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kemetic-dreams · 1 year

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First Afro-American ran for US President

“George Edwin Taylor ran for president a long time before Barack Obama.”

“Born in the pre-Civil War South to a mother who was free and a father who was enslaved, George Edwin Taylor would become the first African American selected by a political party to be its candidate for the presidency of the United States.

Taylor was born on August 4, 1857 in Little Rock, Arkansas to Amanda Hines and Bryant (Nathan) Taylor. At the age of two, George Taylor moved with his mother from Arkansas to Illinois. When Amanda died a few years later, George fended for himself until arriving in Wisconsin by paddleboat in 1865. Raised in and near La Crosse by a politically active African family, he attended Wayland University in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin from 1877 to 1879, after which he returned to La Crosse where he went to work for the La Crosse Free Press and then the La Crosse Evening Star. During the years 1880 to 1885 he produced newspaper columns for local papers as well as articles for the Chicago Inter Ocean.

Taylor's newspaper work brought him into politics--especially labor politics. He sided with one of the competing labor factions in La Crosse and helped re-elect the pro-labor mayor, Frank "White Beaver" Powell, in 1886. In the months that followed, Taylor became a leader and office holder in Wisconsin's statewide Union Labor Party, and his own newspaper, the Wisconsin Labor Advocate, became one of the newspapers of the party.

In 1887 Taylor was a member of the Wisconsin delegation to the first national convention of the Union Labor Party, which met in Ohio in April, and refocused his newspaper on national political issues. As his prominence increased, his race became an issue, and Taylor responded to the criticism by increasingly writing about African American issues. Sometime in 1887 or 1888 his paper ceased publication.

In 1891 Taylor moved to Oskaloosa, Iowa where he continued his interest in politics, first in the Republican Party and then with the Democrats. While in Iowa Taylor owned and edited the Negro Solicitor, and became president of the National Colored Men's Protective Association (an early civil rights organization) and the National Negro Democratic League, an organization of Africans within the Democratic Party. From 1900 to 1904 he aligned himself with the Populist faction that attempted to reform the Democratic Party.

Taylor and other independent-minded African Americans in 1904 joined the first national political party created exclusively for and by Africans, the National Liberty Party (NLP). The Party met at its national convention in St. Louis, Missouri in 1904 with delegates from thirty-six states. When the Party's candidate for president ended up in an Illinois jail, the NLP Executive Committee approached Taylor, asking him to be the party's candidate.

While Taylor's campaign attracted little attention, the Party's platform had a national agenda: universal suffrage regardless of race; Federal protection of the rights of all citizens; Federal anti-lynching laws; additional African regiments in the U.S. Army; Federal pensions for all former slaves; government ownership and control of all public carriers to ensure equal accommodations for all citizens; and home rule for the District of Columbia.

Taylor's presidential race was quixotic. In an interview published in The Sun (New York, November 20, 1904), he observed that while he knew whites thought his candidacy was a "joke," he believed that an independent political party that could mobilize the African American vote was the only practical way that blacks could exercise political influence. On election day, Taylor received a scattering of votes.

The 1904 campaign was Taylor's last foray into politics. He remained in Iowa until 1910 when he moved to Jacksonville. There he edited a succession of newspapers and was director of the African American branch of the local YMCA. He was married three times but had no children. George Edwin Taylor died in Jacksonville on December 23, 1925.”

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George Edwin Taylor - 2014 - Question of the Month - Jim Crow Museum

The Brother tried and I knew all the Afro-Americans couldn't vote for him because voter suppression .

#george edwin taylor #african #afrakan #kemetic dreams #brownskin #afrakans #africans #brown skin #african culture #barack obama #african president #politics

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deadpresidents · 9 months

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Is Trump the first person to run for president three different times?

No, there have been numerous people through the history of the United States who have run for President three or more times, but most of them didn't get their party's nomination.

Interestingly, a lot of people forget that the 2024 election is actually Joe Biden's fourth, full-fledged, formal Presidential campaign, in addition to Trump's third campaign. Biden unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in 1988 and 2008 before finally winning the nomination and general election in 2020. Ronald Reagan first ran for President in 1968 when he jumped into the race for the Republican nomination as an alternative to Richard Nixon, but it was kind of a half-hearted, late bid and Reagan later admitted that he wasn't quite ready to run for President at that point, which was only about a year into his tenure as Governor of California. Reagan challenged incumbent President Ford for the Republican nomination in 1976 and very nearly pulled off a rare intraparty defeat of a sitting President from his own party. And of course, Reagan ran and won in 1980 and 1984.

It's not just a relatively recent phenomenon, either; candidates have been running for President three or more times for as long as the Presidency has existed. Thomas Jefferson sought the Presidency in 1796 , 1800, and 1804, and there are many more examples, including Ulysses S. Grant, who was the first former President to make a serious attempt at breaking George Washington's tradition of serving two terms and then retiring. Grant won Presidential elections in 1868 and 1872, and allowed his supporters to actively work for his nomination at the 1880 Republican National Convention after President Hayes retired without seeking a second term. Grant was the frontrunner for the nomination, but once the balloting for the nominee started, the convention became deadlocked between Grant and James G. Blaine -- another person who ran for President multiple times: 1876, 1880, and 1884 (when he was nominated, but lost the general election). On the thirty-sixth ballot, the Republicans finally nominated James Garfield, who had emerged as a compromise candidate.

It is less common for someone to be a major party nominee for President on three or more occasions, which Trump has a shot of being in 2024 if he's not in prison. However, it is still not unprecedented. Obviously, Franklin D. Roosevelt won four Presidential elections (1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944), which had never happened before and will never happen again unless the Constitution is amended. William Jennings Bryan was the Democratic nominee in 1896, 1900, and 1908, and lost all three times. Grover Cleveland won the Democratic nomination in three straight elections: 1884 (which he won), 1888 (which he lost), and 1892 (which he won). Trump is hoping to join Cleveland as the only Presidents to serve two non-consecutive terms. Henry Clay was his party's nominee on three different occasions, and lost all three times. In an odd quirk of the times, because the major political parties were still in the process of forming in the first half of the 19th Century, Clay was technically the Presidential nominee for three different political parties: Democratic-Republican in 1824, National Republican in 1832, and Whig in 1844. Martin Van Buren was elected President as the Democratic nominee in 1836 and renominated in 1840, but lost the general election, After breaking with his party over the spread of slavery to new American territories, former President Van Buren ran as the Free Soil nominee in 1848, but came in third in the general election behind Zachary Taylor and Lewis Cass. And, one more recent example would be Richard Nixon, who was the 1960 Republican Presidential nominee and narrowly lost the general election in John F. Kennedy. Despite the belief that his political career was finished -- particularly after a humiliating loss in the 1962 campaign for Governor of California -- Nixon won the Republican nomination again in 1968 and 1972 and went on to win the general election both times (as well as winning 49 out of 50 states in 1972).

(I'm sorry...I understand that was a long-winded, overly-detailed way of answering your question when I also could have just said, "No.")

#Presidents #Presidential Elections #Presidential Politics #Presidential Nominees #Presidential Campaigns #History #Politics #Political History #Presidential History #Campaigns #Elections

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yatescountyhistorycenter · 15 days

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A literal whistle-stop tour of Penn Yan

By Jonathan Monfiletto

Nowadays, presidents and presidential candidates don't often make their way to New York State, let alone Yates County or the Finger Lakes region. But there was a time when they did, and several presidents and presidential candidates have visited the area over the years.

And presidents and presidential candidates from both major parties have made their way to New York State during their campaigns, even setting foot in Yates County and the Finger Lakes region. One of those candidates – more than 130 years ago – was the sitting President of the United States, Benjamin Harrison, who came to Penn Yan on a literal whistle-stop tour in 1892.

A whistle-stop tour is defined as a form of political campaigning in which the candidate for office makes a series of brief appearances at a number of small towns over a short period of time, generally from the open platform of a railroad car. And that seems to be exactly what Harrison did as he sought a second term that year. In fact, at the time of his tour, he hadn’t even been officially re-nominated by the Republican Party; that selection – then in the style of closed-door, back-room conventions rather than elections open to eligible voters – came a couple of weeks later.

Harrison seems to have visited Penn Yan on Saturday, May 28, 1892. Interestingly, while there is a plethora of newspaper articles in our digitized database covering national news from Harrison’s election in 1888 through his single term in the presidency from 1889 to 1893, I could find just a single local news article covering Harrison’s visit to Penn Yan, from the Yates County Chronicle of June 1, 1892. I first became interested in Harrison’s stop in Yates County when I came across a photograph of Harrison greeting a humongous crowd from the platform of a train car, labeled as taking place in Penn Yan. So, the presence of just one newspaper article capturing the moment was, needless to say, disappointing.

That article didn’t even mention the specific date or specific location of the president’s visit. “An hour before the schedule (sic) time for the special train to arrive Saturday afternoon, which brought the President and his party, people began to gather at the station,” begins the Chronicle’s article, headlined “The President’s Visit” in rather small lettering. “At five o’clock as the train pulled in the station at least 4000 people were assembled and every available point of vantage was occupied by those anxiously waiting to see Benjamin Harrison and to hear what he had to say.” Every vantage point indeed, as the photograph shows at least one person climbing a pole to get a better view and a group of people standing on the depot roof to see the president. And the population of the village of Penn Yan in 1890 stood at a little more than 4,200 people, so this turnout means either every single person in the village came out to see the president or people came from far and wide in hopes of catching a glimpse of the man.

The remainder of the Chronicle article describes the physical amenities of the president’s train and lists Harrison’s entourage, which included a slate of Congressional representatives and their wives or daughters – including John Raines, Yates County’s local Congressman – as well as several military officials and Cabinet members. Then, the Chronicle states Raines introduced Harrison to Hanford Struble, then the County Judge after serving in several other positions, Postmaster John T. Andrews, and County Treasurer John Henry Smith. After the greetings, Struble introduced the president to the crowd, and Harrison went into his remarks as recorded by the Chronicle.

Still, for all the pomp and circumstance the newspaper seems to capture, it didn’t capture the date and location of the event. The Ontario County Times of May 25, 1892 previews the president’s arrival in an article headlined “The President in Canandaigua!” (all in caps, and the original did contain the exclamation point). According to this article, the president was to “pass through Canandaigua on Saturday of this week” (May 28, by my calculation) “on his way from Washington to Rochester, where he is to take part in the ceremonies attending the unveiling of the soldiers’ monument the following Monday.” The president and his entourage were to travel “by special train” over the Northern Central Railroad, departing Washington, D.C. at 7 in the morning and arriving in Rochester around 7 in the evening. Harrison and his party were to reach Canandaigua around 6 p.m., and “as an observation car is to be attached to the train, it is hoped that the President may be prevailed upon to show himself and make one of the short speeches in which he is so felicitous and eloquent.”

From this description, I can deduce more about Harrison’s visit to Penn Yan. Since Harrison arrived in Penn Yan at 5 p.m. on Saturday, May 28 and was expected to reach Canandaigua by 6 p.m., then it is clear he traveled from Penn Yan and through Canandaigua on his way to Rochester. Since Harrison’s train traveled the Northern Central Railroad, then the Penn Yan station of his visit was likely the Northern Central Railroad depot on Hamilton Street, near that street’s intersection with what was then named Jacob Street. This is the present-day site of Morgan’s Grocery in the same building.

While Harrison’s purpose in visiting Penn Yan may have been to eventually reach Rochester and taking part in the dedication of that city’s Soldiers & Sailors Monument, he certainly took the opportunity to campaign and make his case for a second term in the White House. Harrison’s presidency is credited as a period of prosperity and equality for average American citizens.

“I know that we have not been able to attain, if that were desirable, an absolute equality of success in life. But I also know that we have secured in this country absolute equality of civil opportunities,” Harrison told the crowd gathered in Penn Yan, according to the Chronicle. “There is no caste or limitation upon the successes of men. God’s providence, our own courage and the right exercise of the faculties he has given us alone put limitations upon what an American youth may attain. This is all we can ask of a Government. This we do ask and will insist upon, that everywhere in this land where the flag floats the law shall be the rule of conduct for all men, not prejudice or passion, not the convenience of the rich or powerful, but the law as we have made it shall be the rule of conduct for all men in their relations to all other men.”

#historyblog #history #museum #archives #american history #us history #local history #newyork #yatescounty #pennyan #president #uspresident #president of the united states #benjaminharrison #train #railroad #station

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lboogie1906 · 2 months

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Pastor Channing Emery Phillips (March 23, 1928 – November 11, 1987) was a minister, civil rights leader, and social activist based in DC. He was the first African American in history to be placed in nomination for POTUS by a major political party.

He was born in Brooklyn. His father was a Baptist minister. He grew up in New York City and Pittsburgh. He served in the Army. He earned a BA from Virginia Union University and an M.Div from the Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School. He did postgraduate work at Drew University.

He was a founding member of the Coalition of Conscience. He worked as a professor of divinity at Howard University. He served as the pastor of Lincoln Temple, United Church of Christ.

In 1968, he headed Robert F. Kennedy’s presidential campaign. He led the delegation from DC to the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Members of DC’s Delegation were pledged to Robert F. Kennedy. Following Senator Kennedy’s assassination in early June in California, the delegation voted instead to nominate him as a favorite son.

He received 68 votes. By some accounts, he was the first African American ever to be nominated at a major party convention. He was the first African American to receive votes for the presidential nomination at a DNC. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass received votes for president at the 1888 Republican National Convention, but it does not appear from the official record that his name was put into nomination.

He said that his candidacy was meant to show that “the Negro vote must not be taken for granted.” He was president of the Housing Development Corporation.

He ran to become the first congressional delegate to the House of Representatives from DC but lost the Democratic primary. He was an advocate for full home-rule status for DC.

He moved back to New York City. He became Minister of Planning and Coordination at the Riverside Church.

He was survived by his wife, Jane, and their children, two sons, Channing D. Phillips, acting US Attorney for the DC, and three daughters. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence #alphaphialpha

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brookstonalmanac · 2 months

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Events 3.20 (before 1950)

#Events

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generalharrison · 7 years

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Frederick Douglass’ Last Speech to an RNC, 1888

The Chairman. Gentlemen of the Convention: I have the honor to present to you a man who needs no introduction--our old friend, Fred Douglass.

I had the misfortune last night to speak to a vast audience in the Armory, a little below here or above here, and broke my voice so that I feel wholly unable to address you, any more than to express my thanks to you for the cordial welcome, the ernest call you have given me to this platform. I have only one work to say, and it is this: That I hope this convention will make such a record in its proceedings as to put it entirely out of the power of the leaders of the Democratic party and the leaders of the mugwump party [Laughter] to say that they see no difference between the Republican party in respect to the class I represent and the Democratic party. I have great respect for a certain quality that I have seen distinguished in the Democratic party. It is fidelity to its friends [Laughter] its faithfulness to those whom it has acknowledged as its masters for the last forty years. [Laughter and applause.]

They were faithful before the war. They were faithful during the war. They gave them all the encouragement they possibly could without drawing their own necks into the halter. [Laughter and applause.]

They were faithful during the period of reconstruction; they have been faithful ever since. They are faithful to-day to the Solid South. I believe that the Republican party will prove itself equally faithful to its friends, and those friends during the war were men with black faces. They were legs to your maimed; they were eyes to your blind; they were shelter to your shelterless sons when they escaped from the lines of the rebels; they are faithful to-day; and when this great Republic was at its extremest need; when its fate seemed to tremble in the balance and the crowned heads and the enemies of Republican institutions were saying in Europe: “Aha, aha! This great Republican bubble is about to burst;” when your armies were melting away before the fie and pestilence of rebellion, you called upon your friends, your black friends; when your Star Spangled Banner, now glorious, was trailing in the dust, heavy with patriotic blood, you called upon the negro, Abraham Lincoln called upon the negro [Applause] to reach out his iron arm and clutch with his steeled fingers your faltering banner; and they came--they cam 200,000 strong. [Cheers.]

Let us remember these black men in the platform that you are about to promulgate, and let us remember these black men now stripped of their constitutional right to vote [Cheers] for the grand standard-bearer whom you will present to the country. Leave these men no longer to wade to the ballot box through blood but extend straight and as smooth and as safe as any other citizen’s. [Cheers.]

Be not deterred from duty by the cry of “bloody shirt.” Let that shirt wave so long as blood shall be found upon it. [Cheers.] A government that can give liberty in its constitution ought to have the power to protect liberty in its administration. [Applause.]

I will not take up your time. I have got my thought before you. I speak in behalf of the millions who are disfranchised to-day. I thank you. [Applause.]

Douglass spoke immediately after John C. Fremont. He attended the 1892 Convention, but did not make a speech to my knowledge.

From the Proceedings of the Ninth Republican National Convention, pg. 22.

#Frederick Douglass #1888 Republican National Convention #1888 election #1888 campaign #bloody shirt #American Civil War #Reconstruction #history #US history #American history #black history

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petervintonjr · 4 years

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Lesson 24: "The novelty of my position compels me to cultivate and exhibit my honourable associates a courtesy that would inspire reciprocal courtesy."

Blanche Kelso Bruce was born a slave in Farmville, VA sometime in 1841, secretly educated to read and write by his then-master. At the outset of the Civil War he fled to Kansas and later to Mississippi; during Reconstruction he became a successful cotton plantation owner in his own right, and eventually pursued the unthinkable: the life of an elected official. Beginning as the sheriff and tax collector of Bolivar County, MI, from 1872-1875, he was ultimately elected as a Republican to the United States Senate on February 4, 1874, and served from 1875 to 1881 --the very first African-American to serve a full term in that body.

Bruce was not the first-ever elected black Senator (that honour fell to his predecessor, Hiram Revels). Bruce's time in the Senate was of course contentious; among many insults and indignities, his fellow Mississippi Senator, James Rostrum, refused to accompany his new colleague to the rostrum to take his Oath of Office. Rather than let the indignity endure, New York Senator Roscoe Conkling got up from his seat and accompanied Bruce the rest of the way to the front of the Chamber.

Bruce's sole term in the Senate was not wasted --he used his post to advocate civil rights for blacks, Native Americans, Chinese immigrants, and --significantly-- former Confederates. (One date of particular significance during that time, on February 14, 1879, owing to the Senate tradition of rotating presiding officers, Bruce found himself presiding over a floor session. Little more than a footnote, to be sure, but nevertheless another first for an African-American.)

The end of the Reconstruction-era military government in Mississippi effectively ended Republican control over that state's legislative process, and Bruce finished out his single Senate term in 1881. However his time in public service was not yet done --before his death in 1898 he would serve as President Garfield's registrar of the U.S. Treasury, Presient Harrison's recorder of deeds for the District of Columbia, and again registrar of the U.S. Teasury under McKinley. He even received 11 delegate votes for Vice President at the Republican national convention of 1888.

#black lives matter #reconstruction #blanche bruce #dothework

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blackkudos · 4 years

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Harold Ford, Jr.

Harold Eugene Ford Sr. (born May 20, 1945) is an American politician and Democratic former member of the United States House of Representatives representing the Memphis, Tennessee area for 11 terms—from 1975 until his retirement in 1997. He was the first African-American to represent Tennessee in the U.S. Congress. He is a member of the Ford political family from Memphis.

During his 20 years in Congress, Ford obtained ample federal funds for his district through his membership on the House Ways and Means Committee. He advocated for increased government assistance for lower income constituents including job training, health care, and supplemental unemployment benefits with welfare as a safety net. He supported President Carter's initiatives to rebuild central cities, and opposed Reagan era cuts to programs such as Medicare and food stamps. He proposed welfare reform legislation to gradually transition recipients from welfare to work, but it was not passed.

His effectiveness was diminished following his 1987 indictment on bank fraud charges that alleged he had used business loans for his personal needs. Ford denied the charges and claimed the prosecution was racially and politically motivated. He lost his committee leadership roles but remained in Congress while the legal proceeding were pending. He was ultimately tried and acquitted in 1993 of all charges by a jury.

He chose to retire from Congress in 1996. His son Harold Jr. returned to Tennessee from New York and successfully ran for his seat. In his retirement, Harold Sr. has been active in Democratic Party affairs and has worked as a lobbyist. He lives in Florida and in the Hamptons.

Early life, education and family

Harold grew up on Horn Lake Road in the West Junction neighborhood of South Memphis. He is the eighth of fifteen children born to Newton Jackson Ford (1914–1986) and Vera (Davis) Ford (1915–1994), prominent members of the African-American community. His mother was a homemaker and his father was an undertaker and businessman, who opened N.J. Ford Funeral Home (later changed to N.J. Ford And Sons Funeral Home) in 1932. His grandfather Lewie Ford (1889-1931) started the family funeral business and became allied with E.H. Crump, an influential white politician in Memphis and the state in the early 20th century.

Ford and his family have a public service orientation which dates back to his great-grandfather Newton Ford (1856–1919), who was a well-respected civic leader around the southern section of Shelby County. Newton Ford was elected as a county squire from 1888 to 1900. N.J. Ford ran for the Tennessee House in 1966 but was not elected.

Harold Ford graduated from Geeter High School in 1963, received his B.S. degree from Tennessee State University in Nashville in 1967 and did graduate work there for one year. He received a mortuary science degree from John A. Gupton College of Nashville in 1969, and worked in the family business as a mortician from 1969 until 1974. In 1982, he earned a Master of Business Administration from Howard University.

Political career

State legislature

Ford was able to use his family's deep roots in Memphis to garner support within the affluent black community for his first run for office. He also ran an organized campaign and was able to take advantage of the increase in black voters that followed the Voting Rights Act. He was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1970, becoming one of its youngest members and one of only a few African Americans to have served in the Tennessee General Assembly to that point in the 20th century. He was made majority whip in his first term, and chaired a state house committee on utility rates and practices.

He was a delegate to Democratic State Convention and to the quadrennial Democratic National Conventions from 1972 through 1996.

U.S. House of Representatives

In 1974, after two terms in the Tennessee legislature, he ran for the Democratic nomination for the Memphis-based 8th U.S. Congressional district, easily beating three opponents. He faced four-term Republican incumbent Dan Kuykendall in the general election. At that time, the district still had a white majority, though the 1970 round of redistricting by the Tennessee legislature had redrawn the 8th to include more African-American voters. Ford ran on a bipartisan platform emphasizing economic development to attract both black and white voters. He waged a large and well organized get-out-the-vote campaign using paid workers, volunteers and his own considerable energy, and received support from black churches and celebrities. He was also able to take advantage of post Watergate dissatisfaction with the Republican Party. When the votes were first counted it looked like Kuykendall had eked out a narrow victory—but Ford ultimately won by 744 votes after contesting the original count.

Ford became the first African-American to represent Tennessee in the United States Congress. He was re-elected by large margins, locking in the black vote, and winning a large number of white votes in his district. After the 1983 census, the district was renumbered as the 9th District, and was drawn as a black-majority district. With the percentage of black voters increasing due to increased white flight, Ford then won re-election by gaining more than 70 percent of the vote. After he was indicted, he still garnered more than 50 percent of the vote.

He served on a number of House committees including: Banking, Currency and Housing; Veterans' Affairs, and the Select Committee on Assassinations that investigated the death, among others, of Martin Luther King Jr. He was a member of the influential House Ways and Means Committee beginning in 1975, and chaired the subcommittee on Public Assistance and Unemployment. He served as the chairman of the House Select Committee on Aging during the 102nd and 103rd Congresses.

Ford obtained ample federal funds for his district through his membership on the House Ways and Means Committee. He focused his work in Congress on helping lower income constituents. He advocated for increased federal government assistance for job training, health care, and unemployment supplemental benefits with welfare as a safety net. He supported Democratic President Carter's initiatives to rebuild central cities, and opposed cuts to programs such as Medicare and food stamps that were passed during the administration of Republican President Ronald Reagan. Ford proposed comprehensive welfare reform legislation to gradually transition recipients with children over the age of six from welfare to work. The legislation had a high start up cost due to the education and job training aspects, and was opposed by the Reagan administration.

Ford suffered in the eyes of many for the antics of his brother John Ford, who had been elected to the Tennessee State Senate in the same 1974 election. John Ford was accused, but never criminally convicted, of driving between Memphis and Nashville at high speeds while in possession of a legal firearm. Harold Ford said he had no control over his brother's actions.

Bribery trials

In 1987, federal prosecutors obtained an indictment against Ford from a grand jury in eastern Tennessee. The indictment was based on testimony from two bankers, both partners of Jake Butcher, who pled guilty to bank fraud under a plea bargain. Ford was charged in 18 counts of conspiracy and fraud accusing him of receiving nearly $1.5 million in loans from 1976 to 1983, that prosecutors alleged were actually bribes. Ford contended that the loans were legitimate business transactions used to extend loans to him and his family funeral home business.

A first trial in Memphis in 1990 ended in a mistrial with the jury deadlocked 8-4 along straight racial lines. The eight black jury members voted to acquit, and the four whites voted to convict. The judge granted the prosecutor's motion for retrial, and held that an impartial jury could not be found in Ford's hometown, the heavily Democratic and predominantly black city of Memphis where Ford was very popular. He ordered that the jury for the retrial be selected for a pool of jurors living 80 miles from Memphis in 17 heavily Republican and predominantly white rural counties. The jurors were to be bused into Memphis for the trial. Ford appealed this jury selection plan twice to the Sixth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on the ground that it violated his constitutional right to a jury of his peers; the appeals were denied twice. In 1993, Stuart Gerson, a hold-over Bush-appointee serving as acting Attorney General sided with Ford's request for a jury from Memphis, but the federal judge hearing the trial rejected the request. On April 9, 1993, a jury of 11 whites and 1 black acquitted Ford of all charges. During the seven year pendentcy of the criminal charges, Ford remained a U.S. Representative, but was stripped by Congress of his committee leadership roles. After his acquittal they were restored. In 1992, he had also been implicated in the House banking scandal.

Later career

Harold Jr., Ford's son, in 1996 returned to run for his retiring father's seat after having worked in New York City and completed his education at the University of Pennsylvania and University of Michigan Law School. The elder Ford publicly hoped that the confrontational stance that he had sometimes used, particularly with regard to race, would never need to be employed by his son.

Personal life

Ford married Dorothy Bowles in 1969 and the couple had three children: Harold, Newton Jake and Sir Isaac. They divorced in 1999. He then remarried to Michelle Roberts and had two children: Andrew Ford and Ava.

He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He is a Baptist. Currently retired, Ford divides his time between Tennessee and Fisher Island in Miami, Florida. He is still active in the Democratic Party.

#05/20

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lincolncollection · 6 years

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Remembering the Ladies — Reformers and Writers

The introduction of cartes-de-visite photographs during the 1850s revolutionized photography and created a new hobby for many Americans. Cartes-de-visite could be mass produced, which made them both inexpensive and widely available. For the first time, Americans could collect and share images of famous people—politicians, military heroes, reformers, authors, and entertainers. And some of those famous people were women, as these images of women reformers and authors from the Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection demonstrate.

Photographs of women famous in 19th-century reform circles were shared among the women’s family and friends and among reform supporters. Sojourner Truth (c1797-1883) lectured widely on abolition, racial equality, and woman’s rights. In 1850 she dictated her memoirs to her friend Olive Gilbert, and William Lloyd Garrison privately published her book, The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave. During the Civil War she helped recruit black troops for the Union Army and worked for the National Freedman's Relief Association in Washington, D.C., where she met President Lincoln at the White House on October 29, 1864. She sold her photographs to further reform and to support herself. As she put it “I sell the shadow to support the substance.”

Mary Livermore (1820-1905) was another abolitionist and advocate for woman’s rights. She supported Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and was the only woman reporter in the Chicago Wigwam during the Republican Party convention that nominated him. During the Civil War, she was an agent for the United States Sanitary Commission, organizing aid societies, inspecting military camps and hospitals, and raising funds. After the war, she campaigned for woman’s suffrage and served as president of the American Woman Suffrage Association.

Livermore worked with abolitionist and suffragist Lucy Stone (1818-1893), who along with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton largely created the 19th-century woman’s rights movement. Stone shocked her contemporaries during the 1840s and 1850s by giving public lectures in support of woman’s rights and abolition. She went on to help organize the American Woman Suffrage Association; found the movement’s most influential publication, the Woman’s Journal; and help reunite the fractured woman suffrage movement. Stone continued as an activist, lecturer, and writer until the end of her life.

Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (1842-1932) was another public lecturer for abolition and woman’s rights. During the Civil War, she toured the country speaking on behalf of the Sanitary Commission. In 1864 she became the first woman to speak to Congress, where her speech in support of the Union and Republicans’ anti-slavery platform earned her a standing ovation from members of the House of Representatives. President Lincoln attended her speech.

Photographs of popular women authors were also widely circulated. Some of these writers are still known today; others are not. In most cases, these groundbreaking women were also associated with their era’s reform movements.

Foremost among the still-known are Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) and Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). Stowe is best known for writing Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and although the story that Lincoln called her the little woman who started a big war is almost certainly apocryphal, the influence of her book on Americans’ attitudes toward slavery is undeniable.

Alcott’s Little Women and its sequels were tremendously successful during her lifetime and remain popular a century and a half later. In these and other writings, she supported women’s independence with her strong, smart female characters.

Among the no-longer-known authors is Grace Greenwood (Sara Jane Lippincott, 1823-1904), a poet, author, and newspaper correspondent. She was one of the first women to be granted access to the Congressional press galleries and was a correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post, the New York Times, and several other newspapers. She also wrote poetry and stories for children and adults. During the Civil War, she sold her writing to raise funds for the war effort and lectured to soldiers and at sanitary fairs. Her work in support of woman’s rights and other social issues continued after the war.

#Sojourner Truth #Mary Livermore #Lucy Stone #Anna Dickinson #Harriet Beecher Stowe #Louisa May Alcott #Grace Greenwood #Sara Jane Lippincott #abraham lincoln #abrahamlincoln #19th century American women #American women reformers #women's rights #abolitionsists

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patriotsnet · 3 years

Text

How Many Electoral Votes Do Republicans Have

New Post has been published on https://www.patriotsnet.com/how-many-electoral-votes-do-republicans-have/

How Many Electoral Votes Do Republicans Have

Has A Candidate Lost The Public Vote But Become President

How many electoral votes does Iowa have?

Yes. In fact, two out of the last five elections were won by candidates who had fewer votes from the general public than their rivals.

It is possible for candidates to be the most popular candidate among voters nationally, but still fail to win enough states to gain 270 electoral votes.

In 2016, Donald Trump had almost three million fewer votes than Hillary Clinton, but won the presidency because the electoral college gave him a majority.

In 2000, George W Bush won with 271 electoral votes, although Democrat candidate Al Gore won the popular vote by more than half a million.

Only three other presidents have been elected without winning the popular vote, all of them in the 19th Century: John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B Hayes and Benjamin Harrison.

How Many Electoral College Votes Does Arizona Have

4.1/5

Year

The state of Arizona has 11 electoral votes in the Electoral College. As of February 2020, Donald Trump and Bill Weld are among the declared Republican candidates.

Secondly, how are Electoral College votes determined? Electoral votes are allocated among the States based on the Census. Every State is allocated a number of votes equal to the number of senators and representatives in its U.S. Congressional delegationtwo votes for its senators in the U.S. Senate plus a number of votes equal to the number of its Congressional districts.

One may also ask, how many electoral votes does each state have?

The Electoral College consists of 538 electors, and an absolute majority of at least 270 electoral votes is required to win the election. According to Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution, each state legislature determines the manner by which its state’s electors are chosen.

How many votes did Trump get in Arizona?

2016 United States presidential election in Arizona

Nominee

Map 2 And Table 1: Current Party Control Of Us House Delegations By State

Notes: Table 1 is sorted from largest delegation to smallest . *Assumes Republicans hold the now-vacant but very heavily Republican PA-12 in a special election later this year. **North Carolina has a House vacancy stemming from the disputed and unresolved race in NC-9.

One could argue that the GOP edge largely comes from the smallest states, as the GOP holds a 5-2 edge among the seven states that only have a single, at-large House member. However, that edge disappears if one looks instead at the dozen states that have either one or two House members. Delegation control is split 6-6 among those states. That said, the GOP definitely benefits from a broader small-state advantage. Its four-delegation national edge comes entirely from the bare majority of states, 26, that have six House members or less. Republicans hold a 15-11 advantage in these states; the 24 largest states, those that have seven House members or more, are split 11-11 apiece, not including the two tied states of Michigan and Pennsylvania.

Who knows? Such a situation would be unprecedented in modern times. Realistically, though, its hard to imagine the Democrats taking a majority of the House delegations in the next election unless the overall election was a Democratic runaway, in which case there wouldnt be a tie in the Electoral College to worry about anyway.

Kyle Kondik is a Political Analyst at the;Center for Politics;at the University of Virginia and the Managing Editor of Sabato’s Crystal Ball.

Also Check: Are There More Democrats Or Republicans In Us

Benjamin Harrison V Grover Cleveland

1888 was another election in which the winner of the popular vote did not become president.

Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland had won the popular vote by a margin of 0.8% . Despite this slim popular victory, Republican Benjamin Harrison won the Electoral College majority .

Harrison won the Electoral College without the popular vote by winning slim majorities in his winning states and suffering considerable losses in his losing states. Six southern states favored Cleveland by more than 65%.

The reason for this split was the issue of tariffs. The South strongly favored lowering of the tariff. The Republicans approved of high tariffs and were unpopular in the South. Tariff reform gave Cleveland immense support in the southern states, but the South alone was not enough to win the election.

When elected in 1884, Cleveland was the first Democrat elected since before the Civil War. He came back to challenge and defeat Harrison in 1892.

The Popular Vote On Election Day

Under the United States Constitution, the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state’s legislature. Although each state designates electors by popular vote, other methods are allowed. For instance, instead of having a popular vote, a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself.

However, federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day, which is “the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November,” i.e., a Tuesday no earlier than November;2 and no later than November;8. Today, the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors.

Generally, voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. The presidential ballot is a vote “for the electors of a candidate” meaning the voter is not voting for the candidate, but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate.

Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College, U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for president. Guam has held straw polls for president since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact.

Also Check: How Many Seats Do The Republicans Control In The Senate

Who Are These Electors

While the U.S. constitution offers little guidance on who can be an elector, it does contain strict regulations as to who does not qualify for the position. Article II, section 1, clause 2 provides that âno Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.â;

Choosing of the electors is a two-part process.;

The first part of the process, which varies from state to state, consists of statewide political parties selecting a slate of possible electors by either a nomination at a party convention or by a procedural vote from the partyâs central committee.;

Electors are often high-ranking members of either political party, chosen to honor their service to the government.

The second part of the process occurs during the statesâ general elections; when voters cast their ballots for president, they are also selecting the stateâs electors to represent their vote in the Electoral College.

Since electors are allocated to states based on the total population and amount of congressional districts, states have widely varying amounts of electoral voters.;

For example, the states with smaller populations such as Wyoming â the least populous state with just over half a million people, per 2019 estimates â have three electors each. California, the most heavily populated state with over 39 million people, also has the most electors in the country at 55.;

Third Parties And Independent Candidates

Third- parties and independent candidates, despite the obstacles discussed previously, have been a periodic feature of American politics. Often they have brought societal problems that the major parties had failed to confront to the forefront of public discourse and onto the governmental agenda. But most third parties have tended to flourish for a single election and then die, fade away or be absorbed into one of the major parties. Since the 1850s, only one new party, the Republican Party, has emerged to achieve major party status. In that instance, there was a compelling moral issue slavery dividing the nation. It provided the basis for candidate recruitment and voter mobilization.

There is evidence that third parties can have a major impact on election outcomes. For example, Theodore Roosevelts third-party candidacy in 1912 split the normal Republican vote and enabled Democrat Woodrow Wilson to be elected with less than a majority of the popular vote. In 1992, H. Ross Perots independent candidacy attracted voters who, in the main, had been voting Republican in the 1980s, and thereby contributed to the defeat of the incumbent Republican president, George H.W. Bush. In the extremely close 2000 contest between Republican George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore, it is possible that had Green Party candidate Ralph Nader not been on the ballot in Florida, Gore might have won that states electoral votes and thereby the presidency.

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Appointment By State Legislature

In the earliest presidential elections, state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors. A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 and 1800 , and half of them did so in 1812. Even in the 1824 election, a quarter of state legislatures chose electors. Some state legislatures simply chose electors, while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote. By 1828, with the rise of Jacksonian democracy, only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice. Delaware ended its practice the following election , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860. South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election.

Excluding South Carolina, legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832:

Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election. Had the recount continued, the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe-harbor deadline for choosing electors.

What Are The Battlegrounds For The 2020 Election

How the Electoral College works | VERIFY

Its widely agreed that the key swing states are as follows; but there is some variation between commentators and pollsters.

Florida

Electoral College votes: 29

Latest poll: 3.3pp in favour of Democrats

Florida could go either way this year, in 2008 and 2012 it voted Obama and the Democrats in, but in 2016 Trump won Florida by 1.2pp. It has a diverse population with a conservative stronghold, and is difficult to predict but possibly the most important barometer of the whole country.

Pennsylvania

Electoral College votes: 20

Latest poll: 6.4pp in favour of Democrats

In 2016 Trump won by 0.7pp, and it has been a key pawn this year relating to the argument on fracking in particular.If Biden can boost turnout in the liberal cities to balance Trumps rural base, he could swing the state this year.

Ohio

Electoral College votes: 18

Latest poll: 2.0pp in favour of Republicans

Trump won Ohio in 2016 by a landslide of 8.1pp, and Bidens only chance this year is to seriously motivate black voters.

Michigan

Electoral College votes: 16

Latest poll: 7.9pp in favour of Democrats

In 2016 Trump won Michigan by the thinnest hairs breadth. But, having voted for Obama twice, Biden is hopeful he can claw the rust belt state back to blue.

North Carolina

Electoral College votes: 15

Latest poll: 4.1pp in favour of Democrats

Arizona

Electoral College votes: 11

Latest poll: 3.3pp in favour of Democrats

Wisconsin

Electoral College votes: 10

Latest poll: 7.3pp in favour of Democrats

Iowa

Georgia

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Current Electoral Vote Distribution

Electoral votes allocations for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections.Triangular markers (

H Hybrid system

Before the advent of the “short ballot” in the early 20th century the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket. The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it. In the general ticket, voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector . In the general ticket, the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector, a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill. Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at-large or winner-takes-all voting. The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932. Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot.

So Who Are Americans Voting For

When Americans go to the polls in presidential elections they’re actually voting for a group of officials who make up the electoral college.

The word “college” here simply refers to a group of people with a shared task. These people are electors and their job is to choose the president and vice-president.

The electoral college meets every four years, a few weeks after election day, to carry out that task.

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Four Features Of Our Anti

Broadly speaking, there are fourfeatures of our system of government that make our democracy less democratic, many of them working in interlocking ways. These features also happen to give the GOP a structural advantage.

1) The Senate is deeply unrepresentative of the country

According to 2018 Census Bureau estimates, more than half of the US population lives in just nine states. That means that much of the nation is represented by only 18 senators. Less than half of the population controls about 82 percent of the Senate.

Its going to get worse. By 2040, according to a University of Virginia analysis of census projections, half the population will live in eight states. About 70 percent of people will live in 16 states which means that 30 percent of the population will control 68 percent of the Senate.

Once all of its members are sworn in, Democrats and Republicans will each control an equal number of seats in the Senate, but the Democratic half will represent nearly 42 million more people than the Republican half. The 25 most populous states contain about 84 percent of the population, and Democrat senators have a 29-21 majority in those states. Republicans, meanwhile, have an identical 29-21 majority in the 25 least populous states.

There are over 20,000 more farms in California than there are in Nebraska. There are rural regions in large states. And there are some urbancenters in small states.

Hamiltons argument is refuted by three words: President Donald Trump.

How Many Electoral Votes Does It Take To Win

The important number is 270. A total of 538 electoral votes are in play across all 50 states and Washington, D.C. The total number of electoral votes assigned to each state varies depending on population, but each state has at least three, and the District of Columbia has had three electors since 1961.

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Which Objections Are Recognized

For an objection to a state’s vote to be considered, it has to be a signed by at least one member of the House and one from the Senate.

An objection to a state’s entire slate of electors has been raised only once since the Electoral Count Act was enacted in 1887. That’s expected to happen again Wednesday a dozen Republican House members have said they plan to object to votes from swing states won by Biden, and Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., announced last week that he planned to join at least some of the challenges.

On Saturday, 11 more GOP senators said they would vote to sustain objections in six swing states unless there’s a 10-day audit to review votes that have already been certified after canvasses, audits and/or recounts. There’s been no movement toward such an audit.

Samuel Tilden V Rutherford B Hayes

One of the most controversial presidential elections was between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes.

Tilden, a Democrat, won the popular vote by nearly 250,000 votes, over 3%. On the night of the election, both candidates, as well as most of the national media, assumed Tilden was the winner. However, some Republicans were not willing to give up so easily.

The candidate’s electoral votes were close and the Republicans contested 20 of them, including 4 from Florida, 8 from Louisiana, 7 from South Carolina, and 1 from Oregon.

Out of these 20 electoral votes, Tilden only needed 1 to win the election. Hayes needed all 20.

Without any precedent for the many contested electoral votes, both parties agreed to set up a 15-person commission to study the contested votes and to impartially decide whom each vote should go to.

The commission was made up of five senators, five members of Congress, and five Supreme Court Justices. It was originally set up to include seven Democrats, seven Republicans, and one independent who was expected to be unbiased and nonpartisan.

At this time, the Republicans controlled the Senate and the Democrats controlled the House. Both parties agreed that the findings of the commission would be upheld unless overruled by both the House and the Senate.

The Democrats threatened to filibuster but eventually agreed to a resolution that Hayes would withdraw federal troops from the South, ending reconstruction and the enforcement of equal voting rights for blacks.

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Barry Bonds Hits 715th Home Run To Pass Babe Ruth On Mlb List

So Congress created a bipartisan Federal Electoral Commission composed of House representatives, senators and Supreme Court justices. The Commission voted to give all 20 disputed electoral votes to Hayes, who won the election by the thinnest of margins: 185 to 184.

Why did the Commission decide to hand the election to Hayes, who had lost both the popular and electoral vote? Most historians believe there was a deal brokered between the two parties. The Democrats, whose stronghold was the South, agreed to let Hayes be president in return for the Republicans promising to pull all federal troops from former Confederate states. Thats one of the main reasons why Reconstruction was abandoned in 1877.

A portrait of President Benjamin Harrison, 1888. Courtesy Library of Congress.;

The 1888 race between incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland and Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison was riddled with corruption. Both parties accused the other of paying citizens to vote for their candidate. So-called floaters were voters with no party loyalty who could be sold to the highest bidder.

In Indiana, a letter surfaced that allegedly showed Republicans plotting to buy up voters and to disrupt the oppositions own bribery efforts. Meanwhile, Southern Democrats did everything in their power to suppress the Black vote, most of whom aligned with the Republicans, the party of Lincoln.

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statetalks · 3 years

Text

How Many Electoral Votes Do Republicans Have

Has A Candidate Lost The Public Vote But Become President

How many electoral votes does Iowa have?

Yes. In fact, two out of the last five elections were won by candidates who had fewer votes from the general public than their rivals.

It is possible for candidates to be the most popular candidate among voters nationally, but still fail to win enough states to gain 270 electoral votes.

In 2016, Donald Trump had almost three million fewer votes than Hillary Clinton, but won the presidency because the electoral college gave him a majority.

In 2000, George W Bush won with 271 electoral votes, although Democrat candidate Al Gore won the popular vote by more than half a million.

Only three other presidents have been elected without winning the popular vote, all of them in the 19th Century: John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B Hayes and Benjamin Harrison.

How Many Electoral College Votes Does Arizona Have

4.1/5

Year

The state of Arizona has 11 electoral votes in the Electoral College. As of February 2020, Donald Trump and Bill Weld are among the declared Republican candidates.

One may also ask, how many electoral votes does each state have?

How many votes did Trump get in Arizona?

2016 United States presidential election in Arizona

Nominee

Map 2 And Table 1: Current Party Control Of Us House Delegations By State

Kyle Kondik is a Political Analyst at the;Center for Politics;at the University of Virginia and the Managing Editor of Sabato’s Crystal Ball.

Also Check: Are There More Democrats Or Republicans In Us

Benjamin Harrison V Grover Cleveland

1888 was another election in which the winner of the popular vote did not become president.

Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland had won the popular vote by a margin of 0.8% . Despite this slim popular victory, Republican Benjamin Harrison won the Electoral College majority .

When elected in 1884, Cleveland was the first Democrat elected since before the Civil War. He came back to challenge and defeat Harrison in 1892.

The Popular Vote On Election Day

Also Check: How Many Seats Do The Republicans Control In The Senate

Who Are These Electors

Choosing of the electors is a two-part process.;

Electors are often high-ranking members of either political party, chosen to honor their service to the government.

Since electors are allocated to states based on the total population and amount of congressional districts, states have widely varying amounts of electoral voters.;

Third Parties And Independent Candidates

You May Like: How Many Republicans Are Against Trump

Appointment By State Legislature

Excluding South Carolina, legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832:

What Are The Battlegrounds For The 2020 Election

How the Electoral College works | VERIFY

Its widely agreed that the key swing states are as follows; but there is some variation between commentators and pollsters.

Florida

Electoral College votes: 29

Latest poll: 3.3pp in favour of Democrats

Pennsylvania

Electoral College votes: 20

Latest poll: 6.4pp in favour of Democrats

Ohio

Electoral College votes: 18

Latest poll: 2.0pp in favour of Republicans

Trump won Ohio in 2016 by a landslide of 8.1pp, and Bidens only chance this year is to seriously motivate black voters.

Michigan

Electoral College votes: 16

Latest poll: 7.9pp in favour of Democrats

In 2016 Trump won Michigan by the thinnest hairs breadth. But, having voted for Obama twice, Biden is hopeful he can claw the rust belt state back to blue.

North Carolina

Electoral College votes: 15

Latest poll: 4.1pp in favour of Democrats

Arizona

Electoral College votes: 11

Latest poll: 3.3pp in favour of Democrats

Wisconsin

Electoral College votes: 10

Latest poll: 7.3pp in favour of Democrats

Iowa

Georgia

Don’t Miss: Which Region In General Supported The Democratic Republicans

Current Electoral Vote Distribution

H Hybrid system

So Who Are Americans Voting For

When Americans go to the polls in presidential elections they’re actually voting for a group of officials who make up the electoral college.

The word “college” here simply refers to a group of people with a shared task. These people are electors and their job is to choose the president and vice-president.

The electoral college meets every four years, a few weeks after election day, to carry out that task.

You May Like: Which Republicans Voted Against The Tax Bill

Four Features Of Our Anti

1) The Senate is deeply unrepresentative of the country

There are over 20,000 more farms in California than there are in Nebraska. There are rural regions in large states. And there are some urbancenters in small states.

Hamiltons argument is refuted by three words: President Donald Trump.

How Many Electoral Votes Does It Take To Win

Don’t Miss: Did Any Republicans Vote For Trump Impeachment

Which Objections Are Recognized

For an objection to a state’s vote to be considered, it has to be a signed by at least one member of the House and one from the Senate.

Samuel Tilden V Rutherford B Hayes

One of the most controversial presidential elections was between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes.

The candidate’s electoral votes were close and the Republicans contested 20 of them, including 4 from Florida, 8 from Louisiana, 7 from South Carolina, and 1 from Oregon.

Out of these 20 electoral votes, Tilden only needed 1 to win the election. Hayes needed all 20.

Without any precedent for the many contested electoral votes, both parties agreed to set up a 15-person commission to study the contested votes and to impartially decide whom each vote should go to.

Recommended Reading: Are Republicans Or Democrats More Educated

Barry Bonds Hits 715th Home Run To Pass Babe Ruth On Mlb List

A portrait of President Benjamin Harrison, 1888. Courtesy Library of Congress.;

source https://www.patriotsnet.com/how-many-electoral-votes-do-republicans-have/

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demdread · 3 years

Photo

John Francis Wheaton was a late 19th Century and early 20th Century lawyer and a politician. Wheaton ran for elective office in three states and was the first African American to serve in the Minnesota House of Representatives. John Francis Wheaton was born on May 8, 1866 to Jacob and Emily Wheaton in Hagerstown, Maryland. He graduated from the high school division of Storer College in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia in 1882. During the decade after his graduation Wheaton worked as a public school teacher, then attended Dixon Business College in Illinois, and later moved to Washington D.C., where he worked as a clerk for the United States Congress until 1892. In 1889, Wheaton married Ella Chambers and the couple had two sons, Layton J. and Frank P. Wheaton. Wheaton graduated from Howard’s Law Department in May 1892 and set up a practice in Hagerstown. He was only the fourth African American to pass the bar and practice law in Maryland and the first outside Baltimore. In 1893, however, Wheaton moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota where he worked as a clerk in the state legislature and also as a deputy clerk in the Minneapolis municipal courts. The following year he became the first African American to graduate from the University of Minnesota Law School. Wheaton had a lifelong affinity for politics. In 1885 at the age of nineteen he gave his first political “stump speech.” By twenty-one, he was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Maryland State Legislature. He served as a delegate in 1887, 1889, and 1891 to the Maryland’s State Republican Convention and was elected temporary chairman of the 1889 Convention. At the age of twenty-two Wheaton attended the 1888 Republican National Convention in Chicago as an alternate. He was one of the youngest delegates at the convention and among a handful of black delegates. After moving to Minneapolis, Wheaton quickly became involved in Minnesota politics. He was elected to serve as alternate delegate to the 1896 Republican National Convention in St. Louis. Two years later on November 8, 1898, Wheaton was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives to represent the 42nd District. https://www.instagram.com/p/CSid8M4MoBU/?utm_medium=tumblr

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originalchicago · 3 years

Text

Who has been to the Auditorium for a concert or a play? Did you know the Auditorium was opened on December 9, 1889 as Chicago's 3,982-seat opera house, with a hotel on the Michigan Avenue side and offices facing Wabash and Congress Avenues? It was the first mixed use building and one of the first with electric lighting, an air conditioning system that required tons of ice, and fireproofing throughout the entire structure..In June 1888 the Republican National Convention was held in the theater, before the building was even completed.

Designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler, Sullivan moved his office into the top floor of the tower. Among his staff at the time was Frank Lloyd Wright, who assisted Sullivan with the Auditorium's interior decoration. Walking through the south side entrance, the crowd entering was compressed in the lobby with a low ceiling, upon entering the auditorium they walked into a seven story glittering display of Sullivan's intricate ornamentation and dramatic lighting, with a brilliant 24-karat gold-leafed ceiling, and Alder's perfect acoustics.

The Auditorium also has the distinction of having served 24 million meals by WWII’s end, and also saw its magnificent stage used as a bowling alley by servicemen.

The Congress Parkway was envisioned as early as Burnham's 1909 plan as a grand entrance to the city and in 1952, the Congress Parkway was widened, bringing the curb to the southern edge of the building. To make room for a sidewalk, some ground-floor rooms and part of the theater lobby were removed and a sidewalk arcade created.

A great Chicago architectural treasure.

#chicago #auditorium #louissullivan #dankmaradler #franklloydwright #congressparkway #1889 #republicannationalconvention

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progressiveparty · 5 years

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Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has a point about the Electoral College

Robert Alexander, an expert on the Electoral College, notes that the freshman congresswoman is arguing that the college amounts to "electoral affirmative action" for rural voters. One of its major flaws is that it can weaken the legitimacy of a president who loses the popular vote but is elected anyway. Freshmen House members Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Dan Crenshaw recently engaged in a Twitter dispute over the merits of the Electoral College. AOC, a Democrat, argued that the institution amounts to "electoral affirmative action" for rural voters. Crenshaw, who is a Republican, defended the body, stating that "we live in a republic, which means 51% of the population doesn't get to boss around the other 49%."

Robert M. Alexander Yet, the Electoral College process can lead to outcomes where the 46% may look to boss around the remaining 54%. Recall that Donald Trump earned 46% of the vote in 2016 and lost the popular vote by nearly 3 million ballots. His victory marked the second time in the past five elections where the winner of the popular vote failed to ascend to the presidency. Previously, I suggested that Trump's path to a second term would most likely come in the same fashion that his first term did -- an Electoral College victory and a popular vote loss. Recent analysis suggests that Trump could lose the popular vote by as many as 5 million votes, but still win the Electoral College. Winning the electoral vote but losing the popular vote can complicate claims to legitimacy. Legitimacy is a key factor in any government. The belief that one has a right to their position is a deeply rooted feature for political stability. While it is established that the Electoral College is the process we use to determine who wins the presidency, how a president wins in the Electoral College matters in what they are able to accomplish. Trump seems to realize this. He frequently points out that he would have campaigned differently if he wished to win the popular vote, rather than the electoral vote. He has also falsely claimed that without "voter fraud," he would have won the popular vote. Clearly, the stamp of voter approval across the country matters to him. More misfires? In spite of the claim that so-called "misfire elections" are infrequent, the winner of the Electoral College has failed to win the popular vote in 10% of all presidential elections. The elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 are generally recognized as misfire elections. Yet close inspection of the election of 1960 suggests that John F. Kennedy's victory should also be included as a misfire, given the composition of Alabama's Electoral College delegation. Recent demographic patterns suggest these outcomes may occur with even greater frequency in upcoming contests. Misfire presidents arguably face their first major crisis before they even take the oath of office.

Appeals court says Colorado elector didn't have to vote for Clinton These presidents have not been judged very kindly in rankings of presidents by historians and political scientists. Most fall in the bottom half of all presidents who have served. Out of 43 presidents, John Q. Adams is ranked at 21, Benjamin Harrison is at 30, Rutherford Hayes is 32, and George W. Bush is at 33. Notably, Bush is the only misfire president to win re-election. Although I believe it is too soon to assess the Trump presidency, early results are not flattering, with several lists ranking him among the very worst. His tenure has undoubtedly been controversial, with few legislative victories to his credit. He stands alone as the only president since Gallup began conducting polls to not crack at least 50% job approval. So how is it that the Electoral College produces misfire presidents? The selection of the president was one of the most confounding decisions the Framers faced. Notably, the Electoral College of today bears little resemblance to the one they devised in 1787. They viewed the electors as people who would exercise independent judgment and pick presidents who would be well suited to carry out the responsibilities of the office. Popular selection of electors, the use of the winner-take-all method to award electoral votes, and elector loyalty were not prescribed by the Framers, but have become commonplace in presidential elections.

What Bill Maher gets completely wrong Not surprisingly, different rules yield different outcomes. Individual states are free to choose how they award electoral votes. All states except for Maine and Nebraska award their electoral votes on a winner-take-all basis. If a ticket wins a state by one vote, they receive all of the state's electoral votes. This can lead to some stark distortions between popular votes and electoral votes. Adding to these distortions is the fact that all states receive two electoral votes based on their representation in the Senate, regardless of their population. Theoretically this provides greater voting power to less populated states compared to more populated states. In 2016, an electoral vote in Wyoming represented just under 200,000 citizens, while an electoral vote in California represented over 700,000 citizens. It is rare when the popular vote and the electoral vote align with one another. For instance, there has been at least a 15% difference between the popular and the electoral vote in a majority of presidential elections. Most of the time, these distortions magnify the popular vote margin in the Electoral College. This effect is often cited as a benefit of the institution because it helps confer legitimacy to presidents selected in close popular votes but who attain relatively large Electoral College victories. For instance, Bill Clinton won 43% of the vote in 1992, but earned 69% of the Electoral College vote. Yet distortions between the popular and electoral vote complicate legitimacy in misfire elections. Abolish the Electoral College?

What progressives should know about Trump voters Recognizing Trump's seeming Electoral College advantage, many Democrats have endorsed abolishing the institution. In the past, Trump himself supported abolishing the body. Still, there is no chance of that happening before the election and it is unlikely to occur even if a Democrat wins in 2020. While the Electoral College is probably the most maligned institution created by the Framers, it has proven to be extremely resilient. This is largely due to the power of less populated states in the Senate. Although the conventional wisdom is that Republicans are advantaged by the Electoral College process, it wasn't too long ago that they almost fell victim to a popular-electoral vote split. In 2004, had just over 1% of Ohio voters changed their minds, John Kerry would have earned 271 electoral votes and the presidency, while George W. Bush would have won the popular vote by nearly 3 million ballots. Ironically, in advance of the election, the Bush team prepared to fight the Electoral College process, believing that they would be on the wrong end of a popular-electoral vote split. What states can do Remember how states are free to choose electors as they wish? It is changes at the state level that are most likely to alter the Electoral College in favor of a national vote. State legislatures from coast-to-coast have passed bills to join the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPV) which is aimed to ensure the popular vote victor wins the Electoral College. The Compact is the brainchild of John Koza -- who also had a hand in inventing the scratch-off lottery ticket.

We could be headed for another Electoral College mess Proponents of the NPV have made great headway in their effort to change the Electoral College process. So much so that my book already needs a new edition. In the short time since I submitted it for typesetting (January, 2019) four new states (Colorado, Delaware, New Mexico, and Oregon) joined the compact, denoting 24 electoral votes. Two more states, Nevada and Maine, came very close to adopting the compact. Today, 15 states and the District of Columbia are members, representing 196 of the 270 electoral votes required for it to go into effect. Many states continue to mull adoption. The NPV (and the Electoral College for that matter) continues to be controversial. For instance, voters in Colorado said they have collected over 200,000 signatures in an effort to place the state's membership in the compact directly to the voters in 2020, according to the Washington Post. Opponents of the Electoral College are as close as they have been in a very long time to upending the institution. Although the NPV remains a long-shot, its focus on legitimacy and representation should be at the forefront of discussions regarding Electoral College reform. The Framers were deeply concerned about these concepts, but they ultimately chose a process rooted in compromise, rather than one based upon normative principles. More misfire elections will invite further questions of legitimacy and buoy efforts to reform the Electoral College. This Piece Originally Appeared in CNN Read the full article

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brookstonalmanac · 1 year

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Events 3.20

673 – Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka. 1206 – Michael IV Autoreianos is appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. 1600 – The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish noblemen are publicly beheaded in the aftermath of the War against Sigismund (1598–1599). 1602 – The Dutch East India Company is established. 1616 – Sir Walter Raleigh is freed from the Tower of London after 13 years of imprisonment. 1760 – The Great Boston Fire of 1760 destroys 349 buildings. 1815 – After escaping from Elba, Napoleon enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his "Hundred Days" rule. 1848 – German revolutions of 1848–49: King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates. 1852 – Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is published. 1854 – The Republican Party of the United States is organized in Ripon, Wisconsin, US. 1861 – An earthquake destroys Mendoza, Argentina. 1883 – The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property is signed. 1888 – The premiere of the very first Romani language operetta is staged in Moscow, Russia. 1890 – Chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck is dismissed by Emperor Wilhelm II. 1896 – With the approval of Emperor Guangxu, the Qing dynasty post office is opened, marking the beginning of a postal service in China. 1913 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese Nationalist Party, is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies 2 days later. 1916 – Albert Einstein publishes his general theory of relativity.[citation needed] 1921 – The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty to determine a section of the border between Weimar Germany and Poland. 1922 – The USS Langley is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier. 1923 – The Arts Club of Chicago hosts the opening of Pablo Picasso's first United States showing, entitled Original Drawings by Pablo Picasso, becoming an early proponent of modern art in the United States. 1926 – Chiang Kai-shek initiates a purge of communist elements within the National Revolutionary Army in Guangzhou. 1933 – Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler ordered the creation of Dachau concentration camp as Chief of Police of Munich and appointed Theodor Eicke as the camp commandant. 1942 – World War II: General Douglas MacArthur, at Terowie, South Australia, makes his famous speech regarding the fall of the Philippines, in which he says: "I came out of Bataan and I shall return". 1948 – With a Musicians Union ban lifted, the first telecasts of classical music in the United States, under Eugene Ormandy and Arturo Toscanini, are given on CBS and NBC. 1951 – Fujiyoshida, a city located in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, in the center of the Japanese main island of Honshū is founded. 1952 – The US Senate ratifies the Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan. 1956 – Tunisia gains independence from France. 1964 – The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organisation) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962. 1969 – A United Arab airlines (now Egyptair) Ilyushin Il-18 crashes at Aswan international Airport, killing 100 people. 1972 – The Troubles: The first Provisional IRA car bombing in Belfast kills seven people and injures 148 others in Northern Ireland. 1985 – Libby Riddles becomes the first woman to win the 1,135-mile Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. 1985 – Canadian paraplegic athlete and humanitarian Rick Hansen begins his circumnavigation of the globe in a wheelchair in the name of spinal cord injury medical research. 1987 – The Food and Drug Administration approves the anti-AIDS drug, AZT. 1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: Having defeated the Nadew Command, the Eritrean People's Liberation Front enters the town of Afabet, victoriously concluding the Battle of Afabet. 1990 – Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering. 1993 – The Troubles: A Provisional IRA bomb kills two children in Warrington, England. It leads to mass protests in both Britain and Ireland. 1995 – The Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo carries out a sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, killing 13 and wounding over 6,200 people. 1999 – Legoland California, the first Legoland outside of Europe, opens in Carlsbad, California, US. 2000 – Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther once known as H. Rap Brown, is captured after murdering Georgia sheriff's deputy Ricky Kinchen and critically wounding Deputy Aldranon English. 2003 – Iraq War: The United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Poland begin an invasion of Iraq. 2006 – Over 150 Chadian soldiers are killed in eastern Chad by members of the rebel UFDC. The rebel movement sought to overthrow Chadian president Idriss Déby. 2010 – Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland begins eruptions that would last for three months, heavily disrupting air travel in Europe. 2012 – At least 52 people are killed and more than 250 injured in a wave of terror attacks across ten cities in Iraq. 2014 – Four suspected Taliban members attack the Kabul Serena Hotel, killing at least nine people. 2015 – A Solar eclipse, equinox, and a supermoon all occur on the same day. 2015 – Syrian civil war: The Siege of Kobanî is broken by the People's Protection Units (YPG) and Free Syrian Army (FSA), marking a turning point in the Rojava–Islamist conflict.

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