#François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

petrichor-idyllic · 2 months

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Vol and Friends Information | The Maze Runner Fanfic Concept

This is a character and idea I wrote a long time ago and found sitting in my drafts. So, I figured I would finally share her with you guys. Character writing is my thing and I thought I should post something since I've been so inactive.

UNIVERSE WRITING NOTES

As most of you know, the Maze Runner movies and books are actually quite different from each other. Of course, I prefer the books but there are some things I think the movies do better, so I've decided to use aspects from both the books and the movies to use in this potential fanfiction.

From the Movies

Takes a couple of days to recall names.

Layout of the Glade/the Maze is the same.

Characters look like their Movie counterparts for the sake of simplicity.

The Grievers look how they're depicted.

Alby is kinder and less brutal like how he's depicted in the movies.

The Gladers have been there for three years (as of the arrival of Thomas, the story starts a year before the end.)

From the Books

The Beetle Blades exist and are how the Creators observe the Glade.

Thomas and Teresa have their telepathic connection and psychic style dreams/flashbacks exist.

Minho is more sarcastic like how he is depicted in the book.

Grievers don't only come out at night. Whilst not as common, Grievers are active during the day. The Runners have encountered them many times.

The Changing isn't rare to go through and the Gladers already have the serum provided by the Creators.

The Box comes up once a week with supplies and once a month with a new Greenie.

I thought it would be smart to clarify and show the best aspects of both media.

GENERAL CHARACTER INFORMATION

Protagonist Name: Vol

Named after: Voltaire; François-Marie Arouet, also known as M. de Voltaire was a French Enlightment writer, historian and philosopher in the 1700s. He was famous for his wit, and his criticism of Christianity (especially of the Roman Catholic Church) and of slavery. Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

Subject: A0 "The Trespasser"

Sex: Female

Pronouns: she/her

Sexuality: Unlabeled

Age: 17-19, exact age is unknown

Job: Builder, then later a Med-jack

Appearance:

Face claim: Iva Varvarchuk

About 5'4" with a slim but lean build, she has white skin with freckles and some scarring. She has brown almond eyes and dark eyebrows. She has short, slightly messy brown hair that is often tied half up half down or pulled back in a tight messy french braid. She wears whatever clothes she can get her hands on, but is normally seen wearing the worn leather jacket and off-white hoodie combo that she came up in the box in. She also can be found wearing the grey tank top and baggy cargo pants she arrived in.

Personality: Vol is fiery and critical with a slight violent streak and a drive to do what's right. She believes strongly in equality and that she is just as capable as her male counterparts. She has no problem putting the boys in their places if they stare for too long or make an inappropriate comment. She often gets in arguments for her beliefs and ideas and isn't above going against the Keepers and Alby to get her point across. She's often described as "too smart for her own good"; her intelligence and quick nature often being a tense point in the Glade. Her intelligence is also exaggerated by her suspiciously good biology knowledge. She's very easily frustrated, especially when people don't listen to her. Despite being very critical and harsh, she can't always take what she dishes out; Vol struggles to take valid criticism and is quick to become defensive as she takes most things to heart. Due to her politically charged nature, she's often routing for the underdog and has a soft spot for Greenies and struggling Gladders- she's almost always willing to risk her mental and physical health for anyone that needs it. She's also beyond willing to jump to anyone's defence should she believe they need it. Because of this, she becomes somewhat of a big sister figure in the Glade- caring but sarcastic and occasionally violent. When she's around the few people she actually looks up to/admires, she becomes more relaxed. She's genuinely witty and often makes jokes that go over people's heads, but she's not nearly as reckless and cutthroat. She tries to lighten the mood after rough days and try and lift spirits, especially after the dreary repetition the Runners go through. She even makes flirty comments and jokes just to watch the boys squirm. Though, the pressure can get too much, especially after certain events skyrocket her into more popularity and conflict than she'd already managed.

OTHER ORIGINAL CHARACTERS

LEO

Name: Leo

Named after: Leonardo Da Vinci - Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

Subject: A17 "The Deliquent"

Sex: Male

Pronouns: He/him

Age: 16 - 18

Sexuality: Bisexual

Relationship to Vol: Friend

Job: Slicer

Appearance:

Face Claim: Benjamin Wadsworth

About 5'11" and with a pretty strong build. He has tanned skin and several scars and can often be found stained with blood.

Personality: He's extroverted and boisterous, often causing problems and liking being the centre of attention. He's weak-willed and doesn't seem to care about leaving as much as the other boys. He doesn't get along with Minho and most of the Runners for this reason. He's a thorn in Alby's side and has a record for breaking most of the rules- the Slammer is basically his home. He can be incredibly overprotective and forward with his feelings and opinions. He loves to argue and get a rise out of people. He is a definition problem child.

OTTO

Name: Otto

Named after: Otto Hahn - a German Scientist known as the "Father of nuclear chemistry."

Subject: A23 "The Shield"

Sex: Male

Pronouns: He/they (the latter going unused in the Glade)

Age: 16 - 18

Sexuality: Homosexual

Relationship to Vol: Best friend/found brother

Job: Track-hoe

Appearance:

Face Claim: Unknown model

About 6'1" and very skinny. He has slightly crooked teeth and a slit in his eyebrow.

Personality: Otto is more timid and introverted than his counterparts. He lives is Vol and Leo's shadow, opting to just be known as the boy that came up with the girl than making a name for himself. He's kind of a pushover and can be talked into pretty much anything. He kind of a hopeless romantic but he's fueled by logic, providing a much needed level-headedness to his friends, especially when Vol is worked up and willing to go along with Leo's schemes.

DALTON

Name: Dalton

Named after: John Dalton - An English chemist best know for introducing the atomic theory into chemistry.

Subject: A19 "The Statue"

Sex: Male

Pronouns: He/him

Sexuality: Asexual/Aromantic

Relationship to Vol: Friend/Body Guard

Job: Bulider

Appearance:

Face claim: Mukasa Kakonge

About 6'4" and well-built. He towers over most of the other Gladers. Has a lot of scars on his hands from his job.

Personality: Dalton is the quietest one of the group. He prefers to stick to himself and the only reason he's social at all is because Leo was the Greenie before him, and had to show him around - now they're friends. Though, unlike Otto, he isn't timid. He has a very intimidating presence and simply doesn't care for the Gladers' conversations or opinions. He is very protective of the people he does care about, though, and isn't scared to intervene when the others get themselves in trouble.

RELATIONSHIPS TO VOL

Friends

Otto: After waking up in the Box, Otto was lost and dazed but had enough common sense to try and wake up the teenage girl who was also passed out. After that, Vol took to protecting her timid friend and is often the more offensive of the pair despite her being the odd one out. Otto is the only person she truly trusts because they're the only person that she's knows for sure is in the same situation as her.

Leo: Vol meets Leo during her trial as a Slicer. He offers her advice and helps out, giving her tricks and ways to make the job easier. He's also the person that convinced Vol to ask Newt about becoming a Med-jack due to her anatomy knowledge. He's more laid-back than most of the Gladers around her so she gains some respect for him and they quickly become friends. Though, Leo quickly shows himself as a bad influence, causing problems in Vol's other relationships. But, due to Leo's unfaltering loyalty, she sticks by him.

Dalton: He kind of came as a deal package with Leo. Vol wasn't sure what to think of him at first, but Dalton proved to be a big softy that would crush anyone that got too close to her, and the pair became close fairly quickly.

Newt: Like most of the Gladers, his relationship with Vol is few and far between as she's got her own little group and she chooses to spend time with them. That being said, Newt is probably one of her more favoured people in the Glade. He's one of the most respectful Gladers and he helps where he's needed, even if he can be sarcastic and nihilistic.

Alby: Alby is more of a leader than a friend to Vol, probably because he is. Though, he does have a soft spot for the girl and sees the same admirable traits in her that he saw in Minho when he first assigned him as the Keeper of the Runners. He tends to keep an eye on her so that he can make sure none of the boys are causing her problems.

Frypan: Due to his small crush on the girl, Frypan is very kind and understanding towards Vol, often letting her vent and giving her extra food under the table. Because of his kindness, Vol occasionally helps out in the kitchen, even delivering and making food for the Runners before they go out into the Maze for the day.

Chuck: She becomes somewhat a mother figure to Chuck, her need to protect and look after him coming to the forefront of their relationship. She's definitely one of Chuck's favourite people in the Glade.

Jeff and Clint: Her coworkers who try and keep her out of trouble. She likes them both equally and appreciates their help and the lack of questioning of her abilities.

Love Interest: Minho

Kinda Enemies to Lovers.

They got off to a bad start when Vol tried to escape the Glade on her first day and Minho had to stop her.

She punched him in the jaw and had a meltdown.

She tried to apologise once she'd calmed down (and Ably made her) but Minho was just sarcastic and bitter. Due to her stubborn nature, she insulted him and stormed off.

Leo's negative opinion of the Runners only adds to this.

Tension lies in physical attraction and occasional staring at first.

Minho comes to admire her morals.

She comes to admire his work ethic.

The pair argue for fun, but no one else seems to notice the spark behind their sarcastic exchanges.

Alby thinks they don't like each other because they're too similar.

Which is exactly why Newt thinks they do like each other.

Other

Gally: The pair got off to a rough start on her trail as a Builder, and then later arguments during her time as a Builder, so there is some tension between them. She eventually comes to admire Gally and his passionate and caring ways, even if he doesn't show it in the best way. She finally starts to respect him as a Keeper, even if their frenemy status still remains.

Thomas: A late arrival to the Glade, she tried to be kind to Thomas when he appears but since he moves at a million miles an hour and is more reckless than she is, she's normally too busy to spend time listening to his antics.

Teresa: Initially, she was beyond pleased to have another girl in the Glade, but overall they don't spend much time together apart from Vol attempting to befriend the girl, who's all too interested in thinking up ideas with Thomas.

Ben: Since he's a Runner and spends a lot of time with Minho, the pair have had a fair few conversations and he witnesses a lot of arguments. He actually likes siding with her because he enjoys annoying Minho. But she wouldn't exactly consider him a friend.

Winston: He's a Glader she sees around and doesn't really talk to. He seems nice enough and she has nothing against him.

Zart: The same applies to Zart as it does Winston.

#🍃 petri tmr #🌿 petri's ocs #tmr #the maze runner

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redcomunitaria · 7 months

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"La escritura es la pintura de la voz."

Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet, más conocido como Voltaire: Fue un escritor, historiador, filósofo y abogado francés; que perteneció a la francmasonería. Y figura como uno de los principales representantes de la Ilustración; un período que enfatizó el poder de la razón humana, y de la ciencia en detrimento de la religión. Wikipedia

#redcomunitariadetumblr #redcomunitaria #mabel #voltaire #octubre2023 #pub 20 #frases #escritores #citas #escritos #notas

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homomenhommes · 6 months

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THIS DAY IN GAY HISTORY

based on: The White Crane Institute's 'Gay Wisdom', Gay Birthdays, Gay For Today, Famous GLBT, glbt-Gay Encylopedia, Today in Gay History, Wikipedia, and more … November 21

1694 – Voltaire, French philosopher, born (d.1778); born François-Marie Arouet, better known by the nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher known for his wit, philosophical sport, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and the right to a fair trial. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform despite strict censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. A satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize Christian dogma and the French institutions of his day.

The name "Voltaire," which he adopted in 1718 not only as a pen name but also in daily use, is an anagram of the Latinized spelling of his surname "Arouet" and the initial letters of the sobriquet "le jeune" ("the younger"): AROVET Le ieune. The name also echoes in reversed order the syllables of a familial château in the Poitou region: "Airvault".

In terms of religious texts, Voltaire was largely of the opinion that the Bible was: 1) an outdated legal and/or moral reference, 2) by and large a metaphor, but one that perhaps taught some good lessons, and 3) a work of Man, not a divine gift. These beliefs did not hinder his religious practice (It is a line from one of his poems that translates "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent Him.") though it did gain him somewhat of a bad reputation in the Catholic Church. He is best known today for his novel, Candide.

Voltaire blew hot and cold on the subject of homosexuality. Although he is known to have sampled the delights of same-sex love on one occasion, he nonetheless admonished a friend who wanted to try it a second time, "Once, a philosopher," he proclaimed, "twice, a sodomite!"

He was locked in a love-hate relationship with Frederick the Great, with whom he spent agonizing, ecstatic years. In her biography of Voltaire, Nancy Mitford writes that "nobody who studies the life of Voltaire can doubt that he had homosexual tendencies, and one wonders whether his feelings for the king were not exacerbated by unrequited passion."

Whatever his personal reservations about homosexuality, the famous French writer was forthright in declaring that sodomy, "when not accompanied by violence, should not fall under the sway of criminal law, for it does not violate the rights of any man." We will never know why Voltaire once signed a letter to a male friend, "E vi baccio il catzo," which, politely translated means, "I kiss your rod."

1915 – James Gleeson (d.2008) was one of Australia's foremost artists. He was also a poet, critic, writer and curator. He played a significant role in the Australian art scene, including serving on the board of the National Gallery of Australia.

Gleeson's themes generally delved into the subconscious using literary, mythological or religious subject matter. He was particularly interested in Jung's archetypes of the collective unconscious.

During the 1950s and '60s he moved to a more symbolic perspective, notions of human perfectibility. At this time he increasingly fashioned small psychedelic compositions made using the surrealist technique of decalcomania in the background, to suggest a landscape, and finished by adding a fastidiously painted male nude in the foreground.

"Totems in Arcadia"

Many of his paintings had homoerotic undertones, something which reflected on Gleeson's own homosexuality. The ideas for these compositions also saw Gleeson move into collage with his Locus Solus series, where he produced a substantial body of work by placing dismembered photographs, magazine illustrations, diagrams and lines of visionary poetry against abstract pools of ink.

Since the 1970s Gleeson generally made large scale paintings in keeping with the surrealist Inscape genre. The works outwardly resemble rocky seascapes, although in detail the coastline's geological features are found to be made of giant molluscs and threatening crustaceans. In keeping with the Freudian principles of surrealism these grotesque, nightmarish compositions symbolise the inner workings of the human mind. Called 'Psychoscapes' by the artist. Gleeson's later works incorporate the human form less and less in its entirety, represented in his landscapes by suggestions, an arm, a hand or merely an eye.

Gleeson died in Sydney on 20 October 2008, aged 92, one year after his life partner Frank O'Keefe.

1940 – Keith Prentice (d.1992) was a Dayton, Ohio-born American TV, film and stage actor, whose most famous role was the part of Larry in both the original stage and film versions of The Boys in the Band. Prentice also appeared on the classic TV soap Dark Shadows during the series' final months in 1971. Until just several years ago, his picture was displayed on the Tasters Choice coffee label.

Prentice studied in New York City at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. His stage musical credits include Sail Away, The Sound of Music, Paint Your Wagon, and The King and I. In 1968, he appeared off-Broadway in the non-musical The Boys in the Band, a then controversial play featuring gay characters at a dramatic birthday party - the Summer before the Stonewall gay civil rights riots. He also appeared in the movie version of the play. In 1971 Keith joined the cast of Dark Shadows playing Morgan Collins. Prentice also appeared as Nils Fowler in the 1972 film The Legend of Nigger Charley and had a small role in the 1980 film Cruising which, like Boys in the Band, was directed by William Friedkin.

In 1982 Keith Prentice co-founded Kettering Theatre Under The Stars, and directed summer shows there until the year of his death. He died of AIDS-related cancer on September 27, 1992 in Kettering, Ohio

1963 – The playwright, director and founder of Tectonic Theater Project, Moisés Kaufman, was born on this date. He is the author of Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde, 33 Variations and is perhaps best known for writing The Laramie Project with other members of Tectonic Theater Project. He was born and raised in Caracas, Venezuela and moved to New York City in 1987. He made his Broadway directing debut in the 2004 production of I Am My Own Wife by Doug Wright, for which he received a Tony Award nomination for Best Direction of a Play. Mr. Kaufman is a Guggenheim Fellow.

Kaufman is of Romanian and Ukrainian Jewish descent. He described himself in an interview as "I am Venezuelan, I am Jewish, I am gay, I live in New York. I am the sum of all my cultures. I couldn't write anything that didn't incorporate all that I am."

1967 – Amanda Lepore is a transgender American model, singer, and performance artist. A former Club Kid, she has appeared in advertising for numerous companies. Lepore is noted as a regular subject in photographer David LaChapelle's work, serving as his muse, as well as many other photographers, such as Terry Richardson and Ruben van Schalm. She participated in LaChapelle's Artists and Prostitutes 1985–2005 exhibit in New York City, where she "lived" in a voyeuristic life-sized set.

Lepore has released several singles, many written by and/or recorded with Cazwell. In 2011, she released her debut studio album, I...Amanda Lepore, on Peace Bisquit.

Amanda grew up in the Essex County community of Cedar Grove, New Jersey, with one sibling, an older brother. Her father was an Italian-American chemical engineer, and her mother was a German-American housewife. Her mother had schizophrenia and spent much time in mental institutions.

Lepore later wrote that "Ever since I can first remember, I knew I was a girl. I couldn't understand why my parents were dressing me up in boys' clothing. I thought they were insane."

In her early teens, Lepore began making costumes for a transgender friend in exchange for female hormones. Having already grown isolated from her peers and schooling, her parents withdrew her from public school and hired a private tutor. They also took her to a psychologist, who helped her obtain a prescription to begin hormone therapy.

At the age of 17, and through a legal loophole, Lepore married a male bookstore owner. She was granted permission for gender affirmation surgery, which she had at age 19 in Yonkers, New York. Lepore later left her husband. In 1989, she relocated to New York City.

In the early 1990s, Lepore tried to establish herself as a nightlife figure (including being a member of the Club Kids). She supported herself by working in a nail salon, as a dominatrix, and later as a cosmetics salesgirl for Patricia Field. After meeting photographer David LaChapelle one evening while hosting at Bowery Bar, she began collaborating with him.

1981 – Sergeant Charles Cochrane, a 14 year veteran of the NYPD, created shock waves by testifying before a New York City Council hearing in favor of a gay rights bill. Following on the testimony of a Patrolmen's Benevolent Association Vice President who denounced the bill, and declared he didn't know of any homosexual police officers, Cochrane stunned those present by announcing, "I am very proud of being a New York City Police Officer, and I am equally proud of being gay."

Cochrane's public testimony lent significantly toward the official formation of the Gay Officers Action League, Inc., aka G.O.A.L. - NY, which became the first official police fraternal society in the world to represent LGBT professionals within the criminal justice system. Since that time, similar organizations for LGBT Law Enforcement Officers, Criminal Justice professionals as well as Firefighters and EMS personnel have been established around the world.

1983 – Blake McGrath is a Canadian professional dancer, pop singer and choreographer. He was known for being on the first season of So You Think You Can Dance in 2005, and on the MTV reality dance show, DanceLife. He has also developed a solo singing career with a debut album Time to Move in 2010.

McGrath was born in Mississauga, Ontario.

His early television appearances include: Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story (1997) playing Stuart Sanger, and the TV show recreation of Goosebumps book "Stay Out of the Basement". He played the brother Casey.

In 2015, McGrath was chosen to perform on Michael Jackson's thirtieth anniversary special. In 2006, he performed alongside Paulina Rubio at the 2004 Latin Grammy Awards. Also in 2006 he had an appearance in the documentary Freestyle (with Brian Friedman). He has appeared in Gap campaigns (with Sarah Jessica Parker), and in advertisements for iPod, Jc Penny (which he also choreographed), and Hummer.

He has danced with stars such as Madonna, Britney Spears, Kylie Minogue, Janet Jackson, Adam Lambert, Ashanti, Destiny's Child, Katy Perry, Craig David, Jewel.

In addition to his appearances on television shows, McGrath has also appeared in the films Butterbox Babies, Life With Mikey, Chicago, and Rent. He was also featured as a dancer in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody in the episode Commercial Breaks. He was a waiter. He studied at both Tiffany Dance Academy in Hamilton Ontario and Joanne Chapman School of Dance in Brampton, Ontario.

He is owner of VIP Dance Events which tours major cities throughout Canada. He also appeared on the magazine cover of Hotshoes and appeared in Dance Spirit Magazine December 2006 issue. Lastly, he appeared on the 9/10/13 episode of Dance Moms as a guest choreographer. He is the lead choreographer for the audition cities and alternating third judge on So You Think You Can Dance Canada.

He is bisexual. "I've been attracted to men and attracted to women," he told Canada's gay mag Fab. "My feelings change all the time. One day I can feel like I'm gay, another day like I'm straight. But I'm not just one or the other, I'm Blake McGrath and I'm attracted to somebody on the inside.

2006 – Israel's Supreme Count recognizes international same-sex marriages.

Today's Gay Wisdom:

Quotes from Voltaire:

A witty saying proves nothing.

All murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets.

Anyone who has the power to make you believe absurdities has the power to make you commit injustices.

Anything that is too stupid to be spoken is sung.

Behind every successful man stands a surprised mother-in-law.

Better is the enemy of good.

Common sense is not so common.

Each player must accept the cards life deals him or her: but once they are in hand, he or she alone must decide how to play the cards in order to win the game.

Every man is guilty of all the good he did not do.

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digitalyarbs · 1 year

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Jean-Antoine Houdon's life mask of Voltaire.

François-Marie Arouet (1694 – 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity—especially the Roman Catholic Church—as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, histories, and scientific expositions. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken advocate of civil liberties, and was at constant risk from the strict censorship laws of the Catholic French monarchy. His polemics witheringly satirized intolerance, religious dogma, and the French institutions of his day.

The last twenty years of Voltaire’s life were spent in partial exile at his estate at Ferney, near the Swiss border. In February 1778 he came back to Paris where he sat for Houdon, who took a life mask. Houdon made an array of variations, which were immediately popular, including a seated version and a bust. Art historian H. H. Arnason called the bust of Voltaire “one of the most famous if not the most famous portrait sculpture in history.

Voltaire sat for Houdon several times before the exertion and excitement of his journey took their toll; he died on 30 May 1778.

In a few sittings, Houdon grasped the expression that captivated contemporaries. The weary face, with its sagging neck and toothless mouth, nevertheless radiates intense mental and spiritual vitality. Penetrating observation, mocking humor, and sorrow show in the lined eyes, lifted brows, and compressed smile. Voltaire’s face epitomizes the quality so often implied in eighteenth-century portraiture — quick, biting wit.

#voltaire #historical figures #enlightenment #french revolution

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thebeautifulbook · 1 year

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THE HISTORY OF PETER THE GREAT, EMPEROR OF RUSSIA by M. de Voltaire [aka François-Marie Arouet. (Manchester: Johnson & Son, 1845). Translated by Tobias Smollett.

[frontispiece]

source

#beautiful books #book blog #books books books #book cover #books #illustrated book #vintage books #old books #voltaire #peter the great #russian empire

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tabellae-rex-in-sui · 2 years

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Absolutely losing my mind over Voltaire's titles listed on Mlle Corneille's wedding contract jdbdhdjdj WHO let him do this???

"demoiselle Marie-Françoise Corneille [...] demeurant actuellement au château de Ferney, pays de Gex, auprès de messire François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire, chevalier, gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du roi, et de l’Académie française, seigneur de Ferney, Tournay, Régny, Chambézy et autres places"

Chevalier?? "Autres places"??? Hello???

#motherfucker wrote down his resume #sir???#who ydhdjdjdjd who let him fo this jdbdjd #V really said im rich now and i can buy all the titles i want REGARDLESS if no one will enoble me 😤

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yr-obedt-cicero · 2 years

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This is going to be a really weird and specific question, and I don't even think we will ever have a definitive answer, but: what did Hamilton think of other historical figures? I specifically mean the ones that came before him (excluding the ancients because they talked/referenced them A LOT). Like- I know he really liked to read up on Scottish history, but do we know any of his specific opinions about it? I dunno, I just find that interesting.

This question was too interesting for me to pass on, but God did it take a while to find everything I needed for a decent answer. So I apologize for the wait time.

With the help of @pub-lius I was able to find a decent amount of historical figures/philosophers that Hamilton either referenced or admired.

Hamilton admired many historical philosophers, and evidently they inspired him in his ideals and work, especially when creating the fundamentals of the government for America. For example, one was John Locke (1632-1704), he was an English philosopher and physician, but also political theorist. Locke made many of preliminaries for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism, so much so, he is commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". He actually influenced many of the founders of America, his political theory to protect the three natural rights of "life, liberty and estate" deeply influenced the founder's written documents.

In 1775, in The Farmer Refuted pamphlet, Hamilton recommended that anyone wanting to understand the thinking in favor of American independence should;

“apply yourself without delay to the study of the law of nature. I would recommend to your perusal, Grotius, Puffendorf, Locke, Montesquieu, and Burlemaqui. I might mention other excellent writers on this subject; but if you attend, diligently, to these, you will not require any others.”

(source)

Who was also mentioned in Hamilton's list above, was Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (1689-1755). Usually simply referred to as, Montesquieu, was a French judge, historian, author, and political philosopher. He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions world-wide. His anonymously published The Spirit of Law (1748), which surprisingly was well-received in both Great Britain and the American colonies, influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States in drafting the U.S. Constitution.

But also in the Federalist Papers, Federalist No. 9, written by Hamilton, is a response to what was the common Anti-Federalist argument based on Montesquieu's theories in the famous; The Spirit of the Laws that “It is natural for a republic to have only a small territory; otherwise it cannot long subsist.” Though the Anti-Federalist took his arguments to mean that the federal Union was bound to fail, Hamilton disagreed, he responded that if Montesquieu were taken literally, then since he was thinking of nations far smaller, the Americans would have to split themselves into “an infinity of little, jealous, clashing tumultuous commonwealths.” to follow said theory.

Another being, François-Marie Arouet, also known by his nom de plume Voltaire. He was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and a philosopher really most known for his wit, and his criticism towards Christianity, especially the Roman Catholic. His most famous works were The fictitious Lettres philosophiques (1734), and The satirical novel Candide (1759). The former was a series of essays on English government and society and was a mark in the history of thought and philosophy. Even today it has been considered one of the greatest monuments of French literature.

Hamilton must of greatly admired the famous French philosopher, as his second youngest son, William Stephen Hamilton, was handed down many of his father's books after his death. Some being that of Voltaire's;

“Although [Alexander] Hamilton’s death left William without a large fortune, he did inherit his father’s personal collection of books….In a letter written on April 1, 1880, to William’s friend Cyrus Woodman, Edgar Hamilton confirmed that William received ‘law books, Voltaire, and books in French’ from his father. William’s friend and neighbor Henry Gratiot, who owned and operated Gratiot’s Grove, a successful lead mining and smelting operation in Wisconsin, recalled seeing in Hamilton’s cabin the 'books of classical writers,’ a collection considered the 'most valuable in the country.’”

(source)

And as you said with many of the Scotts, there was David Hume. Though Hamilton was greatly influenced by many 18th century Scottish economists, Hume was a more unique standing figure. He was a Scottish enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, scepticism, and naturalism. I think Hume influenced Hamilton's plans for America's economics and banking systems. Hume was an economist, his astute understanding of human behavior provided an important foundation for his economics and proved essential to his analysis of the ethical and political dimensions of capitalism. The situation of the early 1700's Scottish was quite similar to the many challenges faced by Hamilton, the first Treasury Secretary, who needed to plan for the future of a new and rather underdeveloped country as a competitor in the world-wide market.

There were quite a few others, like; Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hamilton mainly admired and praised enlightenment scholars as he took inspiration from them for America's own enlightenment. And though many think America's philosophy of enlightenment, they usually think of the Jeffersonians as representing the majority of philosophy, it is worth mentioning Hamilton's hard work to help supply America with a ground basis and his historical influences to pursue in his ideals of what a government should have been.

#amrev #american history #american revolution #alexander hamilton #historical alexander hamilton #history #queries #empressbitch #cicero's history lessons

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mikamikapodcast · 10 months

Text

Man in the Iron Mask

(Iron Mask. Liveactiongroup.net)

Who was the man behind the mask? Why did King Ludvig XIV sentence a prisoner to 34 years of imprisonment with an iron mask on his face.At that time, in France, criminals were hanged for even the most trivial crimes.So why was this man allowed to live so long and why was no one allowed to see his face?.

There are many theories as to why this happened. The interest of the case grew because no one knows for sure the truth about the man behind the mask.Did the man know too much? or whether he had the wrong kindred in his blood. Or was the man's face different from that of humans? Was the man human? These are the things we focus on in today's mystery.

(britannica.com)

Elämme vuotta 1996 ja Ranskan törsäävä itsevaltias Ludvig XIV määrää tuntemattomasta syystä miehen loppuelämäkseen vankilaan rautanaamio päässään. Teolla haluttiin turvata vangin henkilöllisyys.

On torstai 18. syyskuuta vuonna 1698. Saapuu Ranskan pelätyimpään vankilaan Bastiljiin vanki jolla oli kasvot peitettynä. Hänen nimeään ei saanut sanoa ja illan tultua vankilan varajohtaja vei naamioituneen vangin vankila tornin Bertaudiere-tornin kolmanteen huoneeseen. tällöin naamiomies oli viettänyt vankilassa 29 vuotta. Hänen naamionsa oli vaihtunut silkisestä kasvoja peittävästä naamiosta rautaiseen naamioon. Vartijoiden mielenkiinto nousi vankiakohtaan ja hänestä puhuttiinkin oikeana kuninkaana tai verisukulaisena kuninkaalle.

Tämä oli epäilemättä outo tuomio. Viettää 30 vuotta naamioituneena sen ajan Ranskassa. Missä kuolemaan tuomittiin vähemmästäkin ja vankilatuomiot ovat yleensä lyhytaikaisia. Kuolemaan tuomittiin vakavasta rikoksesta tuomittuja tai kaleeriorjaksi laivastoon.

Ranskalaiset historian tutkijat olivat löytäneet kuningas Ludvig XIV kirjeen vaihtoa koskien naamio vankia. On myös todisteita joiden mukaan kyseinen vanki oli nimeltään Eustache Danger. Tämä asiakirja on kirjattu vuonna 1996 Calai`s satamakaupungissa. Vanki oli toimitettu Etelä-Ranskaan Pignerolin vankilaan.

Vangin elämä oli todella rajattua. Moninkertainen turva ovi ja vain kerran päivässä tapahtunut ruokailu. Tämä kaikki tietysti suljetusti ja vartijoiden seuratessa. Neljä kertaa vuodessa pääsi vanki ulos ripille papin luo. Lääkärin käynnit oli myös valvotusti.

Kuka vanki siis oli ? Ranskassa oli tyypillistä tuohon aikaa, että "arvokkaista" vangeista käytettiin salanimeä. Vanginvartijat toivat oman legendansa tarinaan. On ollut kritiikkiä oliko vangin kasvoilla ollut maski oikeasti raudasta. Vanki saapui silkistä tehdyssä naamiossa. Vanki sai paljon erikoiskohtelua ja on siis totta, että todennäköisesti kuninkaalla oli tietämys henkilöstä.

Vankia on veikattu kuninkaan veljeksi. Tämän teorian "isäksi" on epäilemättä vahvasti ollut läsnä filosofi voltaire (François-Marie Arouet). Filosofi itse istui kyseisessä vankilassa 11 kuukautta ja loi vankkaa pohjaa tarinalle kuninkaan veljestä, jota mm Napoleon jatkoi. Vuonna 1770 ranskalainen paroni de Hess kirjoitti epäilyksensä vangin henkilöllisyys olisi italialainen diplomaatti kreivi Ercole Antonio Matthioli. On myös epäilty, että vanki oli kuninkaan palvelija. Tämä olisi saanut kuulla arkaluontoisia asioita, kuitenkin niin että häntä ei voisi tappaa.

Oli miten oli, joka tapauksessa rautanaamio oli vanki. Tämä vanki oli tärkeä pitää hengissä ja hänen olinpaikan salasivat kuningas ja tämän lähipiiri. Oli myös oleellista, että vangista huolehdittiin lukuisten lääkäri käyntien kera.

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#mystery #podcast #mystical #iron mask #mask #ludvig #xiv #voltaire #napoleon #france #suomitumblr #suomi #francheska #mikamikapodcast

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