„Wer im ALTER seine JUGENDSÜNDEN bereut, wollte sich mit dem Gedanken trösten, dass seine kaputte KINDHEIT daran schuld ist, dass er sie überhaupt begangen hat.“

(Altersweisheit)   

Das mir Unbekannte, dass ich bei mir trage, das macht mich aus.

Paul Valéry: “Ich grase meine Gehirnwiese ab”, S.54

Der Altbau, in dem ich wohne, ist so extrem hellhörig und stressig, dass ich im Grunde genommen nur deshalb zur Arbeit gehe, damit ich mich dort ausruhen kann.

The essence of aphorisms

The essence of aphorisms The essence of aphorisms, an article that explains the laws of aphorism by James Geary with an introduction of Carl William Brown on this kind of literary and philosophical original genre. The things that will destroy us are: politics without principle; pleasure without conscience; wealth without work; knowledge without character; business without morality; science without humanity; and worship without sacrifice. Mahatma Gandhi Sometimes a few lines are worthier than a whole library. Voltaire An aphorism is a phrase, a maxim, a proposition, a quote that expresses with concise, philosophic, humorous or poetic accuracy, the result of a long experience of life, of observations, analysis, suffering, great endurance, tolerance and even annoyance (in order not to use any vulgar terms). Carl William Brown The brevity of life, so often lamented, might perhaps be the best thing about life. Arthur Schopenhauer Aphorists are far from harmless. They are troublemakers and iconoclasts, dogmatists whose majestic authority commands consent. They are, by definition, revolutionaries who hold their truths to be self-evident. James Geary We fight against three giants, my dear Sancho: "injustice, fear, and ignorance." Miguel de Cervantes The aphorism in which I am the first master among Germans, are the forms of ‘eternity’; my ambition is to say in ten sentences what everyone else says in a book – what everyone else does not say in a book. Friedrich Nietzsche Aphorisms are intimate encounters between two minds. If they don’t give you a little shock, something isn’t right. James Geary Aphorisms, representing a knowledge broken, do invite men to enquire farther. Francis Bacon One can only become a philosopher, not be one. As soon as one thinks one is a philosopher, one stops becoming one. Friedrich von Schlegel Aphorismus est sermo brevis, integrum sensum propositae rei scribens. That is – An aphorism is a brief utterance, which writes the complete meaning of the matter – this is the exact definition proposed by Isidore de Séville. As a matter of fact an aphorism is usually a saying expressing a belief, an idea, a thought, a saying, a piece of literature and so on. Synonyms for aphorisms could be: adage, apothegm, axiom, dictum, maxim, moral, precept, proverb, rule, saw, saying, truism, axiom, device, dictum, fundamental, law, maxim, moral, postulate, precept, proposition, proverb, saying, theorem, truism, truth, byword, catchphrase, catchword, dictum, epithet, gnome, gnomic saying, handle, maxim, motto, nickname, precept, proverb, quotation, quote, saw, shibboleth, slogan, standing joke. An aphorism can express also absurdity, ambiguity, foolishness, nonsense, amusement and paradox, because it is the king of the metaphorical language.

The law of aphorisms Evidently we could read various essays, articles and even books on aphoristic writing, or on short literature, which certainly has many relationships with poetry, the symbolic or metaphorical expression of it, and with the multiple definitions of the various sciences, but what I would like to point out in this introduction to the following article is a reflection by the great critic, poet and essayist T.S. Eliot, who argued with great conviction that to be truly great poets it is not enough to have language and vision; it is also necessary to possess a great philosophical and/or theological system, "which Shakespeare lacked and Dante did not", and for this reason, again according to the great author, Dante was a greater poet than Shakespeare. However, without making a comparison of value between the great literary giants of all time, I would just like to emphasize the aspect of possessing or not a great philosophical or theological system. Well, as far as the aphorism and the various intellectual speculations on the most disparate questions are concerned, we can already immediately highlight that characteristic which also for the author of the following text must be present in order to characterize the aphorism as such and to give it precisely its deepest essence, that is, it must be brief, personal and philosophical, on what then pertains to the aspects of being definitive or having a surprise effect, it could be discussed further. Furthermore we can say that aphorisms can be extrapolated from more extensive literary works, or be creations in their own sense, but to truly be such and make worth of their essence, they must express in one way or another the poetic and philosophical vision of the author, or better yet they must have an objective, an end, and a value above all of a philosophical nature, which must express the artistic intent of the writer himself. This intent can be aimed at expressing a scientific definition, or at conveying a social, economic, literary or philosophical criticism, or even at suggesting various useful behaviors for achieving a certain goal, or face a certain situation, which is why in general aphorisms often have a lot to do with dealing with ethics, logic, satire, irony, humour, politics, economics, science or education, basically all subjects that have always been involved with language and philosophy. Following my experience as a writer of aphorisms, I can say that I have always dealt with various disciplines and have carried out multiple activities, the first of which concerns the world of education and training, I have always had then a very critical, polemical and often satirical or at least humorous attitude towards human stupidity and its most illustrious leaders and followers, and therefore I have always observed, mocked and attacked it with my aphorisms. In conclusion I have clearly developed my philosophical and in some sense also theological vision by elaborating the synthetic principles of Daimonology, which in addition to re-evaluating the original meaning of the Greek Daimon, or the Latin genius, have as their philosophical basis the ethics of knowledge, and the practice of a lifelong, widespread, and shared education without any barrier of social caste or economic class. With these intentions my aphorisms were written, which convey my ideas, and in most cases have all the characteristics indicated in the following article, that I certainly consider as one of the best on this subject.

James Geary on aphorisms The Five Laws of Aphorisms by James Geary based on his book We are what we think. The philosopher J. S. Mill once observed that there are two kinds of wisdom in the world: "In the one, every age in which science flourishes surpasses, or ought to surpass, its predecessors; of the other, there is nearly an equal amount in all ages." The first kind of wisdom is scientific. It consists in what we know about the world and how it works, and how we put that knowledge to use through technology. Since the Industrial Revolution at least, each age has surpassed the scientific achievements of its predecessors with astonishing speed. Mills calls the second type "the wisdom of ages," a somewhat exalted term for what we’ve collectively learned about human nature through the experience of individuals across thousands of years of history. This kind of knowledge is unsystematic, consists in psychological rather than empirical facts, and is present in more or less equal amounts in every historical period. So Dr. Phil McGraw potentially has just about as much - or as little - of this kind of wisdom at his disposal as the Taoist sage Lao-tzu, who lived in China about six hundred years before Christ. "The form in which this kind of wisdom most naturally embodies itself," Mill concludes, "is that of aphorisms." Why aphorisms? Because they’re just the right size to hold the swift insights and fresh observations that are the raw data of the wisdom of the ages. Aphorisms are literature’s hand luggage. Light and compact, they fit easily into the overhead compartment of your brain and contain everything you need to get through a rough day at the office or a dark night of the soul. They are, as the nineteenthcentury author John Morley observed, "the guiding oracles which man has found out for himself in that great business of ours, of learning how to be, to do, to do without, and to depart." Here, then, are the five laws by which an aphorism performs its oracular work. 1. It Must Be Brief If brevity is the soul of wit, as Shakespeare observed in one of his many aphoristic insights, then concision is the aphorism’s heart. Aphorisms must work quickly because they are meant for use in emergencies. We’re most in need of aphorisms at times of distress or joy, ecstasy or anguish. And in cases of spiritual or emotional urgency, brevity is the best policy. The author of The Cloud of Unknowing, a spiritual instruction manual written by an anonymous English monk in the latter half of the fourteenth century, knew this when he advised his students: "Short prayer penetrates heaven". The Cloud of Unknowing was composed as an aid to contemplation, and it’s packed with sound spiritual guidance and sweet admonitions for young men just entering the monastic life. The book is made up of seventy-five very short chapters, with amusing and sometimes impenetrable titles like "The Three Things the Contemplative Beginner Must Practice: Reading, Thinking, and Praying" and "A Man’s Outlook Is Wonderfully Altered through the Spiritual Experience of This Nothing in Its Nowhere." Each chapter is written in very simple, direct prose, in an avuncular tone that highlights the author’s wisdom, equanimity, and good humor. The book’s title refers to our imperfect knowledge of God, but the author urges his readers to "hammer away at this high cloud of unknowing" through meditation and prayer. The Cloud’s language mostly clings very close to the ground, however, and the book is replete with down-to-earth tips on how monks should pray silently to themselves throughout the day and how they can find the sacred in the most mundane daily chores. Chapter 37 explains by means of a surprisingly commonplace metaphor why pithiness is next to godliness: A man or a woman, suddenly frightened by fire, or death, or what you will, is suddenly in his extremity of spirit driven hastily and by necessity to cry or pray for help. And how does he do it? Not, surely, with a spate of words; not even in a single word of two syllables! Why? He thinks it wastes too much time to declare his urgent need and his agitation. So he bursts out in his terror with one little word, and that of a single syllable: "Fire!" it may be, or "Help!" Just as this little word stirs and pierces the ears of the hearers more quickly, so too does a little word of one syllable, when it is not merely spoken or thought, but expresses also the intention in the depth of our spirit. Aphorists are people who’ve experienced "extremity of spirit," and aphorisms are read by people in the same predicament. They are terse and to the point because their message is urgent. There’s no time to waste. An aphorism can be anywhere from a few words to a few sentences long; the French call the former an aperçu, a swift, sweeping insight, and the latter a pensée, a longer, more leisurely train of thought. But only a fool makes a speech in a burning house. That’s why the author of The Cloud of Unknowing hammered his meaning home in such short, vivid phrases. When you find yourself in extremis, aphorisms tell you everything you need to know. The rest is just salad dressing.

Literary essence of aphorisms 2. It Must Be Definitive In the Life of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell describes the great English lexicographer as "a man of most dreadful appearance … He is very slovenly in his dress and speaks with a most uncouth voice … He has a great humor and is a worthy man. But his dogmatic roughness of manners is disagreeable." What Boswell fails to mention, however, is that a little dogmatism is no bad thing when you’re compiling a dictionary, as Johnson was from 1746 to 1755. Johnson was famously convinced of his own opinions, and not shy about declaiming them, essential qualities for both the lexicographer and the aphorist. After all, a definition - like an aphorism - must be, well, definitive. In fact, the term itself is derived from the Greek words apo (from) and horos (boundary or horizon), so an aphorism is something that marks off or sets apart - that is, a definition. Aphorisms and definitions assert rather than argue, proclaim rather than persuade, state rather than suggest. Johnson’s most famous aphorism - Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.- wouldn’t be nearly as piquant if he had couched it in all kinds of caveats and qualifications. Of course, aphorisms aren’t necessarily 100 percent true - Ambrose Bierce, Johnson’s twentieth-century counterpart, contends, for example, that patriotism is the scoundrel’s first refuge - yet they demand assent through the declarative style in which they are expressed. The English essayist William Hazlitt put it well when he wrote of aphorisms, "There is a peculiar stimulus … in this mode of writing. A thought must tell at once, or not at all." Because aphorisms must tell at once they often take the form of definitions - x is y. There is no deliberation or debate, and no supporting evidence. We must literally take the aphorist at his word. That’s usually easy enough because those words are so lucid that they compel their own conviction. Of no one is this more true than Johnson himself, whose aphorisms could easily have served as entries in his dictionary of the English language. Here are two of his less optimistic pronouncements: "Life is a pill which none of us can bear to swallow without gilding". Johnson defined the lexicographer as "a writer of dictionaries, a harmless drudge." But aphorists are far from harmless. They are troublemakers and iconoclasts, dogmatists whose majestic authority commands consent. They are, by definition, revolutionaries who hold their truths to be self-evident. 3. It Must Be Personal In 1955, Alfred Kessler, a physician and collector of the works of G.K. Chesterton, was poking around a used bookstore in San Francisco when he came across a copy of Holbrook Jackson’s Platitudes in the Making. Jackson, a literary critic and contemporary of Chesterton, had this little book of maxims privately published in 1911. But as Kessler flipped through the pages of the slim volume he realized that this was no ordinary copy of Platitudes. Scrawled in bright green pencil beneath each of Jackson’s maxims was a handwritten reply: either an endorsement of the idea behind the saying or, more often, an emphatic rejection accompanied by an alternative aphorism. For example, penned underneath Jackson’s "He who reasons is lost" - was the arch retort, "He who never reasons is not worth finding". Kessler recognized the handwriting, and turning back to the front of the book was startled to read the following inscription: "To G.K. Chesterton, with esteem from Holbrook Jackson." Kessler had in his hands Chesterton’s personal copy of Platitudes in the Making, and the impassioned scratchings in green pencil were Chesterton’s ripostes to Jackson’s aphorisms. Kessler had stumbled on the greatest discovery of his collecting career and recovered for Chesterton fans some of the great English author’s most incisive sayings.

Sir Francis Bacon on aphorisms If you had never read a word by either Jackson or Chesterton - the former now largely forgotten and the latter best remembered for his detective series the Father Brown stories - and Platitudes was recited aloud, it would be easy to guess which aphorism was by whom. Jackson fancied himself a modern romantic, an atheist philosopher in the shadow of Nietzsche, so his sayings are filled with disdain for convention and praise for man’s impulsive, irrational nature. Pretty typical of Jackson’s output is: "Don’t think - do". Chesterton, on the other hand, was a devout Catholic rationalist, as well as a committed socialist and environmentalist long before the latter was a fashionable occupation. He did believe in God and in man’s triumph over the baser instincts through reason and morality. So his reply is a fairly accurate summary of his philosophy, too: "Do think! Do!". It’s this personal quality that gives aphorisms their power to charm and enrage. An aphorism takes you inside the head of the person who wrote it or said it. "The thought… must be stamped with the hallmark of the mind that thinks it," as critic and aphorism junkie Logan Pearsall Smith wrote in the introduction to his 1947 anthology of English maxims. Aphorisms are not bland generalizations about life, the universe, and everything but are deeply personal and idiosyncratic statements, as unique to an individual as a strand of his or her DNA. This is what distinguishes the form from proverbs, for instance, which are really wornout aphorisms that have had the identity of the original author rubbed away through repeated use. The personal touch is important because aphorisms are not bits of uplifting text meant for passive consumption. They are challenging statements that demand a response: either the recognition of a shared insight - what Alexander Pope described as something that "oft was thought but ne’er so well expressed" - or a rejection and retort. As the Jackson-Chesterton exchange shows, aphorisms are intimate encounters between two minds. If they don’t give you a little shock, something isn’t right. Francis Bacon, the English author, politician, and scientist, loved aphorisms precisely because of this ability to upset preconceptions. He inherited his affection for the form from his father, who had quotations from the classics carved into the columns of the family manor at Gorhambury, near St. Albans just north of London. The younger Bacon recommended the use of aphorisms because they pique curiosity rather than satisfy it, provoke further thought rather than thwart it: "Aphorisms, representing a knowledge broken, do invite men to enquire farther." Read the full article

Gedanken Worte und Werke

Gedanken Worte und Werke · Leben und Bewusstsein

Achte auf deine Gedanken, denn sie werden deine Worte. Achte auf deine Worte, denn sie werden deine Handlungen. Achte auf deine Handlungen, denn sie werden deine Gewohnheiten. Achte auf deine Gewohnheiten, denn sie werden dein Charakter. Achte auf deinen Charakter, denn er wird dein Schicksal. Gedanken Worte und Werke · Leben und Bewusstsein Read the full article

G. Chr. Lichtenberg Aphorismen

　18世紀末にゲッチンゲン大学の物理学教授として活躍。そのかたわら、メモ帳にいろいろな感想文を書き続ける。

　現在、順に少しずつ読んでいるのは、レクラム文庫のもの（選集を別に持っている）。テーマ別に編集されており、最初の部分は、自己分析にあたり、やや内容が暗い。彼の持ち味の社会批判（とりわけ宗教批判）は、次の部分から始まる。編集に改善の要ありか。

　ところで、彼を知ったのは、どんな機会だったか。もう思い出せない。ドイツに親しむと、案外、いろんな場面で、彼の言葉に出会うほど、現在でも親しまれているようだ。

　現在の市庁舎前広場に、猫背で歩くリヒテンベルクの像が建っている。

(追記　2024.1.3)

　本棚から、6巻本の選集を持ってくる。レクラムだと、注は一切ないので、リヒテンベルクのくすぐりや批判がどこにあるのか、わからないことが多い。自然科学者としての観点と、時代の文脈などを合わせ考慮しないと理解には自ずと限界がある。選集の方では、アフォリズムごとに詳細な注記が付せられており、そういうハードルを低くしてくれる。

Viel schlimmer als einfache Dummheit ist es, wenn Menschen sich freiwillig ihrer Intelligenz entäußern.

hjw

Fragen zum Nietzsches Aphorismus 125:

Ist Gott verloren gegangen?

+Ja, wenn keiner mehr an ihn glaubt

-Nein, weil er immer da ist und in unserer Liebe und unserem Herzen ist

Hält Gott sich versteckt?

+Ja, weil die Menschen sich sonst ein Gottesbild machen würden und das nach Max Frischs Text "Du sollst dir kein Bildnis machen" Gott durch die Definition die Lebendigkeit und die Freiheit nehmen würde.

-Nein, wir können ihn nur nicht gut sehen. Am deutlichsten hat er sich in Jesus gezeigt. Gott ist alles, doch der Mensch erkennt das nicht.

Fürchtet Gott sich vor den Menschen?

+Ja, denn er fürchtet sich vor unseren Sünden und davor, von uns vergessen zu werden.

-Nein, denn er ist allmächtig

Wohin ist Gott gegangen?

+er ist in die Vergessenheit gegangen

-er ist immer noch da, wir übersehen ihn nur

Wie haben die Menschen Gott getötet?

+Wissenschaft hat ihn ersetzt, durch ihre Sünden oder durch Hass

-Gott ist unsterblich und ewig

Nur weil ich das grad höre und es irgendwie gut passt. Meine Mutter sagt, ich darf in der Schule keine Totenköpfe tragen :(

Wohin bewegen wir uns?

+nach Gottes Plan

+zu unseren Zielen

+in den Tod

Irren wir durch ein unendliches Nichts?

-Nein, denn Gott leitet uns und hat die Welt um uns rum geschaffen. Physikalisch ist überall etwas. Gibt es überhaupt ein Nichts?

Mit welchem Wasser sollen wir uns reinigen?

+ Weihwasser

-Jesus hat uns von unseren Sünden gereinigt

Müssen wir nicht selber zu Göttern werden?

-Nein, denn der Mensch ist nur ein Abbild Gottes und er ist unverantwortlich.

How little belongs to happiness! The sound of a bagpipe. – Without music, life would be a mistake. The German thinks of himself as a god when singing songs.

Wie wenig gehört zum Glücke! Der Ton eines Dudelsacks. – Ohne Musik wäre das Leben ein Irrthum. Der Deutsche denkt sich selbst Gott liedersingend.

—Friedrich Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung Aphorismus Nr 33 (1888)

[Robert Scott Horton]

Die Schwierigkeit besteht darin, abzuweisen, was einen hindert, man selbst zu sein - ohne gleichzeitig das abzuweisen, was einen zwingt, es zu sein.

Paul Valéry: “Ich grase meine Gehirnwiese ab”, S.234

Eine Minute einkaufen, 15 Minuten anstehen.

The web happened and while it was absolutely the new, shiny, cool thing at the time it also happened to be the technology that most closely aligns, by design and by intent, with the purposes and motivations of the cultural heritage sector. The web is the means by which the acts of revisiting and recall of our collections, our programming and our institutional histories have become technically feasible, economically viable and with a reach and on a schedule that has literally never before been possible.

Aaron Land - "Wishful Thinking – A critical discussion of "extended reality" technologies in the cultural heritage sector".

~~~ ich komme darauf zurück, das nur als erratische Notiz in Kürze:

Aaron Land bleibt sich auch bei der 2023 Museum Computer Network conference treu, und predigt einen Techno-Optimismus dass es kracht. Museen ans Netz zu bringen, hat das nun alles, etwas oder nichts zu tun mit der Revision und dem Aufrollen (revisiting and recall) der Sammlungen.

Ich habe mich gleich am Anfang meines aktuellen Forschungsprojekts 'Nullmuseum' für ein sehr viel vorsichtigeres Forschungsprogramm entschieden, nämlich nicht die Vernetzung als Kritik des Sammelns hinzustellen ('Digital ist besser' könnte man nämlich verstehen als Techno-Solutionismus der Museen in der Legitimationskrise), sondern Museen zwischen Sammeln und Vernetzen zu beobachten.

Die relevante Technologie für institutional critique ist dann meiner Ansicht nach nicht das Netz sondern der Fork. Das heißt die abweichende Version. Zum Beispiel gibt es den digitalen Katalog der Berliner staatlichen Museumssammlungen (Gemäldegalerie, Alte Nationalgalerie, etc.) zwei mal. Einmal auf SMB-Digital, der 2011 veröffentlichten Online Sammlung, und zweitens auf Wikidata, über das Sum of All Paintings Projekt. Nur hat sich der Fork, die abweichende Version, schon weiterentwickelt, da in der offenen Variante die Meta-Daten von verschiedenen Seiten bearbeitet werden können und werden.

Die Frage anders zu stellen, statt zwischen Sammlung und Netz zu lavieren (Aaron Land nimmt sich heraus die Skripte immer direkt aufs Blog zu packen, er scheut sich vor der Form des wissenschaftlichen Texts, bleibt launisch - die VR Brille ist das Museum direkt vor die Augen geschnallt heißt es in einem anderen Skript - das stimmt als Aphorismus, aber bleibt Schnellschuss) , zur Frage von Autorität und Fork überzugehen, das ist nicht die Antwort, sondern das eröffnet neue Routen.

Die Forks haben die Tendenz wieder Autorität zu wollen, siehe die Relevanzkriterien von Wikidata, oder, noch stärker das konzeptuelle Referenzmodell. Auch Wikidata folgt dem Normierungsdruck von Linked Open Data, da wird dann unterschieden zwischen Fakt und Argumentation (was wir aber bräuchten sind Wissensgraphen, die eine widerständige Wissenschaft wie die von Saidiya Hartman als Anspruch setzen, und nicht das Wissenschafteln verhärten). Nun passiert aber etwas außergewöhnliches, dadurch das Wikidata nicht nur Open Access & Data ist, sondern auch Open Source, können wir eine eigene Instanz davon aufsetzen (das heißt dann Wikibase). Und die werden dann zukünftig föderieren, denn Föderation, - das hat das Fediverse bewiesen, als erster Bruch im Überwachungskapitalismus - ist die Zukunft:

An allem ist zu zweifeln

An allem ist zu zweifeln · Rene Descartes · Philosoph

Da wir als Kinder geboren werden und von sinnlichen Dingen vorher vielerlei Vorurteile gefällt haben, ehe wir den vollkommenen Gebrauch unserer Vernunft hatten, werden wir durch diese Vorurteile von der Kenntnis des Wahren abgehalten. Von diesen Vorurteilen scheinen wir uns nun nicht anders befreien zu können, als dass wir im Leben an allem zweifeln, worin wir auch nur den geringsten Verdacht einer Ungewissheit haben. Ja, es wird sogar nützlich sein, all das, woran wir zweifeln, für falsch zu halten, damit wir desto klarer das finden, was wir als Wahrheit erkennen. Und selbst noch an dieser Wahrheit ist zu zweifeln. Denn was den 'usus vitae' betrifft, wir wegen Zweifel Gelegenheiten zum Handeln unterließen, sind wir genötigt, immer nur das Wahrscheinlichste zu wählen. Wo es also um das Suchen nach Wahrheit geht, werden wir oftmals zweifeln, ob das Sinnliche und Vorstellbare auch wirklich der Wahrheit entspricht. Wir wissen ja aus Erfahrung, dass Sinne uns oft täuschen können und es klug ist, nicht dem zu vertrauen, was uns vielleicht schon einmal hinters Licht geführt hat. Folge dessen werden wir auch möglicherweise an vielem anderen zweifeln, selbst an mathematischen Sätzen, weil wir gesehen haben, dass sich einige auch in diesem Fach irren. Ja, wir zweifeln vielleicht sogar daran, dass es einen Gott gibt, der uns geschaffen hat und der alles kann, uns vielleicht gerade so geschaffen hat, dass wir irren sollen! Wenn wir uns nun einbilden, nicht von Gott, sondern von irgend etwas anderem, vielleicht sogar aus uns selbst, zu existieren, ist es aber noch wahrscheinlicher, dass wir unvollkommen sind und irren! Nur so viel Wahrheit erkennen wir, immer die Freiheit zu haben, uns dessen enthalten zu können, was wir nicht als völlig gewiss und ergründet ansehen. Was aber nicht heißen soll, sich nicht für das RICHTIGE und ERKANNTE einzusetzen. Lehre: De omnibus dubitandum est! · An allem ist zu zweifeln! An allem ist zu zweifeln · Rene Descartes · Philosoph Read the full article

Putins Wiederwahl: Was bedeutet sie für Russland und Europa?

Tichy:»„Ich habe von vielen Quellen getrunken und bin ewig durstig“, heißt es bei Stanisław Jerzy Lec. Vielleicht passt aber in diesem Fall ein anderer Aphorismus des polnischen Autors besser, mag er noch so banal klingen: „In Wirklichkeit sieht alles anders aus, als es wirklich ist“. Der Machtdurst Wladimir Putins ist ungebrochen und die Manipulation der Der Beitrag Putins Wiederwahl: Was bedeutet sie für Russland und Europa? erschien zuerst auf Tichys Einblick. http://dlvr.it/T4FqNJ «

Mit Geld kann man Menschen leichter versklaven als mit Ketten.

hjw