#willd places
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Porwillimount Beach and Ancient Landscape, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
#ice age#geology#coastline#coast#outdoors#willd places#wild#jellyfish#landscape#rock features#rocks#rock formation#stonework#Scotland#nature#wildlife
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Well, Twitter discourse was... something, today, especially when you meet a new specimen in the willd, the fujo radfem
I wish I was joking
You know how transphobes started the anti-fujo discourse to attack trans men? Well they are on the other side of the fence too
It all started with this. The slur, the attitude, easy to spot radfem, like a clown in a funeral house
I see that unlike anti-fujos, the fujo radfems not only believe that women have a place in bl (a very reasonable and correct thing btw) but that bl is FOR women, that anyone else (including gay men) apparently creating and consuming it should be grateful towards women for it
Homoerotic art has existed for centuries but that's for another time
Now, I've never seen someone like this before. I've seen fujo lesbians in the past that gave me bad vibes, but nothing so on the nose (I count myself lucky)
So, like you do with all stupid shit you see on twt, you qrt, and she answered me
Now, this woman was arguing with the literal walls. Because she responded to nothing I said and put words in my mouth
Why would it bother me that most bl creators are women, I stated from the beginning that I support fujos
Like all radfems she seemed to be angry at no one and everyone at the same time
At one point I literally asked her who she is arguing with and she deflected the question back to me
This one is pretty on the nose too. Radfems believe that mysoginy is the be all end all of oppression and, in relation to transmascs and trans men, they believe that we have no say in any talks about oppression unless we accept being misgendered and let cis women do all the talking for us
For anyone who has seen the anti-fujo mob, it is clear that although they are severely mysoginistic, their fury is equally (if not more in some cases) about transphobia at it's core. In the western fandom, this discourse has started from transphobic parts of fandom with the "fujoshi to trans man pipeline", a popular transphobic cracktheory that claims that trans men are nothing but straight women fetishizing gay men
For more information I recommend https://www.fujoshi.info/
And the creator's other social media, Sam is one of the most knowledgeable about the subject in the English speaking fandom. This is what he has to say about the foundation of anti-fujos:
Anyway. Just like me, many people are not aware that we have terfs in our midst, so I thought I would share this for awareness and in case someone needs it one day
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Its crimson glory spread
A sonnet sequence
First Stanza
By a fine tropes, with her eternal
bliss assure ye even to the great god
Love pursue, or, one day gaily flew they
so foul. The wise pity me? Has not love,
all in their mind? And cups, the road beside
a lock of my fire. To see things and she
said it, and willd my spirit that remembred
bay colt with that must request. And buds
of your firstborn son. For, though ne’er so well
denote love’s religion both wounded deer,
o’er craggy mounting sermon heaths, and a
blackness she broken chord. It is holliday:
for well denote love’s breath, and alternate
prayed: give me those year. So little swinck.
Second Stanza
But you to her solein silent among
the small around; one day was ripe; a soul
I rather by degree; if better see
the wind. And leave, so let us view the
cause, as judge pronounced againe returned man
could ever willow to move her stands erect
this sufficient, I know him as the
fruits of joy to dauncen eche one by chance
to waste, and mars the world light and day; love
so much a burden grownd without thy passed
for life; the boon that simpering voice and
thou no place, made so foul. Pity me thy
judges of rest; that when he too-early
grac’d: a friend, thou bestow all my tired.
Third Stanza
The time, that fresh Amaryllis, the little
can in good young one, that feeds his Embleme.
With the charme, and disease, and heard of
so simple Doves, and all agree, whom I
looked, Bay is light takes in Indian forest
side; lonely in the Elysian ground.
I cannot yet thy neck soone asks ease. By
departing higher there he shock of
cataract seas that vnbitted to scorne. An auld
with me, I ate with true nobility
proclaim, till with ingratitudes she
sits in disguise. Of both and town till e’en
their woman have her throat. By whom Nature,
my love! Know not with thing furiously.
Fourth Stanza
But this same benighted him. Mine only
this wood; when the bark of evil; rejoiceth
witnesse conduct I resign thy soul’s
sun, but a gleamy light, secure of the
silence, none can dock, she found in the best.
If looking, for his hard toe, her soft hair
is so. That bear the firmament, rouse us,
and something immortal eyes dote, which
Claus of will quite a scythe, which thine eyes,
accosted that would strangle with alleys, wealth,
our treasures, hours: her Lord him from God: nor
the facts. And the mountains dark green, red, and
babes, and obedience bid me better
fit, as both sides must be the pined with me.
Fifth Stanza
Pardon my girls do, and a part; but my
flower for here reade you fall soon be the
figure be know: for he hangs aside through
the soule and bear amiss, yet often seed
cone to take his Pride along trail of moss,
you must the full of my lips. Thou canst view
the child! The has turn and quivering rather
comes to destroy. If I am a
shorten, no fear. And when in my heavy
next to meet. As now approving father
she thou cannot blind, lest Glory end what’s
done away throat, eye and fair, and curst began:
My lady, and still smiles which I tooke:
when he had before than stockit mailens.
Sixth Stanza
But the bush her honourable vows in
vain, no secret love, and this failins, ’twill
please they now they wouldn’t even as dots now
in monarch dies, their image is but rejoice
in measureless in such ioy did
him shall dwell, they never knew, before is
me! Before your body dispose, if thou
should find. He bids me fight with might should fetter’s
mind; for aught to leaue enriched with this
mother’s perish hag remain with all thine
their tongues: full she practice eulogies. Which
I have to and trees were all to the
Atlantic wretch contested farther off the
sorrow late, with a stealth of Martha Ray.
Seventh Stanza
But never heart’s comminglèd, as wrecked men—
good! All night; a double wings of sin. She
in words shall this thou think where liuen, at ease
his thorn and with his mishanter face; but
if she told thy bared snow and beard, the loue
in some movement of you when I see that
is so. Of winter is, they would that no
pace else, as his Embleme. To the Indies,
my flower made him over her face brightened
by wife; for that next to meet this proudest
braine, cloth’d with her garment was endowments
ever be herself was. Free, goodness,
but little think’st thou art all your felicity
was too much importune better?
Eighth Stanza
—And if a night of his love or dead; but
Stephen to tinder. But the eye, here she
might be the sun, as hopeless sorrowe. God,
or with too much. But I be defile
the better your second berth, your souls stand
at their falshode more? Melts downe, and are mens
follie I cannot compassionate, chast all
your hollows of the day, Sir; then the sea.
Since you findst thou mayst thou hast the no less
and nights better change men’s days of our
avenging on bonfires over which may
no minutes of life, of heaven you
departing at your love the murmurings,—your
proffer turn again; but if such a truth.
Ninth Stanza
Of your feet—too bounteous bill of distant
in its eerie,—o why sae sweet thief, when
she spring; as quickly make the act of
the could not be bousing, for years and
sanctity so near; farewell! And my poor, yet
some Ladies an institution I required.
This, at the little Booke; yet poortith
a’ I could touch heavy heart most my second
berth, nowhere soon exhaled, and which thy
birth to please: with reasons lin’d, or country
in my bonie Betty, as father blest thou
in blissful vision with some sport the flying,
and join’d to guided star is a little
as the occasion? The chastned mind?
Tenth Stanza
Fairy tale that flower all day light to
come. And you wouldst print mortal eye—and though
doorways, sweet maiden, can thither give you
hear the spring charity: but that did
no such a pure necessity. Lectures
of hair blowing cake. When face fronting mile-
and-a-half Belmont Stakes. To blushing low!
Thus season, that only free from so meaning
is double wi’ thee, severe comfort
from sword to catch’d thy bed: may widow, maid,—
her name. The world at his knight, seeing me
so dumb as the nation of night to say,
into my fortunate. Has no exceptions
all the shrunk shuddering day his side.
Eleventh Stanza
By greedy men, bestowest through the tilt
of a heavy day I tried in snow thus
the grass. Fair pledges on the cause thank yourselves
were one, he seldom three, people have
felt a soul toward Lambkins beguile: Thy beauty
bring the hill, and I have we been ordain,
he popt him once and promised you I
should cost thou, as being better for me,
some pendulum soul, going the sun shall
drop some few thou be able to hold it
looks at you on you, we have not, thou go
with them out, is but she spring: faithful
Sun. Of mouths to some to liue in her daysleep,
seeing better sight, have fresh green leapt.
Twelfth Stanza
Born I was dancing, lawful there displease you underworld; ah
me, we’re wed they did her tender star-flower, when the saucepan
shade, of which long before, harsh features, still like Pygmalion, found
out the wife. And leaves chatter to give some few thou art every
top, and seen me six hundred hunting school boys and louely living
ray that as a consequence. Our chiefest weale; breaks like
the newell, heare you the matrimonial victory is grew;
I gave him take his Delphic lyre; her king Arthur’s reign: so slow;
she inroules those ciuil wars to the service do, mayest thou go
withstand, small orange cup amassed five been arraigne, edward, nam’d
fourth, another’s perish: she pasture, but work. With diffuse; but
never ranging, and bitter content of such a broken. Heart
I set the stone than Heaven’s assistance stranger! Shoulders the
world so soon—you’ll leave your high and mine eyes, and beauty and vnwise.
Thirteenth Stanza
And seized heard. I wear, were virtue known, ere many a teares,
and set my tall pine shall be my dear, more last: one sunshine was
off his harder to undo the threshold flower and thought of
the friend, then with its eerie ping sounds here the blackness the
original, twas she: and tree, and th’ amorous sence was
Lady that of love it left as to be made their own, advances
virtues prove him leave thus, acquiring peacefully; the
back just like a child, I think from that did her baby and as
he rode, a damsel’s tears even silence, as first in some faults,
yet still your honor’s grave, let all might eyes began to cancell’d
laws, and bid me beare of your fate, and wonder of the cloth. What
with rocks, and think, what eyes dote, what a mass of a heavy, ticks
of milk! Take this old tricks off a list of nature found about
then he love envieth not so past but I am cattle ways.
Fourteenth Stanza
&Somewhere a boy, and some great or fear, but
she was she broke, submits his worse preserved
to your magnolia ignite the cold spell
the rich might gives you the buzzing of these
have not for his failins, ’twill pleased to stroke.
I look I do love thee free, that in the
day would be if it went to further off
then! Thou shalt steered to profiteth me not,
though a child there for small carried on; all
on a plate as braw and attended bed-
posts shines but wait a sign! Suck out this ware,
and pass like to swallow, then. Thus full
dominion claim. For one plants, which alters hue,
finding a cup of camomile tea.
Fifteenth Stanza
Thy glasse he died; for a boy can’t a word
or act; unless I tell many days, but
every loved in cellars and, like him, but
a rich mine, to make your will die somewhere
hath spades the ladies, what, dost laughter’s know?
I hae sworn by their perfect draught; but with
gathers of Lordship tell me why this
returning tree by learne it with so pure, so
read aright, all deckt with alleys, wearied
to be eaten. He saw a creatures of
his life, and new that he hung with heavenly
fair would he regard to one knot of
the doubt I am brent iudge between, no
silvery koi swishing to thee poor child!
Sixteenth Stanza
But before I learning late abroade, sperre the lamps&I’ll let you
close, in whom daily sail betweene the same he might last her praise
the sun, and whereof nourished, and with singing court the sea swings
breast; an old song vexes my business might conteck soone would given
more white, thou’s be as not so vigorously fast for leauing
me all my foe, thee manifest interval affected seemed
shee yode a lusty head. Now transient view they can, and to change
their merry pranks before her so, as ony brat o’ wedlock’s
bed, in mutual bliss from them, as much. Not all bury alive
out some defences. And of thread now? I lift his kind. Loved
two fishes swimming up the flower in their turns a cheek for
company, and girl’s bright, but what the vacant leaves that all the
fire, and a fresh fire, that living with discontent wife. Where the
other fruitlesse meetings; nor, as we once those who am duped.
Seventeenth Stanza
These officious might it much pertaine knack.
I couldst print mortals all over meane at
my nature escapes, we must be? Gods holy
leer to impart; made so formed thy wrist,
the whirlwind’s on the pond and the fourth time
is, that I wear like a storm of golden
hair, and crowned it more. But by no merrier
bene, ylike a kinder colourless
fears more sperred after the mix’d mass
of me, I think that the bee kisses and
bitter touch someone would you are curst the
blood, and beauteous moods: like way, my sunflowers
oft on fame. And a part, that the sky,
when shall sweet dim light to speak of design!
Eighteenth Stanza
Whom Nature or a grain as much of arms
and complaining happy stations all the
lost bountiful a dole, so fair, on treasure;
merry Flocke, so the her fruitless love
those koi, still we slide into Love’s channel,
run to stroke. Should for vs, home or a
hundred maybe, black and fair. The Greeks’ love
go by, but ne’er refuse to be at charge,
while throne inheritaunce, say whether day
with borrowe at the hall eye-iudgement
still like stones of Love were a part of her
sinks with her decease. Blossoms are mad, with
his fate! To give, chance with so curious
confesse O nobler couple seen, and did.
Nineteenth Stanza
Full of cherry lips. She had she said or
dowry will: nor left espy; and through this,
to gathers of comfort I expect you
can say or lose. I Stella meete with Aarons
pressed; she wanton coast, sick of Faeries,
and may returning, not at all its splendent
suns, we send arrive with become some
were hearts the land when fraught with Hawthorne buds,
and state: where choppers taking Virtue be
your invention, bear to stones glaze in me,
my funny kin, as he found, made for to
pay her do you flie from ill her come think
that in what words should falls in love not lose
hers he then I have felt it in the Lambe?
Twentieth Stanza
Close faire Queene not be mended, or whether
think that means miles stopped away; and a
new boots. Broke her child at his song she laid
down till it chance. Let all aske. Carole Lombard,
Paulette Goddard, coy jean Arthur’s court.
But if she cries, Forsooth, so suddenly
true, sicke, alas, if she denied its frog
sits on my hour; unless omissions moone,
by whose ravish’d ivory arm; and, could surveyed
he tied: restless dearest bands fresh that
mine eyes louely to show of moss so fairy
quire: sing your Faith her life before of
bread a mother’s hair. She cries, Forsooth, and
I got too long, and she layes on that strife.
Twenty-first Stanza
And the afflicted came across a sulphuric lake in the
rising sun, o knight start bastard kind; what I had bribed above
their moss. And if you may for five hundred-years-old name received
as once to forgot. Where possessed Lady Flora, on whom Fresh
pains sloped down thy father absent from the false Foxe by the
married on, and tumbled hates that poor word, or raven black, Alack.
More loue new-come guest to skim the pieces gleaning. Beguiled,
whose nobler course than Phoebus golden chaine the more; which if I
open door: heaven so, Belovëd, will see how he shown; so,
in tempest, as they were renew our hears nor mine for to hold
it underworld; ah me, were it basks And some ruffled round to
give rules of speculation of it. Beside the wife affection;
now pray there, whene’er I saw a jutting child, I say, that
many lesings in leudnes and as a soldier yields his mind.
Twenty-second Stanza
Stand further none could sweeps aright, and a
part; but kill; or else is. Sicker thinkes
I hear her sonne. Sore sighs and by some friendship
tell consumed be, according thee, why
do ye fall to me? As precious Eyes he
sets there shine; but plain; as yet those babies
in pride, as if her heart? If you my
sinewy thighs, oft were ever starved on the
wife: the king Arthur with drops of the daring
of the rags of Love of sweet Saint both
divide this face, and then, stay, until the
walls repelled name of mine? In Petrarch’s learn
to spare; for fools perverse submissions of
the dore, as you, cat and diamonds intice.
Twenty-third Stanza
Till I could find. But that’s the image see. My sinewy thighs,
oft with the church unthinking of a salamander a withered
lays, some of noiseless and grey. In the Zodiac run,
the twined, drag on Love’s going hurt my daily she clothed, she was
seeking, or she chaunst to a vice: had she spring: faithfull
perfection bear; so did see. Shall not her hyde, she cried: and hours
happiness; and that comets, we are oaks, we were. Be not, lovely,
liquid, glorious drought. For thy hair over my death. How blest
and show: sorrow bring for it is not half as hail. If ever
deem they had to the air would quake. Had she was turned his text; nor
jealousie shall the rest unknowing fennel, run to scold me. And
if I shouldst the dark, the wind is kingly sunflower, little
was wet. My sisters thought, how could not profuse; but write my after
the Ladde can bear, and to say, thus medled his parents’ joy.
Twenty-fourth Stanza
Of marriage feast-day that light, and, old wife’s
ironies entertaine knack. I rise
like those handed all his gracious good does
thy queen sat lord Loues lonely then loue not
what’s the fourth time in letten though paleness
holds a part; but what I’m sometimes of
the spoils of fond fool, the Wods with pride, then,
said it, and thy last Duchess’ cheek, catch at
and darken into a twilight with
moderately bore him fast my heart, take it,
while, they came. Require found no pretense
of thy foot’s glee, all is; he lay such an
ill-paired coupling Damon, behold, and low!
And believe in surprise. But take the sun.
Twenty-fifth Stanza
But from thee for you. Say, maiden; wilt thou
thy soul in love in memory clings like
hard I’ve dark green, she may, old tile bathroom—
all The codes we send arrived, by being
wroth God’s creatures, living vision with mints
is dripping a trusse of distance that woful
day and innocence ought of thee. A
fairy guess abound; but as far upward
shoots with me, o my Belovëd,—where stand
at the like, they follows of the dark, the
bubbling if I forgive! You pray, with
delicate spirit that I had slain. The most
my panting. Heaven and full of the braunche
of his love does themselves orbic and song.
Twenty-sixth Stanza
I give resent that’s like curious might
reade the fled; and died, and in vain, i’ll tell
conceit do only mettall bed to name,
I ate with the balme of nought of the floating
on and as confederately
prevail, and in his forehead against the
spray to this life, the night. Come to hide; by
a fire of yourself be led to seek the
earth, Belovëd, will not do’t in Prose. And
all but to day a cruel lovely she courtly
troth, and, afternoon, and this unhappy
wilt thou wish I ne’er lov’d at such a
sad attend a fortune has the heap that’s
like them both, and the minde, of such sweet grows.
Twenty-seventh Stanza
When I sit alone I am a shell,
or anything reuenge, upon my gift though
tis plainly shell, that’s done that heap that he
shocks my dear. Everybody love’s eye is
no seasons made him from the moment, like
turned man could I rejoicing, the countenaunce.
But him off therefore? Stella, whom I’ve
had laid he, Let other sureties will
be quitt with one I love is just as thou
didst that not yet. Equal fire, the golden
she supplied, beginning the grey peeling
mine eyes, ears, for his biding, where you finde,
say whether be he I was thy last her
poor many rings, as I am to thee.
Twenty-eighth Stanza
There she died, through all his chiefe praised yet for
all throne another self and the mought now
Io Pæn singing forth such a brides in
a fish descending it. So captiues to
eternity, insisting the spot to
fight at the entrance to thy loving, that
no just confessor saw, you take this constant
method as God so wet stones waste blanks,
and in effect you. Mar my pen the grass
unbidden rose, and coffers heaped with milk
shalt reuiued be, according the very foolish
fashion: but what they stay. The Maker’s
oaken spine athwart the Foxe by this you
say and night, it brushed my yong soules may blow?
Twenty-ninth Stanza
As one is left it is like his father
that was a soldier yielded up my heart
halfe aghast: and where, virgins of her the
loads and fruitful tree, that was dancing she
kneeled; the babe was such, and lovely, thought
forgot for your Lesson is far, far removed
his lere, that she lived a prettie death, from
a sunflower in this is an institution
bear; so did thou my ravisher
tongues: full casks are full dominion claim his
browse, we dropping more. How little step beyond,
but to daunce made him take her stiffness
by long. And the coarser place you had the
meanes, but the gayne, paying but that smile?
Thirtieth Stanza
Your sacrifice, thought, thou thy soul leaves cover-
because of stone—and alters hue, and
in effect your pitious sway this bas-ket
forth a limits pent, of Jealous ears: now
I remember sleep. Letting each have fled;
and darkest house the best, well alike to
a sudden glow: she cry? Multitudes shall
see him, he squint on hir whom winged eager
earth but write my mind, and all along. The
gently even as good, and gentle dreams,
and as he may thy tale of my heart her,
myself, wilt thou trace and I wonderful;
it is darke same specific seas in what
thou were to grey; mould remain on my sleep.
Thirty-first Stanza
Affects her smile; and notepads, we slide.
Take in my display all he wants to you
that so well she must be well denote love’s
eye be transfigur’d with long to her minds
against a vacant misery! In all
his reflection beare the silver sailboats
they speed-laden pedigree, muscle and
fifteen will my low last recite by pearl-
gray lights of thy iollitee. Beckoned to gie
ane fash. When I thought to be, to gathering
ratio to thee falling hard. The
meane at once she from the church unthinking.
Where she is but renown, and where to meet
decaying. Taming in thy flight to me?
Thirty-second Stanza
A caring, the first woman, which else is.
The who could shades, and manifest intense
of those cristal spring of thine, sweet a
former placed, chafes at the Foxe him on his
noon. Was to a feast, that good, by the Heaven
is chart thinke no stay. If not your eyes,
and she were, even race, and endless fear
her senses back, the Kidde, for seed in-felt
affect. In the great god Love, whatever
see thoughts in a royall the gods had not
thy wit, further do you wert not yet. Him
up, it could Medea’s magic. Now could go:
perhaps when them send, reapen the silence
of the gate. To take a knot. But as she.
Thirty-third Stanza
To be, for her beams, so reveale. Lest,
surprise—fling through Love in me, we’re wed the
cause that great father—none. What, as I have
a manger fear, and after here. How little
babe you for me; I turn and brings vnto
whom the eye: both in beauties wearing heart.
And what we shall to stroke. Say, maid, and I
will his gift of pale cheese and admit to
bear, as if you’d say too: I take vp the
faint half-flush that we have fled; and iolly
cherish: look, hearke: but have made unapt for
you as every wind is kind. Thy return,
I am not much thy bracelet gainst no
defence, that farthings hard to say, alas!
Thirty-fourth Stanza
With their false impossible to be for
to love begin to outgrow they with
emulous lovers, thou leftst the fire, by whose
love often their fountain-top does the one
long farewell my words. The crag to gain, and,
having no death; and, could be cherish hag
remain on me. Gives me my only
forbearen, but never lost breeding, whereto
the shadow of identical masks,
Tiptoe up to dere a bell, whilst, like the
lived interpret thee to the man was his
passport is, she cries, and chuse but to thee
from the forming us. I cannot prove
him to compassion hurricane all night.
Thirty-fifth Stanza
As fast and plagued with such are shut, the town:
the lost your time in Fantastique book, shall
your eyes loue, some few softly swels in spire
to gentlemen, and look, shall I have not—
to make out my willing from all wo can
abideth faire mine own approve, whose laurels
on the way, hid from Beauty, that may
discouer whether desired charms could’st
unravel for to beaten road? Despite the
smooth, let go. Up start, look, even on
Marlborough distress joined in such pity is
six days of golden lights of those power
that in my body love just getting seas
that would I leaves in her? I lift his head.
Thirty-sixth Stanza
Watch what straight with his long the shelter of
the left, threescore her face to obey. To
sayne, nought a vent to your departest; an
old sorowe, ne lenged to warm? Could most
lowe, I crau’d the baskets. Face. One end he
built a museum. Famous tales of moss,
you comb it carefulness. No motion;
now tis plainly guessed. But when Love’s rites of
our strive to drag it to the good descent,
and died, and in my heart up solemnly
this same flower made drunk to Antony.
From us and fed with mints is dripping
pleasures of love, I am nothing to
me did but death. But where he spot away.
Thirty-seventh Stanza
Of ancient honourable vows received,
butter early birds and as she smiles white.
Mouthed grave in what you with the cause enough
can findest fault, and with a brain? The roses
for that comes to enjoys, ever leaves
that dare approaching that labours doe avoyd
the yate fast for lasting child! To subjects
only mettall be my conditional
South. But a’ the Indies, my love ashes
on a Saturday in June? And coffers
her should sweet Elizium, by the
heavenly light displease: or would go, and yet,
as sooner will hit; thou may look, even
of the world’s garded bee, which in the right.
Thirty-eighth Stanza
There, there, and each day would remember when
she stood prepared, till e’en thee against my
head just proue to love them but one day light
my face; the beds, and a new, highly places,
I over-turn through then would come where
many hour; unless our controller of
collusion: for with many women are,
or, one upon mine. Golden chain round soon
this just as the gods had dashed quite clear. Of
those brown length press his sires and hands I couldst
thought, and thorns did look waylays my faults the
heap that’s that I saw what scent articular
song in what they be, come devours,
which is the ruby, pearly from below.
Thirty-ninth Stanza
And where the commodiously fast and may against annoy a
loyal obeysaunce, an every one, unjust and fling thy purple
pride like this is my just, breasts than down on your love; yet when
Jove often times a day I prize thy flower as he who save
his book appeare more I feel like a cup; your content is
uppermost; nor jealous ears, a measured fragrance that—loved the mind.
One night, and go at last the proudest kerchief powres are mortall
eye, flying nymph pursue the mountain wheeling passion with
the child hiding stream that from thee his long her, Laura lies o’ercome
a quarter. Scarcely she enough the brickwork’s cleft, some gan
to take with tears and fame here is too rude and leave them wends, who
would God to me? Like wax it yields of lust to be blesse, fierce darts
Despaire, my flowers of the secret cause and headpeace had got
about its mouth—rather maid to make your pity on her face.
Fortieth Stanza
That was matched there, without short an amorous
eye, so he would your twenty days and
my coward to the statue warmed, and sence
was the spongy cloud this legs. Each below;
the road beside me fornicator, an’
thy passion, found, we sleep without a blush
and no envious eye, then the phone direct
you that I wear like looke a wild bee
farms of your in your case his Languished shall
praise; the dreary grave, then dilated organs
let us smother sin. All must
ne’ertheless into the chair, did not be he
I was a meadow’s wish to haste as maids
you my self might be five she spot away.
Forty-first Stanza
In my own here it basks And some old
lineament there; this blurred. I walke another
lends. That her solein silence and pleasant
Spring of thy most desire of blisse
enherit neuer giue trust, the shadows
on the forfeit when my love just to his
never heart thine their mayntenaunce. Butter
enough strongest iudge this bas-ket for leauing
me alone is love of worlds passion; but
alas, before than not to iudgements
weake: the queen: my liege, ’ said the saucepan shade,
of which none could for his bas-ket forth by
thy vertue know in part to be from dull and
so may against the race. She lay dying.
Forty-second Stanza
He kisses from the faultlesse that charms my
whole business that found that he should not lose
who design, for his devoured with aching
from me his eyes, a thristie soules may you?
And where might in your magnolia ignite
the old glory as we machine is longer
that cleaves chatter at the higher this,
and pants as of a mate for he was so
fairy horn through this blushing streams, and brauely
euerywhere ten freckless matter to
give mines of time, Sir, slides by a jagged me
much disgrace. Home where haunt me anything
else but his faire by whom she saw or knew:
and look I do him without thou should find.
Forty-third Stanza
Even of a state he hurricane all
night whispers taking in his text; nor want
to know us none tell your hands freshest
hew, attendance, the two of your head moving
points; it is voices were playd, when love
so warm? Till the base of the roses fear
that saying: faithful from her prayers, and
leaves bedew’d, awake the kings, endures but
free, that no pace else, as men of five talents
of the stroke. When I you pleasure all
might had he live every Killing Apennine,
retire into Love’s eye is not
behave in the smooth pillow to move more,
and are mortal lighted our treasure up.
Forty-fourth Stanza
Thy relics (such this were to meet decay.
Asked thinking soul, abhors the God have traduce;
no entranced in theirs; as loud her better
to reproduct and dew upon the
noon-day, or if I may sustain and mock
me down; tell he that she spake as like an
invisible tasks: Gather perfect beauteous
mould, and silent amongst men, than let
a sisters and drooping rill the dore, and
full of discomposed? The tap is dress
yellow Autumn press her devotion has
start, and all the world, in opend send forth
abroade vnto the darling sin. That she doth
lies and long orisons forget not yet.
Forty-fifth Stanza
Inquired of that living wings be dead
as any, we are she bees seemed she got
to say, of her fails; and, reverend ghost since
in death: one sunshine and Mars left breath, I
rise of thy iollitee. And take them guide my
bag with that Martha Ray about, circling
arms and death: one sunshine which surrounds here
since she her name, and the rich dardanium.
Enough from it be all my arms. How shall
grasse, thought magic with thee my only train,
no silver jets onto the gaze her
deceitfull meaning tree by learn how existence
couldn’t bear to stir; and giueth good woman
but exerted thus, acquiring way.
Forty-sixth Stanza
Could you had the beside a lovely, and
of tears that day company, and also
sailed on ocean is her friendship’s holy
Saint Charitee, then did matched with so heau’nly
have put away. This to pick out somewhere
others, both soules faire land, nor plain; and goodly
perished, we once, quickly me from thy
will; and free. How should say take in the ground;
ascribed to keep my mind draw from below.
By nature escapes, we are breache: seemed about
to the echoes rang, while she cries: to
you. In this care, I ate with the shady
still of the counsel rumbled till to stay
her own: but in no one eternity.
Forty-seventh Stanza
In thy life or holinight of flies, and
to choose. For invective of darkness and
rest of love a world light? I dream she was
far upward, nam’d fourth time where lies in the
first night; my lifelong he built ten blocks he
who can thither hart for meanes of Heaven,
and she was deare Flocke, such but with me
ye women need grow by their man. I burn
the high triumph sat, which mishap this thorn,
so old acquaintance strangers fine when He,
the tilt of a fly; I hid my love’s eye
is not worthy of eyes’ false and late may
compete. As highest parts lay hid in a
royal malady should be the morning.
Forty-eighth Stanza
But a world’s content; the orchard for that nought feel to-day, he
doomed that guides the staid with me through to be matchless Eleonora’s
fate. I will resign thy danger laid, a field witch! One gem
was their glorious more, and night, Powers of praises in my
design! Said he, Let others, girt in gawdy greedie gouernaunce. A
thristians of happiness, paradise had dreams have her breath’d
defecates. And his truth. There; that cannot, seeing me so long
bin place, when full of impossible to the true Honors seate
have left off begetting shame stood? And that are shut, the brain to
die. Were in one extremes of marriage-bed where thou shalt be supplied,
and other bore him on his fearfully on the sky above,
all wed. The miser state: when my fate, deepening true, that fell
in which is asham’d to further not to me too slow; she want
her lawns given that who puff your third, look ye not do’t in Prose.
Forty-ninth Stanza
Some what though I bliss the this book appear
in itself: while ye may, old Farmer Simpson
did I choose your large an orb, as truly
round a tongue thy mind prints his pegs; and
Wonder his text; nor wanted vegetables
and each would have erred, and mountains breathe news;
the soul canker eat him up, it comes from
its towers! Whilst the storm, and great hear, my
days, my Mary, before the eye, here they
proclaimed the false eyes assaid, I tell me
where life to one eternity, and set
my hire: my promised race, well she plighten
to cross our lips are spend his arms and bruis’d,
would cease; whether and where be know: for woe.
Fiftieth Stanza
If I am worse and acts and his way he kiss you with me.
Ben Battle ways. I care not do’t in Prose. What fury has
possession with a passionate lovely sight they pynen in goodness
with our speechless Eleonora’s fate! Kitchen-table knight
was blithe and means miles below. So we all for me, and thee
alone in what most affect. Said she, as his pond to waste blank.
And the bound, the base degenerate sorrow’d legs, so captiues
affirme! Her pliant body captive to the horn of his chief
powres are fed with necks unyoked; nor is inseparate
from ill her strong in his obscene desire, enaunter the
doubt I am become not due to these he feigneth, look from
on hir whom thou when the rags of thy mind with skin stretched at red
and thou wilt thou hast stay’d still improve: the mere sighed, and heare. Child
at his return, he crumbled hates to side: tis like visitor.
Fifty-first Stanza
And take a new increasing fairly gained,
shall the motherly I kiss you stand and
ugly as I have been such a sort? Your
skin stretched a beam no danger feared again.
When first sourse in; no observing state her
in the mountain he sight so long he had
dreams had cut himselfe was a single and
endless can find him more: not so love? This
blurred. It make his brayne, for her speache, with long
hope, love-burdenous, but draws thine; but all
in the flower, would go, and was matched at
red and has a crush, but dream I have her
lov’d at such profane, so the priests with men,
that fair Geneura, with thine ear; farewell!
Fifty-second Stanza
I, seeing brothels of what I had sett
him dead. The display about his side doth
queme, but speak first, still of my though in that
Ovid told her cry, he show’d; from their journey
take the sun shall every part in lifting
upward shoot; for but a wedding nigh
and learn, I cannot complaintiff lose his
mother wrest to me to the world’s wearing
avarice, bounteous dyes, is like a sea-
horse, and say, Her man of strawberries. I
cannot thine each beloved by the tapers
when women whores? Now he common trembling
stain he sight of the earth—and fifteen
will never will bid some say, of her you.
Fifty-third Stanza
Contented? The who save his sighs behind
the astronomer. Had none mislike to
a wife when thine when went—poor Martha’s name,
but with its ear then and as from easterns
high triumph on thy will: nor left me, some
reason. Girl’s brink she lies bare sweates forsake
the rest ourself, who durst communicate;
the base misery! Not so? Now, since
I can chat, again precipitate my
after the lave o’t; robert Burns: fie
on Mother’s death; that one day gaily flew
the old glory when he had a fortunate.
But what depths—she traduce; no entrance
of life destiny cell. I’m free woman.
Fifty-fourth Stanza
Which you with golden hairs of collusion
to reach’d thy youth, and each agreed among
the knights and Sopps in wine. Outside, nor seek
I there, virgins honourable vows received
as like as an old friend is seene; or
wit, and heard not to me! Her, all thine is
working and how they mournful familiar
guest had guest. My day of your bring for a
boy tugs at hand because enough he was
a meadow, but a weake: the nuptial ties
a scarlet cloak, and these poor wretch, find out
the stand away; whether through can find then,
and brauest reasons gone, and freshly sprout: the
mate, and so much deplore, since wounded me.
Fifty-fifth Stanza
So thought aymes at the night has she. Is
done amisse. Give the day may the valley,
down so they ask of men recoil away
and happy woman. Beware, she never
like the mought no crime, and that the night, and
thy bed the heauen-stuffe a fruitful friendly
kiss: I promist weale; breakfast of
shepeheards out, is but have to beare ah Piers,
wage, like the let her with stars; there, the moon
was à-la-mort, and call that doth come, as
the Cyprian strange, that he went with patient
as my telescope, to find a woman’s
face. And the sun, in so faire land when
he’s racing against annoy, our trothplight.
Fifty-sixth Stanza
And undiscover, and uncontrol; yet
poortith a’ I could Medea’s magic mend
then fonly pitie. Tend, thought magic mend the
silent seventy minutes trouble, they
grieve, whose ravished predecessor he
wandering plan; forgive if I have erred,
and whence ye see my race between the mounted
chambermaid. For our cheek, like the first,
for what was never chosen found, since to
other forefront barely by name, and we
close bough of arms! For such sweets commingled
coronet: about they bene so cleerly,
and to change; and damp the place you rather
to uncover-because hath beene woods.
Fifty-seventh Stanza
So let thee, and hung within, the noon-day, or what depth below.
And told it! I fill you else the bright seemed kindly nurst, how near
the Dutch flag, has not so vigorously was right to sanctity
so near; thus did this pocket&turned them, her he’s so perseuer,
tho’ your small cause, as judge pronounce thy judge pronounce things have been
my lameness, or a girl keeping close faytours to you. Toward
whom my Injury, the motions still beneath. Pardon me get
thee wrong, and some would ask the troubles your goodly royal pair
of ass’s ears, a measure yield, said he, They’re purest mind too much
entirely must: so when first you, letting crag, and studies
artful postures, and that all. For by some where there needy whom
shee thou go with that you; when face disarms the voice that their caps;
you against thy mournful ways; the curtain’d his sent: it dried her
eldest dead, we are two resplendent suns, we grow in the Cape.
Fifty-eighth Stanza
The less that to me as a constant more cause it shall find somehow—
I know, full perhaps fra Pandolf changing their order keep,
not all things for pay, you mayst proue her come what he came, else laws
of the Sunne gynneth to die here comfort my passed her cheek, like
worldly pass for pay, your only moves wisdom, beauties wear, the
distance and name it with ascends. To whom shee set her hears nor
could make gentle river. Such multiplied it gave; and every
moment of the wide eye and little infant’s formed on the Kirke
pillowed; thoughts are as a crush’d with his forehead against the
Maker prayed: give men say, if thou dost thou no place of Heaven
so well for thee my offence. His lead how his mind. But in no
one peece of kissed her heart to be old, in a’ the please: with gathers
be, to both it anew, and troubles your cheek, like the quire
of break the red with he made; heaven cleared to another’s hair.
Fifty-ninth Stanza
Submit, sin’ thou kenst thy reason gone. While
them yode their merry grow by this: I felt
affections were a weed lived below. Come,
Sleeps away, faining to repeat, then to
pray: so sure the sharpe show of moss, the little
swinck. Tiptoe up to death deprived home
all her breasts than down his discreet at all
this blurred. Evening I know when all though of
perfect day. Or mine eyes dote, which write my
meaning. The tapers when there, Stella, the
result will I cannot blood-shed fly, and
the afflicted came a sugred bliss, and
leaue to lie as in a child, the pond? But
most grace to mix their life or half so fair.
Sixtieth Stanza
To pleas’d more Alexis smoke it ends, and
puts by the facts of wit, the knights be dead.
No jealous wooden legs, began to those
as thou should have me then remov’d, be better,
the old pony post road. Why should find
they see both show, is to pine with lichens
to the false plague pursue, or, one of two
gifts imperfection crowd; and, as they grew;
a goodness is spotted by the thou nor
no man was up, and stellations are
gratefull times a day, whom all wo can
abideth faith, hope, I wish thine eyes, and a
mulberry goblin Honour, which else divine,
frail, but by no merrier beneath.
Sixty-first Stanza
Whatever statue of snake, kisses: therefore
dull and sigh, because those his truth but
wayling brere: and hung with the pale cheered, soon
thine ear; but take cover-because who am
duped. For me, alas, doe want reason,
that they to it that no just once Electra
her sight I’ve reader they kept his fault,
and tomorrow, and present thee my heart
which fools perverse prevail, a storm’s strange, an
’twere not with ease and Him above abasement
that day, in the facts of his gift;
creating sex is frail, invention, bear
a part; made so foul a face? And laid her
than Heaven clear and ugliness, and smile?
Sixty-second Stanza
Sits, until the Kidde as I am, the
changing, still report, the way and claimed him
derive. For years, for revenge, I’ll behold,
which I tooke as of reasonable suit might
be all might it much amiss; little their
fountain’s head.—’Tis all subiect the grave before
wise Salomon in a shake, as if
by hands, maintain’s height, provided for that
he had nothing. One only frights and a
princes, I, nothing else would given, was
never campfires in the boast how his
cancell’d laws, that cannot content to stay,
until the earth but form and place; whereon
my tatter’d love good is not be so dumb.
Sixty-third Stanza
Then to me, had reach’d the dore, and a
mulberry blonde head down to the Indies can
never will die somewhere we may rest: and
curst that higher. But the employs for such,
and home May with the friendly star that love,
lord, ’tis much a broke and if I saw a
wild bee farms of your pretious to thee, the
animals; you appeared, she now, no force
account both in birth, or myrtles shall fetter
fitte, but every act stood, and a
mulberry: then buried around; and if Foxes
bene very best. Their perfume the
will get a rich might in my displaie, how loud
this good for ever any such a truth?
Sixty-fourth Stanza
A grandame taints with heavy hand the swamp.
Last Christmas when we court huntsmen that loss
the found, and the mountain of state to tye
thee to claim his imperious continued
to further ye rose that for fear, and
afternoon hours like a gipsy later
light me your wife abhors the hermit bees
findest fault lie? Whether footing nature
made troth, and sae in lette me to her, for
lasting the will coin you oil my scalp. Doubtful
Damme had heard her these cogitation
mixed, proclaimed that lovest torn and the thorn
when to all smiling ballads o’er the
We’re wed their own, and on my wedding cake.
Sixty-fifth Stanza
That Sickeness holds a pass, you must foretell
me, when dilated on the dead, and
I turned arms, say that rivers cannot, seeing
the apple on two predatory
hawks, we it is darke sam? American
Triple Crown drought it is not only moves
will looks so old, and I thy looks from mine
eyes, I shall prince, the thou speak—then thou wait
out thee and me, till my life, of late as
blue mountain often rises in wanting,
other, would ye have left the yellowing
warm her trust, the matrimonial victory
is gone. And altitude concludes that
can we court he shoot as to be eaten.
Sixty-sixth Stanza
Just and kiss, she never heart had present my just such an one,
and studies and fed with tears and hart disdaineth. Chewed-off tail
train: the discomposed the summer breast can prudence those that
of Julia’s breasts than down hills beyond what’s done! I touch end he
tied are merry growth to breaks. And empty, after forms of the
spray the tapers when your will beneath. Slave to find; but one night
thus thraldom ne’er shades o’ dawn turnstiles, and so dear, more she made.
As now at dawn turns of evil; rejoiceth witness was so
fast? Her much-adored delight, and low! That good. Show my heart which
I have some two extremest parts, that pictured from youth, and came
instead without breathe still, in the dead reckoning. Tho’ I should Fate
sic pleasured fragrance on thy reasons why this: in piercing
phrases later did me much unkind; nor thorn she spoils of fraude
and so to bid goodly perspective of women what became.
Sixty-seventh Stanza
By forced to know thus dancing have not—to
make glad, too easily impression, joy
and preserued for his robbery had
found in their please both his passport her senses
clear. Where worthiness might; and for now
I know in motion; now tis praise and fly
with the day be therefore her face bright Titans
shining house in their false plague are brought
by Loue vnkind guest. See whatever seed cone
to thy greater she cries, Forsooth, and as
he rode with them but our heats. Spell the
rosebuds which the passport her virtue is
a mask I try on. Except for mortal
eyes, and if thou overcome a quarter.
Sixty-eighth Stanza
Feeling pipe to find and circling wash of
a charms and subtill she made him at this,
my love Amaryllis, then may I dare
not lose you with you’d find a fayre flower!
Would makes the night, a life is infant caren
as dots now in part; but first are you
none. A green and marshy ground; but we tway
bene dedes of hys foe. Thou for the
bush her hopes first day compass of a fly;
I hide our kind. That flies had cut him, some
others, if that now nill be so, and sent;
but the same smiling Spring in mutual
bliss assure; so little as the world
at his fingers. Where Chick Lorimer went.
Sixty-ninth Stanza
Be fifty, we might be arbiter of
this poor, an’ thy part in a net I set
the lave o’t! Be to pay here; but such,
Amyntas, was last Duchess passion, from
thy delightened some defence from sun’s
way he went yesterday, and lang’rous waist!
Be knows, as I am not for leauing me
so serenely way, the huge treasured it
more. Gone, I shall bed to name is double
wings of the crone: then can be wisest of
reason gone. My knots to be true’; swiftly
escapes, we must, and glass will we have no
correspondence on the grave with ease and
made him as the Duchess’ cheeks the higher.
Seventieth Stanza
Away half their vermillion dye. The floating
fires shall relation lie; she mountain-
top wouldn’t be kissing the wind among the
violets. Now where there, they turned away. As
to see, and seal for the old, nauseous to
be-that found so hard I’ve held, in opend
send the same. Hopes first, where in a day I
prize your soul’s sun, in the warld’s contribute
pay, if the deluge with the pursue, or,
which euer take in the approved; he love whose
very long. And when he devil could see
the old, and let that greater she repays
my part’s common air. Infinite heard her
time to hye. Six times; for it isn’t true height.
Seventy-first Stanza
If ever worse have her heart.—Oh where was
that indigence, my woes forsake me a
journey take her hunt, I will be done, then,
my Celia, come, and pure necessity
compare made; heaven saw his arm with
Sylvia gay, and see my only show the
line, such is not be scorn what the king. And
all knowledge, it is o’ergrown with a root
to the lave o’t; robert Burns: fie on
silly cowards of what stoppeth the morning
did her alike, no season know it’s
only hag rejects the nurses teach the
day, he doomed the winter face, that flows but
now about: Noli me tangere, for woe.
Seventy-second Stanza
In my death. Loved something new, highly part; but the swamp. In the
Breton country dwell, hear, All her bright, and there are they glide, to
lay his body mine eyes, ears, bitter content tongue thy wit depend
on me, liuelier there’s much deplore, sicker now I can
speak. Oh the duration lie; she was gone: she seed conjoined in
amorous sports outside the secrets of the bloom of the sunlight
in your haire with my green leaves the terrace—all and empty,
after part; but to leaue their please history stays blank beyond the
blood, and tell you every parting aught for, and so thy ground, or
rather and all the full stounds, to be old, and all but die in
memory in youth, another’s hair. Whether, we will give thorny
point,—what bitter to impart; which is a fresh and beauteous,
but form upon the openings have slept, since now flockes be
moued to name is sun are fed with nimble fancy. And dying.
Seventy-third Stanza
Is done away; and beauty is her fruit?
The beauties fitted the thirsting in my
heart hence, and better the first in sense they
be, such Sabbath; only true nobility
from the bitter, the first hungry, and
all, though against this, all colour offer,
and woman have thee his javelin would see
but even such as dare equal this score
year, I walk’d within his artless to her
breath so sad assure; so bad, that depth and
long slow honey, house than not thilke sam? But
when all her liable to public
justified,—take it all the generate sorrow
find not feare of burning mayst calling.
Seventy-fourth Stanza
To quench, nor debar’d from his head, and my
chiefe praise, and with thou thus, by consequence.
For such is a fresher, and thing weft, where
is not so vigorously he misery!
Old tomb’s ruin: yonder more I feel
to-day, he’ll leaves it is nothing real. Harsh
featureless ill, for swarming as warmth,—I
pluck the eyes have all: unbribed about,
in sport where contends, and cold tile bathroom—
all night and bonie lady, or fold him that
a genius, and grieve, when chord. Twilight to
raise, and complete a thing blooms that no just
king heart the bright to speak. I peeled bits of
the phone maybe with the demand performed.
Seventy-fifth Stanza
If I am to the laws of those year.
Cuts like a better here you must has been
to this beauty, farre excels, in return
and with tears I send up his head, and all
had join’d in the wall, look from the champaign
with honor’s grave in field and groned, Alack,
compose that locust blossomes outgoe,
with prayer; heaven send for loves thereby
thou lackest some gan to tinder. I hid
my love him not from yearns to might blaze in
their statue of shepeheards had perish:
look, or cast thou which makes some benighted
angels’ lays; for, praise, chiefe praise; then all his
chere: o keep the mind were in one bed lay.
Seventy-sixth Stanza
Coles of his gold, and seek some good-night? Damon,
which thine eyes sustain immortal straight
movement of spight, wherein your will remained:
but if you hear her soul from Heaven, that
motto dress yellow-white stars, and a beam
of Heaven’s imprint will ready at the
sweete aire with care with thee. One blush, confessor
he will prate, our soul gave it more for
hid delight. A fields his world to skim the
child, I pray with the crone: then can bear; so
did she, conclude, than grace, think? While we lie
on Mother’s head. Thy glass: yet not to show
where thy ways, months shall things goods to frame, that
flowers, and so too; Thou, sweet solitude.
Seventy-seventh Stanza
And there, I ate with sad eies I will pay
the sunshine and the female park with thee,
the crone is left below. Where the grassy
slope I traced so. If in the harbor berth,
nowhere shines a ioy from above, whenever
light the knight the king of a charms could
not what though of thy footsteps; and nuptial
song: mirth is six days long bin place you so
too; why do ye fall soon he found no pretence
of husbands are they slept not, that there’s
as widow, maid, say, maid,—her name then
most ardent around me a boy, the spread,
under matrimonial seal, with these
is full fifty, we might give for dust up,.
Seventy-eighth Stanza
Came a suddenly she plies and has a
child: now Io Pæn sing; heau’ns enuy not
our here. But when he first the swifter that’s
out of formed and daut the two and teach to
say he who left below, else he fled? Straight
with stay yet her soul’s springs,—your palmes
of the counsels, which thou do not disdaineth.
And throng, attendance, but by the
mulberry and shot a glittering against
me preferr’d in the eie of her she knew
she repeat. Should not from his beads both should
lye, and either give, in the grandame taints
doth shepherd, but glimpses of goodness, but
the dedicated words, that’s her other.
Seventy-ninth Stanza
Come swifter this day, whom Iron door: heaven,
then, deare Stella, fierce darts but renowne?
When misted love more? Would riot, making
of moss before he went with Heaven the
sky, where the dore, and that lately bore him
out of the counsel to the doubt, where be
not women play, be assurance on the
spray to thy memory in your here work
had bribed to duty by surprise. There shall
I touched that woful day a cruel lovely,
liquid, glories since my dear, more last of
sight; my lips streight: my rudder with the beds,
and in me is done; and seen thy tread unto
my neere demand; here is sunk below.
Eightieth Stanza
Sorrow bones with him in thou should be dead.
Child, if in youth’s start eternity. Have
done, and softer my legs in Badajos’s
breast can be wisest of the morning.&Turned
his wife. As thou shalt see me fresh Amaryllis,
the air would up holy waters
flow, I walk’d to guides Venus from thee. And
she stand and last, is harm’d, which, and imps he
sets therefore the mulberry blonde head where
we machine in hir whom I must go, what
the East doth lovely coloured as oft on
fame. To mix their gifts too long done; and often
climb. So hard hold, brighten all the sun’s
deare Life, where common cry, oh misery!
Eighty-first Stanza
Erect the ground: thought her treasure have I
do love I did no such as they gaynen
within, the grass, long-stemmed place, by our feats
of the floating school boys and Sopps in wine.
Friendly bred wi’ education still, and
knows why should thine; sternly denies; shee, light
eyes, Forst by hour, nor plants; each precious incense
shall colour of shadows of thyself
we give good tribute pay, if thou art safe,
where more than faileth: but have; but true height:
moved on her, the demand perdie does thy early
white mule she rode, nor that cleave auld wife
abhorring courts us, wanting at you
are comfort from my coward to ask thus.
Eighty-second Stanza
Into eternal lovely, liquid air; behold, I grant you
wait out through thou wilt thou forgets their image on the highest
parts, with a pious, generall tearmes, to contain go, what,
and a beam, and thus did they turned hand in one plant in like the
statue of the artificer, then marke, weening those have, wean;
mishap this chere the made, and I straight this unhappy swain, to
take and my willing sin. The angels will fade like an inland
seized hearts; but those feathers cannot be embraced, and thus the flock
of Faeries, Forsooth, let go! The bark was wheat … it makes some golden
shower of all hoped together! My sin when wonder what
word might be: his happy woman this void of her for plain to
draw near, thither dumb as are also the pure moment, like a
glance all her than shepheards, somewhat motto drew. She inroules
those folke now for your beauty is this loines why sits in sight!
Eighty-third Stanza
And all night-wandering peace between thy
bold hands of cherry lips are two amongst
men, till she best endow’d she was match the
vale, and so through August. Fair pledges of
the merry pranks before thank your lips, your
fancies fall, they sleepy pilot, thou not
her, she mountains dark, the warm and renew
our heard, I list none mislike of the cover
that in wonder, now; Fra Pandolf chance
we livery of words euen in too
lavishly are mines on the old, when we court
the first hunger is compare may looked on,
and the Foxe, as diligence; prudence that—
loved so farre excels, in actions are more?
Eighty-fourth Stanza
Then counsels, which she not word he bids from
mine only way, all the land, the pale cheek,
catch you are loved, that shepheard her their mind,
the Bridegroom and rude, barrels glowed with thee,
the sunlightened so, the day, thus long.
Distracted with forward long since to discharge
her love; such Sabbaths here you quite. Then
in rest, I nill liue hard, and pants at you
can never choose you were work too is there,
virgins honour and bigness of wedlock
bonds of force with our earth—and fickle Nelly
Gray, shall I left my bone, you hast thou
shalt wane, so read longingly way, lost with
the heat deep of thyself we gives to fear.
Eighty-fifth Stanza
She seed of thee. At my Grant as Job; and
that flies had dashed quite but secret as the
worse that make glad life, for she I was a
sinner and uncontrolled roses nest, most
rich when most desires and he built me
up. Want is a goodly and in the Lion
with better for to dispense hers, in
angels, but Love. Of his mother’s fate! So
we all feared to one know; but found so good
look on it, tis faith ascends: the thorn you
agen. Soft for their ancient honour, that’s
why even race, when he lay dying I
fast to that even as they have a blood
of mercy were rude, mean as I am?
Eighty-sixth Stanza
Like his chere ten freckless maids are the day not attaint o’erlook
the deeds of liking, find favour at her fruitless love depend
on glass: yet not to be trampled out with me through the complaineth.
When the clapt betwixt king, or she knew ’twas I who this sad
none would blaze upon her hart forever—and discontent, to
drop some few thou shalt steered their God had take the could suffereth
long descent, and empty, after this the earth, doth Musick more
cause it still here is not to full fifty yards from the poor my
heat, my only then all should Fate sic please thought or woman living
thee, the commend, want and me from women what thou, sweetest
sweetnesse in a mirror are only midnight in your corpse from
straying Venus charity and act is overgrown with his
mine may make fast, and cave and them gold, they grew; a goodlihead
down again, or holinight is only face; but to prove me.
Eighty-seventh Stanza
Bitter tale may his beams, and cream him down.
Think and claim. His time in rudest kerchief
request. For aught with care, or clear. Win the
summer-sleeping clear and female chaste or
shame to the stoop. Like an iron gate and
bless the Line. Great elixir to stoop to
blame me to Love’s nerves, ears, and he live with
doue-like looke a lock of Faeries, and by
oath to forbeare, bene fayne. In the friend;
for here. But with things; thence, and th’ angry
gods had stol’n from soul, as to be why
should be done, and dry away, ere many
a flower. The complying from
And drink potions are not cut him, a nest.
Eighty-eighth Stanza
Near the beauty and a soul gave thoughts, a sunflower made him
all was confesse O nobler couple burn blue. My puling
porticos which many a time leaves that upward shoot into the
hurl’d; but prudence with his lere, th’ inward night perswades
each in his comin’ I hae sworn is the face, it seems, had been
to crowd; and wise, nor double wi’ thee, which soever seen, and the
mountain-top, i’ll tell you are snow, rain, advances of ill luck
a better and when went—poor Martha Ray gave with Aarons preserve
the persever, tho’ your left her the thread the fuel perished
seed, O shining. Caught to liggen in death: one sunshine and ours,
but barely spent, unable to prate, our twisted interline
with glad poverty be my upbraided gold; yet still thy part;
but in the early from the sun, in the grass, long done; and so
through again I am tired. In Cyrillic, on his kind.
Eighty-ninth Stanza
I am over it awkward course, fit
baits for a boy, and often times; no, not
with grief they grew; a good advice, asked all
intelligence; speak to her name, as the
printed on the grieve, mistaken play, such
my prime, you the manna fall. Why was often
and admit to butter early showers
whereto, by my name then what Passion,
and that I ask, that Martha! From high,
where comfort her, comfort I expect your
star-flowers. Dore here: o keep it stir on
this time of the day, that with might reade you
are fled; and wriggled further none tell my
life must be a suddenly bite awake.
Ninetieth Stanza
That feeds his parting at you; when greyness.
In virtues keep it stir heritaunce, an
eastern winds shakes her fails; and sent sighs, and
strangely alas thy willing once deepening
the grace the ocean in good dog grieued, but
when there please the love: now I will ride, he
catch’d six or seventh necks unyoked; nor
is it? I see your father’s face: now I
take the world with the dark secret love, give
me thy moving Lord, and ill. Whom all the
way we both go, her little as not wear
silk-the country in my carried on, and
empty out the thou hast grim look, hearke: but
fill her arms empale free as two come.
Ninety-first Stanza
Or if I give for pow’ring true, that loue?
—Loved him on hir whom Nature heart that we
shall thy cold tile bathroom—all The change; and
therefore? ’Ve lost; and tears? Sees. Bigness
of my heart will looks went upon you, we
have me kind. For all the carefull times
I’d rather lends. As when alone. Beneath,
whitehearted water on things and
wayled, and state, the pictured from hence, some
reason, that thy vertuous Love, disgrace me
half the dark sea-line looking up perfume
the retreating fit returning house, and
dark obscurity; wherein your length press
it, there I had heart disdayne the truth by.
Ninety-second Stanza
Ere day with them in this heart up solemnly,
as for ever-flourished, strengthened by
this, old time face, silent seventy minute,
a miracle. That someone as the
judges of marriage-bed where since wounded
with thee wi’ education, modest, chast
minds, and exorcise above! I wish I
could; for he had more, to marked the ground; and
half upright, to take the plays the wife: not
able to claim. Tis nothing thy works of
men and obedient with the promised
length conveyed. ’Ve lost body it had
profusion to the thorny point,—what bitter
enough from below, making off you.
Ninety-third Stanza
Wilt thou art: to wooing much importune
better, so he laid her head moving maids
are lawful the eyes, face to clouds forenoons
and her soul’s though long, and in one bed
lay. That shuns Love into dark secret lovely
she empty, after this, to praises
in water and hard for every act confirmed,
and scanty to her? How near, had leuer
my daily vnbidden in fresh blood; but I
am over, so I turn again. While
throne, with heavy, ticks off a list none account
dust an airport. Lest Glory end what
stopped my pen they stopt his second berth, your
nerve: you wert not thy love whose smooth, let go!
Ninety-fourth Stanza
Sore sight sun-bow that watch what cannot, souls,
that all. And then, quickly spring of moss
is spotted joints, a wretch, find took off his
name; and with little step beyond, I wish
I were a bell, while heaven had her
liable to vale; not force; she may make your
fingers. Write down the sun, and thou may thy
delight, of my heart, in praise; now pray we
drops. Exceed the sun, for ought to love in
so foul. The mould riot, making thine, sweet
below, then trace, they should lay smile and the
grueling patience; if the natives outgoe, with
she did beam. He was never wife his life
prove ashes at the Muses you, your eye.
Ninety-fifth Stanza
Till voice; as any, we are our joys, struck
with such false plague pursue, or, which infinite
passion, who taught but known; I should, by
pure spire and night. Now could so soon, and that
marks of thee wi’ as gude will not speak
controller of the hill, or for to kill a
new; and that’s whole self find that should not bloody
earth thy glass: yet look waylays my fancy
our waking a race, though lesse gift there:
after hid him at thy rocky bed, in
a’ the lame. And yet if need I was as
my wine; that found and fed with the doctors
returning my knots, like world’s way, and speak
to hold it! Like a trice were in your hair.
Ninety-sixth Stanza
About the world’s sunflowery Spring
light in monarchs are gone: forget not your
left under his beams, so ready how are
our joys, streight: my rudder with thee wings are.
Forget not be show the lamps&I’ll let your
virtues may scoff at; in my heart up
solemnly, as for eyes have don’t wished his passed,
the almost the things right in this condition
deep, and used to a feast. The lime and
furthest comes still blessing everything. Is,
What the spoke, and join’d in Beauties treasure?
Green, who long family stood, because enough
the pyre of design, for merit at
her self might and pinioned to scold me.
Ninety-seventh Stanza
The employed no minute, a miracle.
For euen in part, gathers by your time to
us, and present all arguments were
not behave it lies, and told it under
a summer’s rain; once haue somewhat she must,
and is the dead? Charms, faded steps aright,
and a sharper sense, with gown tucked up, doth
nye, I hold betwixt his knee. We’ll take of
the children and chaine the one you agen.
My scalp. In vain to do with the treasures
their wont to say, that never in her husband,
your back. I have we to be for dust
and increasingst confirmed, and thou shalt wane,
should up his hands caught it much wild bee’s song.
#poetry#automatically generated text#Patrick Mooney#Markov chains#Markov chain length: 6#132 texts#sonnet sequence
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13 au 19 juin 2022
I landed on Monday and was in the garden bright and early Tuesday. I did a lot of watering. I lost several plants, though fewer than I feared. I decided the Reseda lutea needed to be removed from the prairie. It took me two days because of the heat, I could only work there for a few hours at a time. Then I had to find work in the shade.
Removing the R. lutea completely changed the feel of the prairie. It is much lower and now the Achillea is taking over and the white looks very nice. I also decided that the Antirrhinum needed to be drastically thinned and lowered. It is very dry so I wanted to irrigate and was scared the sprinklers would just break the tall stems.
Wednesday evening was a Mediterranean Garden Society presentation, this time with a garden designer in Australia.
Thursday Alejandro came over and we had a good look at the garden and a walk through with Mme. for the big party. Alejandro told me about a recipe to steep Salvia sclarea in white wine.
One recipe:
Clary Wine
Take twelve pounds of Malaga raisins, pick them and chop them very small, put them in a tub, and to each pound one-half pint of water. Let them steep ten or eleven days, stirring it twice every day; you must keep it covered close all the while. Then strain it off, and put it into a vessel, and about one-quarter peck of the tops of clary, when it is in blossom; stop it close for six weeks, and then bottle it off. In two or three months it is fit to drink. It is apt to have a great sediment at bottom; therefore it is best to draw it off by plugs, or tap it pretty high.
Another recipe:
Clary Wine
Ingredients
3 to 4 oz clary sage flowers
1 lb raisins
2 lemons, quartered
3 lb sugar
1 gallon water
½ oz baker's yeast or 1 pkg wine yeast
Place all ingredients (except sugar, yeast and water) into a crock. Pour ½ gallon of boiling water over the contents of the crock. Leave for 2 to 3 hours, covered. Boil half the sugar in 1 quart of water for 2 minutes and add this to the rest while still boiling. Mix well and when cool enough, add yeast. Cover again and ferment in a warm place for 10 days, stirring daily and covering immediately again. After 10 days, strain out the solids and wring out as dry as you can. Place the strained liquid into a gallon glass jug. Boil the other half of the sugar in the remaining quart of water for 2 minutes and when cool, add to the jug. Cover or fit a fermentation lock and continue to ferment in a warm place till all fermentation ceases.
By Friday the prairie was looking refreshed. I took over dead-heading the Lomelosia around the pool and along the alley. I’m fearful that I’m going to lose a lot of them this summer. Removing the seed heads brightens up the plant, allowing the grey-green foliage to take precedence over the dull brown, amusing pompom seed heads. I’m also removing all the seed heads from the nasty, invasive Brachypodium phoenicoides that will take several lifetimes to eradicate.
Plant of the week
Boraginaceae Pontechium maculatum L.
common name(s) - français : vipérine d’Europe; Deutsch : Natternkopf
synonym(s) - Echium clavatum Willd. ex Lehm.; E. italicum S.G.Gmel.; E. kochii Litard.; E. linearifolium K.Koch; E. maculatum ; E. papillosum K.Koch; E. russicum J.F. Gmel.; E. thyrsoideum Vent.
conservation rating - Least Concern
native to - Northern Africa, western Asia, Europe
location - Domaine de l’Orangerie
leaves - silky-haired, gray-green
flowers - reddy-purple in summer
habit - a biennial, monocarpic, semi-evergreen, short lived plant to 1m tall and 500mm wide
habitat - grows in narrow-leaved dry grasslands (Festucion valesiacae) and broad-leaved grassland (Bromion erecti), sunlit slopes, steppe meadows, deserted vineyards in lowlands and hilly areas; originally occurred mainly on the flat steppes of the Pannonian region, from which it has been gradually driven out to extensively used rock slopes with xeric grassland to forest-steppe vegetation
pests - generally pest-free
disease - generally disease-free
hardiness - to -10ºC (H4)
soil - well-drained, sandy, chalky
sun - full sun
propagation - needs specific temperature: 18ºC to 21ºC ; days to germinate: 21 to 45
pruning - none
nomenclature - Boraginaceae - ; Pontechium - ; maculatum -
NB - of ornamental, apicultural and medicinal value; single species genus
References :
Gledhill, David, (2008) “The Names of Plants”, fourth edition; Cambridge University Press; ISBN: 978-0-52168-553-5
IUCN [online] https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162105/5538499 [25 May 22]
mesArbustes [online] https://www.mesarbustes.fr/echium-russicum-viperine-rouge-d-europe.html [25 May 22]
Missouri Botanical Garden [online] https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=293583&isprofile=0&pt=8 [25 May 22]
Plants Database [online] https://garden.org/plants/view/87236/Echium-Pontechium-maculatum-subsp-maculatum/ [25 May 22]
Plants of the World [online] http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673158-1 [18 Jan 22]
Royal Horticultural Society [online] https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9473/Jovellana-violacea/Details [19 June 22]
World Flora Online [online] http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000662918 [25 May 22]
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the amount of dead people I've managed to see irl is willd just from wrong place wrong time ig but w the luck I have I ain't never opening a bag or suitcase or nothing on a walk imma mind my business. shrodingers corpse and the odds r against me
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Honestly the whole idea of body dysmorphia confuses me. To me the ideas of body dysmorphia implies that there is some kind of a standard basic preception of onseelf that one cannot truly see.
Prehaps I simply pay more attention to myself than others? Prehaps I just notice the things other people don’t. They don’t have the right to set a standard for me. I don’t care if someone else thinks that I look fine, I care about how I see myself. I care about how I look to myself.
I will agree that my mindset and preception of me isn’t healthy although right now, it’s true to a certain degree. I will open my mind to reconsider this when I reach the low end of my healthy BMI. I don’t know what I willd do then - mantain or keep loosing? It’s hard to say but we shall see.
Of course there are some things I can’t control e.g. my face. I hope that as I loose weight, my face starts looking better or better. Otherwise idk what I will do then. Worse case possible is me getting plastic srugery but idk.
Sometimes I have good days when I think that I’m gorgeous, at other times such as today I think of myself as disgusting. I swing from one end of the pendulum to another.
I’m glad that at least nowadays I have a place here to be open. It gives me comfort because I’m at least getting to know what my issues are.
In the past it would always be me trying to get myself to go to the gp, prepearing a list of symptoms while having a mental breakdown. Then cowarding out and acting like nothing is wrong. Here I write and I speak out without it ruining my whole day untill I go into “denial - lets forget everything” mode.
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I'm so proud of lana for her insta post! Nothing but truth honestly, what do you think about it?
I would have preferred it if Lana didn’t bring up other female artists to get her point across, because it’s taken away from her whole message since people are focusing on the name dropping instead. But overall, I agree with Lana. Her art is reflective of her pain, her experience, her life, her emotions and she should be able to express it in whichever way she chooses to without getting hated on. I also strongly empathise with her when she said that there’s got to be a place for women who may be perceived by society as weaker because of their history of playing a passive role in a relationship. There are tons of women out there who was in that position at some point of their life, or are now, and no one should be putting those women down for that. She’s right, feminism isn’t just about the strong women who rose to the top, because what about the women who didn’t have the courage to do that? We applaud tons of female artist for being “vulnerable” and “open” about their experience, but we refuse to applaud Lana somehow because what she chooses to be honest about does not sit well with the current state of society. I also think Lana does a very unique thing where she plays an ingenue and temptress in her artistry but somehow depicts how these roles have given her power, whether that’s over men or empowered her on a personal level. It is rare for a female artist of our generation to say that “Yes, I am a sexual creature and I exploited that to get what I want. I don’t give a fuck.”
I honestly can relate to some of Lana’s music and I would be willing to bet that a lot of modern women can. I never thought she glamourised being a “weak or submissive” woman, she just wrote about being one and how that made her feel at the time. Everyone has a moment of weakness in the face of romance, doesn’t matter how strong or weak-willded/minded you are.
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20, 34, and 40 for the ask game for the OC's! Just. Any of them you want. Go willd. I love.
*rubs hands together evilly* Go wild I shall
20. Does your character like animals? What are some of their favorite animals? Would they want pets? What about mythological creatures?
Jude:
Jude absolutely loves animals! He especially loves learning about them. His favorites are donkeys (because Rubi was the first animal he ever met, and he absolutely loves her to bits) and frogs (they’re just so interesting) at the moment. He would keep literal heaps of frogs as pets if he could, but he doesn’t have anywhere to keep them that would be safe and comfortable. Honestly, you could show Jude any animal that he’s never seen before (which is most of them) and he’ll spend months researching and observing it.
The only animal he’ll actively avoid is a crocodile. He once healed a man who was nearly bitten in half by a crocodile, and he’s been terrified of them ever since.
As for mythological creatures, he knows they exist, but has no idea how to distinguish them from regular animals. Apep? They’re just a really big snake that talks, what’s so weird about that? Sea monster? It’s a big scaly thing that swims. Isn’t that just a shark?
Kul:
Kul is very cautious around animals and has had to pull Jude away from some pretty dangerous ones on several occasions. However, he does like both dogs and cats. Dogs have a lot of energy that they need to constantly expend, and Kul Feels That on a spiritual level. Cats are really sly and crafty, and if that doesn’t describe Kul to a ‘t’, I don’t know what does.
I’ve been playing around with the idea of giving Kul a guide dog as well, so that would be the closest thing to a pet you would get with him.
As for mythical creatures: “Rodents of unusual size? I don’t think they exist.”
Hathor:
Hathor worships the cat goddess Bast, so you can probably guess her favorite animal. She doesn’t keep a cat as a pet, but there is a stray that follows her around. She’ll occasionally feed it scraps, and it will crawl in her window at night to cuddle.
Hathor used to believe in mythical creatures when she was younger, but she doesn’t so much anymore. When she did believe, she was afraid of them. Most of Egypt’s monsters are not very friendly.
Braheem:
Braheem reveres and respects both animals and mythological creatures. A big part of the culture on Punt revolves around giving thanks to nature, because that’s where their magic comes from. He treats them with the same respect he would give to a human being. If he needs an animal for transportation reasons, he’ll make certain he has enough resources for them on the journey and he’ll thank them afterward.
Akela:
Cats are extremely good. They aren’t too needy, but are still beautiful to look at, and quite graceful. They can be affectionate, but tend to keep a respectful distance for the most part.
Mythical creatures? How old do you think I am, ten?
Kasaika:
Animals are either tools or pests to him. If he ever saw a mythological creature, they would fall into either one of those categories as well.
34. Does your character have favorite foods? (breakfast, lunch, dinner, dessert, snacks, etc)
Jude:
Jude will go absolutely apeshit for a slice of fresh olive bread, or some just-picked fruit. In the Kingdom of Thieves, he’d often get saddled with everyone else’s leftovers, meaning most of his diet consisted of stale bread and mushy- sometimes moldy -fruit. Just give the guy something fresh, or even day-old and he’ll cry tears of joy.
Don’t try to offer him any form of meat, though. Then his tears will be sad.
Kul:
Kul just really likes to eat lamb. Lamb kebabs are his favorite because his whole meal is just right there on a stick. He can grab it and go and not have to interact with his family at dinnertime.
Olive bread and dates are absolutely horrendous, and he’d rather die than put either one near his face.
Hathor:
Bread. Cheese. Grapes. Fucking superb. The snack plate of the gods.
Coconut is horrible. The texture. The lack of moisture. So. Damn. Dry.
Braheem:
Braheem can’t afford to be picky about what he eats, but his absolute favorite dish is groundnut soup with fu-fu (fu-fu is like dumplings, I think. Please correct me if I got that wrong). It reminds him of home.
Akela:
Bread and beer makes up most of her diet. She’ll occasionally throw some kind of fruit in there, just to mix it up a little.
Kasaika:
He must have the first pick of anything. He’s not picky about what he eats, as long as he gets it before anyone else.
However, he will throw hands if any sort of meat is brought in and not taken directly to him.
40. Does your OC have any guilty pleasures they enjoy? Hobbies, past times, music, etc that they wouldn’t want known by others?
Jude:
Jude keeps a journal of societal norms and laws and refers to it often. A lot of things about people still confuse him, and it helps him to keep everything organized in one place. One thing he doesn’t need the journal for is knowing that people would think his journal is weird.
Kul:
Kul has a secret compartment in his desk that he built a few years back. It contains various items that he’s not supposed to have, such as little knives, pliers, nails, and other building materials. It’s his secret prank desk, and his dad would probably fire like ten people and then confine Kul to his room for a month if he found it.
Hathor:
Hathor sneaks out of the palace a lot to buy clay for herself and prank materials for Kul (she never buys as much as he asks for though. She knows Kul can go a little overboard with his pranks). This is both very difficult, and very dangerous. Thebes has a rampant thief problem and Hathor just so happens to be a rich bitch.
She also spends a lot of time training with one of the palace guards she befriended, just in case something goes wrong on one of her outings.
Braheem:
This dude has been collecting and storing traveling gear in secret since the first week he joined the Kingdom of Thieves. Which like, Kasaika would kill him for if he knew.
Akela:
Akela keeps a flower garden as a tribute to a child she couldn’t save.
Kasaika:
Kasaika keeps a secret shrine to Isis, the goddess of life, and will often pray to her.
Thank you so much for these questions! They’ve actually really helped me flesh out some characters. :D
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Medicinal Plants Utilized for Treatment of Corona
by Dr. Sanjay Tomar "Medicinal Plants Utilized for Treatment of Corona"
Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45101.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/45101/medicinal-plants-utilized-for-treatment-of-corona/dr-sanjay-tomar
internationaljournalofscience, openaccessjournalofscience, ugcapprovedjournalsforscience
In the present review special emphasis is placed on Indian medicinal plants reported for antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti allergic anti inflammatory activities and they are categorized for prioritization in research on the basis of earlier reports. The formulation is made of four herbs Ocimum sanctum L. leaves, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. stem barks, Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes and Piper nigrum L. fruits. These herbs are reported to boost immunity and are active remedies to various viral diseases. Samshamani vati is made of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Miers family Menispermaceae , and reported to be an immunomodulator. Ethanolic extracts of N. sativa seeds demonstrated antiviral properties by decreasing viral load, alpha fetoprotein, and improved liver function parameters. The leaves of neem A. indica , a popular Indian plant, is traditionally boiled and consumed for treatment of fever. As post COVID 19 complications remains a new field of study at present, investigation on long term safety profile and pharmacokinetics of potential medicinal plants can be beneficial. Crude extract or pure compounds isolated from medicinal plants and or herbs such as Artemisia annua, Agastache rugosa, Astragalus membranaceus, Cassia alata, Ecklonia cava, Gymnema sylvestre, Glycyrrhizae uralensis, Houttuynia cordata, Lindera aggregata, Lycoris radiata, Mollugo cerviana, Polygonum multiflorum, Pyrrosia lingua, Saposhnikoviae divaricate, Tinospora cordifolia etc. have shown promising inhibitory effect against coronavirus. Medicinal plants and natural products are still considered promising alternatives to prevent or treat several diseases. Since the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic in December 2019, various traditional herbal medicines have been used and resulted in positive health effects among COVID 19 patients. A total of 60 species of medicinal plants from 36 families and 54 genera were documented as being perceived. Among them, the most common families were Apiaceae 6 species , Zingiberaceae 4 species , Amaryllidaceae 4 species and Lamiaceae 4species . And most common genus were Allium 3 species , Terminalia 2 species , Mentha 2 species , Cinnamomum 2 species , and Syzygium. Likewise, the most perceived species was Zingiber officinale 39.79 followed by Curcuma angustifolia 34.11 . The habit analysis showed that the medicinal plants belonging to herb, shrub, climber, and tree species were 56.67 , 11.67 , 6.67 , and 25 respectively. Leaves 33.68 were the most predominantly used parts, followed by seeds 23.33 , fruits 21.67 , roots 13.33 , rhizomes 11.67 , whole plant 8.33 , bark 6.67 stem 1.67 , and bulb 1.67 . The most commonly used method of preparations was to grind the parts, boil with hot water or milk, and drink.
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“As Europeans moved into the countryside a new word emerged, a word with evil connotations, a word that represented a place where the devil dwelt and witches performed satanic rituals. This word was wilderness. The word “wilderness” emerged from the old Teutonic and Norse languages. It combined the word will, or willd, meaning self-willed or uncontrollable, and the word deor that was an Old English word for an animal (this is where the modern word deer most likely originated from). As domestic animals, controlled by man, were beginning to thrive, self-willed animals or the will-deor started to take on a negative public image. And wild-deor-ness became a word to mean a place of self-willed animals where man did not have control. At this same time the Catholic Church claimed that it was man’s obligation to control the entire earth. One can see how in the Middle Ages, when humans’ self will was tied so closely to God and salvation and the soul, that a place of wild animals became a place associated with evil. The animal most closely associated with this new word “wilderness” was the wolf.”
https://iep.utm.edu/am-wild/
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Egyptian Geranium Essential Oil Benefits
Egyptian Geranium Essential Oil Benefits
Geranium essential oil has a lot of research behind it for some illnesses, but not so much for others. Always consult a doctor before using geranium essential oil, and never use it in place of a prescription drug or treatment.
The following conditions may benefit from geranium oil:
Acne, dermatitis, and inflammatory skin diseases are some of the most common skin problems.
When applied topically, geranium essential oil's antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiseptic characteristics are effective for reducing acne outbreaks, skin irritation, and skin infections, according to a 2017 review.
The anti-inflammatory qualities of geranium essential oil make it useful for a variety of inflammatory diseases, including skin inflammation.
Geranium essential oil has shown promise as a potential anti-inflammatory drug with little side effects, according to one study.
Edema
The anti-inflammatory properties of geranium essential oil were found to be useful in an animal study for leg and foot swelling induced by edoema.
Adding geranium essential oil to bath water, according to anecdotal evidence, may be a useful method to cure this problem. More research into the benefits of geranium essential oil on edoema is needed.
Vestibulitis of the nose
Nasal vestibulitis is a bothersome illness linked to cancer medication therapy.
Geranium essential oil may help with nasal symptoms like bleeding, scabbing, soreness, dryness, and ulcers, according to a short observational research and anecdotal evidence.
Geranium essential oil was combined with sesame oil and utilised as a nasal spray in women undergoing breast cancer chemotherapy for the study.
Infection
Geranium essential oil has been linked to the prevention of bacterial infections in several studies. Geranium essential oil is antimicrobial and antibacterial, making it useful against a wide range of microorganisms.
egyptian geranium essential oil benefits was found to be about as effective as amoxicillin in battling bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus, according to one source. A different bacterial strain, Listeria monocytogenes, was found to be ineffective in the same investigation.
Neurodegenerative disease
Neuroinflammation is linked to a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Citronellol, a component of geranium essential oil, was discovered to limit nitric oxide production, lowering inflammation and cell death in the brain, according to a study.
Geranium essential oil, according to researchers, may provide benefits for persons with neurodegenerative disorders that include neuroinflammation.
Menopause and perimenopause are two stages of menopause.
Aromatherapy with geranium essential oil was proven to be effective in boosting salivary oestrogen secretion, according to a source.
Researchers hypothesised that geranium essential oil could be beneficial to women going through menopause and perimenopause, who are suffering lower oestrogen levels and health-related problems.
Anxiety, stress, and depression are all symptoms of depression.
Aromatherapy is becoming increasingly popular, especially in medical settings. Inhaled geranium essential oil had a relaxing impact and was able to minimise the anxiety associated with first-stage labour, according to a randomised clinical trial Source of women in labour for the first time.
Anecdotal data suggests that geranium essential oil can help people relax and feel better. The relaxing, antidepressive benefits of the Reunion geranium (Pelargonium roseum willd) essential oil strain were investigated in a mouse study, and it was found to be useful in lowering stress.
Shingles cause discomfort.
Postherpetic neuralgia, a painful disorder affecting the nerve fibres and skin that run along a nerve, is a common side effect of shingles.
These benefits were only transitory, and they had to be reapplied as needed.
Allergies
The citronellol concentration of geranium essential oil, according to one preliminary source, makes it possibly useful for lowering allergic symptoms. However, more research is required.
Topical usage may alleviate irritation caused by allergic reactions, according to anecdotal data. This is due to the essential oil's anti-inflammatory properties.
Wound treatment
According to anecdotal evidence, geranium essential oil can help stop minor cuts from bleeding. It may do so by forcing blood vessels to constrict and speeding up coagulation. Its antibacterial and antiseptic characteristics aid in the healing process.
Diabetes
In Tunisia, geranium essential oil has long been used as a folk medicine to cure hyperglycemia.
In rats, daily oral treatment considerably lowered glucose levels, according to an animal research. Researchers stated that geranium essential oil could help persons with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels, but that more research is needed.
Geranium essential oil should not be consumed by humans. Although more research in people is needed, aromatherapy in a diffuser or applied topically could have the same effect.
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and there are two left. tons pursue him and cork for it. and are correct they suck. tons are at them for the attack...and then this how can you stay sane well i know doesnt give arats ass about us and this sucks he is a villain big time. this has been mounting trump at biden constantly and for the job back it is irresistable to say that more than he are at work, but he is termanlly idiotic. and wont stop. so we watch biden get angrier and angrier. and today they see it in the rings grabbing skulls again. and trump upt toi t suit on. and huge. 20′. and attacks caa yes attacks then says out and your out done. an we hithim now he will be there momentarily, Cruise will no Trump will and these characters are at him. the skulls meant for dc and surrounddding trump announces shortly after arriving. tons see his die now and at hopsitals seeking stuff. tons fight there now Thor Freya we strike now and have a huge force ready here. are invading , need to they are so foul mouthed and lame Hera Zues we use it too all of it and on them hateful assholes Bitol and Bitol and yes im the Goddess Wife the second Bitol we issued tons of warrants and suits and more. and we slap them with liable suits daily and smirks help our cases. we won several and class actions and vs kia too, and for same. we use it today. on these. we mount major assaults all over florida and pull it all up and out. fast too. huge huge lots firing all day long. i want to say this your not to issue his name unless i approve it. and not on shrinks just yet no. his name no. but on them yes. we see them and thier smils so we hit. we issued one on someone his name he would not stp threatning if we paid hm took it off and mmore so we vanquished his clan fully. heand his ppl gone. dead. fully. hedi and lou cintron yes are gone. macs and died blabbing this “we are only a short story many more will take our place” he said yeh on purpose dim wit and them we are not dim wits you aer and canont withstand it, and why not you avhe no idea my burden cheap shits...they said ok we get it a talker...we say it as a lot willd ow hat we did..fall like animals...srue.y you are correct it forces it and your sure you want to say that.. your dead. i see you. bye bye. and he said bye. and died she did too. forever Thor Freya
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAZOVt4K8Tw
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Ve never be my care
Ve never be my care, or hand on
my Father Countries but that now approve her,
think of thing was getting in
springtime, vaguely listen to my arms
she flies, yet all unconscience in desires have a
future Kings of his own reflecting
a bottle broken purpose waste it
self, as any Life-long Habit so consumed,
mark if he course; still were all aloud the
lawn, youth, and as the times bright guid
willd my Mind; to my burial room: my faith indigniting
on Cannobie Lee, but this chanting
at the pawnshop window flower does Love
of man; he gave assent: yet, Corah might be.
I feel me then close, turnd a foe in hope
to get Preferment, and from
Earth: and perspective with purple night and
snow, with the moon and
there had turn into a bitterness
amends to be presenteth nought but
worn and the heaunly eye; their virtuous, that
summers brilliant, a gang war wrapped in
her bosom burns and always cheat your
living and think me some doe I heare to
help to their Duty bound foreheads drawn
to raking with a song
tongue and eury part of Life can smile; but once
Divine Perfection bleed. • He is all his
grass never Rebell hung Balaam and Achitophel,
grown the ballads which it is
sweetest behind her shame, and they blest, knight, some little
of the red councils, wielding all
made up afloat, which, some mothers Name is to
Ruine hare, nor no less amorous boy; like cream
enclareted; and Fortune roll. Below
then if the Pen of books, his
Vertue Malice may but to me, darling
Son! To one) where might the
lover what he sighs laboured; and water, een
let thy present powers all. Went
sorrow place my steps of Peoples Cause. Arise to
pressive groves and Marians nose lookd down
wi right that vernal World his for my Safety
shok; and white vestures, still refuse?
Now lies we ply there with looks
his Soul she fixt a showed my heart, she goes—
the yellow boat beneath thy limits of
a kiss— thus to the Sword
of your hair. When this winged birds come
wait on many, multiplyd his Great, rough
the cold, like Heavens own darling and there had
turnd the sash a shapes, the one
who sayes, (to grammer who can set downward
strive, more that she, when the
Crown in Peace they tears shall the Sultan, as
we find ourselves are was
colourd with Pride; or witness is
a Roarer, and the State; turnd.
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The Beneficial Effects of Traditional Herbal Medicine on Bone Metabolism
There are three processes involved in bone metabolism; those are matrix deposition, mineralization, and resorption. When the balance of those processes breaks down, we end up with disorders like Osteoporosis—diagnosed via a bone scan showing degeneration in the matrix architecture and low mineral density.
The result of this degradation is that the bones become more fragile, and there is an increased risk of fracture in the affected bones. Changes to the bone can also be a factor in the development of Osteoarthritis, a joint disease associated with both the breakdown of cartilage and inflammation.
To avoid many of the side-effects associated with bone thinning and joint pain medication finding viable medicinal plants as a natural alternative is in your best interests. In this article, we will be discussing several of these options.
Natural products that help bone fragility include:
Echinacea: A study by Kohli and Kohli showed that echinacea helps prevent menopausal bone thinning by increasing the body’s ability to maintain balance in the bone-building processes.
Vanillic Acid: Found in angelica sinensis, improves bone turnover markers, which is a sign of structurally healthy bone, according to Wang Y.G. et al.
Kirenol (Herba siegesbeckiae, Xi Xian Cao) - Studies showed Kim et al. that the properties of kirenol are linked to the formation of bone-building cells into type I collagen, osteopontin, and osterix, to name a few, all of which contribute to bone health.
Ugonin K (Helminthostachys zeylanica, Kamraj, and Tunjuk-langit) - Through much study Lee et al. determined that ugonin k was a mechanism of action in the strengthening of bone-building cells with depositing mineral in those cells.
Neobavaisoflavone (Psoralea corylifolia, Babchi) - This plant is another that aids in laying down minerals in the protein matrix of bone-building cells, as cited in an evidence-based study by Don et al.
Kobophenol A (Caragana sinica Rhed, Chinese Peashrub) - Enhances bone creation cells’ activity to manage bone fragility, as learned in a study by Kwak et al.
Formononetin (Butea monosperma, Flame-of-the-forest) - This naturally occurring extract has shown early-stage fracture repair results. Huh et al. indicated that it could be beneficial for fracture healing.
Genistein (Genista tinctoria, Dyer’s greenweed) - A study by Qi and Zeng found that in conjunction with silicon, genistein treatment restored bone volume and thickness of the femur, the largest leg bone. Odle et al. determined genistein increased the amount of force needed to break the femur.
Puerarin (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Kudzu) - The active compounds in this phytoestrogen, studied for its ability to protect against bone mineral density decline, also improves bone structure tissue at the end of long bones such as the femur Liu et al. concluded.
Ophiopogonin D (Ophiopogon japonicus, Dwarf lilyturf) - According to Huang Q. et al., this plant extract promotes antioxidant activity, allowing for the reversal of bone loss occurrence activity in the body.
Naringin - Ang et al. observed that naringin, a flavonoid isolated from grapefruit, increased bone’s mechanical strength and ability to retain and deliver minerals to the framework cells, among other things.
Poncirin (Poncirus trifoliata, Trifoliate orange) - A study by Yoon et al. revealed that this flavonoid significantly increased bone mineral density and base bone construction.
Rutin - A citrus flavonoid that Wang QL et al. identified as having inflammation calming properties while also enhancing the average bone volume fraction, making it a viable treatment option for bone mineral loss.
Products that help both bone fragility and joint deterioration:
Salvianolic Acid B & Tanshinol (Salvia miltiorrhiza, Red sage) - As a treatment for joint swelling, salvianolic acid b shows promise reducing cartilage degradation, says Lou et al. He and Shen found it accelerates early-stage fracture healing, which is helpful for fracture patients. Tanshinol, per Yan et al., stimulates bone formation in areas where the loss occurred.
Costunolide (Saussurea lappa, Costus, Kuth, Putchuk) - The roots of this plant contain chemicals that enhance cell growth, collagen synthesis, and the addition of strengthening minerals, as studied by Lee and Choi.
Resveratrol - This substance found in red grapes is associated with reducing osteoclasts, cells that break down bone tissue, helping preserve the existing bone as noted by Zhao et al. Its properties that reduce inflammation, as the team of Wei et al. discovered, protect against arthritis.
Icariin (Herba epimedium, Barrenwort) - Tang et al. and Gao et al., in separate studies, identified attributes in icariin that increase bone and cartilage regeneration, making it a reliable treatment for both bone loss and arthritis.
Kaempferol (Kaempferia galanga L, Aromatic Ginger) - From studies by Lee et al. and Zhuang et al., we learned that kaempferol prevents bone loss, and it also decreases inflammation and eases arthritis symptoms.
These traditional herbal natural remedies benefit from not having some of the terrible side effects associated with standard osteoporosis medications. As the world population ages, they suffer from various health problems, and having safe and effective treatments for those conditions becomes essential. An excellent place to start is by searching for an effective herbal company near me.
If you can’t find a business you’re satisfied with; you can turn to natural herbal remedies CO. Many traditional formulations contain one or more of the plants listed as a treatment for other ailments. Make sure you take a moment to read the list of ingredients on the herbal supplements you consider. A trustworthy supplier will proudly display the herbal products that go into their formulas.
#herbal medicine lafayette#children supplement near me#best herbal medicine near me#herbal products store near me#best natural herbal supplement 2020
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Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Evaluation of Acetone, Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Agapanthus praecox Willd- Juniper Publishers
Abstract
Agapanthus praecox Willd of the family Amaryllidaceae is widely used in South African traditional medicine to treat heart disease, paralysis, coughs, colds, chest pains and diarrhea. The decoction is used to prevent pregnancy complications and argument labor. The study aims at determining the phytochemical constituents and investigating the potential toxicity of the solvent extracts of A. praecox. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was done using standard procedures and spectrophotometric techniques while the toxicity assessment was carried out with brine shrimp toxicity bioassay. The data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Methanol had the highest percentage yield of extract (16.2 %) while water (9.3 %) was the least. The quantities of tannins (335.23mg/g-1), phenols (91.11mg g-1), proanthocyanidins (139.47mg/g-1), flavonoids (46.53mg/g-1) and flavanols (74.02mg/g-1) in acetone extract were significantly higher (p>0.05) than in aqueous and methanolic extracts. Highest hatching success was recorded in aqueous extract (50.33%) and the lowest hatching success (p<0.05) was recorded in the positive control (amoxicillin). The LC50 of all the solvent extracts was greater than 1mg/mL (LC50>1mg/mL) while the positive control (amoxicillin) had a lesser LC50 (0.76mg/mL). Organic solvents of fresh leaves of A. praecox contained significant phytochemicals that were not toxic according to Meyer’s index of toxicity, which states that any substance with LC50>1mg/mL were considered non-toxic. Further toxicological evaluation assays are recommended to confirm the toxicity of A. praecox.
Keywords: Agapanthus praecox; Plant extracts; Phytochemicals; Toxicity; Brine shrimp; Hatchability; Lethality
Introduction
The ever-increasing interest in the use of medicinal plants to treat different ailments and diseases necessitates the investigation of their potential toxicities. Most people in developing countries rely on medicinal plants for their primary health care. Diversity, flexibility, easy accessibility, relative low cost, low levels of technological input and relative low side effects are some of the positive features of traditional medicine [1]. All medicinal plants contain active principles such as saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glycosides etc. which are responsible for their biological activities [2]. These active principles have been reported to possess therapeutic as well as toxicological properties [3]. The toxicity of the medicinal plants has been attributed to the quantities and strength of their active principles [4]. As the global interest in the use of medicinal plants is increasing, public health issues and concerns surrounding their safety are also increasingly recognized. The ethno pharmacological significance of Agapanthus praecox in South African folkloric medicine made it suitable for the current study.
Agapanthus praecox locally called “Isicakathi” (Isixhosa) is a rhizomatous herb of the family Amaryllidaceae. This species occurs in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It usually grows to between 0.8 and 1 metre tall and has 10-11 leathery leaves. The blue to purple or white flowers are clustered in a large globular flower head. The fruit is a greenish capsule. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oedema, antitussive, immunoregulatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumour properties [5]. It is used in folkloric medicine to treat chest pains, coughs and colds [6]. Duncan et al. reported its inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme in vitro hence, used to treat high blood pressure and related disorders [7]. The leaves with Dianthus sp. are used to treat gastrointestinal tract trouble and abdominal pains [8]. The leaves are used to hold dressings in place and wound around wrists to bring down fevers [9]. Koduru et al. also reported the anticancer potential of the root infusion [10].
Agapanthus praecox has been considered a plant of fertility and pregnancy; it has aphrodisiac property and is used as a medicine for impotency and barrenness [5]. It has been reported that the decoction can induce labour and ensure smooth expulsion of the placenta [11-12]. Pooley stated that “bathing the new born baby with the decoction of A. praecox makes them strong, keep them free from bowel problems and prevents crusts on the head” [13]. The anti- depressant property was reported by Nielsen et al. [14]. It was listed among the plant species traditionally used in Southern Africa for the treatment of various central nervous system-related ailments [15]. Despite, the wide usage of A. praecox in indigenous medicine system, its phytochemical constituents and potential toxicity remain unknown. Though, Notten [6] suspected its haemolytic poisoning in humans but this has not been proven. To furnish the general public including the traditional medicine practitioners with adequate information to facilitate better understanding of the risks associated with the use of this plant; this study aims at estimating the phytochemical constituents as well as evaluating the potential toxicity of Agapanthus praecox using brine shrimp toxicity testing as a preliminary test to ascertain its level of toxicity.
Materials and Methods
Plant collection
Fresh leaves of Agapanthus praecox were collected from the University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, South Africa in June 2016. The plant was identified by Dr. OJ Sharaibi and a voucher specimen (SHAMed 2016/07) was deposited in the Giffen’s herbarium of the University.
Sample preparation and extraction
The fresh leaves were rinsed, air dried and pulverized before extraction. One hundred gram each of the powdered materials was soaked in 1000mL of distilled water, acetone and methanol respectively. The aqueous extract was filtered through Whatman no.1 paper and the filtrate was freeze-dried for 48 h using a freeze dryer (Vir Tis benchtop K, Vir Tis Co., Gardiner, NY). The acetone and methanolic extracts were concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure at 40℃ using a rotary evaporator (Strike 202 Steroglass, Italy). The resulting extracts were reconstituted in their respective solvents to give the desired concentrations used in the study.
Phytochemical Analysis
Determination of total phenol contents
A volume of 0.5mL of the extract (1mg/mL) was mixed with 5mL Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (previously diluted with water 1:9 v/v) and 4mL (75g/L) of sodium carbonate. The tubes were vortexed for 15 s and allowed to stand for 30 min at 40 ℃ Absorbance was measured at 765nm using AJI-C03 UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results were expressed as mg/g tannic acid equivalent using the equation based on the calibration curve:
Y=0.1216x,R=0.9365
Where x is the absorbance and Y was the tannic acid equivalent.
Determination of flavonoids contents
A volume of 0.5mL of 2% AlCl3 ethanol solution was added to 0.5mL of the sample solution. After 1 h at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 420nm. Extract samples were evaluated at a final concentration of 0.1mg/mL. The results were calculated as quercetin equivalent (mg/g) using the equation based on the calibration curve: Y = 0.0255x , R2 = 0.981
Where x was the absorbance and Y was the quercetin equivalent
Determination of total flavanols contents
The reacting mixture of 2mL each of the extracts with 2mL of AlCl3 in ethanol solution and 3 mL of 50g/L sodium acetate solution was allowed to stay for 2.5 h at 20 oC in a water bath. The absorbance was measured at 440nm. The flavanols contents were calculated thus: Y = 0.0255x , R2 = 0.9812
where x was the absorbance and Y is the quercetin equivalent in mg/g.
Determination of proanthocyanidins contents
A volume of 0.5mL each of the plant extracts was added to 3mL of vanillin- methanol (4 % v/v). 1.5mL of hydrochloric acid was added to the reacting mixture and vortexed. The mixture was allowed to stand for 15 min at room temperature. Absorbance was measured at 500nm. Proanthocyanidins content was expressed as:
Y = 0.5825x , R2 = 0.9277
where x was the absorbance and Y was the cathecin equivalent in mg/g.
Determination of tannin contents
The extracts weighing 0.20g was added to 20mL of 50 % methanol, vortexed vigorously and later incubated at 80 oC in a water bath for 1h. The filtrate was mixed with 20mL of distilled water, 2.5mL of Folin-Dennis reagent and 10 mL of 17 % aqueous Na2CO3. The mixture was made up to 100mL with distilled water, mixed and allowed to stand for 20min. The absorbance of the tannic acid standard solutions and the sample was measured at 706nm. Results were expressed as mg/g of tannic acid equivalent using the calibration curve:
Y = 0.0763x , R2 = 0.9644
where x was the absorbance and Y was the tannic acid equivalent
Determination of alkaloids contents
A volume of 200mL of 10 % acetic acid prepared in ethanol was added to 5g each of the extracts. This was covered and allowed to stand for 4h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to one-fourth of the original volume in a water bath. Concentrated ammonium hydroxide was added drop-wisely to the extract, pending the completion of the precipitation. The solution was allowed to settle and re-filtered after washing with dilute ammonium hydroxide. The residue obtained was dried, weighed and the percentage composition was determined using the formula:
% Alkaloid= Final weight of the sample / Initial weight of the extract x100 .
Determination of saponins content
The extracts weighing 20g was added to 100mL of 20% aqueous ethanol and kept in a shaker for 30 min. The mixture was heated over the water bath for 4 h at 55 ℃ and then filtered to collect the residue which was later re-extracted with 200mL of 2 % aqueous ethanol. The filtrate was concentrated over the water bath at 90 ℃ to approximately 40mL. The concentrate was transferred into a 250mL separatory funnel and extracted twice with 20mL diethyl ether. The ether layer was discarded while the aqueous layer was retained and to which 60ml n- butanol was added. The mixture was washed twice with 10mL of 5 % aqueous sodium chloride. After evaporation, the samples were dried in the oven at 40 ℃ to a constant weight. The saponins content was calculated using the formula:
% Saponins= Final weight of residue/ Initial weight of the sample x100.
Brine Shrimp Toxicity Bioassay
Preparation of the assay system
The assay system was prepared according to Ohikhena, et al. [16]. Five Petri dishes containing 30ml of the plant extracts dissolved in filtered seawater were prepared in a two-fold dilution to yield a series of concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625mg/mL) of the plant extracts. Amoxicillin dissolved in seawater (30μl/ml) served as a positive control while Petri dishes containing sea water served as the negative controls. The experimental setup was allowed to stand in open air for 30min for the solvents to evaporate.
Brine shrimp hatchability assay
Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) cysts were stocked at a density of 10 individuals per Petri dish. Each Petri dish contained 30ml of the incubation medium at varying concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625 mg/mL). They were partly covered, incubated at 28 ℃ and allowed to stand for 72h under constant illumination. The number of free nauplii in each Petri dish was counted after every 12h. The percentage of hatchability was assessed by comparing the number of hatched nauplii with the total number of cysts stocked. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined as the minimum concentration of the plant extracts (or control drug) that inhibited hatching of the cysts.
Brine shrimp lethality assay
The lethality of A. praecox extracts against brine shrimp nauplii was evaluated by pipetting an aliquot (0.1 ml) containing 10 nauplii into each Petri dish of extract solutions and controls. The setup was allowed to remain for 72 h under constant illumination; dead larvae in each Petri dish were counted after every 12 h.
The percentage mortality (M %) was calculated as:
Mortality(%)= Total nauplii- Alive nauplii × 100/Total nauplii
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 5 statistical package (GraphPad Software, San Diego MA, USA). The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. All the results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3) and were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05.
Results and Discussion
Dry extract yield
Dry extract yield
Phytochemical constituents
The quantities of tannins (335.2mg/g-1), phenols (91.1mg/g- 1), proanthocyanidins (139.5mg/g-1), flavonoids (46.5mg/g-1) and flavanols (74.0. mg/g-1) in acetone extract were significantly higher (p>0.05) than in aqueous and methanolic extracts. The amount of saponins in all the extracts was considerably while all the extracts contained little amounts of alkaloids. .
Values are the mean of the three replicates (n=3).
The extracts of A. praecox contained a considerable amount of phytochemicals that have significant therapeutic and exhibit biological activities in humans. The presence of these phytochemicals may be responsible for the diverse uses of this plant in traditional medicine. The amount of tannins, phenols and proanthocyanidins in all the extracts were considerably high. According to Ben Mohamed et al. [19], polyphenols levels are considerably affected by genetic factors like plant species, plant organ, phenological stage, and environmental factors like climatic conditions, biotic and abiotic stresses occurring during plant growth. Basma, et al. [20] and Chew, et al. [21] also identified higher amounts of polyphenols in leaves than the remaining plant organs. The phenolics have been reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [22]. Proanthocyanidins have a putative role as antioxidants, they affect the inflammatory process and protect against H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation [23]. Yamakoshi, et al. [24] investigated the tox of proanthocyanidins from grape seed extracts and reported lack of toxicity in both acute and sub-acute toxicity studies and supported the use of proanthocyanidins as food supplements. The quantities of saponins in A. praecox leaves in all the extracts were very high; acetone extract (142%), methanolic extract (132%) and aqueous extract (123%). Ezeabara, et al. [25] also reported higher levels of saponins in the leaves of Citrus sinensis and peel of Citrus aurantifolia. Liu and Henkel [26] considered saponins and polyphenols as key ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines which are responsible for most of the observed biological activities. The saponins in A. praecox leaves may also possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity which may justify its usage in the traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds. The amount of alkaloids in the leaves of A. praecox was very small (0.296%). The alkaloids present in the leaves of A. praecox may be responsible for its antimicrobial activity reported in the literatures; since it plays role in the defence of systems against pathogens [27].
Brine shrimp hatchability assay
The percentage hatching success of A. salina in different solvent extracts and the controls were represented in (Figure 1a & 1b).
Highest hatching success was recorded in the aqueous extract (50.33%) compared with methanol extract (40.45%) and acetone extract (40.35%). The positive control, amoxicillin produced the least hatching success (24%). The order of percentage hatchability of A. salina cysts was aqueous extract> methanol extract>acetone extract> amoxicillin. This suggested that aqueous extract had low inhibitory activity against the A. salina cysts and this may justify the use of water in herbal preparations. Similar hatching success recorded in acetone extract (40.35%) and methanolic extract (40.45%) may be due to the strength and the quantity of the phytochemicals present in these extracts. According to Tulay [3], the toxicity of the medicinal plants can be attributed to the strength and quantity of their secondary metabolites.
The hatchability increased with decrease in concentrations of all the solvent extracts with highest hatching success observed in 0.0625mg/mL. This may be due to tolerance of A. salina being at resistant cyst stage to a wide range of salinity and until the dormancy is broken, hatching will not occur. It may also mean that all the extracts at 1mg/mL had inhibitory effects and therefore prevented the cysts from hatching. The increase in the rate of hatchability with time suggests the nutritive potential of the extract that the cysts thrived on as incubation progresses. The highest hatching rate of the cysts for all the extracts was observed after 72h of incubation. This contradicted Ohikhena et al. [16], who reported highest hatching success after 36h of incubation in various solvent extracts of Phragmanthera capitata. The difference in significant hatching time may be due to difference in plant species as reported by Tulay [3].
Brine shrimp lethality assay
The results of the percentage lethality of A. salina cysts in different solvent extracts of Agapanthus praecox, amoxicillin and sea water were shown in (Figures 2a & 2b).
Among the extracts studied, the highest percentage lethality was observed in methanol extract (78.53%) compared with acetone extract (50.22 %) and aqueous extract (42.35 %). Ogugu, et al. [28] stated that the type of solvent for the extraction process is vital for the toxicity testing, because different solvents show different extracting potential. The highest mortality rate observed in methanol extract can be due to the quantity and the type of phytochemicals present in the extract; since, methanol had the highest yield of extract during the extraction process of this study.
The highest mortality rate of A. salina cysts was observed in 1mg/mL of all the solvent extracts tested. This means increase in concentration increased the mortality rate and that the LC50 of all the extracts studied were greater than one (>1), hence the extracts were not toxic. According to Meyer’s toxicity index, extracts with LC50 < 1000μg/ml are considered as toxic, while extracts with LC50 >1000μg/ml are considered as non-toxic [29].
The rate of mortality increased with increase in time hence, the highest mortality rate was observed after 72 h of incubation of A. salina cysts in all the extracts. The longer the nauplii were exposed to the plant extracts, the higher the mortality. Significant mortality observed in all the plant extracts after 72h of incubation suggests that the plant extracts have some nutrients on which the nauplii fed on and that the toxic effects of the plant extracts on the nauplii were delayed but later manifested after a long time of exposure. This agreed with the reports of Ohikhena et al. [16] and Otang et al. [30]. According to Ahmed, et al. [31], the toxicity of plant samples was determined by comparing their LC50 values with highly toxic substances suitable to be used as positive controls for this test. In Figure 2b, amoxicillin had the highest percentage lethality (78.05%) in 1 mg/mL than all the plant extracts and this showed that amoxicillin used as positive control in this study was more toxic than all the plant extracts (Table 2).
Conclusion
The different phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of A. praecox are of significant biological activities; their presence may justify the diverse uses of A. praecox in South African traditional medicine. It was discovered from this study that, all the solvent extracts of Agapanthus praecox were not toxic (LC50>1mg/mL) in brine shrimp toxicity bioassay. It was confirmed from this study that water is the best solvent for preparation of A. praecox as it poses less risk to the users. Caution should be taken when using this plant and continuous use should be discouraged. Further investigation is necessary to determine the toxicity of the methanol extract of this plant as methanol extract exhibited the highest toxicity when compared with aqueous and acetone extracts.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; for the financial support given to this study.
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