More thesis writing tips from someone who just finished writing their thesis
I have already made a couple of thesis related posts in these past months: thesis writing tips from someone who is currently writing their thesis, my thesis notebook, my process for writing a chapter of my thesis. After finishing my thesis here are some more tips and useful things that came to mind! (If you are interested I documented the process of my work in specific daily posts all tagged as #thesis diary).
ask all the more technical information ahead of time, margins, font, size, the way the footnotes should be written, how you are supposed to include quotes in the text, everything. The early you know about this stuff the better because it will be less likely for you to miss something when fixing the final version.
copying all the chapters in one single file will cause problems, be aware of it.
I personally wrote individual chapters on different files in order to then send them to my professor. I ended up having to rewrite the whole thing in one file cause by just copying and pasting it the file got messed up and didn't show both the footnotes and the page number. I would recommend maybe writing everything in a document with all the correct settings and then copying single chapters in different files to send to professors. That way you shouldn't have my problem. Or simply calculate more time to rewrite everything, that could also be a tecnique to make sure the texts works as a whole.
if you have long chapters that touch multiple subjects make sure you have a list with the order of everything in the chapter so that if you have to add new information regarding something you won't have to reread the whole thing just to look for the paragraph you need. I would have needed something like this at the very end but I unfortunately did not have anything like it.
rembember that people reading your thesis don't know as much as you do on the subject you are writing about. This means that you probably have more material than you think you do, because you'll need to explain even what you think are basic facts of the subject, and that you need to repeat certain informations more than once. If you are talking about someone don't assume people will remember about when you first introduced them 20 pages ago, add a brief line to remind everyone who they are.
highlighters and colourful tabs are your best friends when organizing what piece of information goes in which chapter. I personally did a big rereading of all my notes with different highlighters in hand, I associated a colour to each chapter and then just marked all the information I wanted to include with the right colour.
before starting with a chapter create a big brain dump even if you have more or less a good idea of what to include, often you get even more interesting ideas that you can add.
having someone to help with rereading everything can be super helpful. I was personally very grateful to my family cause having them reread the stuff I wrote helped me find so many typos and mistakes I made like repetitions of words I had not seen. When you know what you are about to read you can often skip errors you made.
fiding titles for the thesis and for chapters is a nightmare. I struggled so much cause I had no idea where to start. What you want to do is individuate key words that can represent what is included in the chapter and work from there.
if you write a thesis that includes a research you personally did in the conclusion make sure to add prompts for further researches that could be made on the subject, that is always a nice addition to make.
you will rewrite things a million times, be aware of it from the start, and accept it as your fate.
synonyms, look for synonyms when writing. If you are anything like me you tend to use some few words more than others, but with this type of writing it is necessary to vary your vocabulary. Plus when looking for synonyms you might find words that work much better that what you had in mind.
you will find yourself struggling with writing certain sentences. Sometimes you have the informations but you sentence just does not work, it can be too long, too wordy, too confused. When that happens deleated it. Think of the key words of the sentence and what you want to say and try to write it down in a completly different manner than before, sometimes that can help with finding the right set of words.
you will have to write a bibliography, my advice is to store all the sources you use in one file as soon as you have used them in the thesis. This way you'll make sure you don't forget any. Then make sure you have written them all in the same style, and after having them in alphabetical order you are good to go. (pro tip: if you're graduating in history make sure to separate the primary sources from the secondary sources, that will look even more professional, plus if you like me had to work with particular sources like hadwritten ones make sure you specify it)
do your best to highlight your original work, your hypothesis, your thoughts, the difficult stuff you did for the research (like in my case working with handwritten sources). It is very important even if you use an impersonal tone while writing (which tbh is much better for a thesis).
you have doubts on something? Something cannot be said for certain? You had a specific question you wanted to reseach but didn't find much? Write about it. Say there is an hypothesis but it's not clear and explain the reasons why (both why you have a certain idea and why it cannot be said for sure). Say you looked for informations regarding something but you found none, or very little. Those are all precious informations for a reseach even if it doesn't look like so right away.
it's also important to analyze sources that have previously researched the subject you are talking about. Include that, talking about the sources you used as well as the previous researches that have been done is fundamental, and elevates your work.
These are all the tips and advices that came to mind at the moment. I am sure I am forgetting about something, because there is so much that can be said on this subject. I really hope this was somewhat helpful, especially alongside my other posts. Here's also a link to my masterlist of studying tips post just in case.
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How I got a B2 in Italian in 1.5 years
Anon requested me to share my secrets with you and I will try my best to do so. I don’t use all of these resources very regularly, but I think they could all help you with your studies. Some of these resources will be in Dutch, because that happens to be my native language. I included them because there might be Dutch speakers reading this and some resources might also exist in other languages.
Dictionaries
Invest in a good dictionary!
Online dictionaries can prove very useful because they’re faster, but books are often more accurate
I use both, but am yet to find a good online Dutch-Italian dictionary
(For native Dutch speakers: I highly recommend Van Dale)
Duolingo
Vocabulary and grammar (app/website)
Took me about 6 months to finish
Use the desktop version: it’s where you can find the grammar
Take notes of the grammar!!
It’s not always 100% accurate but the basics are explained very well
Write down the vocabulary
I made a word document that went article + Dutch word/article + Italian word/article + Italian plural
(shoot me a message if you want it!)
I finished the tree before starting books, because I don’t like the idea of working with two (or more) different “full” resources at the same time
With “full” I mean that they’re not additional information you look up so you can understand a concept better, but actual resources that you’re going to study as a whole
Tinycards
Flashcards (app/website)
This app is also from Duolingo: for Italian, they’ve got flashcards for the Duolingo tree, so you don’t have to make them anymore! Sadly I only discovered this months after I finished the Duolingo tree so it wasn’t useful for me anymore, but honestly I think that’s a blessing if you want to repeat vocabulary!
You can also make your own flashcards: you can keep them private or not and they’ve got audio.
Memrise
Vocabulary (app/website)
I heard a lot about it, saying it was good for vocabulary so I thought I should give it a try.
I didn’t like it, I don’t really know why: I think it’s a good app, it just didn’t work for me.
Quizlet
Flashcards (app/website)
Make your own flashcards or use decks made by others.
There are also other things like diagrams but I haven’t tried that so I wouldn’t know how it works
Tandem
Conversation practice (app)
It’s an app to chat with natives of the language you’re learning
Possibility to send voice messages, there’s an in-app dictionary, you can send pictures, you can video chat or call and most importantly: if there might be any problems, you can report and block.
I have not encountered a single person who is not there for learning, a problem that apparently exists on other apps.
You can also pay to get classes by teachers on there, and they’ve also got Tandem Pro without adds and probably some other advantages, but the free version is great as well
Beelinguapp
(Audio) books (app)
It’s mostly short stories and fairy tales
Some are paying, some not
You can turn on the audio
La Repubblica
Newspaper (app/website)
I turned on notifications for this one, so I can see what the important stuff is in Italy right now
I don’t often read whole articles, but I should because it’s great reading practice + you learn about politics, culture…
Newspapers often use a more difficult language, so I recommend this to people who are intermediate
Assimil Italian
Vocabulary + grammar (book)
I started this after finishing the Duolingo tree and then it’s not useful, because it starts from scratch.
Good alternative if you don’t like using apps like Duolingo
It has audio’s
(Got it from @lovelybluepanda)
Colloquial Italian
Vocabulary + grammar (book + CD)
I only got the book and not the CD (I got the book from lovelybluepanda‘s account, idk if she’s even got the CD?)
I liked it, although too easy because I had already finished Duolingo.
Very good grammar explanations
Modern Italian Grammar
Grammar (book)
Just plain grammar, but great explanations
I started taking notes from it, but rn I’m redoing it because 1) I should revise my grammar 2) the first notes I made were awful 3) I didn’t even get to 1/3 of the book
It’s a lot, but I love it
It has a workbook! Great exercises!
I also got this one from lovelybluepanda
Snelcursus Italiaans: grammatica
Grammar (book)
As you might have guessed, it’s in Dutch. But because it’s a translation from German (Durchstarten in Italienisch-Grammatikk) I thought there might be other translations out there :)
I use it to look up stuff, not so much to actually study from
Qui Italia più: corso di lingua italiana per stranieri: livello medio (quaderno di esercitazioni pratiche)
Exercises (book)
This one is completely in Italian
Varied exercises
Nuovo progetto italiano: quaderno degli esercizi
Grammar, vocabulary, exercises (book + CD’s)
Got this one at my language school in Rome and I quite like it (I got the B2 version)
Lots of different exercises, listening practice, reading, conjugations…
Diary
I’m not the type of person who keeps a diary but I’m trying to keep one for Italian and Norwegian. Just talking a bit about your daily/weekly activities, feelings… can make you feel more familiar with the language
If you’ve got a bullet journal, maybe you can do it in Italian?
Visit Italy
Easier said than done? You’re right about that.
I’ve recently spent 3 weeks in Rome with a language school while staying in a host family and honestly I learned so much. I don’t speak Italian with anyone here and speaking Italian all day long improved my level so much.
So if you have the possibility: plan a trip to Italy, talk with natives (in my experience: they’ll be more than happy to chat with you).
If people start to talk to you in English, don’t be scared to switch to Italian. Most of the time they’re very excited you speak the language!
Other tips
Switch your phone/tablet/computer/… language to Italian
Learn the alphabet!!
A thing I was too lazy to do so after 1.5 years I still don’t know it and believe me, that can be annoying
Look for other resources! Especially in your native language!
Do not solely rely on this one post please
Follow as many Italian langblrs as you can: search for Italian vocab lists/grammar posts/… and follow the people who made them, there are also posts out there with lists of Italian langblrs (I’ll make a list with the ones I follow below)
Translate: I like to translate parts of wikipedia articles, Dutch to Italian or Italian to Dutch
Make a topic jar: lovelybluepanda has got a post with topic ideas
Listen to music, podcasts…
Watch Italian tv! Italian tv is unbelievably shitty but I like to watch quizzes in particular because if you don’t understand one part, that’s no problem: the next part will be about something different.
Read books! You can start with children’s books, from B1 books like the first Harry Potter books are doable, What I also find a good idea is reading a book in Italian that you’ve already read several times in your native language. That way you already know the story line and it’s not a problem if a certain part is too difficult for you
Italian langblrs/tumblrs
@langsandlit @italianformygirlfriend @italianwithilaria @organizedstudy @lingolden @dreamingindifferentlanguages @welcometoitalia @foxlanguages @songiprilingvoj @uranusstudies @languageswithceles @gollyplot @universallanguagelearner @livinglanguages @baronessoflanguages @a-study-in-shakespeare @fritalianblr @italianlangblr @sayitaliano @sciogli-lingua @languagestudyblr @suplanguages @learninghowtopasta @polyglottraveler
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625 words to know
Italian version
(English explanation and more resources here)
• Animali: il cane (dog), il gatto (cat), il pesce (fish), l’uccello (bird), la mucca (cow), il maiale (pig), il topo (mouse), il cavallo (horse), l’ala (wing), l’animale (animal), la zampa (paw)
• Mezzi di trasporto: il treno (train), l’aereo / l’aeroplano (plane), la macchina / l’auto / l’automobile (car), il camion (truck), la bici / la bicicletta (bicycle), il pullman / il bus (bus), la barca (boat), la nave (ship), la ruota (tire), il carburante (gasoline), il motore (engine), il biglietto (ticket), i mezzi di trasporto (transportation)
• Luoghi: la città (city), la casa (house), l’appartamento (apartment), la strada (street/road), l’aeroporto (airport), la stazione (train station), il ponte (bridge), l’albergo / l’hotel (hotel), il ristorante (restaurant), la fattoria (farm), il campo (court - sport), la scuola (school), l’ufficio (office), la stanza (room), la cittadina (town), l’università (university), il club (club), il bar (bar), il parco (park), il campeggio (camp), il negozio (store/shop), il teatro (theater), la biblioteca (library), l’ospedale (hospital), la chiesa (church), il mercato (market), la Nazione / il Paese (country (USA, France, etc.)), l’edificio (building), il terreno (ground), lo spazio (space (outer space)), la banca (bank), la posizione / il posto (location)
• Abbigliamento: il cappello (hat), il vestito (dress), il completo (suit), la gonna (skirt), la camicia (shirt), la maglietta (T-shirt), i pantaloni (trousers /pants), le scarpe (shoes), la tasca (pocket), il cappotto (coat), la macchia (stain), i vestiti / l’abbigliamento (clothing)
• Colori: il rosso (red), il verde (green), il blu (blue), l’azzurro (light blue), il giallo (yellow), il marrone (brown), il rosa (pink), l’arancione (orange), il nero (black), il bianco (white), il grigio (gray), il colore (color)
• Persone: il figlio (son), la figlia (daughter), la madre (mother), il padre (father), i genitori (parent (= mother/father)), il neonato (newborn) / il bambino (baby), l’uomo (man), la donna (woman), il fratello (brother), la sorella (sister), la famiglia (family), il nonno (grandfather), la nonna (grandmother), il marito (husband), la moglie (wife), il re (king), la regina (queen), il presidente (president), il vicino (neighbor), il ragazzo (boy), la ragazza (girl), il bambino (child (= boy/girl)) (la bambina, girl), l’adulto (adult (= man/woman)), l’essere umano / l’umano (human (≠ animal)), l’amico (friend), la vittima (victim), il giocatore (player), il tifoso / il fan /l’appassionato (fan), la folla (crowd), la persona (person), la gente / le persone (people)
• Lavoro: l’insegnante (teacher), lo studente (student), l’avvocato (lawyer), il medico (doctor), il paziente (patient), il cameriere (waiter), il segretario / la segretaria (secretary), il prete / il sacerdote (priest), il poliziotto (police man), la polizia (police), l’esercito (army), il soldato (soldier), l’artista (artist), l’autore (author), il manager / il dirigente (manager), il reporter / l’inviato (reporter), l’attore (actor), il lavoro (job)
• Società: la religione (religion), il paradiso (heaven), l’inferno (hell), la morte (death), la medicina (medicine), i soldi (money), il dollaro (dollar), la banconota ((dollar) bill), il matrimonio (marriage), il matrimonio / le nozze (wedding), la squadra (team), la razza (race (ethnicity)), il sesso / il rapporto sessuale (sex (the act)), il sesso (sex (gender)), l’omicidio / l’assassinio (murder), la prigione (prison), la tecnologia (technology), l’energia (energy), la guerra (war), la pace (peace), l’attacco (attack), l’elezione (election), la rivista (magazine), il quotidiano / il giornale (newspaper), il veleno (poison), la pistola (gun), lo sport (sport), la gara (sportiva) (race (sport)), fare esercizio (to exercise), l’esercizio (exercise), la palla (ball), il gioco (game), il prezzo (price), il contratto (contract), la droga (drug), il cartello (sign (traffic)), il simbolo (sign), la scienza (science), Dio (God)
• Arte: la band / il gruppo (band), la canzone (song), gli strumenti (musicali) (instrument (musical)), la musica (music), il film (movie), l’arte (art)
• Bevande: il caffé (coffee), il té (tea), il vino (wine), la birra (beer), il succo (juice), l’acqua (water), il latte (milk), la bevanda (beverage)
• Alimenti: l’uovo (egg), il formaggio (cheese), il pane (bread), la zuppa (soup), la torta (cake), il pollo (chicken), il maiale / la carne suina (pork), il manzo / la carne bovina (beef), la mela (apple), la banana (banana), l’arancia (orange), il limone (lemon), il mais / il granoturco (corn), il riso (rice), l’olio (oil), il seme (seed), il coltello (knife), il cucchiaio (spoon), la forchetta (fork), il piatto (plate), la tazza (cup), la colazione (breakfast), il pranzo (lunch), la cena (dinner), lo zucchero (sugar), il sale (salt), la bottiglia (bottle), il cibo / gli alimenti (food)
• In casa: il tavolo (table), la sedia (chair), il letto (bed), il sogno (dream), la finestra (window), la porta (door), la camera da letto (bedroom), la cucina (kitchen), il bagno (bathroom), la matita (pencil), la penna (pen), la fotografia (photograph), il sapone (soap), il libro (book), la pagina (page), la chiave (key), la vernice (paint), la lettera (letter), l’appunto (note), il muro (wall), il foglio (paper), il pavimento (floor), il soffitto (ceiling), il tetto (roof), la piscina (pool), la serratura (lock), il telefono (telephone), il giardino (garden), il cortile (yard), l’ago (needle), la borsa (bag), la scatola (box), il regalo (gift), la carta / la tessera / il tesserino (card), l’anello (ring), l’attrezzo (tool)
• Elettronica: l’orologio (clock), la lampada (lamp), il ventilatore (fan), il (telefono) cellulare (cell phone), il network / il lavoro online (network),il computer (computer), il programma (program (computer)), il laptop / il portatile /il computer portatile (laptop), lo schermo (screen), la fotocamera (camera), il televisore (television), la radio (radio), l’elettronica (electronics)
• Corpo: la testa (head), il collo (neck), la faccia (face), la barba (beard), i capelli (hair), l’occhio (eye), la bocca (mouth), il labbro (lip), il naso (nose), il dente (tooth), l’orecchio (ear), la lacrima (tear (drop)), la lingua (tongue), la schiena (back), il dito del piede (toe), il dito (finger), il piede (foot), la mano (hand), la gamba (leg), il braccio (arm), la spalla (shoulder), il cuore (heart), il sangue (blood), il cervello (brain), il ginocchio (knee), il sudore (sweat), la malattia (disease), l’osso (bone), la voce (voice), la pelle (skin), il corpo (body)
• Natura: il mare (sea), l’oceano (ocean), il fiume (river), la montagna (mountain), la pioggia (rain), la neve (snow), l’albero (tree), il sole (sun), la luna (moon), il mondo (world), la Terra (Earth), la foresta (forest), il cielo (sky), la pianta (plant), il vento (wind), il terreno (soil/earth), il fiore (flower), la valle (valley), la radice (root), il lago (lake), la stella (star), l’erba (grass), la foglia (leaf), l’aria (air), la sabbia (sand), la spiaggia (beach), l’onda (wave), il fuoco (fire), il ghiaccio (ice), l’isola (island), la collina (hill), il calore / il riscaldamento (heat), la natura (nature)
• Materiali: il vetro (glass), il metallo (metal), la plastica (plastic), il legno (wood), la pietra (stone), la roccia (huge stone), il diamante (diamond), l’argilla (clay), la polvere (dust), l’oro (gold), il rame (copper), l’argento (silver), il bronzo (bronze), il mattone (brick), il materiale (material)
• Matematica/Misure: metro (meter), centimetro (centimeter), chilogrammo (kilogram), pollice (inch), piede (foot), libbra (pound), metà (half), il cerchio (circle), il quadrato (square), la temperatura (temperature), la data (date), il peso (weight), il bordo (edge), l’angolo (corner)
• Nomi vari: la mappa (map), il punto (dot), la consonante (consonant), la vocale (vowel), la luce (light), il suono (sound), il silenzio (silence), il rumore (noise), il buio (darkness), sì (yes), no (no), il pezzo (piece), il dolore (pain), l’infortunio (injury), il buco (hole), l’immagine (image), il motivo / la fantasia / il disegno (pattern), il nome (noun), il verbo (verb), l’aggettivo (adjective)
• Direzioni: sommità (top), fondo (bottom), lato (side), davanti (front), dietro (back), fuori (outside), dentro (inside), sopra (up), sotto (down), sinistra (left), destra (right), dritto (straight), nord (north), sud (south), est (east), ovest (west), la direzione (direction)
• Stagioni: l’estate (Summer), la primavera (Spring), l’inverno (Winter), l’autunno (Fall), la stagione (season)
• Numeri: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 42, 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 62, 70, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 90, 91, 92, 100, 101, 102, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 10000, 100000, milione (million), bilione (billion), primo (1st), secondo (2nd), terzo (3rd), quarto (4th), quinto (5th), il numero (number) [ HERE ]
• Mesi: gennaio (January), febbraio (February), marzo (March), aprile (April), maggio (May), giugno (June), luglio (July), agosto (August), settembre (September), ottobre (October), novembre (November), dicembre (December)
• Giorni della settimana: lunedì (Monday), martedì (Tuesday), mercoledì (Wednesday), giovedì (Thursday), venerdì (Friday), sabato (Saturday), domenica (Sunday)
• Tempo: l’anno (year), il mese (month), la settimana (week), il giorno (day), l’ora (hour), il minuto (minute), il secondo (second), la mattina / il mattino (morning), il pomeriggio (afternoon), la sera (evening), la notte (night), il tempo (time)
• Verbi: lavorare (work), giocare / suonare / recitare (play), camminare (walk), correre (run), guidare (drive), volare (fly), nuotare (swim), andare (go), fermarsi (stop), seguire (follow), pensare (think) parlare / dire (speak/say), mangiare (eat), bere (drink), uccidere (kill), morire (die), sorridere (smile), ridere (laugh), piangere (cry), comprare (buy), pagare (pay), vendere (sell), sparare (shoot(a gun)), imparare (learn), saltare (jump), odorare (smell), sentire (hear (a sound)), ascoltare (listen (music)), assaggiare (taste), toccare (touch), vedere (see (a bird)), guardare (watch (TV)), baciare (kiss), bruciare (burn), sciogliere (melt), scavare (dig), esplodere (explode), sedere/ sedersi (sit), stare in piedi (stand), amare (love), odiare (hate), passare / oltrepassare (pass by), tagliare (cut), combattere (fight), distendersi (lie down), ballare (dance), dormire (sleep), svegliarsi (wake up), cantare (sing), contare (count), sposare / sposarsi (marry), pregare (pray), vincere (win), (perdere (lose), mescolare (mix/stir), piegare (bend), lavare (wash), cucinare (cook), aprire (open), chiudere (close), scrivere (write), chiamare (call), girare (turn), costruire (build), insegnare (teach), crescere (grow), disegnare (draw), nutrire (feed), prendere / prendere al volo / afferrare (catch), lanciare (throw), pulire (clean), trovare (find), cadere (fall), spingere (push), tirare (pull), portare /trasportare (carry), rompere (break), indossare (wear), appendere (hang), tremare (shake), firmare (sign), battere / picchiare (beat), sollevare (lift)
• Aggettivi: lungo (long), corto (short (long)), alto (tall), basso (short (vs tall)), largo (wide), stretto (narrow), grande (big/large), piccolo (small/little), lento (slow), veloce (fast), caldo /bollente (hot), freddo (cold), caldo / tiepido (warm), fresco (cool), nuovo (new), vecchio (old (new)), giovane (young), vecchio / anziano (old (young)), buono (good), cattivo (bad), bagnato (wet), asciutto (dry), malato (sick), sano (healthy), rumoroso (loud), tranquillo / calmo / silenzioso (quiet), felice (happy), triste (sad), bello (beautiful), brutto (ugly), sordo (deaf), cieco (blind), carino (nice), meschino / cattivo (mean), ricco (rich), povero (poor), spesso (thick), sottile (thin), caro / costoso (expensive), economico / conveniente (cheap), piatto (flat), curvo (curved), maschile (male), femminile (female), stretto /aderente (tight), largo / allentato (loose), alto (high), basso (low), morbido (soft), duro (hard), profondo (deep), superficiale (shallow), pulito (clean), sporco (dirty), forte (strong), debole (weak), morto (dead), vivo (alive), pesante (heavy), leggero (light (heavy)), scuro (dark), chiaro (light (dark)), nucleare (nuclear), famoso (famous)
• Pronomi:
(I) io,
(you) tu,
(he/she/it) lui / egli (m.), lei / ella (f.), esso (n.)
(we) noi
(you) voi
(they) loro / essi (m.), loro / esse (f.), loro / essi (n.)
** go check @sayitalianohome to find more vocabularies’ and grammar posts
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