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lawndoctorusa · 11 months

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What is brown patch disease? Identification & prevention of brown patch disease?

Lawns affected by brown patch disease have circular patches of brown or dead grass that appear in the form of brown patches. This condition is caused by Rhizoctonia solani, a fungus that thrives in humid, warm weather. There are many types of grass that can be affected by brown patch disease, including Bermuda grass, and zoysia grass. It is more common during the summer months.

A lawn that is overwatered has poor drainage, or has too much fertilizer is more likely to suffer from Brown Patch disease. Infection can also be spread by mowing and other lawn care practices, as well as through contact with infected soil or equipment. Treatment for brown patch disease, which can cause lawn damage and look unsightly, can include fungicides and other approaches.

Brown Patch Signs

The Brown Patch results in large patches of brown grass that are visible to the naked eye. Although it is called a "brown patch," the disease usually manifests as yellowish-brown patches with dark outer rings. During the early morning hours, the rings appear darker. If grass blades are exposed to dewy, moist conditions, they sometimes develop white fungus.

Brown patches can survive freezing temperatures, but they prefer warm climates with temperatures between 70 and 90 degrees. Brown patches may occur on lawns that have been damp for a long time.

Prevention of brown patch disease?

Avoid High Amounts of Nitrogen Fertilizer:

It is likely that brown patch fungus will appear even before spring greens up, particularly in Bermudagrass lawns. Dead, tan grass patches appear in circular shapes up to 3 feet in diameter, rising from the ground. Approximately 20 feet wide, the patches are surrounded by dark, dying grass with smoky margins.

In order to prevent brown patches in your yard, fertilization is essential. It is possible for brown patches to develop when your soil has an excess of nitrogen due to too much nitrogen fertilizer.

Utilize a low nitrogen fertilizer rate during the growing season, and do not apply fertilizers during warm, humid weather when the brown patch fungus thrives. A combination of high humidity and hot temperatures during spring and fall promotes the development of brown patch disease.

Avoid over-fertilizing your lawn in the summer to prevent brown patches.

Water Your Lawn Early in the Day

Every week, lawns need about an inch of water to maintain their health. Watering the grass can lead to fungus growing there, but the faster the grass dries, the less likely fungus will spread. Watering your lawn in the morning will dry it completely by nightfall.

For example, when you run a sprinkler at night, you create ideal conditions for diseases to flourish. You will risk a dry lawn when you water too lightly, preventing the grassroots from growing deep enough when the weather gets hot.

If your lawn is brown and patchy or appears dull green, it's telling you it needs water. To keep your lawn watered (hydrated), here you can follow these steps:

Weed, insect and disease control:

Mowing your lawn regularly will reduce fertilizer, insecticide, and herbicide usage. It is essential that you use these mowing techniques to keep your yard grass healthy, discourage insects, crowd out weeds, and avoid fungal diseases.

Overseed Your Lawn

The grass on your lawn gets old over time and needs to be replaced. Lawns that are worn out are more prone to weeds and brown patch disease, especially in the warmer months. Planting grass seed or other related grass directly into an existing lawn without cutting up the grass or disturbing the soil is called overseeding.

For preventing brown patches during overseeding, keep these things in mind:

Maintain a two-inch minimum grass height

Maintain a two-inch minimum height for your mower. When you mow the lawn, rake it to loosen the top layer of soil, remove dead grass and debris, and loosen up any remaining soil. After germination, the grass seed will have easy access to the soil, allowing it to root more quickly. Compost piles or mulch can be created from grass clippings.

The grass seed you choose depends on your existing grass type.

Use a product specially designed for thickening thin lawns if your lawn is composed of cool-season grasses. A Turf Managers neighbor can help you choose the right mix of grass for your lawn if you have warm-season grass or are not sure what will work for your area.

#brown patch disease

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naturepest · 1 year

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smartphonetrust · 2 years

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Tomato timer malware

In peppers, symptoms expressed include chlorotic ringspot patterns. On green immature fruit brown spots also occur and be seen as the tomatoes ripen. In tomatoes, symptoms expressed include brown (necrotic) shaped spots on the leaves. There are over 1,000 known hosts including many common vegetables. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus is a Tospovirus spread by the western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ), onion thrips ( Thrips tabaci ), or infected plant material. Pepper foliage infected with Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Late Blight Potatoes (Utah Vegetable Production & Pest Management Guide).Late Blight Tomatoes (Utah Vegetable Production & Pest Management Guide).Grow resistant varieties of tomatoes such as Mountain Magic, Defiant PhR, and Lizzano.Early detection is important as spread can be rapid. Start scouting for Late Blight, soon after planting.Phytophthora infestans survive in infected potato tubers left underground or in cull piles or volunteer Solanaceae plants growing nearby. Spores form in the early spring and can be carried for several miles, infections occur on the plant tissue displaying symptoms three days later. Infection occurs during cool, moist weather when temperatures range from 66-72☏. Tomato fruits and potato tubers can become infected developing hard, brown, blotchy lesions on the flesh. On the underside of leaves, the growth of white mold becomes visible on the lesions. It starts as small water-soaked lesions that are grey and blotchy eventually turning black. Symptoms:Īll the above-ground portions of tomato and potato plants can become infected. It affects tomato, potato, and various related weeds of nightshade and bittersweet. Late blight is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (fungus-like eukaryotic microorganism). Late Blight caused by Phytophthora infestans on tomato. Early Blight (Utah Vegetable Production & Pest Management Guide).Early Blight on Tomato and Potato (USU Extension IPM).Click here to view fungicide options for home growers.Click here to view fungicide options for commercial growers.At the end of the season, REMOVE all infected plants and leaves out of the site.Rotate soil out of all solanaceous crops for a minimum of two seasons.Grow resistant varieties of tomatoes such as Mountain Supreme, Mountain Fresh, Plum Dandy, Mountain Magic, Defiant PhR, Iron Lady, Jasper, Juliet, and Verona.Germination only takes two hours, and symptoms can be expressed two to three days later. Spores can be spread by wind or water on the lower foliage to cause a new infection. Alternaria solani survives on plant debris within the soil, this is its main inoculum. Infection optimally occurs during periods of rain, heavy dew, or overhead irrigation along with temperatures of 76-86☏. In Utah, symptoms typically only occur on the foliage not posing a risk to the fruit. These round, brown spots contain distractive rigs and a yellow margin. On the plant foliage, lesions form and concentrate on the older leave closer to the ground. It affects tomato, eggplant, potato, but no peppers. Early Blight on Tomato caused by the fungus Alternaria solaniĮarly blight is caused by the fungus Alternaria solani.

#Tomato timer malware

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onstarsandiron · 4 years

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Cannon Character Descriptions

Here’s a big master post of cannon character physical descriptions, for all your related needs. Let me know if there’s anything I missed/should add!

Ana

"She had warm bronze skin and wide golden-brown eyes, full lips, and a heart-shaped face. Her hair was as dark as space itself, but it always curled into tangles. She wore it atop her head in a long braid and shaved the sides. She was moderately tall, solidly built for a life of evading death at every turn, and wore hand-me-down coats like the red one she wore now and darned trousers that never fit right. She looked like a girl from any part of the Iron Kingdom—and nowhere all at once.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Ana)

“Tattered burgundy coat, a Metroid at her hip, long black hair in a renegade braid, and looking like she hadn’t bathed in a week—the girl must’ve been an outlaw.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Robb)

When Ana arrives at the palace and is shown to her new quarters she has a little break down in the bathroom -- and who hasn’t had one of those? -- and shaves her hair off. In SoS, 6-months have passed since the coronation day and her hair is describe merely as “short”.

As D09: “His hood was pulled low to disguise the slats and plates that made up his face, without a nose or ears or eyebrows. He was more dented than other Metals, having fallen through mine shafts on Cerces and been shot at by mercenaries on Iliad. She felt bad for a particular ding on his forehead, but she had apologized a thousand times for accidentally running him over with a skysailer.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Ana)

As Di/Dimitri: “Redheaded and dark-eyed, a strong jaw, and broad shoulders that filled a slightly-too-small lavender evening coat. He smiled at her—lopsided, imperfect. He looked familiar, but she couldn’t place from where. ... So close, the individual strands of his hair looked woven with sunlight, his skin pale—but not like Jax’s, more like a boy who had never seen the sun." (HoI, IV: Iron Will, Ana)

“So she memorized how the light from the windows slanted across the sharp edges of his face, the way he leaned toward her like a shield, how there were a thousand stars in his eyes, which sometimes made them shine as silver as moonlight—as they did now.” (HoI, IV: Iron Will, Ana)

Di received a cut on his cheek during Coronation Day that is held with silver stitches during SoS to prevent the cut from revealing the metal underneath. He also has a little breakdown -- as one does -- in which he busts up the skin on his knuckles, which he hides then with gloves.

Throughout SoS, Di’s hair is often remarked very specifically as “Blood red”, and he wears quite a bit of black.

Jax

"A Solani. The one from the skysailer. He must’ve been close to Robb’s age, but his silver hair made him look old—ancient—and his skin shimmered as if starlight hid just beneath. He wore a ruffly purple evening coat, golden filigree decorating the collar to match the lining, and buttons so polished they gleamed. Underneath that insufferably garish jacket was a silk shirt, stained with what Robb figured was his blood. A pair of goggles sat around his neck.” (HoI, II: Iron Ships, Robb)

Wears purple often; after the event with Koren Vey, his skin literally glows. “”It’s a long story, but yes, I’m a glowlight. It makes reading in the dark riveting.” (SoS, III: Starless, Jax) Also in SoS, Jax has to chop his own hair off during the final fight, resulting in him sporting a shoulder-length cut during Erik’s funeral; according to Robb, he looks no less dashing for it.

Robb

“He looked the most like their father, broad shouldered and stocky, with hair that curled like the lies that fell from his tongue.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Robb)

Like his mother and brother, Robb also has olive skin and signature Valerio-blue eyes, often compared to the Erosian sky. In HoI, Jax threatened to make a short joke (mind you, Jax is tall); in SoS, Robb notes that he was always shorter than his brother, but a recent growth spurt had now made them eye-to-eye.

In the conclusion of HoI, Di -- then HIVEd -- made his tracking chip go haywire and an impromptu amputation was needed, cutting his right arm off between his elbow and his shoulder. Robb got a cybernetic prosthetic about a month before the events of SoS.

Elara

“She was around Ana’s age -- eighteen, maybe -- with shoulder length silver hair that partially shadowed her sharp face, and wide violet eyes rimmed with kohl. Her lips were painted black to match the rest of her wardrobe. She was short and curvy, with wide hips and thick legs that tapered into knee-high gravity boots. She was a Solani like Jax, but her skin was darker, reminding Ana of the cold deserts on Cerces. There was a wire that looped from her right ear down into her collar and disappeared. A hearing apparatus.” (SoS, I: Starship, Ana)

"Then -- like twin stars igniting -- moonlight-colored eyes flickered to life on a face made of metal slats, forming angular cheekbones and mouth and chin. There was a horrible, deep scrape across its temple that had been soldered closed. A Metal.” (SoS, I: Starship, Ana)

Malifare

“She walked with the grace of a dancer, floating without a sound. The pins in her flaxen hair matched her black dress. Floor-length, high collar, the insignia of the crown on her sleeve.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Di)

“Flaxen hair, narrow face, wearing the deep purple of a royal handmaiden." (HoI, IV: Iron Will, Di)

Siege

“The captain’s black hair framed her brown face in wild, electrifying curls, glowing with interwoven fiber optics, simmering orange like a stoked fire— Oh, Ana could tell by the color that she was mad.” (HoI, II: Iron Ships, Ana)

Siege has green eyes. When she isn’t mad her hair is typically a golden yellow, though it grows dull when she’s drained or injured, and can be blue though it happened very rarely. As a teenager -- in a very hazy recollection by Di -- she’s described as someone who never smiles.

Talle

“Talle—short and thin, with black hair in a pixie cut and hands so steady she could slit a throat clean while navigating the skyways of Nevaeh...” (HoI, II: Iron Ships, Ana)

In Jax’s flashback in Soul of Stars, Talle is described as tall with long black hair, but I’ll just assume that Talle is simply tall compared to an 8 or 9 year-old Jax. (SoS, II: Starless, Jax)

Also, her voice is often noted as sweet.

Lenda

““Seriously?” Lenda groaned, brushing back her floppy dishwater-blond hair. She was solid, with narrow brown eyes and tawny skin with rosy undertones. She displayed the scars on her arms like trophies—battles won in the fighting arenas of Iliad. Lenda was twenty and unafraid of everything— Except, maybe for Palavar.” (HoI, II: Iron Ships, Ana)

Riggs

"Riggs, fiddling with a ball bearing in his mechanical leg, grumbled a reply and heaved it off the table, setting it on the bench beside him. He’d lost his right leg to the Plague twenty years ago—cut it off himself right above the knee. He lost his family to the disease on Eros, and kept a photo of his daughter in a silver locket around his neck. Sometimes at night, Ana heard him talking to her in his dreams." (HoI, II: Iron Ships, Ana)

Wick

““No one [likes Palavar],” rumbled Wick, who had a habit of being quiet. He listened, and that made him a talented communications specialist. He absorbed languages like a sponge, so many that Ana could only hope to wrap her tongue around a quarter of them. He was Cercian by birth, the markings under his eyes so faded Ana couldn’t tell which clan he hailed from, and he never told, having left that life years ago. His skIn was a shade darker than Siege’s, with a warm hue to it—like the dawn.” (HoI, II: Iron Ships, Ana)

Barger

““Eh, don’t bother me. Three jacks,” said Barger, a stout man in his mid-twenties with a ginger mustache. His fingers were always grease stained, nails ripped short, the signs of a tireless weapons mechanic.” (HoI, II: Iron Ships, Ana)

Cynthia Valerio

“Lady Valerio looked wicked, from her bloodred lipstick to her bloodred dress, as she gave a gracious bow.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Ana)

“Tall and thin, with olive skin and graying brown hair swept into a bun, cheekbones so sharp they could cut ice. She wore a finely detailed coat and trousers, a Valerio crest pinned above her heart. She appraised the small crew with shrewd blue eyes—he knew that color. He knew it achingly well. The color of Erosian skies.” (HoI, III: Iron Blood, Jax)

Mercer Valerio

Robb is his spitting image, except that Mercer wore a thick beard.

Erik Valerio

“At nineteen, Erik Valerio was dashing, popular, and conniving in a way that granted him whatever he wanted. He looked like their mother—tall and olive skinned, a sharp face, with straight dark hair and a smile that made you want to trust him.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Robb)

“His brother stood blocking the doorway in a deep brown leather jacket with mink fur at the collar and dark trousers. His boots were well polished and decorated with the Valerio insignia—a snake eating its own tail. He filled the doorway just like he had in Robb’s nightmares, his hair short, the sides shaved with celestial designs, and he narrowed his eyes like their mother always did—disapproving, but not surprised, as if nothing Robb would ever do would be worthy of approval.” (SoS, IV: Star Crossed, Robb)

Erik and Cynthia often match, both wearing red at the celebration for Erik becoming the heir, both wearing black at the pre-coronation ball, and both -- this time including Robb -- wearing white at the coronation itself.

Nicholi

“The Emperor, clad in royal purple, had a hand on his wife’s shoulder. He looked like all the pictures she’d seen in the newsfeeds. Golden-brown eyes and rich brown skin, like the Grand Duchess, a full beard over a strong face.” (HoI, III: Iron Blood, Ana)

Selena

“Beside him, his wife, the Empress, smiled out of the portrait, brown curly hair and Valerio-blue eyes.” (HoI, III: Iron Blood, Ana)

Rhys, Wylan, and Tobias Armorov

Ana’s three older brothers are described as having dark curly hair, and the youngest, Tobias, has Valerio-blue eyes. They’re described further in short snippets Ana recalls in the palace, chasing the ghosts of their voices:

“Rhys— He let her taste the sweets from the kitchen. The scent of cinnamon. Warm brown eyes, a melting smile. He used to kiss her bruises when her middle brother, Wylan—a cocky smile and a mess of black curls—knocked her down when they pretended to be outlaws. All the horseplaying would scare her youngest brother—Tobias. Valerio blue eyes and a small smile and a love of violins and sweet candies and stories.” (HoI, IV: Iron Will, Ana)

Lord Rasovant

“An older man, graying beard braided down his chest, appeared at the far end of the hallway. Dark eyes and deep wrinkles and ghostly-pale skin. The clank of decorative medals on his breast accompanied his footsteps. He was dressed in a simple royal-purple evening coat with uneven tails, gilded buttons and filigree across the collar and sleeves.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Di)

The Grand Duchess

“Ana drank the woman in, from the delicate wrinkles across her face to her silvery-white hair pulled back into a simple bun, making her cheekbones look sharp enough to cut. Her skin was the color of soft earth and speckled with age, her hands bony knobs. She looked old, but in a terrifying and timeless way, the way mountains looked old but immovable.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Ana)

She also has “...stone-cut green eyes...” (HoI, IV: Iron Will, Robb), similar in description to Siege’s

Wynn Wysteria

Wynn has a freckled face and long, curly strawberry-red hair. (HoI, IV: Iron Will, Ana)

Viera

“She was tall, with white-blond hair and arrowhead-shaped markings under her eyes—heritage markings for certain Cercian clans.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Di)

Messiers

“A patrol of six Messiers appeared in the doorway. They were sharp, metallic. Made of planes and slats she knew well, because they looked like D09. Like Metals. Because once, they had been. Now HIVE’d, the Messiers’ blue eyes blazed like virtue incarnate. They moved in unison, their blue-and-black uniforms pristine, shined boots making solid thumps on the masonry floor as they marched into the shrine.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Ana)

Mokuba

“A tall, burly gentleman in a stained long coat and trousers, the seams frayed and boots greasy.” (HoI, I: Iron Theif, Ana)

Redbeard

“He had been an imposing man, as thick as two men. He had a braided red beard that reached halfway down the front of his barrel chest, and it glowed with optics the way Siege’s did, although Ana much preferred the way they looped into her curls.” (SoS, III: Starlit, Ana)

Cullen

Ana spun around to the owner of the voice, a tall androgynous person with long black hair that reached well below their waist, and warm brown skin, decked in gold jewelry and a coat the color of a nebula. They grinned at her, and the neon implants in their cheeks glowed a brilliant teal. (SoS, IV: Star Crossed, Ana)

#heart of iron #hoi #soul of stars #sos #reference #descriptions

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adarrenxinyi · 5 years

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Early Blight & Late Blight | Different Symptoms

Early blight and late blight are the most common diseases on tomato & potato. They usually take huge losses to farmers. Although the names of the two diseases are the only one-word difference, some growers do not know exactly about the difference between early blight and late blight.

First, we need to how to recognize their symptoms.

Difference | Early blight & Late blight

Difference Causes

Early blight is caused by two different closely related fungi, Alternaria tomatophila, and Alternaria solani, which lives in soil and plant debris.

Late blight is caused by Phytophthora infestans, a microorganism which prefer moist and cool environments.

Difference Conditions

Early blight

A suitable temperature is 24~29°C, relative humidity is 31~96%, which is warm and humid weather.

Late blight

The optimum humidity for sporangia germination to form zoospores is to reach saturation when there are water droplets.

The optimum temperature is 12~15°C.

Above 15°C, sporangia directly invade the host, but it takes a long time. The hyphae invaded into the host body spreads fastest at 20~23°C, and the symptoms are the most obvious.

Different Symptoms

Early Blight

Symptoms of early disease first appear in the base of the affected plant, with roughly round brown spots on the leaves and stems.

As the lesions expand, the spots appear yellow halos. Lesions larger than 10 mm in diameter usually have dark concentric rings.

Eventually, multiple spots on a single leaf will merge, resulting in extensive destruction of the leaf tissue. Early disease can cause the lower leaves to be completely deleaved and even lead to the death of infected plants.

Fruit spots rot at the stem and radiate from the attachment area between the flower and the fruit. The color of spots are usually brown to black, It’s sunken and has a distinct concentric ring.

Late blight

The most obvious early signs of late blight are brown spots or disease spots on plant stems.

They expand rapidly and produce white fungi growth in wet conditions. Soft rot causes the stem to collapse quickly, turning into dark brown.

In wet conditions, the pathogen produces spores on the surface of the infected tissue, and the resulting white spores can be seen forming at the damaged edge of the surface the leaf’s blade back.

#farming #garden #blight #plant nutrients #farmer

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hoticarespecialist · 2 years

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Common Pests of Potato Crop and How to Manage Them

Potato- Solanum tuberosum- is an herbaceous perennial plant grown for its edible tubers. It is the most important food crop in the world. It is a temperate crop grown under subtropical conditions in the Indian subcontinent. It is a rich source of starch and vitamins. Potatoes are used for many industrial purposes as well like in the production of starch and alcohol. It is grown in almost all the states, but the largest potato-growing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Punjab, Karnataka, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh.

The potato crop is infested by a variety of fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. Some pests attack the foliage while some attack the tubers. Many diseases in the potato plant are soil/seed-borne and are thus difficult to control once infected.

Some common pests and diseases affecting potatoes with their relevant solutions have been listed below.

Early blight Alternaria solani

Symptoms: Dark lesions with a yellow border which results in concentric rings of raised and sunken tissue on the leaves and stems; the lesions are initially circular but then become angular, leaves become necrotic but remain attached to the plant; dark, dry lesions on tubers with leathery texture and watery yellow-green margins appear.

Cause: Fungus

Management: The application of appropriate fungicides for potato blight in India can reduce the severity of foliar symptoms; fertilize and water the plants adequately to reduce stress; plant late varieties that are less susceptible to disease; store tuber in a cool environment.

Late blight Phytophthora infestans

Symptoms: Affected leaves appear blistered as if scalded by hot water- these leaves eventually rot and dry out; leaves turn brown or black in color; spots appear on the underside of leaves; affected stems begin to blacken from the tips and eventually dry out; in case of severe infections, all foliage rots, dries out and falls to the ground; affected tubers develop dry brown-colored spots on their skin and flesh.

Cause: Fungus

Management: Destroy all infected tubers and any volunteer plants; apply proper fungicides for potato blight in India; plant resistant varieties; adjust the watering time to reduce periods of leaf wetness; apply appropriate protective fungicides if the disease is forecasted in the area.

Black scurf/ scab Rhizoctonia solani

Symptoms: flat and irregular shapes black fungal bodies on tuber surface; tubers get misshapen; red-brown and black sunken lesions appear on sprouts; lesions may girdle the main stem that causes leaves to curl and turn yellow.

Cause: Fungus

Management: No potato varieties are completely resistant to the disease, the control relies on the reduction of the level of inoculum in both soil and tubers; application of good quality fungicides to seed pieces or soil; avoiding plantation of the seeds too deep in cold soils, and rotate the crop away from potato to reduce levels of soil inoculum.

Cutworms Nephelodes minians and others

Symptoms: The stems of young seedlings are severed at the soil line; if an infestation occurs later, irregular holes are eaten into the surface of the fruits; larvae causing the damage are usually active at night and hide during the day in the soil; larvae exhibit a variety of patterns and coloration.

Cause: Insects

Management: Remove all plant residue from the soil after harvest or at least two weeks before planting; plastic or foil collars fitted around the plant stems to cover the bottom 3 inches above the soil line and extending a couple of inches into the soil can prevent the larvae from severing the plants; hand-pick the emerged larvae after dark; spread diatomaceous earth around the base of plants as a barrier; apply appropriate insecticides for potato insects in India to the infested areas of the garden.

Aphid Macrosiphon euphorbiae

Symptoms: Small, soft-bodied insects on the underside of leaves and stems of plants that are usually green or yellow in color; if the infestation is heavy, it can cause leaves to yellow, or develop distorted, necrotic spots on leaves and stunted shoots

Cause: Insects

Management: if the aphid population is limited to just a few leaves then infestation can be pruned out for control; check transplants before plantation; use tolerant varieties if available; use reflective mulches like silver-colored plastic that help deter aphids from feeding on plants; spray sturdy plants with a strong jet of water to knock aphids from leaves; use appropriate insecticides in case of heavy infestations.

Apart from the above-listed pests and diseases affecting the potato plant, there are also other insects like jassids and whiteflies that infect the plant in addition to various viral diseases. Viruses affect the seed quality and so they have a chain of implications. Thus one should properly diagnose and control of pests & diseases is of utmost importance. It is important to remember that not all pests and diseases are present everywhere, some of them are more widespread in one region as compared to others.

To maintain the plant health, the use of proper potato plant biostimulants by Jivagro must be used. The nutrient requirement of the potato crop is quite high and the need for fertilizers and insecticides arises to maintain a healthy crop.

#potato plant biostimulants jivagro #insecticides for potato insects in India #fungicides for potato blight in India

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sawariyaagritech · 4 years

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Buy Insecticides & Pesticides for the cotton crop from Sawariya Agritech

Diseases of Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum) And It’s solution & Management.

Cotton crop(Gossypium hirsutum) is vulnerable to infections by pathogens like fungi, bacteria and viruses. All the parts of the plants are infected and crop losses are common.

1. Root rot (Seedling to vegetative stage): The root rot of cotton is caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola and Rhizoctonia solani fungi present in the soil supported by higher moisture in the soil.

Nimitz belongs to a New Chemical Class: fluoroalkenyle (thioether)

It is the first new chemical nematicide to be developed in more than 20 years.

it is highly efficacious; providing revolutionary control of plant-parasitic nematodes.

Nimitz exhibits systemic activity and causes irreversible paralysis within 24 hours and subsequent death in 48 hours.

It is non- fumigant and highly effective against root-knot nematodes.

2. Fusarium wilt (Any stage of crop growth): Fusarium wilt is a common disease of cotton crop caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, and capable of causing significant crop loss. The fungus is free living and may persist in soil as chlamydospores and in association with the roots of cotton as well as on the roots of weeds. Fusarium wilt spores may also live on the seeds of cotton.

3. Verticillium Wilt

Verticillium wilt of cotton disease is caused by Verticillium dahlia fungus. Reduced leaf size with mottling with yellow areas between veins and on margins; Brown necrotic leaves become dry and finally shed off.

Cabrio® Top improves the quality and yield of your crop with its superior disease control. With its advanced plant health benefits, it gives longer duration protection with lesser sprays.

Harvesting a healthy crop requires the right management with proper fungicide. Thus, BASF offers an innovative solution: Cabrio® Top, the broad-spectrum fungicide, trusted by many Indian farmers today.

How does it work?

Cabrio® Top blocks the energy supply of the fungus so it does not spread further in the plant. With its unique mode of action, it penetrates fast in the leaf tissues and deposits in the waxy layer, ensuring a longer protection duration.

4. Para wilt or Sudden drying (New wilt): The sudden drying of cotton plants is noticed in farmers' fields after drought followed by rains or irrigation.

Lancer Gold (Acephate 50% SP + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP)

Lancer Gold (Acephate 50% SP + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP) is a systemic and translaminar action insecticide. It is used for protection against sucking pests like aphids, jassids, white fly..

Company Name- Sawariya Agritech

Website- http://www.sawariyaagritech.com/

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errantce · 5 days

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picture from the day : pretty in pink & purple.

#simblr #the sims 4 #the sims #sims 4 #ts4 #ts4 gameplay #sims 4 gameplay #sims 4 story #the sims gameplay #sims 4 screenshots #errantcesims #solani brown

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plant-diseases-en-blog · 7 years

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Phytophthora infestans

Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete that causes the serious potato disease known as late blight or potato blight. (Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called "potato blight".) Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845 Irish and 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect tomatoes and some other members of the Solanaceae. At first, the spots are gray-green and water-soaked, but they soon enlarge and turn dark brown and firm, with a rough surface. More details Android, Windows

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lawndoctorusa · 1 year

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Understanding Brown Patch Disease: Symptoms and Causes

A beautiful, well-maintained lawn is a dream for many homeowners. It’s a place to relax, play with kids and pets, and entertain guests. Everyone wants to keep their lawns green and healthy. But lawns can still fall victim to brown patch disease, which can turn that dream into a nightmare.

Brown patch disease is a common lawn disease caused by a fungus. It can quickly spread and causes brown patches and thin grass. If you fail to recognize the symptoms of this fungus, this leads to severe infection.

This blog will explain brown patch disease’s causes and symptoms. It will also provide practical advice on how to prevent and treat it. This will keep your lawn looking lush and green all year.

What is Brown Patch Disease?

Brown patch disease is a common fungal disease that affects turf grasses, particularly during warm, humid weather conditions. The fungus responsible for this disease is Rhizoctonia solani, which attacks the leaves and stems of grass plants, causing them to turn brown and die.

Symptoms of Brown Patch Disease

One of the most noticeable symptoms of brown patch disease is the circular, brown patches on the lawn. These patches can vary in size from a few inches to several feet and are typically more prominent in the early morning or late evening when there is dew on the grass. The patches may merge in severe cases, causing large lawn areas to turn brown and die.

Another symptom of brown patch disease is a grey or white, cottony fungal growth that appears on the grass blades, particularly near the edge of the brown patches. This fungal growth results from the fungus-producing spores, which are spread by wind, water, and mowing equipment.

Disease Process

Brown patch disease is caused by a fungus that can survive the winter in the soil or infected grass. This fungus creates small structures called sclerotia that can live long without a grass host. When conditions are favorable for the fungus, the sclerotia start to grow and spread the fungus to grass leaves and stems, causing brown patches to form on the lawn. The fungus can continue to infect nearby grass until conditions become less favorable for its growth.

Causes of Brown Patch Disease

Brown patch disease is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, which thrives in warm, humid weather conditions, particularly when the temperature is between 65 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The fungus also needs moisture to grow, and it can quickly spread from one area of the lawn to another if there is dew, rain, or watering.

One of the leading causes of brown lawn fungus is over-watering. Watering the lawn too frequently, especially in the late afternoon or evening, can create ideal conditions for the fungus to grow and spread. Over-fertilizing the lawn can also lead to the development of brown lawn fungus, as the excess nitrogen in the fertilizer can promote rapid grass growth, making the grass more susceptible to fungal infections.

Prevention and Treatment of Brown Patch Disease

Preventing brown lawn fungus requires good lawn care practices, including proper watering, mowing, and fertilization. Here are some tips to help prevent and treat brown patch fungus in lawns:

Water the lawn deeply and infrequently, preferably in the early morning. This will allow the grass to absorb the moisture it needs without creating an environment conducive to growing the brown patch fungus in lawns.

Avoid watering the lawn in the late afternoon or evening, as this can create an environment that is too humid for the grass to dry out properly. It can lead to the development of brown patch fungus in lawns.

Mow the lawn regularly, but not too short. Keeping the grass at 2-3 inches in height will promote good air circulation, which can help prevent the growth of the brown patch fungus in lawns.

Fertilize the lawn according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and avoid over-fertilizing, as this can promote the growth of the fungus.

Treat brown lawn fungus with a fungicide. If you notice the symptoms of brown patch fungus in lawns, it’s important to act quickly to prevent the fungus from spreading. A fungicide can help control the fungus’s growth and prevent it from causing further damage to your lawn.

Conclusion

Brown patch disease is a common fungal disease that can cause unsightly brown patches on your lawn. By following good lawn care practices, including proper watering, mowing, and fertilization, you can prevent fungus growth and keep your lawn healthy and green.

If you’re noticing brown or yellow patches on your lawn, it’s essential to have it assessed by a professional landscaper as soon as possible. Attempting to diagnose and treat the issue without expert guidance can be counterproductive and make the problem worse. Lawn Doctor USA experienced teams can provide accurate assessments and effective treatments for brown patches, taking the burden off your shoulders and ensuring your lawn is healthy and beautiful.

#Brown patch disease

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naturepest · 1 year

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healthtimetaylor · 5 years

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These results suggest that magnolol and honokiol are potential antifungal agents for application against plant fungal diseases.

PMID: Molecules. 2019 Jun 6 ;24(11). Epub 2019 Jun 6. PMID: 31174300 Abstract Title: Antifungal Effect of Magnolol and Honokiol fromonCausing Tobacco Brown Spot. Abstract: In this study, two phenol compounds, magnolol and honokiol, were extracted fromand identified by LC-MS,H- andC-NMR. The magnolol and honokiol were shown to be effective against seven pathogenic fungi, including(Fr.) Keissl,(Link) Thom,f.sp. solani,J. Sheld,Schltdl.,Miyabe&G. Yamada, andJ.G. Kühn, with growth inhibition of more than 57%. We also investigated the mechanisms underlying the potential antifungal activity of magnolol and honokiol. The results showed that they inhibited the growth ofin a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, magnolol and honokiol treatment resulted in distorted mycelia and increased the cell membrane permeability of, as determined by conductivity measurements. These results suggest that magnolol and honokiol are potential antifungal agents for application against plant fungal diseases.

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gardeninginfoonline · 5 years

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Identify and Treat Tomato Blight and Leaf Spot

Your tomato plants are susceptible and can die if you don’t know how to detect and react to blight and leaf spot infections.

Tomato blight and leaf spot are common problems that all tomato growers have been or will be faced with. Knowing how to treat these diseases will help you avoid losing your entire crop.

gardeninginfo-online.com gathered essential information on tomato plant leaf spot, early blight, late blight, and how to treat them.

Tomato Plant Leaf Spot – Signs and Treatment

Known as Septoria lycopersici, tomato leaf spot is a worldwide problem that affects tomato plants at any stage of development.

These are some of the primary symptoms and indications of tomato leaf spot:

• Lower (more mature) leaves show first signs of infection. • Round, yellow spots develop on the underside of leaves. • Spots quickly emerge on the tops of leaves turning black or brown with a black “dot” in the center. • Heavily infected leaves turn yellow, then brown, eventually falling from the plant. • Leaf spot symptoms will work their way up the plant, infecting stems as it progresses.

Fortunately, the fruit is rarely infected by this disease. However, the volume of the crop and vitality of the plant are adversely affected.

Treatment: Once a plant or crop is infected, all actions are to prevent the spread of leaf spot, as the disease cannot be eliminated without destroying infected plants.

• Carefully remove infected leaves and bury or burn them. • Thin dense foliage to get more air and light to the remaining foliage. • Stake the plants and ensure that they are spaced far enough apart to allow sufficient air and light penetration. • Remove ground debris from around your tomato plants. • Never compost infected plant matter. • Use organic sulfur or copper-based fungicides (as directed) to prevent spores from germinating. • Sanitize all gardening equipment with a 1:10 ratio of bleach and water after handling infected plant matter. • Shoes, clothes, and gardening gloves are modes of spreading this type of fungi, and should be sanitized as well (washed in hot water and thoroughly dried on a ‘high heat’ setting).

Tomato Plant Early Blight – Signs and Treatment

Early blight is a form of tomato blight caused by the fungus Alternaria solani. Affected plants will underproduce, and because of leaf drop, the fruit is left vulnerable to sunscald.

Primary indications and symptoms of tomato plant early blight include:

• Lower leaves and stems develop dark (brown or black) circular spots. • Early blight is highly recognizable by rings forming around the leaf spots. • Unlike Septoria lycopersici, spots may appear on the fruit near the stem, eventually spreading over the fruit, causing it to rot on the vine. • Lower leaves turn yellow and drop.

Since leaf spot and early blight infect tomato plants at the same time and under the same rainy or humid conditions, they are often confused with one another.

Treatment: The best treatment for early blight is prevention. Once plants are infected and the disease progresses, it becomes more resistant to fungicidal treatments.

The same treatment used for leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici) should be used for early blight (Alternaria solani).

The following measures will help prevent the spread of early blight:

• Purchase and plant disease-resistant species. • Plant in raised beds to improve soil drainage and prevent the disease from spreading. • Use watering methods which water the soil and not the plants. (splashing water provides an opportunity for this disease to spread quickly from plant to plant). • Use black plastic or landscape fabric as land cover to provide a physical barrier between the fungus and the plant’s leaves. • Remove all affected plants at the end of the season and destroy them.

Note: Early blight spores can survive for several years lying dormant in the soil. Use crop rotations to reduce the potential for infections.

Tomato Plant Late Blight – Signs and Treatment

Late blight is a form of tomato blight caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. Common throughout the United States, this disease occurs late in the growing season, often appearing only after blossom.

Primary indications and symptoms of tomato plant late blight include:

• Lower, older leaves are the first to show symptoms, manifesting as water-soaked grayish spots. • Spots darken as the disease progresses and develop white fungal growth on leaf underside. • The disease eventually infects the entire plant and its fruit. • The most distinguishable trait of the disease is that plants are asymptomatic until late in the growing season, whereas other similar pathogens show symptoms much earlier in the season.

Treatment: Measures for late blight treatment and prevention are identical to those of early blight.

If not controlled early on, this disease can easily spread throughout a field, causing total crop failure.

Now that you know how to deal with tomato blight, check out these Top 5 Tips To Help You Care For Your Tomato plants.

Tomato Plant Fungi

Don’t lose your tomato harvest to pathogens that can be controlled once you know what to look for.

In this article, you discovered essential information and treatment measures for tomato plant leaf spot, early blight, and late blight.

Your failure to act promptly when spot and blight symptoms appear can dramatically reduce the size of your crop, or annihilate it. By adhering to the measures outlined in this article, you will be more successful at salvaging your harvest and preventing the spread of these destructive pathogens.

Sources: https://extension.umn.edu/diseases/late-blight-tomato-and-potato https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/early-blight-of-tomato https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/tomato-diseases-disorders/ https://ag.purdue.edu/btny/ppdl/Pages/Tomato-Blight.aspx

The post Identify and Treat Tomato Blight and Leaf Spot appeared first on http://gardeninginfo-online.com.

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williamharis98 · 5 years

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How to diagnose large patch

Easy to spot Large patch is characterized by irregular patches with sunken interiors that appear tan in color. (Photo: Bayer)

Large patch — formerly called brown patch — is a disease of warm-season turfgrasses, such as centipedegrass, St. Augustinegrass, seashore paspalum, zoysiagrass and Bermudagrass. One of the major fungal diseases of warm-season turf, large patch is caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani and infects and rots the leaf sheaths, crowns and stolons of the turf.

According to Jim Kerns, Ph.D., associate professor and extension specialist of turfgrass pathology at North Carolina State University, large patch is relatively easy to diagnose because its symptoms are so unique. Here is what to look out for.

Symptoms: “Large patch can develop almost anywhere warm-season grasses are grown, but the disease is most severe in the transition zone or areas with prolonged humidity or precipitation,” Kerns says.

The disease creates irregular patches ranging from 10 inches to 3 feet in diameter, or larger in some cases. The perimeter of the patch displays a yellow or orange color, the patch interior becomes sunken and injured turf appears thin and tan. The plant will develop lesions on the leaf sheath, which can look different depending on the grass species that is affected. Sometimes the lesions are just necrotic — dead cells caused by severe injury or disease — like on zoysiagrass and centipedegrass, but on St. Augustinegrass, the lesions are purple in color.

If you determine turf has developed large patch, there are steps you can take to help rid it of the disease.

Treatment: Preventive fungicide applications are best for large patch, Kerns says. Time the first fall application when the average thatch temperature is 70 degrees F, or when the average soil temperature at a 2-inch depth is 72-75 degrees F.

“In North Carolina, we typically target about 75-degree F soil temperatures to initiate preventive fungicide applications,” Kerns says. “However, for those managing St. Augustinegrass or centipedegrass, preventive applications may need to target 80-degree F soil temperatures.”

A second fall application two to four weeks later is recommended to extend protection through cool, wet weather. According to Kerns, a colleague in Missouri also has found early spring application to be critical in the Midwest.

Cultural practices, such as improved drainage and regular aeration during the summer, are also important to the success of reducing large patch.

The post How to diagnose large patch appeared first on Landscape Management.

from Gardening News https://www.landscapemanagement.net/how-to-diagnose-large-patch/

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