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Favourite animals poll! Round 4
The 3rd round was a tie.
Time for Round 4.
Because the previous round was a tie (special case), this round will be about the phyla and clades of both the Ecdysozoans and the Spiralians.
#favourite animals poll#round 4#clades#animals poll#animals#animels poll#poll#polls#phyla#scalidophora#cryptovermes#gnathiferans#platytrochozoa
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Strange Symmetries #05: Enigmatic Eldoniids
Fossils of cambroernids were first discovered in the early 1900s, but these Paleozoic animals were so confusing that for a long time their evolutionary relationships were a mystery.
They had coiled bodies and fractal-branching feeding tentacles, and they ranged in shape from worm-like to cup-like to disc-like. Historically various species were classified as sea cucumbers, jellyfish, tunicates, gnathiferans, or lophophorates, but more recently they've been recognized as a single united lineage of ambulacrarians, closely related to modern echinoderms and hemichordates.
Discophyllum peltatum lived during the late Ordovician, about 458-448 million years ago, in what is now New York, USA. Up to around 11cm in diameter (~4.3"), it was one of the disc-shaped cambroernids – a lineage known as eldoniids – with a shallow domed body containing a clockwise-coiling sac and delicate feeding tentacles around its mouth.
Its disc would have been tough but flexible, containing numerous supporting radial structures that were probably part of a fluid-filled hydrostatic skeleton, giving it an almost-radially-symmetric body plan superficially resembling a jellyfish.
The lifestyle of eldoniids is still uncertain, but they seem to have mostly sat on the seafloor, possibly extending their tentacles out from under their discs to grab nearby food.
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#science illustration#strange symmetries#paleontology#paleoart#palaeoblr#discophyllum#eldoniid#cambroernida#ambulacraria#deuterostome#bilateria#art
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Phylum #17: Chaetognatha, the arrow worms!
Ubiquitous in all of Earth's oceans, small, transparent arrow-shaped creatures are always on the hunt, darting towards their prey with a single stroke of their tail fin. While little-known, chaetognaths, or arrow worms, constitute a huge part of Earth's plankton, from the deep seafloor to shallow estuaries.
Arrow worms are gnathiferans, a clade characterized by a set of complex jaws made of chitin: here, several pairs of grasping spines surrounding their mouth! Nearly always ambush predators, many species sport the deadly tetrodotoxin, which they use to subdue their prey. Arrow worms show some variation in ecology, with some benthic species attaching to rocks or algae or hiding in sand grains!
Like fish, their elongated body sports one or several pairs of lateral fins, either partially or fully rayed, as well as a tail ending in a caudal fin. While very convergent, their body plan is slightly different as they swim by undulating top-to-bottom, rather than side-to-side like fish, explaining the horizontal position of their fins.
While arrow worms can reach up to 12 centimeters in length, they are often much smaller. While their size is limited by their lack of a respiratory system and of a complex circulatory system, requiring them to be small enough so that diffusion can take place. In spite this, their efficient body plan has made these little-known creatures some of the most successful predators in Earth's oceans.
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A small pod of the newly described stem-group chaetognath Timorebestia koprii observed at a depth of nearly 400 meters. At a size of over 20 centimetres, it is the largest known gnathiferan.
#paleoart#art#paleoblr#cambrian#paleontology#sciart#cambrian explosion#evolution#invertebrates#chaetognatha
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Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman Roberts Keen Larson Eisenhour
Instant download Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Larry S Roberts, Susan L. Keen, Allan Larson, and David J. Eisenhour Test Bank after payment
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This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chapter 2. Animal Ecology
Chapter 3. Animal Architecture
Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
Chapter 10. Molluscs
Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa
Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
Chapter 13. Arthropods
Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
Chapter 16. Fishes
Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
Chapter 19. Birds
Chapter 20. Mammals
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ISBN-13: 978-0073524252 9780073524252
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Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman Roberts Keen Larson Eisenhour
Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Larry S Roberts, Susan L. Keen, Allan Larson, and David J. Eisenhour
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This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chapter 2. Animal Ecology
Chapter 3. Animal Architecture
Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
Chapter 10. Molluscs
Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa
Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
Chapter 13. Arthropods
Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
Chapter 16. Fishes
Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
Chapter 19. Birds
Chapter 20. Mammals
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Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman
This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chapter 2. Animal Ecology
Chapter 3. Animal Architecture
Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
Chapter 10. Molluscs
Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa
Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
Chapter 13. Arthropods
Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
Chapter 16. Fishes
Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
Chapter 19. Birds
Chapter 20. Mammals
Product details:
Paperback: 512 pages
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education; 7 edition (October 17, 2014)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0073524255
ISBN-13: 978-0073524252 9780073524252
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Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman
This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chapter 2. Animal Ecology
Chapter 3. Animal Architecture
Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
Chapter 10. Molluscs
Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa
Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
Chapter 13. Arthropods
Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
Chapter 16. Fishes
Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
Chapter 19. Birds
Chapter 20. Mammals
Product details:
Paperback: 512 pages
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education; 7 edition (October 17, 2014)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0073524255
ISBN-13: 978-0073524252 9780073524252
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Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman
This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chapter 2. Animal Ecology
Chapter 3. Animal Architecture
Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
Chapter 10. Molluscs
Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa
Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
Chapter 13. Arthropods
Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
Chapter 16. Fishes
Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
Chapter 19. Birds
Chapter 20. Mammals
Product details:
Paperback: 512 pages
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education; 7 edition (October 17, 2014)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0073524255
ISBN-13: 978-0073524252 9780073524252
Link download full: Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman
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Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman
This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chapter 2. Animal Ecology
Chapter 3. Animal Architecture
Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
Chapter 10. Molluscs
Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa
Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
Chapter 13. Arthropods
Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
Chapter 16. Fishes
Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
Chapter 19. Birds
Chapter 20. Mammals
Product details:
Paperback: 512 pages
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education; 7 edition (October 17, 2014)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0073524255
ISBN-13: 978-0073524252 9780073524252
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Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman
This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chapter 2. Animal Ecology
Chapter 3. Animal Architecture
Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes
Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera
Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
Chapter 10. Molluscs
Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa
Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans
Chapter 13. Arthropods
Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates
Chapter 16. Fishes
Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
Chapter 19. Birds
Chapter 20. Mammals
Product details:
Paperback: 512 pages
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education; 7 edition (October 17, 2014)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0073524255
ISBN-13: 978-0073524252 9780073524252
Link download full: Test Bank for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman
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Favourite animals poll! Round 4 Part 2
Doingthis again for some reason.
#clades#platytrochozoa#favpourite animals poll#favourite animales poll#favourite animals poll#favourite anima#ls#animals poll#poll#polls#animals#animal types#types of animal#types of animals#mud dragons#priapulid worms#mesozoans
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Cambrian Explosion #33: Early Scalidophora
The earliest branches of the ecdysozoan evolutionary tree are made up of the scalidophorans – animals with spiny retractable proboscises, represented today by the worm-like priapulids and kinorhynchs, and (sometimes*) the weird little loriciferans.
The first definite scalidophoran fossil is the tiny priapulid-like Eopriapulites from the early Cambrian about 535 million years ago, suggesting that the group probably originated from Acosmia-like ancestors not long before that point.
By the mid-Cambrian the most abundant early scalidophorans were the worm-like palaeoscolecids, and archaeopriapulids, with some species known from hundreds or even thousands of specimens. These groups don't seem to have really been distinct lineages but were instead probably more like paraphyletic or "wastebasket" collections of similar-looking early wormy forms, with varying evolutionary relationships to each other and to other scalidophorans and cycloneuralians.
But whatever they were, some of these worms were also fairly successful during their time, with palaeoscolecids lasting for around 100 million years well past the Cambrian and up until the end of the Silurian.
Found in the Chinese Chengjiang fossil deposits (~518 million years ago), Cricocosmia jinningensis was a common palaeoscolecid which grew up to about 7cm long (2.75"). Like other palaeoscolecids it had a long ringed body covered in armor plates, a retractable spiny proboscis, and hooks on its rear end, and it generally lived in burrows in the seafloor.
A row of large spines running along each side of its body may have been used for traction, helping it crawl along the surface of the sediment when out hunting or disturbed from its burrow, and it was occasionally a host for the weird little bowling-pin shaped gnathiferan Inquicus.
Paraselkirkia sinica was an archaeopriapulid, known from both Chengjiang (~518 million years ago) and the Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (~514 million years ago). About 2cm long (~0.75"), it was another common element of the Chinese Cambrian ecosystem, often found in dense clusters of individuals.
While most of its anatomy was very similar to modern priapulids, with a retractable spiny proboscis, it's distinctive for having its body enclosed inside a conical organic-walled tube, similar to its close relative Selkirkia from the younger Canadian Burgess Shale.
Traditionally it's been interpreted as living vertically embedded in the seafloor, but the presence of juvenile brachiopods attached to the rear end of some tubes suggests that it actually spent most of its time laying on the sediment surface, probably able to move itself around to some degree and only shallowly burrow.
Some specimens of Paraselkirkia have also been found with clusters of eggs preserved inside their bodies, with a reproductive system that looks almost identical to that of modern priapulids.
( * Morphological and molecular studies still don't agree if loriciferans are closer related to scalidophorans, nematoids, or panarthropods. It's also not entirely clear whether scalidophorans themselves are even a distinct lineage or are more of an "evolutionary grade" of early ecdysozoans. Sometimes scalidophorans and nematoids are also considered to be part of a larger grouping called cycloneuralians, but this might also be more of a "grade" than a distinct lineage.
Basically there's a lot of disagreement in early ecdysozoan relationships and it's only going to get worse once we get to the actual arthropods.)
———
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Phylum #20: Gnathostomulida, the jaw worms!
Truly, all four gnathiferan phyla deserve the name of "jaw worms". They're worms (which as far as bilaterians go is pretty much a "default" category), and they have jaws. But the minute gnathostomulids are, in a way, the simplest, most archetypal "worms with jaws".
At most a millimeter long, adapted to live in shallow marine sediments, jaw worms are a typical component of the meiofauna. Which means, no need for futilities like a respiratory or circulatory system - cellular diffusion is more than enough! Even the digestive tract has been simplified, with no anus to be found.
With half of their body dedicated to sex organs, their reproduction strategy has to be peculiar. Fertilize each other (they're hermaphrodites!), produce an egg, and rupture the body wall to let it out. And patch the resulting wound as if it was nothing. Yes, they're that badass.
What about their fearsome jaws? Well, they'd much smaller than you'd imagine. In fact, their snout covered in whiskers-like cilia is much more visible. These are their only sense organs, with which they find prey before scooping them up with their basal plate and catching them with the other two jaws!
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Solutions Manual for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Hickman Roberts Keen Larson Eisenhour
Solutions Manual for Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Larry S Roberts, Susan L. Keen, Allan Larson, and David J. Eisenhour
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This text provides a concise introduction to the field of animal biology. Readers discover general principles of evolution, ecology, classification, systematics, and animal body plans. After these introductory chapters, readers delve into the biology of all groups of animals. The basic features of each group are discussed, along with evolutionary relationships among group members. Chapter highlights include newly discovered features of animals as they relate to ecology, conservation biology, and value to human society. Regular updates to the phylogenies within the book keep it current.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1. Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal Diversity Chapter 2. Animal Ecology Chapter 3. Animal Architecture Chapter 4. Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals Chapter 5. Unicellular Eukaryotes Chapter 6. Sponges: Phylum Porifera Chapter 7. Cnidarians and Ctenophores Chapter 8. Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa: Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans Chapter 9. Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea Chapter 10. Molluscs Chapter 11. Annelids and Allied Taxa Chapter 12. Smaller Ecdysozoans Chapter 13. Arthropods Chapter 14. Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates Chapter 15. Vertebrate Beginnings: The Chordates Chapter 16. Fishes Chapter 17. The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians Chapter 18. Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles Chapter 19. Birds Chapter 20. Mammals
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ISBN-10: 0073524255 ISBN-13: 978-0073524252 9780073524252
Author: Cleveland P Hickman Jr. Emeritus, Larry S Roberts, Susan L. Keen, Allan Larson, and David J. Eisenhour
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Phylum #19: Micrognathozoa!
Why have a pair of jaws when you can have a fifteenuple of them? This microscopic but extremely intricate system of jaws is definitely the star of today's species, Limnognathia maerski. Yes, species. Found in both Greenland and Antarctica, this tiny creature is the only one known in its entire phylum, Micrognathozoa!
Only discovered in the year 2000, the still little-known Limnognathia shows a body plan like no other. On top of the intricate system of jaws - making it likely a gnathiferan, cousin to arrow worms and rotifers -, an accordion-like thorax links its head and abdomen, the latter ending in a transient anus.
Swimming in spirals with the help of ciliated cells and anchoring itself with an adhesive pad, Limnognathia feeds on bacteria, diatoms and other micro-organisms. As the ventral jaws snatch the prey, they are brought to the main jaw system to be chewed and digested.
Limnognathia's life cycle is still poorly known. Only the youngest specimens found displayed male organs, leading researchers to believe them to be sequential hermaphrodites - changing from male to female during their life cycle. The peculiar distribution around both poles, with most specimens recovered from a single cold spring in Greenland, hints at it being a relict from the Cretaceous, when Greenland was still a tropical reef.
#forms and phyla#micrognathozoa#limnognathia#bioblr#hermaphroditism#cretaceous#greenland#kalaallit nunaat#antarctica
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