Dual Process Theory

What is dual process theory (of reasoning)?

When we’re making decisions, we use two different systems of thinking. System 1 is our intuition or gut-feeling: fast, automatic, emotional, and subconscious. System 2 is slower and more deliberate: consciously working through different considerations, applying different concepts and models and weighing them all up.

A lot of people have popularised the idea to trust your intuition (see for example one of the most popular TEDx talks), but surely there are situations where we shouldn’t trust it, right? So we should instead be asking not whether to trust it, but when to. One takeaway from the psychological research on dual process theory is that our System 1 (intuition) is more accurate in areas where we’ve gathered a lot of data with reliable and fast feedback, like social dynamics. You know if you insult someone, they’ll probably react by getting sad or defensive. That’s because our intuition has been 'trained' by repeatedly witnessing occurrences and receiving fast feedback on the consequences. Whereas our System 2 tends to be better for decisions where we don’t have a lot of experience; involving numbers, statistics, logic, abstractions, or models; and phenomena our ancestors never dealt with. Pro tip: You can also use both systems, acknowledging that you have an intuition, and feeding it into your System 2 model.

Examples of using dual process theory

This applies to so many facets of life, but let’s take one decision everyone has to make at some point: choosing a career. The decision can be broken down into parts, some are more appropriate for System 1 reasoning, and some are appropriate for using your System 2. With your system 1 you might tackle questions like, “Will I get on with the people I’d be working with in this job?”, or “Will this working environment help me to work productively?”.

And certain questions seem best analysed with System 2: “Where will I build the most valuable skills?”, “What factors correlate most with job satisfaction?”, “Which organisation is growing the fastest?” System 2 reasoning is also better for weighing all the relevant factors and eventually making your career decision because in order to get enough data to have reliable feedback, you would need to have had experience making hundreds or thousands of these decisions.

We also use these 2 processes for making decisions about what is moral or ethical behaviour, what Jonathan Haidt, who conducted much of the original research, has called social intuitionism. He found that moral judgements are made predominantly on the basis of intuition and, when prompted, we use our System 2 to provide a rationalisation, and only rarely do people use conscious reasoning beforehand. Psychologist Paul Bloom argues this is harmful because we can be easily corrupted by immoral social norms (and this is how atrocities like slavery were justified).

Fields & future of positive psychology

Giving up //  noradrenergic neurons (perceiving failure) -->  astrocytes (giving up, stopping the behavior)

how managers can create the ideal conditions for employee creativity and success based on her research

“In our research, published in the Journal of Research in Personality, we found that open people don’t just bring a different perspective to things, they genuinely see things differently to the average individual.“

- your susceptibility to inattentional blindness depends on your personality: open people are more likely to see the gorilla in the video clip.

- Openness also increases for students who choose to study overseas, confirming the idea that travel broadens the mind.

- “rivalry suppression”, when both images become consciously accessible at once, seem almost like a “creative” solution to the problem presented by the two incompatible stimuli.

Digital Intelligence

DQ can broadly be broken down into three levels:

Level 1: Digital citizenship

The ability to use digital technology and media in safe, responsible and effective ways

Level 2: Digital creativity

The ability to become a part of the digital ecosystem by co-creating new content and turning ideas into reality by using digital tools

Level 3: Digital entrepreneurship

The ability to use digital media and technologies to solve global challenges or to create new opportunities

SOURCE

SOURCE

In a game, rather than asking someone what they would do (and receiving a flattering self-portrait in reply), you can directly and objectively measure a person's behaviour. Using games, you can remove the self-report bias that is present in even the best-designed personality or career questionnaire.

In fact, the National Science Foundation, US Army Research Institute and the US intelligence community have all supported projects that test human behaviour using video game platforms.

Neuroscience can recommend careers in an objective and bias-free way.

Elyn Saks: From Schizophrenia to Advocacy

https://onemind.org/brain-waves/elyn-saks-from-schizophrenia-to-advocacy/

Dr. Elyn Saks is a remarkable leader in mental health advocacy, and a remarkable person. Having been diagnosed with schizophrenia as a student, she continued to excel academically, and now thrives as a Chair Professor of Law at USC’s Gould School of Law. Her most widely known accomplishment is her landmark memoir of her experience with schizophrenia: The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey Through Madness. Her advocacy earned her a MacArthur Fellowship (popularly called a “Genius Grant”) with which she founded the Saks Institute at USC to promote advances in mental health policy and spread understanding. Did I forget to mention? She is also a downright nice person!

Elyn joins us on Brain Waves to talk about her recovery, her work, and more.

Yurtdışında yaşarken, yetiştiği kültürden ve normlardan farklı yerleri tecrübe eden insanlar, bununla baş etmeye çalışırken kendini muhakeme etmeye başlıyor. Muhakeme esnasında kültürlerinden getirdikleri değerleri ve normları görüp, bunların benliklerindeki etkisini fark ediyorlar.

- kişilerin tecrübe ettiği ülke sayısından çok, ülkelerde yaşadığı süre önemli. -Çalışma hayatında daha iyi performans gösteren bu kişiler, ulusal çapta çalışan ancak yabancı elemanlarla çalışmak isteyen şirketler için de iyi bir kaynak. - kariyerlerinde de iyi kararlar alıyor, karakterlerine ve değerlerine uygun kariyer seçmeyi başarıyorlar

Speciesm Scale

http://www.jimaceverett.com/resources/speciesism_scale/