army, however, did not publicly declare his innocence until 1995.

Anti-Semitic caricature: Caricature from the anti-Semitic Viennese magazine Kikeriki. Its caption reads: “In the Dreyfus Affair, the more that is exposed, the more Judah is embarrassed.”...(more) © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

With the Dreyfusards in the ascendant, the affair marked the start of a new phase in the history of the Third Republic, a phase in which a series of Radical-led governments pursued an anticlerical policy that culminated in the formal separation of church and state (1905). By intensifying antagonisms between right and left and by forcing individuals to choose sides, the case made a lasting impact on the consciousness of the French nation.

Félix Faure | French Republic, Politics, Legacy | Britannica

In 1894, this made the French Army's counter-intelligence section, led by Lieutenant Colonel Jean Sandherr, aware that information regarding new artillery parts was being passed to Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, the German military attache in Paris, by a highly placed spy most likely on the General Staff. Suspicion quickly fell upon Dreyfus, who was arrested for treason on 15 October 1894.

Alfred Dreyfus in his room on Devil's Island in 1898, stereoscopy sold by F. Hamel, Altona-Hamburg…; collection Fritz Lachmund

On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island in French Guiana. Following French military custom of the time, Dreyfus was formally degraded (cashiered) by having the rank insignia, buttons and braid cut from his uniform and his sword broken, all in the courtyard of the École Militaire before silent ranks of soldiers, while a large crowd of onlookers shouted abuse from behind railings. Dreyfus cried out: "I swear that I am innocent. I remain worthy of serving in the Army. Long live France! Long live the Army!...Continue

The affair ultimately ended with Dreyfus' complete exoneration.

Dreyfus died in Paris aged 75, on 12 July 1935, exactly 29 years after his exoneration.

Alfred Dreyfus - Wikipedia

#Alfred Dreyfus Devil's Island French Guiana

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kemetic-dreams · 10 months

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HISTORICAL IGBO TIMELINES:

STONE AGE -MIDDLE AGES.

This is the period dating 1.2million years to 3000BC , the era of homo-erectus found within the areas of ugwuele uturu following the discovery of Archeolean hand axes and stone tools in caves. Clay pots dating 3000BC were recovered at Afikpo and Opi iron slags .Details of this era is buried in archeology .

EARLY HISTORY:

8th-9 th AD : Kingdom of Nri begins with Eze Nri Ìfikuánim.

1434 AD: Portuguese explorers make contact with the Igbo.

1630 AD : The Aro-Ibibio Wars start.

1690AD: The Aro Confederacy is established

1745AD : Olaudah Equiano is born in Essaka, but later kidnapped and shipped to Barbados and sold as a slave in 1765.

1797AD : Olaudah Equiano dies in England as a freed slave.

1807 AD : The Slave Trade Act 1807 is passed (on 25 March) helping in stopping the transportation of enslaved Africans, including Igbo people, to the Americas. Atlantic slave trade exports an estimated total of 1.4 million Igbo people across the Middle Passage

1830 AD : European explorers explore the course of the Lower Niger and meet the Northern Igbo.

1835 AD: Africanus Horton is born to Igbo ex-slaves in Sierra Leone

1855 AD: William Balfour Baikie a Scottish naval physician, reaches Niger Igboland.

MODERN HISTORY:

1880–1905: Southern Nigeria is conquered by the British, including Igboland.

1885–1906: Christian missionary presence in Igboland.

1891: King Ja Ja of Opobo dies in exile, but his corpse is brought back to Nigeria for burial.

1896–1906: Around 6,000 Igbo children attend mission schools.

1901–1902: The Aro Confederacy declines after the Anglo-Aro war.

1902: The Aro-Ibibio Wars end.

1906: Igboland becomes part of Southern Nigeria (the beginning of our problem)

1914: Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria are amalgamated to form Nigeria. (escalation of our problem)

1929: Igbo Women's War (first Nigerian feminist movement) of 1929 in Aba.

1953: November Anti Igbo riots (killing over 50 Igbos in Kano) of 1953 in Kano

1960: October 1 Nigeria gains independence from Britain; Tafawa Balewa becomes Prime Minister, and Nnamdi Azikiwe becomes President.

1966: January 16 A coup by junior military officers takes over government and assassinated some country leaders. The Federal Military Government is formed, with General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi as the Head of State and Supreme Commander of the Federal Republic.

1966: July 29 A counter-coup by military officers of northern extraction, deposes the Federal Military Government; General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi is assassinated along with Adekunle Fajuyi, Military Governor of Western Region. General Yakubu Gowon becomes Head of State.

1967: Ethnoreligious violence between Igbo Christians, and Hausa/Fulani Muslims in Eastern and Northern Nigeria, triggers a migration of the Igbo back to the East.

1967: May 30 General Emeka Ojukwu, Military Governor of Eastern Nigeria, declares his province an independent republic called Biafra, and the Nigerian Civil War or Nigerian-Biafran War ensues.

1970: January 8 General Emeka Ojukwu flees into exile; His deputy Philip Effiong becomes acting President of Biafra.

1970: January 15 Acting President of Biafra Philip Effiong surrenders to Nigerian forces through future President of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo, and Biafra is reintegrated into Nigeria.

References:

Understanding 'Things Fall Apart' by Kalu Ogbaa

Wikipedia

Image Credit: Ukpuru, Pinterest

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kwebtv · 4 months

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Passages - Here Come the Brides

Robert Brown (November 17, 1926 - September 19, 2022)

David Soul (August 28, 1943 - January 5, 2024)

Bridget Hanley (February 3, 1941 – December 15, 2021)

Mark Lenard (October 15, 1924 – November 22, 1996)

Joan Blondell (August 30, 1906 – December 25, 1979)

Henry Beckman (November 26, 1921 – June 17, 2008)

Susan Tolsky (April 6, 1943 – October 9, 2022)

Mitzi Hoag (September 25, 1932 – February 26, 2019)

As of this date Bobby Sherman is the last surviving member of the main cast.

#Passages #TV #Here Come the Brides

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dorothea-wieck · 1 year

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Mädchen in Uniform (1931): an incredible fact

In absence of new DW photos, here's a semi-accidental discovery. (How to: the poster of this wanted to find (again) the actress (a pupil) from MiU who lived until at least 1992. As it turned out, she lived longer, but her acting career had lasted until 1992.)

So, it's known for some fans that Ellen Schwanneke who played Ilse von Westhagen was older than Ilse's dormitory's teacher, Elisabeth von Bernburg who was played by Dorothea Wieck. Ellen: 11 of August, 1906, DW: 3rd of January, 1908. (At least one post here = i.e. a separate post, plus maaaybe comments to one or more posts; therefore more than one.)

24 or 25 (!) years old played 14-years-old. And believable, too, in terms of age.

23 year old DW the teacher looking definitely like a teacher.

By the way, Erika Mann (Thomas Mann's daughter & Heinrich Mann's niece) was 25, turned 26 in late 1931 (9 November 1905), and it was hard to believe (i.e. older, but lesbians and other women and girls who are into women like this fact.) She played Fräulen von Attems, drama teacher or somebody like this (she was the one responsible for the school play.)

But this is NOT ALL. The actress in question is *drum roll* Doris Thalmer, the one who played a pupil, Marie von Ecke (mostly called Mariechen by other pupils.)

"Doris Thalmer (20 July 1907 – 9 October 1998) was a German actress. She appeared in more than 75 films and television shows between 1931 and 1992." (c) Wikipedia

She played in few the same films at least one TV Series where DW played too (but different episodes, as far is understandable after first reading without checking.)

So, Doris was 23 or 24; thus, older than "Elisabeth von Bernburg" the teacher (more than 5 months in-between), AND she lived up to the time when some of the current fans of the film (who discovered it in 21st century) were in early childhood (the poster of this turned 6, and Doris was still here :) )

"Mariechen" lived for 91(!) years and the oldest actress of pupils of all whose date of birth is known.

BONUS (the brain of the poster's has remembered this): another Doris is Doris Hermanns, an incredible researcher who (among other results) wrote two books about Christa Winsloe—the person we all need to thank for the existence of Mädchen in Uniform universe.

N O T E: to know or see more (including a post with the gif), click at any tag related to any of the actresses as the blog has various posts about each of them.

#Mädchen in Uniform #Madchen in Uniform #Doris Thalmer #Ellen Schwanneke #Dorothea Wieck #Erika Mann

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popculturelib · 10 months

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In the Reading Room: National Cash Register, Model 332

We have quite a few interesting things in our reading room, with one of the most notable being our National Cash Register, Model 332, manufactured in 1906 Dayton, Ohio. It was a gift of Bill Randle (March 14, 1923 — July 9, 2004) from the very beginning of the BPCL.

A native of Detroit, Michigan, Randle was a pioneering disc jockey at several radio stations including WERE in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1955 Time Magazine named Randle the top DJ in America, and he is recognized as the first person to introduce Elvis Presley on television to a national audience (January 28, 1956). Also, an educator and practicing lawyer, Randle obtained 3 master's degrees and a law degree as well as a doctorate in American studies.

Ray Browne, founder of the Library for Popular Culture Studies, credits Randle's initial 1968 donation of over $75,000 in materials as the "core of the collection of the Popular Culture Library" at its inception. For his donation Randle's only request was that one of his prized possessions, the antique National Cash Register, be displayed at the library's entrance. Of its importance, Randle stated "Popular culture is totally commodity. The whole symbol is the cash register that you plunk down your money and you pay for it. At least, it's a more honest reflection of the validity of the culture than high culture which is subsidized."

We don't keep actual legal tender in the register, since it is unfortunately not operational at the moment, but we do have a variety of tokens and coins that, at the right place, could have been exchanged for things.

The cash register is also home to a miniature John Cena figurine from the WWE and a custom-made Lego minifigure:

Keep reading below for close-ups of some of the details on our cash register!

The Browne Popular Culture Library (BPCL), founded in 1969, is the most comprehensive archive of its kind in the United States. Our focus and mission is to acquire and preserve research materials on American Popular Culture (post 1876) for curricular and research use. Visit our website at https://www.bgsu.edu/library/pcl.html.

#bgsu #in the reading room #bill randle #cash register #national cash register

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reasoningdaily · 10 months

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Ota Benga was kidnapped from what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1904 and taken to the US to be exhibited. Journalist Pamela Newkirk, who has written extensively about the subject, looks at the attempts over the decades to cover up what happened to him.

More than a century after it drew international headlines for exhibiting a young African man in the monkey house, the Bronx Zoo in New York has finally expressed regret.

The Wildlife Conservation Society's apology for its 1906 exhibition of Ota Benga, a native of Congo, comes in the wake of global protests prompted by the videotaped police killing of George Floyd that again shone a bright light on racism in the United States.

During a national moment of reckoning, Cristian Samper, the Wildlife Conservation Society's president and CEO, said it was important "to reflect on WCS's own history, and the persistence of racism in our institution".

He vowed that the society, which runs the Bronx Zoo, would commit itself to full transparency about the episode which inspired breathless headlines across Europe and the United States from 9 September 1906 - a day after Ota Benga was first exhibited - until he was released from the zoo on 28 September 1906.

But the belated apology follows years of stonewalling.

'He was a zoo employee'

Instead of capitalising on the episode as a teachable moment, the Wildlife Conservation Society engaged in a century-long cover-up during which it actively perpetuated or failed to correct misleading stories about what had actually occurred.

As early as 1906 a letter in the zoo archives reveals that officials, in the wake of growing criticism, discussed concocting a story that Ota Benga had actually been a zoo employee. Remarkably, for decades, the ruse worked.

Who was Ota Benga?

Captured in March 1904 by US trader Samuel Verner from what was then Belgian Congo. His age is not known, he may have been 12 or 13

Taken by ship to New Orleans to be shown later that year at World's Fair in St Louis with eight other young males

The fair continued into the winter months where the group was kept without adequate clothing or shelter

In September 1906 he was exhibited for 20 days in New York's Bronx Zoo, attracting huge crowds

Outrage from Christian ministers ended his incarceration and he was moved to New York's Howard Coloured Orphan Asylum run by African American Reverend James H Gordon

In January 1910 he went to live at the Lynchburg Theological Seminary and College for black students in Virginia

There he taught neighbourhood boys how to hunt and fish and told stories of his adventures back home

He later reportedly became depressed with his longing for home and in March 1916 shot himself with a gun he had hidden. He was thought to be aged around 25.

Source: Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga

In 1916, following Ota Benga's death, a New York Times article dismissed as urban legend tales of his exhibition.

"It was this employment that gave rise to the unfounded report that he was being held in the park as one of the exhibits in the monkey cage," the article said.

Ota Benga (R) pictured at the World's Fair in 1904 where he and others were exhibited as "pygmies"

The account, of course, contradicted the numerous articles that a decade earlier had appeared in newspapers across the country and in Europe.

The New York Times alone had published a dozen articles on the affair, the first under the 9 September 1906 headline: "Bushman Shares A Cage With Bronx Park Apes".

Then, in 1974, William Bridges, the zoo's curator emeritus claimed that what actually occurred could not be known.

In his book The Gathering of Animals, he rhetorically asked: "Was Ota Benga 'exhibited' - like some strange, rare animal?" a question that he, as the man who presided over the zoo archives, would know best how to answer.

"That he was locked behind bars in a bare cage to be stared at during certain hours seems unlikely," he continued, patently ignoring mountains of evidence in the zoological society archives that reveal just that.

An article about the exhibition, written by the zoo director, had in fact appeared in the zoological society's own publication.

Nonetheless, Bridges wrote: "At this distance in time that is about all that can be said for sure, except that it was all done with the best of intentions, for Ota Benga was interesting to the New York public."

'Friendship between captor and captive'

Compounding these deceptive narratives was a book published in 1992 and co-authored by the grandson of Samuel Verner, the man who went to Congo heavily armed to capture Ota Benga and others to exhibit at the 1904 St Louis World's Fair.

The book was absurdly characterised as the story of friendship between Verner and Ota Benga.

In at least one newspaper account since the book's publication, the younger Verner also claimed that Ota Benga - who had vigorously resisted his captivity - had enjoyed performing for New Yorkers.

So for more than a century, the very institution and men who had so ruthlessly exploited Ota Benga, and their descendants, contaminated the historical record with untrue narratives that circulated around the world.

Even now, Mr Samper has apologised for exhibiting Ota Benga for "several days", and not for the three weeks he was held captive in the monkey house.

The Wildlife Conservation Society, which runs Bronx Zoo, said it condemned certain dishonourable chapters in its history

The zoo has now posted online digitised documents it holds of the episode, among them letters that detail the daily activities of Ota Benga and the men who caged him.

Many of those letters are already cited in my book, Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga, published in 2015.

In the five years since its publication, zoo officials had inexplicably refused to express regret or even respond to media inquiries.

And while I had the opportunity to visit the primate house where Ota Benga was exhibited and housed, the building has since been shuttered to the public.

'Best room in the monkey house'

Now, Mr Samper says: "We deeply regret that many people and generations have been hurt by these actions or by our failure previously to publicly condemn and denounce them."

He also denounced founding members Madison Grant and Henry Fairfield Osborn, both ardent eugenicists who played a direct role in Ota Benga's exhibition.

Grant went on to write The Passing of The Great Race, a book steeped in racist pseudo-science that was praised by Osborn and hailed by Adolf Hitler.

A return to Congo would have been prohibitively expensive for Ota Benga

Osborn went on to lead for 25 years the American Museum of Natural History where in 1921 he hosted the second International Eugenics Congress.

Curiously, Mr Samper did not mention William Hornaday, the zoo's founding director who was also the nation's foremost zoologist and founding director of the National Zoo in Washington, DC.

Hornaday had littered the cage housing Ota Benga with bones to suggest cannibalism and had brazenly boasted that Ota Benga had "the best room in the monkey house".

Some feel the conservation society now needs to follow its incomplete apology with rigorous truth-telling befitting a leading educational institution.

The episode offers the zoological society the opportunity to educate the public about the history of the conservation movement and its ties to eugenics.

The Bronx Zoo's founding principals were among the most influential disseminators of specious racial inferiority theories that resonate still.

One suggestion has been that the society might also consider naming its education centre for Ota Benga, whose tragic life and legacy is inextricably bound to the Bronx Zoo's.

#Ota Benga #Caged Congolese teen: Why a zoo took 114 years to apologise #enslaved in bronx zoo #human zoos #Africans #Congo #Congolese

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dan6085 · 2 days

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20 Most Devastating Earthquakes in History:

1. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami - Indonesia, Indian Ocean - December 26, 2004 - 9.1-9.2 magnitude - 227,898 deaths - $360 billion property damage[2][3].

2. 2010 Haiti earthquake - Haiti - January 12, 2010 - 7.0 magnitude - Over 100,000 deaths - $316,000 dead[4].

3. 2008 Sichuan earthquake - China - May 12, 2008 - 7.9 magnitude - Over 87,500 deaths - $150 billion property damage[2][4].

4. 2005 Kashmir earthquake - Pakistan, India - October 8, 2005 - 7.6 magnitude - Over 79,000 deaths[5].

5. 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes - Turkey, Syria - February 6, 2023 - 7.8 magnitude - Over 50,000 deaths - $163.6 billion property damage[2][3].

6. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami - Japan - March 11, 2011 - 9.0 magnitude - Over 18,400 deaths[4].

7. 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake - Indonesia, Sumatra - March 28, 2005 - 8.6 magnitude - About 1,300 deaths[3].

8. 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes - Indonesia, Sumatra - April 11, 2012 - 8.5 magnitude[3].

9. 2007 Sumatra earthquakes - Indonesia, Sumatra - September 12, 2007 - 8.5 magnitude[3].

10. 2023 Al Haouz earthquake - Morocco - September 8, 2023 - 6.8 magnitude - Thousands of deaths[3].

11. 1906 San Francisco earthquake - USA, California - April 18, 1906 - 7.9 magnitude - Over 3,000 deaths - $524 million property damage.

12. 2015 Nepal earthquake - Nepal - April 25, 2015 - 7.8 magnitude - Nearly 9,000 deaths - $10 billion property damage.

13. 2016 Ecuador earthquake - Ecuador - April 16, 2016 - 7.8 magnitude - Over 670 deaths - $3 billion property damage.

14. 1976 Tangshan earthquake - China - July 28, 1976 - 7.5 magnitude - Over 240,000 deaths - $1.1 billion property damage.

15. 2010 Chile earthquake - Chile - February 27, 2010 - 8.8 magnitude - Over 500 deaths - $30 billion property damage.

16. 2001 Gujarat earthquake - India - January 26, 2001 - 7.7 magnitude - Over 20,000 deaths - $5.5 billion property damage.

17. 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes - USA, California - July 4 and 5, 2019 - 6.4 and 7.1 magnitudes - 2 deaths - $1 billion property damage.

18. 1948 Ashgabat earthquake - Turkmenistan - October 5, 1948 - 7.3 magnitude - Over 110,000 deaths.

19. 2016 Central Italy earthquakes - Italy - August 24 and October 30, 2016 - 6.2 and 6.6 magnitudes - Over 300 deaths - $4.5 billion property damage.

20. 2019 Albania earthquake - Albania - November 26, 2019 - 6.4 magnitude - 51 deaths - $1 billion property damage.

Sources

[1] Lists of earthquakes - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes

[2] Lists of 21st-century earthquakes - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_21st-century_earthquakes

[3] Mapped: The Deadliest Earthquakes of the 21st Century - Visual Capitalist https://www.visualcapitalist.com/deadliest-earthquakes-21st-century/

[4] The world's deadliest earthquakes in the past 25 years, at a glance - NPR https://www.npr.org/2023/02/09/1155836898/deadliest-earthquakes-list

[5] The 6 Deadliest Earthquakes Since 1950: Stories & History - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/list/6-deadliest-earthquakes

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minggelmanggel · 2 months

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Jensvold Machinery Sales Records - 2.0.0

Figure 2-0-1

Jensvold Family:

Severt C. Jensvold (1860-1938) married Bertha (Peterson) Jensvold (1869-1955) on March 4, 1896, in Depew, Iowa. In 1900 the couple moved to the newly platted town of Rake, Iowa, where Severt established the Jensvold Implement Company.

Severt (also referred to as Sever) sold buggies, hay planters, International Harvester farm machinery, feed and seed.

The January 25, 1913, issue of Farm Implements indicates that "S.C. Jensvold, Buffalo Center, Ia, is erecting a new warehouse."

In the late 1920s Severt's sons Sidney Benjamin Jensvold (1910-1948) and William Raymond "Ray" Jensvold (1906-1966) joined the firm.

1938 saw a branch store open in Buffalo Center, Iowa, in addition to the Rake, Iowa, store.

Sidney Benjamin Jensvold acquired the area's John Deere dealership in 1941.

A branch store was operated in Frost, Minnesota, from 1938 to 1967, selling IHC and Minneapolis Moline machinery and equipment.

S. B. Jensvold Co. acquired the John Deere dealership of Elmore, Minnesota, in 1946, which was sold to E. J. Butler Co. in 1956.

The early 1970s saw the S. B. Jensvold Co. building converted to a consumer products store offering John Deere lawnmowers, snowmobiles and parts. The Rake store was converted to a tire store in the late 1970s.

Jensvold, Inc. was given a senior dealer award in 1975 by IHC for 75 years of service.

The March 19 ,1981, issue of The Buffalo Center Tribune includes a article detailing a two day grand opening of the Jenvold Complex east of Buffalo Center, Iowa. Bill, Dick, George and Bryant Jensvold supervised the event to celebrate the opening of their new International and John Deere buildings, with dignitaries from each company expected to attend.

International Harvester Dealers of the Past indicates that Jensvold Implement Company (a.k.a. Jensvold, Inc. or Jensvold International) was a IHC dealer from 1940 to 1985. It was located on Highway 9 East, 102 North Main Street, Buffalo Center, Iowa.

An October 21, 2015, article in The Buffalo Center Tribune on local political candidates indicates Buffalo Center City Council incumbent Bill Jensvold worked at the family IHC and John Deere stores from 1958 to 1988.

References:

1. The Buffalo Center Tribune | November 10 ,1955

2. The Buffalo Center Tribune | March 19 ,1981

3. Sever Jensvold (1860-1938) - Find a Grave Memorial | Robbie Decker | 5-4-2019 | https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/198845994/sever-jensvold | Accessed 2-1-2

4. Bertha Jensvold (1869-1955) - Find a Grave Memorial | G R Wise Gittens | 3-1-2010 | https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48953447/bertha-jensvold | Accessed 2-1-24

5. International Harvester Dealers of the Past | Unknown Author | 3-2-2019 | http://www.ihdealerspast.net/states/ia_id.pdf

6. Farm Implements | Volume 27 | No. 1 | 1-25-1913 | Farm Implement Publishing Company

7. The Buffalo Center Tribune | May 24 ,1979

8. Sidney Benjamin Jensvold (1910-1958) - Find a Grave Memorial | Pat R | 4-27-2009 | https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/36451107/sidney-benjamin-jensvold | Accessed 2-1-24

9. William Raymond Jensvold (1906-1966) - Find a Grave Memorial | G R Wise Gittens | 3-1-2010 | https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48954433/william-raymond-jensvold | Accessed 2-1-24

10. The Buffalo Center Tribune | October 21, 2015

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legends-of-time · 3 months

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The Strength of a High and Noble Hill (Outlander Story) Timeline - 19th and 20th Centuries

Thought I would a timeline here as my timeline is a mix of my own stuff and the show/books. This will be getting updated as I go along. This is also for our own sanity to look back at. Advice is not to read if not up to date with current story as spoilers. Been split into two.

Masterlist

(17th and 18th Centuries)

1891 - Julia Morison is born

1906 - Frank Randall is born

4th August 1914 - WWI begins

20th October 1918 - Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp is born (Julia/Henry)

11th November 1918 - WWI ends

1921 - Jeremiah Walter MacKenzie is born

1923 - Claire’s parents Julia and Henry die in a car crash

1937 - Claire Beauchamp marries Frank Randall

1st September 1939 - WWII begins and Claire becomes a field nurse and Frank works for the British secret service

1941 - Roger Jeremiah Wakefield MacKenzie is born (Jeremiah/Marjorie) and Jeremiah goes MIA

3rd March 1943 - Jeremiah and Marjorie MacKenzie die in the war and Roger is adopted by Reverend Wakefield

8th May 1945 - WWII ends in Europe

2nd May 1945 - Claire travels through the stones at Craigh na Dun to 1743

2nd September 1945 - WWII ends in the Pacific

April 16th 1948 - Brian almost 2 arrives in future with Claire (2 months pregnant) through the stones at Craigh na Dun

After April 1948 - Move to Boston US

November 23rd 1948 - Ellen Julia Randall is born

1957 - Ellen almost gets hit by a car

1958 - Brian sees painting of his grandmother in National Gallery in London and Claire graduates from medical school

June 1961 - Brian’s first kiss at end of grade 9 school dance with David Mills

1964 - Vietnam War develops into full scale war with American involvement

September 1964 - Brian attends Boston University to do journalism

December 1964 - First nationwide protests against Vietnam War - Brian attends one in Boston

August, 1965 - President Johnson signs a law making it a federal crime to destroy or mutilate [draft] cards.

October 15, 1965 - David Miller publicly burns his draft card, becoming the first person to be prosecuted under that law and a symbol of the growing movement against the war.

November 1965 - Brian joins his friends in burning draft cards - gets into trouble but Frank gets him out of it

January 1966 - Frank dies

March 1966 - Second “Days of Protest” - Brian attends demonstrations in Boston

September 1966 - Ellen attends Harvard University to do history

August 1967 - Brian graduates and begins working at the Boston Globe

1968 - Tet Offensive has multiple phases from January to September

April 1968 - Brian, Ellen and Claire arrive in Scotland for Rev Wakefield's funeral and meet Roger - learns the truth

May 1st 1968 - Gillian Edgars/Geillis Duncan travels through the stones at Craigh na Dun to 1733

Summer 1968 - Roger comes with the news that he’s found Jamie

November 1968 - Ellen switches majors to mechanical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Claire goes through stones at Craigh na Dun to 1766

July 1969 - Brian, Ellen and Roger attend Celtic Festival and watch moon landing

December 1969 - Brian and Ellen spend Christmas in Scotland

Spring 1971 - Ellen graduates

May 1971 - Brian and Ellen find the news clipping of Claire and Jamie dying and go through stones at Craigh na Dun

June 1971 - Roger travels through the stones at Craigh na Dun

#outlander

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biblenewsprophecy · 4 months

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Habakkuk’s warning is about the destruction of the USA!

COGwriter

Habakkuk was a Hebrew prophet. Some observe a memorial to him on January 15th. He had important messages for the 21st century–particularly for the USA.

The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 reports this about him:

HABAKKUK (; LXX. Ἀμβακούμ; Vulgate, “Habacuc”):

Prophet; author of the eighth in the collection of the twelve minor prophetical books. The etymology of the name of the prophet is not clear. It seems to be a loan-word representing the Assyrian “hambaḳûḳu,” a garden-plant (Friedrich Delitzsch, “Prolegomena,” p. 84; König, “Historisch-Kritisches Lehrgebäude der Hebräischen Sprache,” ii. 1. 473, on the vocalization), and has the appearance of being a writer’s pseudonym (F. E. Peiser, “Der Prophet Habakuk,” in “Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft,” 1903, i. 12). That he was a Levite has been urged on the strength of the postscript to ch. iii. (verse 19, “on my stringed instruments”), which indicates that he owned instruments: only a Levite was authorized to use an instrument to accompany his songs in the Temple. The superscription of the Septuagint apocryphon Βὴλ καὶ Δράκωυ, in the Codex Chisianus, also designates him a Levite.

Around 605-625 B.C. Habakkuk wrote a short book of the Bible that has a lot of implications for the time that we are now in.

Here are some passages from it (italics are not inspired but were headings in the translation):

1 The burden which the prophet Habakkuk saw.

The Prophet’s Question

2 O Lord, how long shall I cry, And You will not hear? Even cry out to You, “Violence!” And You will not save. 3 Why do You show me iniquity, And cause me to see trouble? For plundering and violence are before me; There is strife, and contention arises. 4 Therefore the law is powerless, And justice never goes forth. For the wicked surround the righteous; Therefore perverse judgment proceeds.

The Lord’s Reply

5 “Look among the nations and watch — Be utterly astounded! For I will work a work in your days Which you would not believe, though it were told you. 6 For indeed I am raising up the Chaldeans, A bitter and hasty nation Which marches through the breadth of the earth, To possess dwelling places that are not theirs. 7 They are terrible and dreadful; Their judgment and their dignity proceed from themselves. 8 Their horses also are swifter than leopards, And more fierce than evening wolves. Their chargers charge ahead; Their cavalry comes from afar; They fly as the eagle that hastens to eat. 9 They all come for violence; Their faces are set like the east wind. They gather captives like sand. 10 They scoff at kings, And princes are scorned by them. They deride every stronghold, For they heap up earthen mounds and seize it. 11 Then his mind changes, and he transgresses; He commits offense, Ascribing this power to his god.” (Habakkuk 1:1-11)

Notice that the above states that the end time work will not be believed by many even though God will reveal it–which He does through His prophets, like Habakkuk. While some claim that this was only for the past and have despised my quoting of this, they seemingly forget that this is in the New Testament:

41 ‘Behold, you despisers, Marvel and perish! For I work a work in your days, A work which you will by no means believe, Though one were to declare it to you.‘” (Acts 13:41)

I believe that the Continuing Church of God is helping fulfill that. No xWCG group has had the type of growth in the 21st century that the CCOG has had–and this happened despite not having the large amounts of money like many groups have had available. Nor have any had the amount of signs that God promised (for details, check out the article: Does the CCOG have the confirmed signs of Acts 2:17-18?).

Now, getting back to Habakkuk:

The Prophet’s Second Question

12 Are You not from everlasting, O Lord my God, my Holy One? We shall not die. O Lord, You have appointed them for judgment; O Rock, You have marked them for correction. 13 You are of purer eyes than to behold evil, And cannot look on wickedness. Why do You look on those who deal treacherously, And hold Your tongue when the wicked devours A person more righteous than he? 14 Why do You make men like fish of the sea, Like creeping things that have no ruler over them? 15 They take up all of them with a hook, They catch them in their net, And gather them in their dragnet. Therefore they rejoice and are glad. 16 Therefore they sacrifice to their net, And burn incense to their dragnet; Because by them their share is sumptuous And their food plentiful. 17 Shall they therefore empty their net, And continue to slay nations without pity? (Habakkuk 1:12-17)

Notice that in the above the one getting punished will be punished by someone who, in certain ways, is worse than the one who will be punished. So while some believe that in certain ways the USA and its Anglo-allies are more “righteous” than the Beast power that will destroy it, the reality is that this is part of God’s plan.

2:1 I will stand my watch And set myself on the rampart, And watch to see what He will say to me, And what I will answer when I am corrected.

The Just Live by Faith

2 Then the Lord answered me and said: “Write the vision And make it plain on tablets, That he may run who reads it. 3 For the vision is yet for an appointed time; But at the end it will speak, and it will not lie. Though it tarries, wait for it; Because it will surely come, It will not tarry. 4 “Behold the proud, His soul is not upright in him; But the just shall live by his faith. (Habakkuk 2:1-4)

Notice that the prophecy that is being discussed is for the appointed time of the end. It is a prophecy for our time–and will affect the proud. What will happen is so bad “That he may run who reads it.”

Yet, most do not take it seriously enough, and that includes most Christians:

Woe to the Wicked

5 “Indeed, because he transgresses by wine, He is a proud man, And he does not stay at home. Because he enlarges his desire as hell, And he is like death, and cannot be satisfied, He gathers to himself all nations And heaps up for himself all peoples. 6 “Will not all these take up a proverb against him, And a taunting riddle against him, and say, ‘Woe to him who increases What is not his — how long? And to him who loads himself with many pledges’? 7 Will not your creditors rise up suddenly? Will they not awaken who oppress you? And you will become their booty. 8 Because you have plundered many nations, All the remnant of the people shall plunder you, Because of men’s blood And the violence of the land and the city, And of all who dwell in it. (Habakkuk 2:5-8)

Actually, with an admitted debt of over $34 trillion dollars and plans to increase that much further, the USA has increased pledges more than any nation in the history of the planet. And on a per capita basis, the United Kingdom is one of the most indebted nations on the earth itself.

The above prophecy in Habakkuk will be fulfilled at the time of the end (cf. “The message was true, but the appointed time was long…in the latter days, for the vision refers to many days yet to come”, Daniel 10:1,14). Daniel 8:19, 11:27, 29,35 uses the same Hebrew term for “appointed time” as Habakkuk 2:3, while Daniel 10, using a different term, ties the latter days to the time in Daniel 8:19. Habakkuk 2 was not fulfilled in its entirety anciently. Also, it makes little sense that Habakkuk would be directed towards the modern nation of Israel as it does not have enemy creditors. It must be a nation or group of nations with some prominence at the appointed time of the end. As far as “violence of the land” as a contributing factor, this would seem to include crime, military missions, and perhaps riots/civil unrest, but might it also include promotion of violent sports? Is the USA government not giving shameful counsel regarding matters such as homosexuality and abortion?

Notice also the following from the Commentary on Habakkuk from the ancient Dead Sea Scrolls (roughly 2000 years old; translated in the 1950s by F.F. Bruce):

God commanded Habakkuk to write the things that were coming upon the last generation, but the fulfilment of the epoch he did not make known to him. (1Q p Hab. vii 1-5)

While ancient commentaries like this are NOT scripture, this particular one shows that those who understood the Hebrew language around 2000 years ago believed that Habakkuk’s words had NOT then been fulfilled and were for the time of the end.

The official US government debt nearly doubled under the Obama Administration:

According to the US Treasury, the debt of the USA as of 01/19/2009 (the day before Barack Obama took office) was 10,628,881,485,510.23 (https://treasurydirect.gov/NP/debt/current).

According to the US Treasury, the debt of the USA as of 01/19/2017 (the day Barack Obama left office and the day before Donald Trump took office) was 19,944,429,217,106.77 (https://treasurydirect.gov/NP/debt/current).

Those who thought that the Trump Administration would fix that are in error as the following shows:

According to the US Treasury, the debt of the USA as of 01/19/2021 was $27,752,835,868,445.35 (https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/debt-to-the-penny/debt-to-the-penny)

And these debt figures do not include state and local government debt, nor consumer or corporate debt.

Furthermore, the debt has risen by over 6 trillion dollars in less than three years under the Biden-Harris Administration:

According to the US Treasury, the debt of the USA as of 11/30/2023 was $$33,878,679,367,501.20 (https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/datasets/debt-to-the-penny/debt-to-the-penny)

The USA has been setting itself up for the penalties prophesied by Habakkuk.

Raising debt, not cutting spending, remains the US government’s plan.

Notice the following, last year, from Daily Reckoning:

Americans Don’t Realize They’re Being Cooked

January 11, 2023

We Americans are frogs. We are frogs wallowing blissfully in a pot of fatally warming water.

We boil gradually away, unaware… comfortable… arrogant… and ignorant.

That is, we the American people have grown so accustomed to the warmth enwombing us — and for so long — we are incapable of detecting the ratcheting heat.

We will never jump the pot. We are simply too comfortable inside it.

We refer specifically and unequivocally to the warming water of the American fiscal setting.

The nation is spending itself into hot water.

Why?

The United States national debt runs to $31.5 trillion, approximately. The nation’s debt-to-GDP ratio comes in at 124%…

Interest rates have been on the jump since the summer of 2020.

After guttering along near 0.50% that peculiar summer, the 10-year Treasury yield presently exceeds 3.5%. It recently exceeded 4%.

Interest payments on the debt have jumped in consequence.

In 2017 — merely five years distant — interest payments scarcely exceeded $200 billion.

During the plague year of 2020 they hovered near $300 billion.

In 2022 interest payments verged upon $400 billion.

Meantime, the Congressional Budget Office projects these expenditures will triple over the decade ahead.

Glancing further out, CBO projects interest payments will near $66 trillion over the following 30 years. They will likewise absorb nearly 40% of all federal expenditures by 2052.

The frog in its pot will be well and truly cooked. …

Meantime, debt runs riot, the economy runs to conditions nearly recessionary, the debt-to-GDP ratio ticks remorselessly higher…

And the American citizen wallows away in the increasingly warming water that envelops him.

He mistakes it for comfort. He will one day learn otherwise.

Alas… he will learn too late. https://dailyreckoning.com/americans-dont-realize-theyre-being-cooked/

The biblical reality is that debt will be a major factor in the downfall of the USA, etc.

Perhaps it should be pointed out that the old Radio Church of God did teach that Habakkuk 1 had future fulfillment and tied it in with Isaiah 10 (Hoeh H. The Race Question. Plain Truth, July 1957 p. 22).

Furthermore, the old WCG did clearly teach that Habakkuk 2 had future application:

Habakkuk … God also said that this vision was to be written for our benefit today. … (Habakkuk 2:3). God showed Habakkuk that He will punish all the unrighteous at the end-time. … (Habukkuk 2:8, 10, 16-17) (Armstrong HW, editor in chief. THE MINOR PROPHETS SPEAK TO US! Youth Bible Lessons, Level 7, Lesson 9, 1986, p. 4)

So, yes, the old WCG understand that Habakkuk 2 was prophetic for the end time–not that it was full fulfilled thousands of years ago (which many in certain COGs wrongly believe).

On the other hand, some will discount Habakkuk because it is prophetic.

Do you believe the words that God inspired Habakkuk to write? If so, do you really understand what is going to happen to the USA, UK, and their Anglo-descended allies relatively soon?

There is also a YouTube video related to this: Was USA debt and destruction predicted 2,600 years ago?

Here is something that was written in 1973 for the old Ambassador College by Dean Blackwell:

Why do you think in Habakkuk, God said that He’d “revive His work in the midst of the years”? Would this be said if they were doing the work in all the time of the New Testament Church?

You might note that in Habakkuk 3:2, he says: O Eternal, I have heard thy speech and was afraid: O Eternal, revive thy work in the midst of the years, in the midst of the years make known; in wrath remember mercy.

He is referring to God reviving His work in the midst of man’s last century. He said that God would make known what is happening and what’s going to happen in man’s last years, in the day of His wrath. He requested that God remember mercy and hide His people in a place of safety.

The work needs to be done in the 21st century. Will you truly support it?

Whether or not Habakkuk himself died on January 15th, the reality is that since much of his message is for the appointed time of the end, his writing (that God inspired) is applicable today.

The rising USA debt cannot continue indefinitely–there is a major price to pay.

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wikiuntamed · 4 months

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On this day in Wikipedia: Sunday, 14th January

Welcome, velkommen, καλωσόρισμα (kalosórisma), benvingut 🤗 What does @Wikipedia say about 14th January through the years 🏛️📜🗓️?

14th January 2023 🗓️ : Death - Mukarram Jah Mukarram Jah, 8th Nizam of Hyderabad (b. 1933) "Nizam Mir Barkat Ali Khan Siddiqi Mukarram Jah, Asaf Jah VIII (6 October 1933 – 15 January 2023), less formally known as Mukarram Jah, was the titular Nizam of Hyderabad between 1967 and 1971. He was the head of the House of Asaf Jah until his death in 2023. Born as the eldest son of Azam Jah and..."

Image licensed under CC BY 2.0? by Nagarjun Kandukuru from Bangalore, India

14th January 2019 🗓️ : Event - Saha Airlines A Saha Airlines Boeing 707 crashes at Fath Air Base near Karaj in Alborz Province, Iran, killing 15 people. "Saha Airlines (Persian: هواپیمایی ساها) is an Iranian airline based in Tehran that operates scheduled domestic flights...."

14th January 2014 🗓️ : Death - Jon Bing Jon Bing, Norwegian author, scholar, and academic (b. 1944) "Jon Bing (30 April 1944 – 14 January 2014) was a Norwegian writer and law professor at the Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law (NRCCL), and the Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo. Bing was considered a pioneer in international IT and information law. He held honorary doctorates..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0? by Andre Eide from Norway

14th January 1974 🗓️ : Birth - Kevin Durand Kevin Durand, Canadian actor "Kevin Serge Durand (born January 14, 1974) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for portraying Vasiliy Fet in The Strain, Joshua in Dark Angel, Martin Keamy in Lost, Fred J. Dukes / The Blob in X-Men Origins: Wolverine, Barry Burton in Resident Evil: Retribution, Gabriel in Legion, Little John in..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0? by Gage Skidmore

14th January 1924 🗓️ : Birth - Carole Cook Carole Cook, American actress and singer (d. 2023) "Mildred Frances Cook (January 14, 1924 – January 11, 2023), known professionally as Carole Cook, was an American actress, active on screen and stage, best known for appearances on Lucille Ball's comedy television series The Lucy Show and Here's Lucy. Her best known film roles include The Incredible..."

Image by State Library and Archives of Florida

14th January 1824 🗓️ : Birth - Vladimir Stasov Vladimir Stasov, Russian critic (d. 1906) "Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov (also Stassov; Russian: Влади́мир Васи́льевич Ста́сов; 14 January [O.S. 2 January] 1824 – 23 October [O.S. 10 October] 1906), was a Russian critic of music and art. Born into a wealthy, noble family, Stasov became a prominent figure in mid-19th-century Russian culture. He..."

Image by Ilya Repin

14th January 🗓️ : Holiday - Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia) "This is a list of holidays in Tunisia. January 1: New Year's Day March 20: Independence Day April 9: Martyrs' Day May 1: Labour Day July 25: Republic Day August 13: Women's Day October 15: Evacuation Day December 17: Revolution Day Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Islamic New Year Mawlid..."

#OnThisDayInWikiHistory #WikiUntamed #WikiWonderland #WikiWandering

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mikeepoo · 4 months

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American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral Grace Hopper born (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992). A pioneer of computer programming, Hopper devised the theory of machine-independent programming languages. The FLOW-MATIC programming language she created using this theory was later extended to create COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today.

Ol' Adm Hopper is also credited with finding the first "bug" in a computer - BITDays of vacuum tubes...

"On September 9, 1947, a team of computer scientists and engineers reported the world’s first computer bug. Today, software bugs can impact the functioning, safety, and security of computer operating systems. “Debugging” and bug management are important parts of the computer science industry.

This bug, however, was literally a bug. “First actual case of bug being found,” one of the team members wrote in the logbook. The team at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, found that their computer, the Mark II, was delivering consistent errors. When they opened the computer’s hardware, they found ... a moth. The trapped insect had helped short out a vacuum tube.

Among the team who found the first-reported computer bug was computer-language pioneer Dr. Grace Hopper. She is often given credit for reporting the bug - but at a minimum she was the person who likely made the incident famous."

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whatsonmedia · 4 months

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orthodoxydaily · 10 months

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Saints&Reading: Wednesday, July 19, 2023

july 19_july 6

VENERABLE SISOE THE GREAT OF EGYPT ( 429)

Saint Sisoes the Great (+ 429) was a solitary monk pursuing asceticism in the Egyptian desert in a cave sanctified by the prayerful labors of his predecessor, Saint Anthony the Great (January 17). For his sixty years of work in the desert, Saint Sisoes attained sublime spiritual purity, and he was granted the gift of wonderworking so that by his prayers, he once restored a dead child back to life.

Extremely strict with himself, Abba Sisoes was very merciful and compassionate to others, and he received everyone with love. To those who visited him, the saint always taught humility. When one of the monks asked how he might attain a constant remembrance of God, Saint Sisoes remarked, “That is no great thing, my son, but it is a great thing to regard yourself as inferior to everyone else. This leads to the acquisition of humility.” Asked by the monks whether one year is sufficient for repentance if a brother sins, Abba Sisoes said, “I trust in the mercy of God that if such a man repents with all his heart, then God will accept his repentance in three days.”

When Saint Sisoes lay upon his deathbed, the disciples surrounding the Elder saw that his face shone like the sun. They asked the dying man what he saw. Abba Sisoes replied that he saw Saint Anthony, the prophets, and the apostles. His face increased in brightness, and he spoke with someone. The monks asked, “With whom are you speaking, Father?” He said that angels had come for his soul, and he was entreating them to give him a little more time for repentance. The monks said, “You have no need for repentance, Father.” Saint Sisoes humbly said, “I do not think that I have even begun to repent.”

After these words, the face of the holy abba shone so brightly that the brethren could not look upon him. Saint Sisoes told them that he saw the Lord Himself. Then there was a flash like lightning and a fragrant odor, and Abba Sisoes departed to the Heavenly Kingdom.

SYNAXIS OF THE SAINTS OF RADONEZH, THE LEGACY OF ST SERGIUS

Abramius Igumen of Galich, or Chukhloma Lake, disciple of Saint Sergius of Radonezh (+1375). He is commemorated on July 20.

Alexander of Moscow, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ after 1427). He is commemorated on June 13.

Alexander Peresbet, schema-monk, warrior, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1380). He is commemorated on September 7.

Andrew Oslyaba, warrior, schema-monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1380). He is commemorated on September 7.

Andrew Rublev, monk of Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, iconographer, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1430). He is commemorated on June 13 and July 4.

Andronicus of Moscow, Igumen, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1395). He is commemorated on June 13.

Anthony (Medvedev), Archimandrite (+1877). He is commemorated on May 12 and October 3.

Arsenius (Sakharov), Igumen of Komel, Vologda (+1550). He is commemorated on August 24.

Athanasius, Igumen of Vysokoe monastery in Serpukhov, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ after 1401). He is commemorated on September 12.

Athanasius the younger of Vysokoe monastery, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1395). He is also commemorated on September 12.

Athanasius, monk of Zhelezvy, Cherepovits, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ ca. 1388). He is commemorated on July 5, September 25, and November 26.

Barnabas (Merkulov), Hieromonk, Elder of Gethsemane Skete of Saint Sergius Lavra (+1906). He is commemorated on February 17.

Bartholomew, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ 14th century).He is commemorated on June 11.

Basil, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1392). He is commemorated on January 1.

Bassian (Rylo), Archbishop of Rostov (+1481). He is commemorated on March 23.

Cassian, abbot of Avnezh, Vologda (+1392). Commemorated on June 15.

Cyril, Igumen of White Lake (Cosmas, in the world), (+1427). He is commemorated on June 9.

Cyril, Schema-monk, father of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1337). He is commemorated on January 18 and September 28.

Daniel the Black, monk, iconographer, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1426). He is commemorated on June 13.

Demetrius of the Don, Grand Duke (+1399). He is commemorated on May 19.

Demetrius, Igumen of Priluki, Vologda. (+1392). He is commemorated on February 11.

Dionysius Archimandrite of Radonezh (David Zobninovsky in the world, +1633). He is commemorated on May 12.

Dionysius Archbishop of Suzdal (+1385). He is commemorated on June 26 and October 15.

Dorotheus, monk, bookkeeper (+1622). He is commemorated on June 5.

Elias, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1384). He is commemorated on May 29.

Elisei (Elisha), hierodeacon, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th century). He is commemorated on June 14.

Epiphanius the wise, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1418-22). He is commemorated on May 12.

Eudokia (Euphrosynē in monasticism), Grand Duchess, wife of Saint Demetrius of the Don (+1407). She is commemorated on May 17 and July 7.

Euthymius, Archimandrite of Suzdal, wonderworker (+1404 or 1405). He is commemorated on April 1 and July 4.

Gregory (Avnezhsky), Igumen, hieromartyr (+1392). He is commemorated on June 15.

Gregory (Golutvin), monk disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th or 15th century). He is commemorated on January 25.

Ignatius, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+after 1392). He is commemorated on December 20.

Innocent, Metropolitan of Moscow (John Popov-Veniaminov in the world +1877). He is commemorated on March 31 and October 6 (his glorification in 1977).

Ioannicius, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th century). He is commemorated on November 4.

Irenarchus, monk, sacristan (+ 1621). He is commemorated on January 12 and November 28.

Isaac Molchanik, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1388).He is commemorated on May 30.

James of Zhelenzy Bor, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1442). He is commemorated on April 11 and May 5 (the uncovering of his relics in 1613).

James Stromynsk, Igumen, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th century). He is commemorated on April 21.

James Yakut, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th century). He is commemorated on October 23.

Joasaph, Bishop of Belgorod (Joachim Andreevich Gorlenko in the world +1754). He is commemorated on December 10 and September 4 (the uncovering of his relics in 1911).

Joasaph (Borov) Archimandrite, hieromartyr (+1610). He is commemorated on January 12 and July 5.

Joasaph (Skripitsyn), Metropolitan of Moscow (+1555). He is commemorated on July 27.

Leontius (Stromynsky), monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1380). He is commemorated on July 20.

Macarius, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1392). He is commemorated on January 19.

Maximus the Greek, monk (+1556). He is commemorated on January 21 and June 21 (the uncovering of his relics in 1996).

Maria, schema-nun, mother of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1337). She is commemorated on January 18 and September 28.

Martinian, Igumen of White Lake (+1423). He is commemorated on January 12, and October 7 (the uncovering of his relics in 1514).

Methodius, Igumen of Peshnosha, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1392). He is commemorated on June 4 and June 14.

Metrophanes, Igumen, Elder, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1392). He is commemorated on June 4.

Michael, Bishop of Smolensk (+1402). He is commemorated on November 28.

Micah, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1385). He is commemorated on May 6.

Nahum, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th century). He is commemorated on December 1.

Nectarius, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th century). He is commemorated on November 29.

Nikḗtas of Borov, disciple of Saint Sergius (+after 1421). He is commemorated on May 1.

Nikephorus of Borov, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1414). He is commemorated on February 9.

Nikon of Radonezh, Igumen, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1426). He is commemorated on November 17, July 7, and September 27.

Onesimus, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th century). He is commemorated on February 15.

Paul of Komel (Obnora), monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (1429). He is commemorated on January 10 and October 7.

Paul of Rostov, Igumen of Saints Boris and Gleb monastery (+after 1409). He is commemorated on October 22.

Romanus, Igumen of Kirzach, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1392). He is commemorated on July 29.

Savva of Moscow, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1410). He is commemorated on June 13.

Savva, Igumen of Storozhev (Zvenigorod), disciple of Saint Sergius (+1406). He is commemorated on January 19, August 23 (second uncovering of his relics), and December 3.

Savva of Stromysk, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1392). He is commemorated on July 20.

Serapion, Archbishop of Novgorod (+1516). He is commemorated on March 16 and April 7.

Sergius of Obnora, Nurom, Vologda, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+1412). He is commemorated on October 7.

Sergius, Igumen of Radonezh, wonderworker (+1392). He is commemorated on September 25 (repose), July 5 (uncovering of his relics in 1422), and on August 24 (commemoration of the appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos to Saint Sergius).

Simon, Archimandrite of Radonezh and Smolensk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1392). He is commemorated on May 10.

Simon, ecclesiarch, disciple of Saint Sergius (+after 1392). He is commemorated on May 10.

Stephen, hieroschema-monk, Igumen of Makhrishche (+1406). He is commemorated on July 14.

Stephen of Moscow, monk, brother of Saint Sergius (+14-15 centuries) He is commemorated on July 14.

Stephen, Bishop of Perm (+1396). He is commemorated on April 26.

Sylvester of Obnora, monk, wonderworker (+1379). He is commemorated on April 25.

Theodore, Archbishop of Rostov, nephew of Saint Sergius (+1394). He is commemorated on November 28.

Theodore, Igumen of Rostov (+1409). He is commemorated on October 22.

Theodosius of Cherepovits, monk, disciple of Saint Sergius (+ca. 1388). He is commemorated on July 5, September 25, and November 26.

Therapon, Archimandrite, Igumen of White Lake, Mozhaisk and Luzhetsk, wonderworker (+1426). He is commemorated on May 27 and December 27.

Therapon, monk of Borov and Kaluga, disciple of Saint Sergius (+14th and 15th century). He is commemorated on May 27.

Source: Orthodox Church in America

1 CORINTHIANS 7:12-24

12 But to the rest I, not the Lord, say: If any brother has a wife who does not believe, and she is willing to live with him, let him not divorce her. 13 And a woman who has a husband who does not believe, if he is willing to live with her, let her not divorce him. 14 For the unbelieving husband is sanctified by the wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified by the husband; otherwise your children would be unclean, but now they are holy. 15 But if the unbeliever departs, let him leave; a brother or a sister is not under bondage in such cases. But God has called us to peace. 16 How do you know, O wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, O husband, whether you will save your wife? 17 But as God has distributed to each one, as the Lord has called each one, so let him walk. And so I ordain in all the churches. 18 Was anyone called while circumcised? Let him not become uncircumcised. Was anyone called while uncircumcised? Let him not be circumcised. 19 Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but keeping the commandments of God is what matters. 20 Let each one remain in the same calling he was called. 21 Were you called a slave? Do not be concerned about it; use it if free. 22 He is called in the Lord while a slave is the Lord's freedman. Likewise, he who is called while free is Christ's slave. 23 You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of men. 24 Brethren, let each one remain with God in the state he was called.

Commentary of the Church Father: John Chrysostom (AD 4075). And again, Only as God has distributed to each man, as the Lord has called each, so let him walk. Was any one called being circumcised? Let him not become uncircumcised. Was any called in uncircumcision? Let him not be circumcised. Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing; but the keeping of the commandments of God. Let each man abide in that calling wherein he was called. Were you called, being a slave? Care not for it. These things contribute nothing unto faith, says he. Be not then contentious neither be troubled; for the faith has cast out all these things. Let each man abide in that calling wherein he was called. Have you been called, having an unbelieving wife? Continue to have her. Cast not out your wife for the faith's sake. Have you been called, being a slave? Care not for it. Continue to be a slave. Have you been called being in uncircumcision? Remain uncircumcised. Being circumcised, did you become a believer? Continue circumcised. For this is the meaning of, As God has distributed unto each man. For these are no hindrances to piety. You are called, being a slave; another, with an unbelieving wife; another, being circumcised. Astonishing! Where has he put slavery? As circumcision profits not: and uncircumcision does no harm; so neither does slavery, nor yet liberty. And that he might point out this with surpassing clearness, he says, But even (Αλλ' εὶ καὶ δυνάσαι) if you can become free, use it instead: that is, instead continue a slave. Now upon what possible ground does he tell the person who might be set free to remain a slave? He means to point out that slavery is no harm but rather an advantage. Now we are not ignorant that some say, the words, use it instead, are spoken about liberty: interpreting it if you can become free. But the expression would contradict Paul's manner if he intended this. He would not, when consoling the slave and signifying that he was in no respect injured, have told him to get free. Since perhaps someone might say, What then if I cannot? I am an injured and degraded person. This, then, is not what he says: but as I said, meaning to point out that a man gets nothing by being made free, he says, Though you have it in your power to be made accessible, remain instead in slavery. Next he adds also the cause; For he that was called in the Lord being a bondservant, is the Lord's free man: likewise he that was called, being free, is Christ's bondservant. For, says he, in the things that relate to Christ, both are equal: and like as you are the slave of Christ, so also is your master. How, then, is the slave a free man? Because He has freed you not only from sin but also from outward slavery while continuing a slave. For he suffers not the slave to be a slave, not even though he be a man abiding in slavery: and this is the great wonder. But how is the slave a free man while continuing a slave? When he is freed from passions and the diseases of the mind: when he looks down upon riches and wrath and all other the like passions.

MATTHEW 14:35-15:11

35 And when the men of that place recognized Him, they sent out into all that surrounding region, brought to Him all who were sick, 36 and begged Him that they might only touch the hem of His garment. And as many as touched it was made perfectly well.

1 Then the scribes and Pharisees from Jerusalem came to Jesus, saying, 2 Why do Your disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat bread. 3 He answered and said to them, "Why do you also transgress the commandment of God because of your tradition? 4 For God commanded, saying, 'Honor your father and your mother'; and, 'He who curses father or mother, let him be put to death.' 5 But you say, 'Whoever says to his father or mother, Whatever profit you might have received from me is a gift to God"- 6 'then he need not honor his father or mother.' Thus you have made the commandment of God of no effect by your tradition. 7 Hypocrites! Did Isaiah prophesy about you, saying: 8 These people draw near to Me with their mouth And honor Me with their lips, But their heart is far from Me. 9 And in vain they worship Me, Teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.' " 10 When He had called the multitude to Himself, He said to them, "Hear and understand: 11 Not what goes into the mouth defiles a man; but what comes out of the mouth, this defiles a man.

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