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newstfionline · 6 months

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Tuesday, December 5, 2023

It’s the prices (NYT) The United States spends an average of about $13,000 per person every year on health care. No other country comes close to spending so much. The runner-up, Germany, spends about $7,400 per person. What do Americans get for all this spending? Our health care system does tend to produce more innovation than many others. But much of the spending does little to improve people’s lives. Despite all our spending, the U.S. has the lowest life expectancy of any high-income country, at 79.3 years. Twenty years ago, a group of researchers—Gerard Anderson, Uwe Reinhardt, Peter Hussey and Varduhi Petrosyan—published an academic paper that tried to solve the mystery. The title told the story: “It’s the prices, stupid.” The main reason that U.S. health spending is so high is not that Americans are sicker than people elsewhere or are heavier users of medical care (although both those factors play a role). The main reason is that almost every form of care in the U.S. costs more: doctor’s visits, hospital stays, drug prescriptions, surgeries and more. The American health care system maximizes the profits of health care companies at the expense of families’ budgets.

Nicaragua takes on Miss Universe (Washington Post) As Nicaragua has marched steadily toward dictatorship in recent years, its government has attacked opposition politicians, the Catholic Church, journalists and universities. Now it’s going after the beauty queens. Just when authorities appeared to have squelched all forms of dissent, a willowy 23-year-old Nicaraguan, Sheynnis Palacios, won the Miss Universe pageant on Nov. 18. People poured into the streets of the Central American country in jubilation. The government initially praised the victory—then photos emerged of Palacios taking part in mass anti-government protests in 2018, which were eventually crushed by security forces. The government struck back by attacking the country’s Miss Universe franchise, accusing the family that runs it of “conspiring against the nation.”

UK needs new plan to reverse hit to living standards, researchers say (Reuters) Britain needs a new economic strategy to reverse 15 years of falling living standards and worsening inequality, a leading think tank and an academic research centre said on Monday. British productivity growth has been half that of other rich economies, costing workers an average of 10,700 pounds ($13,577) a year in lost pay, the Resolution Foundation and the London School of Economics’ Centre for Economic Performance said.

Ukrainians in Germany Weigh Wrenching Choice: Stay or Go Home (NYT) Since fleeing Ukraine with her daughter, Iryna Khomich has made a home of a tiny space in a village of prefabricated units in southwestern Germany. A full tour of its single room takes only a few moments: an iron bunk bed and a wardrobe, shoes scattered near the door, clothes drying on radiators. On one recent afternoon, her cat, Dimka, walked in and out, while her daughter, Sofiia, 8, read a German textbook at a desk. But like other displaced Ukrainians who fled west to wait out the war against Russia, Ms. Khomich, 37, lives each day wrestling with an agonizing choice: Should she return home to Ukraine, where the fighting drags on interminably, or put down roots in Germany, effectively turning a temporary separation into something more lasting? It is a cruel dilemma faced by countless Ukrainian refugees scattered across Europe as the war nears the end of its second year, one that pits a longing for family and a sense of shared duty to rebuild their shattered country against the realization that the death and destruction are unlikely to end anytime soon. And they are debating it in places like Freiburg, a city nestled on the edge of the Black Forest close to the French border that has offered open arms, an extensive social safety net and the attractive promise of a life without war. “The heart says go back,” Ms. Khomich said. “But I want the best future for my daughter.”

Temperatures in Siberia dip to minus 50 Celsius as record snow blankets Moscow (Reuters) Temperatures in parts of Siberia plummeted to minus 50 degrees Celsius (minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit) while blizzards blanketed Moscow in record snowfall and disrupted flights as winter weather swept across Russia. In the Sakha Republic, located in the northeastern part of Siberia and home to Yakutsk, one of the world’s coldest cities, temperatures fell below minus 50 C, according to the region’s weather stations. An abnormally early cold snap in Sakha pushed temperatures to even lower than minus 50 C in several areas of Sakha, a vast region just a little smaller than India.

India’s mission to clean the Ganges (Wired) The Ganges River in India supplies water to over 600 million people, and every inch of the waterway is sacred to the Hindu religion—so holy, in fact that many Hindus drink or bathe in its waters. Unfortunately, the Ganges is also one of the most polluted major rivers on our planet, playing host to tons of industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and too much human waste to quantify. India’s government has, of course, taken a variety of different measures to clean up the holy river. Between 2014 (when Prime Minister Narendra Modi came into power) and 2019, the government has provided Indians with 110 million toilets, providing sanitation services to over half a billion people nationwide. At the same time, the government has rolled out the Namami Gange (“Obeisance to the Ganges”), spending $3.77 billion to clean up the river by setting up over 170 new sanitation plants and 5,211 kilometers of sewage lines nationwide. However, experts say that all that government spending isn't making much of a dent in the Ganges’ grime. The river is still filled with islands of plastic waste, and parts of the Ganges contain over 20 times the government-recommended limits for fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria.

China's military: US Navy ship 'illegally' entered territorial waters (Reuters) China's military on Monday said a U.S. Navy ship illegally entered waters adjacent to the Second Thomas Shoal, a disputed South China Sea atoll that has recently seen several maritime confrontations. "The U.S. seriously undermined regional peace and stability," a spokesperson for China's Southern Theater of Operations said in a statement, adding that the U.S. disrupted the South China Sea and violated China's sovereignty. The U.S. Navy said the USS Gabrielle Giffords, an Independence-class littoral combat ship, was conducting routine operations in international waters in the South China Sea, consistent with international law. The Second Thomas Shoal lies in the Philippines' exclusive economic zone, according to an United Nations tribunal ruling in 2016. The Chinese military spokesperson said the U.S. ship was monitored and followed, and that China's "troops in the theater are on high alert at all times to resolutely defend national sovereignty".

Islamic State claims deadly blast at Catholic Mass in the Philippines (Washington Post) The Islamic State claimed responsibility Sunday for an explosion in the southern Philippines that killed at least four people, an attack President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. had blamed on “foreign terrorists.” The blast targeted a Catholic Mass inside a gymnasium at Mindanao State University in the majority-Muslim city of Marawi, some 500 miles south of the capital, Manila. More than 40 others were wounded in the explosion, the Philippine Star newspaper reported. The Islamic State announced on Telegram that its members detonated the device that caused the explosion, news agencies reported. The island of Mindanao in the southern Philippines, which includes a Muslim-majority autonomous region, has historically been racked by armed conflict, and insurgent groups remain active in some areas.

'Wounded child, no surviving family': The pain of Gaza’s orphans (BBC) Medics working in the Gaza Strip are using a specific phrase to describe a particular kind of war victim. “There’s an acronym that’s unique to the Gaza Strip, it’s WCNSF—wounded child, no surviving family—and it’s not used infrequently,” Dr Tanya Haj-Hassan who works with Doctors Without Borders told BBC News. The expression captures the horror of the situation for many Gazan children. Their lives change in a second—their parents, siblings and grandparents are killed, and nothing is the same ever again. Ahmed Shabat is one of those children who was described as a wounded child, with no surviving family, when he arrived injured and crying at the Indonesian Hospital in northern Gaza. The three-year-old survived an air strike on his home in Beit Hanoun, in mid-November. But his father, mother and older brother were killed. Miraculously, at the time he had only minor injuries. Later, an uncle was found, who decided to look after them, along with his own family. He initially took them to Sheikh Radwan city but said they left after “Ahmed was hit by glass fragments” from an explosion. They then went to Nuseirat camp to stay in a UN-affiliated school. But even in their new location, they were hit again. “I ran out of the school’s door and saw Ahmed in front of me on the ground, both legs gone. He was crawling towards me, opening his arms, seeking help.” “He wanted to be many things,” his uncle said sadly. “When we went out together to attend football matches, he said he wished to become a famous football player.”

Israel, Expanding Offensive, Tells More Gazans to Evacuate (NYT) Amid a barrage of airstrikes, Israel sharply expanded its evacuation orders in the Gaza Strip on Sunday in preparation for an expected ground invasion in the southern part of the territory. The new orders, coming three days after the collapse of a weeklong truce, sowed confusion and fear among Gaza residents, some of whom have already been displaced at least once before. Images from Gaza on Sunday showed plumes of dark smoke rising above a rubble-covered landscape and bloodied children wailing in dust-covered hospital wards. Mourners stood beside rows of bodies wrapped in white sheets. The Israeli military said over the weekend that it had approved plans for a larger ground invasion. Israeli forces have already taken control of large parts in and around Gaza City following a ground invasion from the north. The Times of Israel quoted Israeli officials saying on Sunday that the Israeli military had launched 10,000 airstrikes since the initial ground invasion began.

Who will run Gaza after the war? No good options (Washington Post) The Israelis say they don’t want the job. Arab nations are resisting. Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas might volunteer, but the Palestinian people probably don’t want him. As the Biden administration begins to plan for “the day after” in Gaza—confronting problematic questions such as who runs the territory once the shooting stops, how it gets rebuilt and, potentially, how it eventually becomes a part of an independent Palestinian state—the stakeholders face a host of unattractive options. Following the Oct. 7 Hamas attack, Israel vowed to destroy the group as both a military and governing entity. But after more than 15 years in power in Gaza, Hamas and its supporters are deeply embedded in every sector of society—not only in the government ministries they run, but in charities, courts, mosques, sport teams, jails, municipalities and youth groups.

After Watching 10 Migrants Die at Sea, He Now Pleads: ‘Stay’ (NYT) Crowded together with 90 other migrants on a rickety fishing vessel bound for Spain, Moustapha Diouf watched 10 of them die, one by one, from heat and exhaustion. Five were friends. It was in that macabre moment 17 years ago, Mr. Diouf said, that he vowed to do everything in his power to stop others from making the choice he had and enduring the same fate: He would make it his mission to dissuade his fellow Senegalese from trying to reach Europe and drowning or dying in myriad other ways on the perilous journey. “If we don’t do anything, we become accomplices in their deaths,” said Mr. Diouf, 54. “I will fight every day to stop young people from leaving.” Mr. Diouf was among the lucky ones: He made it to the Canary Islands alive. But the whole experience was dreadful, he said. He was imprisoned and deported to Senegal. Upon his return, together with two other repatriates, he set up his nonprofit, known as AJRAP, or the Association of Young Repatriates, whose mission is persuading Senegal’s youth to stay. But he is painfully aware of his limitations. He does not have the capacity to offer anyone a job, and most choose to migrate anyway.

#headlines #news

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unlimitedvisit · 11 months

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Best Places To Visit In Germany For First Time

Germany offers a wealth of captivating destinations for first-time visitors. Here are some of the best places to visit in Germany for first-timers:

Berlin: Start your journey in the vibrant capital city of Berlin. Explore historic sites like the Brandenburg Gate and the Berlin Wall, visit world-class museums on Museum Island, and experience the lively atmosphere of neighborhoods like Kreuzberg and Prenzlauer Berg.

Munich: Immerse yourself in Bavarian culture in Munich. Visit the iconic Marienplatz and the grandeur of Nymphenburg Palace, explore the English Garden, and indulge in traditional Bavarian cuisine at a beer garden.

Cologne: Discover the stunning Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom), a UNESCO World Heritage site, and wander through the charming Old Town. Take a stroll along the Rhine River promenade and explore the modern Rheinauhafen district.

Heidelberg: Experience the romantic charm of Heidelberg. Visit the magnificent Heidelberg Castle, stroll along the Philosopher's Walk for panoramic views, and explore the historic Old Town with its narrow streets and picturesque squares.

Neuschwanstein Castle: Marvel at the fairy-tale Neuschwanstein Castle, perched high in the Bavarian Alps. Take a guided tour of this iconic castle, built by King Ludwig II, and enjoy the surrounding picturesque landscapes.

The Black Forest: Explore the scenic beauty of the Black Forest region. Hike through the dense forests, visit charming towns like Freiburg and Triberg, and indulge in Black Forest cake, a local specialty.

These destinations in Germany offer a mix of history, culture, architecture, and natural beauty, providing an unforgettable introduction to the country.

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#Germany #first-timers #Berlin #Munich #Cologne #Heidelberg #Neuschwanstein Castle #Black Forest

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contrabassconversations · 2 years

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934: Remembering Wolfgang Guettler

obituary courtesy of the International Society of Bassists:

Wolfgang Güttler, whose decades-long career as a performer, recording artist and educator garnered numerous awards, including the Concours de Genève, died on September 18, 2022. He was 77 years old.

Born in Brasov, Romania, he was solo bassist with the SWR Symphony Orchestra Baden-Baden and Freiburg, and tutti double bass with the Berlin Philharmonic and Bucharest Radio Orchestra. He served as professor of double bass at the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln and the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe, and gave masterclasses at the Julliard School.

He was dedicated to expanding the double bass repertoire, from classical standards to jazz, and was a champion of contemporary music. His remarkable musical partnership with the Rumanian double bass virtuoso Ovidiu Badila was cut short by Badila’s untimely passing.

Says Martin Wind of his late teacher Wolfgang Güttler, “He encouraged me to listen to my own voice, follow my instincts and become an independently thinking, complete musician. In my 25+ years of teaching there has not been one day where I did not pass on the lessons that I learned from him.” Petru Iuga also paid tribute upon learning of Güttler’s death: “He was one of the greatest bassists and musicians I ever met. A great man, friend and a spiritual double-bass father who has inspired me.”

Subscribe to the podcast to get these interviews delivered to you automatically!

Check out our Online Sheet Music Store with 100+ wide-ranging titles for bassists.

Listen to Contrabass Conversations with our free app for iOS, Android, and Kindle.

Check out my Beginner's Classical Bass course and Intermediate to Advanced Classical Bass course, available exclusively from Discover Double Bass.

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Carnegie Mellon University Double Bass Studio - CMU is dedicated to helping each student achieve their goals as a musician. Every week each student receives private lessons and participates in a solo class with Micah Howard. Peter Guild, another member of the PSO, teaches Orchestral Literature and Repertoire weekly. They encourage students to reach out to the great bassists in their area for lessons and direction. Many of the bassists from all of the city's ensembles are more than willing to lend a hand. Every year members of the Symphony, the Opera and the Ballet give classes and offer our students individual attention. Click here to visit Micah’s website and to sign up for a free online trial lesson.

Upton Bass String Instrument Company - Upton’s Karr Model Upton Double Bass represents an evolution of our popular first Karr model, refined and enhanced with further input from Gary Karr. Since its introduction, the Karr Model with its combination of comfort and tone has gained a loyal following with jazz and roots players. The slim, long “Karr neck” has even become a favorite of crossover electric players.

theme music by Eric Hochberg

Check out this episode!

#doublebass #bass #music #interview #orchestra #teaching

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lsundarinfo · 21 days

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Discovering Germany: Top 10 Must-See Attractions on a Driving Adventure

Germany, with its rich history, stunning landscapes, and vibrant culture, offers a plethora of attractions that cater to every traveler's taste. While Germany boasts efficient public transportation, exploring the country by car provides unparalleled flexibility and access to its hidden gems. Here's a curated list of the top 10 must-see attractions in Germany, along with tips on driving as a foreigner and the importance of an international driving license.

1. Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria

Perched atop a rugged hill in Bavaria, Neuschwanstein Castle is the epitome of fairytale romance. Driving from Munich to Neuschwanstein takes around 2 hours. The castle's iconic turrets and picturesque surroundings make it a must-visit destination.

2. Brandenburg Gate, Berlin

As a symbol of Germany's tumultuous history and reunification, the Brandenburg Gate stands tall in Berlin. Driving in Berlin can be challenging due to heavy traffic, but rental cars are equipped with GPS, easing navigation.

3. Cologne Cathedral, Cologne

Cologne Cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture. Driving from Frankfurt to Cologne takes approximately 2.5 hours. Parking might be scarce, so it's advisable to use public parking lots.

4. Romantic Road, Bavaria

Embark on a scenic journey along the Romantic Road, winding through quaint villages and medieval towns. Stretching over 350 kilometers, this route is best explored by car, allowing you to stop at charming spots like Rothenburg ob der Tauber and Würzburg.

5. The Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg

Driving through the Black Forest is a treat for nature lovers. The winding roads offer breathtaking views of dense forests, serene lakes, and charming villages. Freiburg serves as an excellent base for exploring this region.

6. Zugspitze, Bavaria

Germany's highest peak, Zugspitze, offers unparalleled views of the Alps. Driving from Munich to Zugspitze takes approximately 1.5 hours. Once there, a cable car ride or cogwheel train takes you to the summit for panoramic vistas.

7. Heidelberg Castle, Heidelberg

Nestled amidst lush greenery, Heidelberg Castle overlooks the romantic town of Heidelberg. Driving from Frankfurt to Heidelberg takes around 1 hour. The castle's ruins and expansive gardens are a delight to explore.

8. Sanssouci Palace, Potsdam

Sanssouci Palace, the former summer residence of Frederick the Great, exudes grandeur and elegance. Driving from Berlin to Potsdam takes about 45 minutes. Explore the palace and its sprawling gardens at your leisure.

9. Rhine Valley

Embark on a scenic drive along the Rhine River, passing by vineyards, castles, and charming towns. The route from Koblenz to Mainz offers stunning vistas of the river and its surroundings.

10. Berchtesgaden National Park, Bavaria

Nature enthusiasts will be captivated by the beauty of Berchtesgaden National Park. Driving from Munich to Berchtesgaden takes approximately 2 hours. Explore the park's pristine lakes, towering peaks, and tranquil forests.

Tips for Driving in Germany as a Foreigner:

Exploring Germany by car offers unparalleled freedom and allows you to delve deeper into its diverse landscapes and cultural treasures. With proper preparation and an international driving permit, you can embark on an unforgettable journey through this enchanting country.

#international driving permit Germany

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fmldubai · 1 month

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Full Body Checkup in Dubai

Are you searching for full-body check-up services in Dubai? Then choose Freiburg Medical Laboratory. we offer thorough health assessments just for you. Our modern facility and experienced doctors make sure to check every aspect of your health. Whether it's a routine check-up or something specific, we're here to help. With our accurate results, you can make smart choices for your health. Visit our website and book your appointment today to prioritize your health and well-being with our comprehensive full body check up services in Dubai.

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dottholidays · 2 months

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Explore Switzerland Packages: A 7-Day Journey with Dott Holidays

Is it safe to say that you are longing for exciting undertakings, stunning scenes, and extraordinary encounters? Look no further than Dott Holidays, your premier travel companion for exploring the wonders of the world. Founded 14 years ago by P.V. Kalyan and Siva Sunkara, Dott Holidays has been dedicated to providing exceptional travel services, catering to both domestic and international travelers. With branches across Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, we are committed to making your travel dreams a reality.

Introduction:

Embark on a captivating journey through Switzerland with Dott Holidays Switzerland Packages, where every moment is infused with beauty, culture, and adventure. Our meticulously crafted tour program promises an unforgettable experience as you traverse picturesque landscapes, visit historic landmarks, and immerse yourself in the charm of Swiss cities. Join us as we unveil the highlights of each day, offering a glimpse into the magic that awaits.

Day 01: Arrival in Zurich

Your Swiss adventure begins as you touch down in Zurich, a vibrant metropolis renowned for its cultural attractions and scenic beauty. Upon arrival, you'll be greeted by our friendly Dott Holidays representative who will assist you with transfers to your hotel. Take the opportunity to explore the city at your leisure, perhaps strolling along the shores of Lake Zurich or indulging in some shopping along the bustling Bahnhofstrasse.

Day 02: Zurich - Bern - Freiburg - Nyon - Yvoire - Geneva

Rise and shine as we set off on a captivating journey through Switzerland. Our first stop is Bern, the capital city, where you will be enchanted by its medieval Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From there, we will venture to Freiburg, a charming town renowned for its Gothic cathedral and cobbled streets. Our journey continues to Nyon and Yvoire, two picturesque lakeside towns brimming with old-world charm, before arriving in Geneva, where you can marvel at the iconic Jet d'Eau and explore the city's cultural treasures.

Day 03: Geneva - Chillon Castle - Gruyere - Leysin

Today, we delve into Switzerland's rich history and heritage. Our first stop is the magnificent Chillon Castle, nestled on the shores of Lake Geneva, where you will step back in time as you explore its medieval halls and towers. Next, we journey to Gruyere, home to the famous cheese of the same name, where you can indulge in a tasting experience and explore the charming village. Our day concludes in Leysin, a picturesque mountain resort offering breathtaking views of the surrounding Alps.

Day 04: Leysin - Glacier 3000 - Interlaken - Aareslucht - Chiasso

Get ready for a day of adventure as we ascend to the spectacular Glacier 3000, where you'll be treated to panoramic views of the Swiss Alps and the opportunity to experience exhilarating activities such as snowboarding and tobogganing. Our journey continues to Interlaken, a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts, before exploring the stunning Aareslucht gorge. We conclude the day in Chiasso, a quaint town nestled on the border with Italy, where you can unwind and reflect on the day's adventures.

Day 05: Chiasso - Lugano - Burglen - Altdorf - Lucerne

Today, we explore the picturesque region of Ticino, known for its Mediterranean climate and stunning landscapes. Our first stop is Lugano, where you can wander through its charming Old Town and stroll along the shores of Lake Lugano. We then visit Burglen, the birthplace of Swiss national hero William Tell, before continuing to Altdorf, where you can learn about his legendary exploits. Our day culminates in Lucerne, a city famed for its medieval architecture and breathtaking scenery.

Day 06: Lucerne - Einsiedeln - Heididorf - Vaduz - Feldkirch

Immerse yourself in Swiss culture as we journey through the idyllic countryside. Our first stop is Einsiedeln, home to a magnificent Benedictine monastery and a center of pilgrimage. We then visit Heididorf, the charming village that served as the setting for the beloved children's story "Heidi." Our journey continues to Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein, where you can explore its historic landmarks and royal palace. We conclude the day in Feldkirch, a picturesque town nestled in the Austrian Alps, where you can unwind and savor the memories of your Swiss adventure.

Day 07: Departure

As your Swiss adventure comes to an end, bid farewell to this enchanting land and depart with cherished memories that will last a lifetime. Our Dott Holidays team will ensure a seamless transfer to the airport, leaving you with fond memories of your time in Switzerland and a longing to return soon.

Embark on a captivating journey through Switzerland with Dott Holidays and discover the splendor of this enchanting land. From the majestic Alps to charming cities and historic landmarks, our meticulously crafted tour program promises an unforgettable experience that will leave you spellbound. Book your Swiss adventure today and let us guide you on a voyage of discovery through this breathtaking destination.

Reasons Why to Experience the Magic of Switzerland

Are you craving an unforgettable travel experience filled with breathtaking landscapes, charming cities, and exhilarating adventures? Look no further than Switzerland, the epitome of natural beauty and cultural richness. At Dott Holidays, we invite you to embark on a journey of a lifetime as we explore the top reasons why Switzerland Packages should be at the top of your travel bucket list.

1. Spectacular Scenery

Switzerland is renowned for its stunning natural scenery, boasting majestic mountains, crystal-clear lakes, and lush green valleys. From the iconic Swiss Alps to the picturesque Swiss countryside, every corner of this enchanting country offers awe-inspiring vistas that will leave you breathless. Whether you're skiing down the slopes of Zermatt, cruising on the tranquil waters of Lake Geneva, or hiking through the verdant meadows of the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland is a paradise for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts alike.

2. Quaint Villages and Charming Cities

In addition to its natural beauty, Switzerland is also home to charming villages and vibrant cities brimming with culture and history. Explore the cobbled streets and medieval architecture of cities like Zurich, Geneva, and Lucerne, where you can discover world-class museums, art galleries, and gourmet restaurants. For a taste of Swiss tradition, visit quaint villages nestled in the Alps, such as Grindelwald, Wengen, and Lauterbrunnen, where you can immerse yourself in the local culture and savor authentic Swiss cuisine.

3. Adventure Sports

Switzerland is a playground for adventure enthusiasts, offering a wide range of thrilling activities year-round. Whether you're an adrenaline junkie or a thrill-seeker, there's something for everyone in Switzerland. Ski or snowboard down world-class slopes in renowned ski resorts like Verbier, St. Moritz, and Davos. In the summer, embark on exhilarating hikes, mountain biking trails, and paragliding adventures amid the breathtaking alpine scenery. With its diverse landscape and outdoor activities, Switzerland promises an adrenaline-fueled adventure like no other.

4. Rich Culture and Heritage

Despite its small size, Switzerland boasts a rich cultural heritage that is reflected in its art, music, literature, and traditions. Explore the country's fascinating history at museums and historical sites such as the Chateau de Chillon, the Swiss National Museum, and the medieval Old Towns of Bern and Basel. Experience Swiss hospitality firsthand by attending traditional festivals and events, sampling local delicacies like fondue and raclette, and interacting with friendly locals who are proud to share their heritage with visitors.

5. Vibrant Cities and Cultural Delights

Switzerland's vibrant cities are a blend of modernity and tradition, offering a wealth of cultural attractions, culinary delights, and urban experiences. Explore the cosmopolitan city of Zurich, where you can shop at luxury boutiques, dine at Michelin-starred restaurants, and explore world-class museums and galleries. Discover the cultural treasures of Geneva, home to the United Nations headquarters and a vibrant international community. And don't miss the charming medieval old town of Bern, a UNESCO World Heritage Site filled with historic landmarks, charming cafes, and colorful markets.

6. Swiss Chocolate and Cheese

No visit to Switzerland would be complete without indulging in its world-famous chocolate and cheese. Switzerland is renowned for its delectable chocolates, crafted with the finest ingredients and time-honored techniques. Visit chocolate factories and shops in cities like Zurich and Lausanne to sample a wide array of Swiss chocolates, from creamy milk chocolate to rich dark chocolate truffles. And let's not forget about Swiss cheese – savor the distinct flavors of Emmental, Gruyère, and Appenzeller cheese, and learn about the cheese-making process at traditional dairy farms and cheese dairies scattered throughout the country.

7. Culinary Delights and Swiss Specialties

No visit to Switzerland would be complete without indulging in its world-famous cuisine and culinary specialties. Sample delectable Swiss chocolates, crafted with the finest Swiss chocolate and time-honored techniques, or savor the rich flavors of Swiss cheese, including Emmental, Gruyère, and Appenzeller. Don't forget to try traditional Swiss dishes like fondue, raclette, and rosti, and pair them with fine Swiss wines and beers for a truly unforgettable culinary experience.

Plan Your Dream Vacation to Switzerland with Dott Holidays

With its stunning natural beauty, vibrant cities, and thrilling adventures, Switzerland offers a truly unforgettable travel experience for every type of traveler. Whether you're seeking outdoor adventures, cultural immersion, or culinary delights, Switzerland has it all and more. Contact Dott Holidays today to start planning your dream vacation to Switzerland and embark on a journey of discovery and enchantment in the heart of Europe.

From its breathtaking scenery and charming cities to its thrilling adventures and rich cultural heritage, Switzerland offers a truly unforgettable travel experience for every type of traveler. Whether you're seeking outdoor adventures, cultural immersion, or culinary delights, Switzerland has it all and more. Contact Dott Holidays today to start planning your dream vacation to Switzerland and embark on a journey of discovery and enchantment in the heart of Europe.

Why Choose Switzerland Packages from Dott Holidays

Exploring Every Corner of the Globe

At Dott Holidays, we believe that the world is meant to be explored, and we are here to help you do just that. Whether you're seeking the tranquility of pristine beaches, the thrill of adrenaline-pumping adventures, or the cultural richness of historic landmarks, we have the perfect itinerary for you. From the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to the sun-kissed shores of exotic islands, we leave no stone unturned in crafting unforgettable journeys for our clients.

Unparalleled Customer Service

Our commitment to excellence extends beyond mere travel arrangements. At Dott Holidays, we prioritize customer satisfaction above all else. From the moment you reach out to us to the completion of your journey, our dedicated team of travel experts is here to assist you every step of the way. Whether you need assistance with booking flights, arranging accommodations, or planning excursions, we are here to ensure that your travel experience is seamless and stress-free.

Tailored Itineraries to Suit Your Preferences

We comprehend that each voyager is interesting, as are their movement inclinations. That's why we offer customized itineraries tailored to suit your specific interests, budget, and schedule. Whether you're a solo adventurer, a couple seeking a romantic getaway, or a family in search of fun-filled activities, we have the perfect itinerary just for you. Our team of experienced travel consultants works closely with you to understand your preferences and craft a personalized journey that exceeds your expectations.

Safety and Reliability

Your safety and well-being are our top priorities at Dott Holidays. We partner with reputable airlines, hotels, and tour operators to ensure that your travel experience is not only enjoyable but also safe and reliable. From adhering to strict safety protocols to providing round-the-clock assistance in case of emergencies, we go above and beyond to ensure that you have peace of mind throughout your journey.

Embracing Sustainability

At Dott Holidays, we are committed to promoting sustainable travel practices that minimize our environmental footprint and support local communities. We partner with eco-friendly accommodations, promote responsible tourism initiatives, and encourage our clients to embrace sustainable travel habits. By choosing Dott Holidays, you're not just exploring the world – you're making a positive impact on the planet and its people.

Conclusion

With 14 years of experience, a dedicated team of travel experts, and a commitment to excellence, Dott Holidays is your ultimate travel companion for unforgettable journeys. Whether you're embarking on a solo adventure, planning a romantic getaway, or organizing a family vacation, we have the expertise and resources to make your travel dreams a reality. Contact us today and let us help you discover the world in style with Dott Holidays.

To know more information about Switzerland Packages Visit: https://www.dottholidays.com/tour_package_view/magical-switzerland

#Switzerland #Switzerland packages #Switzerland tour

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psychreviews2 · 2 months

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Object-Relations: Karl Abraham

Karl Abraham (1877 – 1925)

My prior series on Sigmund Freud positioned him as a lone figure against a great tide of resistance. He certainly was, but everyone is an individual and each individual has their own story. Freud voraciously read and had many partners he bounced ideas off of. Concepts and ideas aren’t in a vacuum and each personality Freud worked with added their own spin and complexity to his work. Even when Freud was territorial about his ideas, especially the Oedipus Complex, all of his interlocutors cut swaths in different directions. This led to many conflicts within Freud’s Congresses, but those conflicts and differences added needed explanations for experiences that didn’t conform to his dogma. One of Freud’s closer collaborators, with the least conflict out of the group, was that of Karl Abraham.

Born in Bremen, 1877, he grew up in a Hanseatic Guild cultural atmosphere of commerce in an old Jewish family. After High School in 1896, Abraham embarked on a medical career at Würzburg. He was very well read and could speak English, Spanish, Italian, Latin, and had decent knowledge of many other languages. He was mainly interested in biology when pursuing his doctorate, and while in Freiburg Ernest Jones described that “he first became acquainted with Switzerland, the country which ever after he loved above all others. He liked the Swiss people and mode of life, but it was certainly the high mountains, which contrasted so much with his home scenery, that constituted the principal attraction. As soon as he had the chance he became an enthusiastic alpinist and made a number of first-class climbs.”

Like so many people, Abraham wanted to find work that would allow him to enjoy his new favorite place. “While at Freiburg he conceived the wish to obtain a post at Burghölzli, partly so as to be in his beloved Switzerland, partly because he had been impressed by Professor Bleuler's work in psychiatry and esteemed it higher than that of any other psychiatrist.” It wasn’t until “December, 1904, [where] he was made happy by obtaining an appointment at Burghölzli, with the title of Assistant at the University Psychiatric Clinic of Zurich. Here his attention was soon turned in a more definitely psychological direction, and through Bleuler and Jung he became acquainted with Freud’s work…Abraham's own hope was to be able to work permanently in Switzerland, but experience soon showed him that the chances of a regular psychiatric career there were very remote for a foreigner, so that he had to look elsewhere. His decision to leave was doubtless hastened by the uncomfortable atmosphere resulting from the tension between Bleuler and Jung. He therefore resigned his post in November, 1907. In the same month he met Professor Freud for the first time, on a visit he paid to him in Vienna…The personal relations thus established ripened into a friendship which remained unclouded till the end.”

Jones described well Karl’s attitude and charming characteristics which made him a good student and analyst. “Prominent among Abraham's character were a refreshing youthfulness and a sanguine optimism…He was singularly youthful, and even boyish at moments when the circumstances were appropriate; though he could be decidedly witty at times, and often very shrewd, [as] was his more characteristic form of humor. This gave his personality, so winning to women and attractive to men, a freshness and vigour that always made him a stimulating companion or colleague. His demeanor was invariably cheerful, courteous and friendly. But these qualities were not to be presumed on. Behind them was a firmness impervious to the [flattery] of man or woman. He could afford to be easy and pliant in his intercourse with others, just because he had himself so completely in hand; knowing that he could not be unduly influenced from either within or without, he was confident in any situation. This complete confidence was ultimately rooted in self-mastery. The same is true of one of his most characteristic traits, what his friends called his incurable optimism. He was always hopeful, however irksome or sinister the prospect, and his buoyancy, together with the confidence that went with it, often contributed materially to bringing about a more successful issue than at first seemed possible. As a rule this optimism was very nicely balanced with a keen sense of reality, so that its effect was purely invigorating, but once or twice in his life it played him false, marring what was otherwise a perfection of stability…Abraham well without realizing that he was one of those men who are endowed with quite exceptional powers of [creativity], and that he had attained an unusually advanced measure of emotional and instinctual development. It is not chance that it was he who taught us what is perhaps the best criterion of full mental development: the overcoming of narcissism and of ambivalence. For we shall not know many men who would emerge as he did when tried by this severe test.”

The Mother and Object-Relations

Karl’s contributions vary widely, including into the historical, and for Ernest Jones, “the most outstanding lesson in psychology we owe to Abraham is the vast importance of the suckling period and the fateful consequences that antagonism aroused to the mother during this period may have for later life.” One of the motifs and symbols of the mother that Karl found was that of darkness. The Mother could be associated with the Sun, but that symbol more often was associated with a Father-imago in the mind. For patients of his who had a photophobia, “every time this subject was approached in the analysis certain mental currents came to the surface. It appeared that all these patients suffered from moods of depression and had an unmistakable tendency to flee from the world. In their unconscious the light of day was a symbol of life and darkness a symbol of death. This symbolic use of light and darkness is also found in usages of speech. Neurotic persons in general are more usually afraid of the day (especially on waking in the morning) and feel better in every respect in the evening, because the day is over and night is drawing near; but they do this without special reference to the question of light or darkness. Day is the time for life in general, for activity; night signifies the opposite. But to those neurotics with whom we are dealing here, it is the light of day that represents life and the darkness of night death…Such a flight from the world is, needless to say, not merely a flight i.e. something purely negative but has a positive pleasure-value as well. The patient withdraws into the depth of the night in order to know nothing of the external world, that is, in order to be alone with himself and his phantasies.” Karl also connects this to those who hate noise, which is also a symbol of life during the day. “The free associations of the patients regularly proceed from these ideas of flight into a darkened, occluded room to ideas which we know as 'womb phantasies' and with which we are familiar in other neuroses. This leads us to the view that darkness is to be taken as a symbol of the mother.” Indeed one of these patients in therapy described herself as someone who hadn’t separated from the “umbilical cord.” The child is wounded by the mother, and because the mother is so needed, the child introjects self-blame and pivots on that motivation, to placate those with power and to follow their guidance, even if it’s pathological.

For Abraham, the parent who controls the organization of the family and relationships tends to take on a predominant role in the minds of the children. When the mother has been hostile to the child in extreme ways, there can be an effect that lasts into adulthood. Importantly for later Object-Relation theories, kind of like the modern term of having people live rent-free inside the mind, children grow up taking in rehearsed scenarios with parents that are created to predict future behavior and can lead to transference, where people take those object-relations and make sometimes accurate or sometimes false predictions of others in authority. Abraham worked with Freud on Mourning and Melancholia, and they noticed that the Super-Ego, the internal critic, can take on parental attitudes and it can distrust the individual and the mind can attack itself masochistically, or it can self-sabotage. “A careful analysis of the self-criticisms and self-reproaches especially those of a delusional nature uttered by melancholic patients will show that the process of introjection takes two forms:

The patient has introjected his original love-object upon which he had built his ego ideal; so that that object has taken over the role of conscience for him, although, it is true, a pathologically formed one. Our material goes to show that the pathological self-criticism of the melancholiac emanates from this introjected object. One of my patients used to be continually taking himself to task and repeating the same reproaches against himself; and in doing this he copied exactly the tone of voice and actual expressions that he had often heard his mother use when she had scolded him as a little boy.

The content of those self-reproaches is ultimately a merciless criticism of the introjected object, A patient of mine used to pass judgement on himself in the following words: 'My whole existence is based on deceit’. This reproach turned out to be determined by certain elements in the relationship of his mother and father.”

Masochism - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gtrq1-sexuality-pt-4-masochism-sigmund-freud-and-beyond.html

Introjection is an oral method of taking in, or eating, characteristics of others and creating an Object-Relation in the mind. How it can happen involves the belief that that internal voice has some validity. Like in Freud’s method of making the unconscious conscious, being able to see things, like having self-criticism and seeing that it may also come from one parent directed towards another, and how one is imitating or taking after the parent who is criticized, can help with emotional distance with that tendency. Elucidating the connections helps to see if something imitated is pathological and should be discontinued. Seeing things in this way helps to emotionally distance and allow more accurate views of oneself. Going further, if the criticisms are actually false or exaggerated, with emotional distance, one can stop believing in those voices and repair the Super-Ego so that it can be more constructive with its criticism. Essentially the pathological Super-ego loses it's credibility, authority, and gravitas. The Ego essentially wins the debate by using more facts and reality.

Introjection can happen in many ways so its complexity has to be available for exploration. It’s best to see what environments were imitated and to notice how they are triggered by present day scenarios. With Projection, Abraham follows Freud in how the libido creates emotional investments in masculine or feminine energies and if there are objections, like in homosexual situations, the mind displaces with the opposite. The example he uses “I (a man) love him (a man)” can create objections where the displacement responds “I do not love him, I hate him.” In situations where libido is quite strongly homosexual a person may attack the person because they hate the influence and imitation. This doesn’t always have to be about sexuality, though people who have different sexual orientations can frighten those who are afraid of being influenced, leading to phobias, bigotry, and hostility. When people understand that the mind naturally imitates what's in the environment, and one doesn't have to unconsciously imitate, the fear and bigotry reduces, and this includes fears of the opposite sex, and different races and ethnicities.

The Wolfman Pt. 3 - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gulsf-case-studies-the-wolfman-33-freud-and-beyond.html

Homosexuality - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gtqk5-sexuality-pt-3-homosexuality-sigmund-freud-and-beyond.html

In the realm of anything to do with narcissistic wounding, a wounding of an Ego-ideal, a wounding of an ideal self-narrative, any criticisms, and maybe especially very accurate criticisms, leads to defenses being erected and temptations to release pressure into sadistic hostility aimed at those influential people. Even further, we can see this all the time in politics, especially extreme politics, where people gather together in their woundedness and target not just individuals but whole groups and categories of people. This readily can be seen in Fascism and Communism. “Those people make me feel bad about myself, and since you feel the same, and we have some narrative or excuses for why those people are dangerous, why don’t we work together to defeat them?” In extremes, it turns into classical dehumanization and extermination. In milder forms, there are personal enemies, hatreds, and feuds within the family or the community. Those who are merchants of division are aware of this and love pressing people’s buttons and create victim identities that people can gather around with, and is a way of gaining power over groups as well as financial resources.

The Ego and the Id - Sigmund Freud: https://rumble.com/v1gvdo1-the-ego-and-the-id-sigmund-freud.html

What Psychoanalysis tries to get people to do is to look truthfully at those narcissistic woundings, and if there are constructive ways of dealing with those criticisms, one can scan all the wounds and develop skills to overcome those weaknesses. It’s all about facing oneself truthfully and using agency to make realistic improvements where possible. In the case of homosexuality, healthy attitudes would be to admit that a man or woman is “handsome” or “attractive” and move on. True identities are based on much stronger impulses of liking people or activities from beginning, middle and end for stronger authenticity. Short-term impulses arise and pass away too quickly to go into draining defensiveness and negative beliefs.

In these psychoanalytic cases of Paranoia there would be a persecutory defensiveness arising, and with depression a continued defensiveness that blames oneself first to the point of inaccuracy and distortion. Through association, the mind also looks for weaknesses and brings in the masochistic “pronounced feelings of inadequacy from which such patients suffer.” That’s how a sense of being a loser can spiral into very general beliefs about one’s identity as being permanently bad, how it can prevent self-development, because of the reasoning that “if my identity is so bad, why bother improving myself?” These are important subjects because each generation has to go through a period of exposure and where learning about people who are different, in so many ways, can be met without intense triggering.

In Summary, one has to look at past relationships, personal weaknesses, and to adopt a more rational approach where beliefs about oneself and others can updated with more facts and there also needs to be more flexibility to allow behavior change and development. Correcting behaviors doesn’t have to be about an identity, it can just be a reconnection with more authenticity, and renewed attempts to gradually develop areas of deficit and to find places where one can be accepted for who they are.

Alcohol, Repression, and Sexual Trauma

Karl Abraham studied alcohol and how its effects allowed unconscious and repressed impulses and material to surface. He viewed alcohol as a dangerous substance that led many men into impotence and also viewed it as a replacement for the sexual act. “An acute alcoholic intoxication will, as we know, reduce a man's actual sexual capacity. And we are acquainted with the poisonous effect of alcohol on the embryonic cells. We know that a great number of drinkers become impotent. Alcohol has proved a false friend. They imagined that it increased their virility, because it gave them a feeling of sexual power; and instead, it has robbed them of that power. But even so they fail to recognize the fraud.” He also noticed that, like a Jack-in-the-box, repressions, sublimated desires, etc., would spring out after bouts of alcohol. “In normal individuals the homosexual component of the sexual instinct undergoes sublimation. Between men, feelings of unity and friendship become divested of all conscious sexuality. The man of normal feelings is repelled by any physical contact implying tenderness with another of his own sex. And a number of similar feelings of repugnance or disgust originating in the same source could be mentioned. Alcohol suspends these feelings. When they are drinking, men will fall upon one another's necks and kiss one another; they feel that they are united by especially close bonds...When sober, the same men will term such conduct ‘effeminate'. Recent events have caused a lot of talk about abnormal friendship between men. The presence of such feelings, which are stigmatized as morbid or immoral in that connection, can be observed by anyone during a drinking bout. In every public-house there is an element of homosexuality. The homosexual components which have been repressed and sublimated by the influence of education become unmistakably evident under the influence of alcohol.”

Karl also blamed incestuous impulses taking hold because of the disinhibited results of alcohol. “We have still to mention one more important limitation of the sexual instinct. As it grows up the normal child first transfers its libido on to the persons of the opposite sex in its immediate environment, the boy on to his mother or sister, the girl on to her father or brother. A long period of cultural development was required before the nearest blood relations were excluded as eligible objects. The repudiation of incest led to the sublimation of the child's love for his parents, which became converted into filial respect. Every child has to repeat this process of development. At a certain period it transfers its awakening sexual wishes on to the parent of the opposite sex. These impulses become repressed, in the same way as our moral code condemns an unsublimated inclination on the part of a father for his daughter. But alcohol does not spare even these sublimations. Lot's daughters knew that wine would break down the incest barriers, and they attained their object by making their father drunk.”

Perversion Part 1: Incest - Ferenczi and Beyond: https://psychreviews.org/perversion-incest/

Sublimation - Sigmund Freud: https://rumble.com/v1gv2fr-sublimation-sigmund-freud.html

Abraham’s studies of his patients showed the power of incestuous fixations. These didn’t always manifest in actual sexual relations but they could appear in what is called today Emotional Incest, where the bonds between parents and children prevent independence for the children. In Karl Abraham Life and Work, by Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten, the research points to a parentification where Karl's mother switches roles with her son when she suffers a miscarriage after falling down the stairs and has to rely emotionally on the son as a caretaker. Like many psychologists, Karl wasn't the only one who had life experiences he could draw from to develop his theories.

The goal, again like with Freud, is to move those emotional cathexes, or emotional investments from self in the early stages, and family in adolescence, eventually to people who are genetically different in the greater community. Because maturation takes so many years, the process could be interrupted at so many stages and when “Objects” are lost in the real world, or there are significant obstacles to ideal objects, there’s a tendency for regression to replacement objects, including more archaic choices from older psychological strata. Psychoanalysis reminds people that they have animal desires and a grounding in biology and the animal world. A lot of what makes up self-esteem is an attitude of one who wants to escape humanity as it is and become an angel to prevent repeated narcissistic wounding, but the pathway of growing up prevents people from arriving to adulthood unscathed. There are usually many objects that one attaches to and drops before one reaches maturity and shame has to be accepted with maturity and an acceptance of the human condition. In the case of Karl Abraham, he was from a lineage of people who married close relatives for generations, and this informed his opinions of marriages involving cousins, for example. He believed that neurotic character traits through a mutual sympathy, that was stronger than usual, and an inability to transmit feelings of love to strangers, led to the phenomenon. In some cases it’s not just the child switching unsuitable objects while growing up, but they become an unsuitable object for adults.

When adults, either the parents or strangers, attempt sexual relations with a child, for Karl, the pathological results are reduced when the child resists with all their might. There is less guilt, but when the child goes along with the temptation, the guilt that arises later in adolescence, such as an understanding that other families don’t do this and it’s not socially acceptable in society, that's how if often becomes pathological. There’s a feeling of “why did I like that?” The self-blame can turn into an identity where one doesn't receive any therapy after an assault, leaving one to repeat the same behaviours if they were enjoyable. There can also be self-disgust, masochism, and self-attacking. “A feeling of guilt cannot be tolerated by [a child's] consciousness any more than by that of adults. It therefore attempts to deal with the displeasurable recollections in some way or other in order to eliminate their disturbing effect. They are split off from the rest of the contents of consciousness and thenceforward lead a separate existence as a ‘complex’. The case is different with those children who have suffered a sexual trauma without having been in any way responsive to it. These children can speak freely; they do not need to force out of their field of consciousness the recollection of that occurrence.”

In a simplistic form, Karl went with the times and felt that more serious disturbances, like their early description of Borderline Personality Disorder, grouped into Hysteria, and Schizophrenia, grouped into Dementia Praecox, could arise from these types of internal conflicts. Yet he was still open about his doubts when he said “the connection between certain symptoms and that particular psychic trauma was uncertain.”

All these diagnoses ultimately had to be tentative. “The process of eliminating displeasurable ideas from consciousness is the same in hysteria and dementia praecox (or in persons who suffer later from one or other of those diseases). Moreover, we can observe this process going on daily in healthy persons. But sooner or later it turns out that repression is only a make-shift measure. The complex can, no doubt, remain in the unconscious for a long time; but one day some event analogous to the primary sexual trauma takes place and the repressed material is roused to activity. Its conversion into symptoms of hysteria or dementia praecox then follows.”

The usual method of bringing up these memories, to revive them and to release the repressed emotions are helpful for self-esteem related situations, and being able to distance the guilt in the adult mind from the helpless child’s mind, to understand that there are learning processes with healthy disgust towards what is infantile and that one doesn’t have to identify with those past activities, was helpful in reducing guilt related depression for adults who were child victims and it reduced ambivalence. Unfortunately, at the time psychoanalysts weren’t aware of more biological and genetic influences for Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality Disorder.

Karl Abraham saw like Freud that children and then adults, have bouts of psychological poverty where the unconscious drives are constantly looking for replacement objects and moving up and down the hierarchy of regression. The mind can hold in mental complexes and they can be reactivated. In Should Patients Write Down Their Dreams?, Karl insightfully said “Just as the neurotic with autoerotic [self-pleasure] tendencies wants to retain the products of his body and is anxiously concerned to lose as little as possible of his bodily substance, so also he guards against the loss of his mental products.”

The Influence of Absent or Controlling Mothers

While Freud looked almost exclusively at the impact of the father on the child's psychology, Abraham explored the mother. In his review of the artist Segantini, the impact of a dead mother can lead to an influence that goes into the child's work and possibly their choice of spouse. "The thought of having caused the death of a beloved person is encountered very frequently in neurotics. As already mentioned, the childhood libido of a neurotic is characterized by strong feelings of hatred. These express themselves in phantasies of the death of the loved person or, if the latter really dies, in feelings of satisfaction, even of cruel pleasure. Later, when repression gains in power, guilt-feelings arise against which the neurotic is powerless to defend himself, although in his conscious mind he finds no grounds for such self-reproaches. He accuses himself of responsibility for the death of his father or mother, although in fact his childhood crime consisted in no more than forbidden phantasies and feelings. These self-reproaches are followed by attempts at making reparation for such crimes, which take an exaggerated form in obsessional neurotics. The memory of the loved person is cherished with excessive fervor and becomes sanctified. Alternatively an attempt may be made to repress the fact of the death into the unconscious, and in phantasy to resurrect the dead one." These resurrections appear in Segantini's paintings of loving mothers and the prototypical bad mother like in his painting The Bad Mothers.

One of the more controversial reviews that Karl Abraham embarked on, and that mirrored some of his personal concerns about parental engulfing was his paper on Amenhotep IV, Akhenaten. Like Freud, Abraham was tempted to analyze historical characters. Akhenaten was known for abandoning polytheism for monotheism in the worship of Aten, the disc of the sun, a part of the Sun God Ra. For Abraham, Akhenaten suffered from neurotic attacks as opposed to the popular belief that he had epilepsy, due to Karl's experience of patients with progressive degeneration that typically occurs with epilepsy and he believed it would not be possible for someone as vigorous as Amenhotep IV to be commensurate with his achievements.

In his analysis of the parent-complex between Akhenaten and his parents Karl describes his emotional incest theory mixed with the Oedipus Complex. "In the union between his parents, King Amenhotep III and Queen Tiy, the latter without doubt played the dominant role. A woman of great intelligence and alertness, she gradually took over the reins of the government into her own hands. In energy, initiative, and practical sagacity she far surpassed her husband who, during the last years of his life, seems to have evinced little interest in government affairs. In the life of her son the mother's influence is everywhere clearly discernible. The boy must have been especially close to her from early childhood. His libido had fixed itself on the mother to an extraordinary degree, whereas in his relationship to his father an equally outspoken negative attitude is evident." The desire for his mother was also due to her beauty. "In addition to her intellectual superiority, we may mention yet another cause for the lasting fixation of the young king on his mother: that is, Tiy's beauty...the queen as she must have been, a rare combination of beauty, shrewdness and energy...And to the initiated it must seem very plausible that the high-strung, sensitive son should have had a fixation on just this mother...So strong and lasting an attachment of the libido to the person of the mother has very definite after-effects on the erotic life of the maturing or full-grown son. Such an attachment makes it difficult for the son, at the time of puberty, to disengage his libido from the mother and transfer it to new objects; not infrequently this transference fails completely. In most cases it succeeds to an imperfect degree, and the tendency develops to bind one's self monogamously to one person who then becomes a substitute for the mother. The transference of the libido once accomplished is usually final."

The review then matches that pattern for Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti. It was expected at the time that Pharaohs would have had a harem, but he was monogamous, though this is debated in modern historical commentaries. "He thus renounced for his entire life a personal object choice and attached himself to his wife with as much intensity as to his mother. Even after he had become of age he preferred to appear in public accompanied by the two women who, because of the king's support, were able to exercise an important influence on the government." The story continues that after Amenhotep III died, the queen mother favored the cult of Aten and made her son the high priest of the cult.

"At about the age of fifteen Amenhotep IV took over the government. Now embracing physical maturity, the youth's strong individuality soon became apparent and in time everyone had to recognize that the young king would go his own way. Nevertheless, the mother's influence remained unmistakable as long as she lived. With all his youthful enthusiasm, the son continued the work she had begun. When one draws a comparison between this attitude and Amenhotep's efforts to free himself from his father, the mother-fixation becomes manifest in its full strength." Even with the father long dead, the influence of the imago in the mind still remains and the Oedipus Complex continues. "...They unconsciously cleave to their fathers as in childhood, while as adults they seek to free themselves from this inner dependence. Outwardly it seems as if they were struggling against the person of the father; in reality it is the father fixation in the unconscious against which they rebel, the father image from whose rule they want to shake themselves free. Only thus can one account for the fact that the neurotic often carries on a struggle which, according to outward appearances, is directed against a dead person."

The neurotic symptoms convey Karl's theory of the danger of ambivalence. "In the young king, then, there were two opposing forces-the conservative and the rebellious. Experience teaches us that such circumstances give rise to psychic compromises." In this case, the father is already deceased, so the desire to transcend the father is aimed at replacing the tradition. "In the case of Amenhotep IV we observe a course of events which are well known to us from our study of neurotics. These reject the authority of the father in religious, political, or other matters, but replace it with another authority and consequently show that they have not actually lost the need for paternal control."

Yet we still have worshipping, so the Sun God becomes the new father. "The meaning of these first changes in religion and art brought about by Amenhotep IV is very clear: the king does not wish to be son and successor of his father, but son of the god Ra. He does not want to worship the god of his true father, but prefers to idolize his imaginary father, Ra." This conclusion matches Freud's on his Family Romances and how a narcissistic self can be created in the mind when the disappointed child decides to find a replacement parent based on more powerful others in the community. "Amenhotep IV proceeds quite in this manner: he scorns descent from his real father and replaces him with a more lofty one. Since he was in reality a king's son, he could not exalt himself above his father through the fantasy of kingly origin usual in other cases. He must go a step higher to the gods...No mortal existed who could have excelled him in power. There remained for his fantasy only the one possibility, to join his own existence with that of a supernatural being. The father role could not devolve upon Amon, for he was the god worshipped by Amenhotep III. The mother's influence pointed to Aten, or Ra, who had, moreover, been considered the progenitor of the first kings of antiquity." This then becomes a theory of how monotheism was developed and the mentality and attitude that preserve monotheism.

Narcissistic Supply - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gveop-narcissistic-supply-freud-and-beyond-wnaad.html

After reviewing Karl's work, Freud made some editing suggestions to allow for neuroticism to exist in all people, being the difference between facing neuroticism or succumbing to it. He wanted to allow a little human ambivalence, even if one tendency was stronger than another. Freud also sidestepped Karl's paper and focused on the murder of Moses, described as a priest of Akhenaten in his Moses and Monotheism, as a beginning of monotheism through a sense of guilt that passed down through the ages, like in his Totem and Taboo, where there's a primal murder of the father and guilt experienced by the children which leads to the origin of civilization in that case. There are also perennial critiques of Karl's work in much the same way that all psychoanalysis had to grapple with, which is how we introject a world through our own individual experience, which can be narrow, and project it in our beliefs, theories, and predictions of the future. Anna's commentary notes that "Abraham foreswore the orthodox Jewish faith of his childhood and put Freud and psychoanalysis in its place. It would be very unfair to Abraham to say that psychoanalysis was a religion to him well versed in diagnostics, and his contributions to psychoanalysis were fundamental. But there was something religious about the way he converted to psychoanalysis...Abraham’s transition to psychoanalysis was radical and unconditional. It was as if he were adopting a new religion, with Freud as its authority. His critical, scientific stance developed only later."

Totem and Taboo - Sigmund Freud: https://rumble.com/v1gsmvn-totem-and-taboo-sigmund-freud.html

Through these analyses, one can see a theory of Objects where interrelationships within families, leading to traumatic conflicts, creates emotional relationships in the mind of descendants that operate emotionally whether those people are alive or dead, present or absent. These objects are transferred onto people who resemble the Objects and are projected when these objects are used as information for predicting human behaviors. What we go through in our lives, our experiences, the books we've read, the knowledge we acquire, create a limited expanse for our projections, which can be very accurate at times or a form of tunnel vision where we mislead ourselves. Like Abraham demonstrated, the best evidence comes from the analysis and a collection of facts. Theories have to give way to new evidence.

So much of Psychoanalysis deals with how people are triggered and go into defense mechanisms. It's great that some people can afford analysis and have enough education and desire for self-knowing and self-development. It may seem like a frivolous pursuit for spoiled wealthy people, but there is a consequence for staying blinkered to our psychology. Those unconscious emotions, distorted perceptions, and pent up angst looking for a place to vent, and they don't go away. They can organize into mass movements that threaten violence.

The 'Ratman' - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gu9qj-case-studies-the-ratman-freud-and-beyond.html

Eric Hoffer and Mass Movements

When triggered people get together in mutual solidarity there are certain patterns that repeat. They can exist on the political right or the left and can happen in many contexts. Eric Hoffer, who was brilliantly quoted in Mark Levin's American Marxism, and who wrote The True Believer, the later book looks at the connection between inner psychology and mass movements. In many ways it would be a good addendum to Freud's Group Psychology. In the book, Eric tries to compare practical organizations with more chaotic mass movements. By looking at the individual, one can see a healthy self-interest connected with productive activities that are traded throughout society, but what happens when people gather together who have unhealed narcissistic wounds, and are full of ambivalence?

Group Psychology - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gvcxr-group-psychology-freud-and-beyond-war-pt.-33.html

"There is a fundamental difference between the appeal of a mass movement and the appeal of a practical organization. The practical organization offers opportunities for self-advancement, and its appeal is mainly to self-interest. On the other hand, a mass movement, particularly in its active, revivalist phase, appeals not to those intent on bolstering and advancing a cherished self, but to those who crave to be rid of an unwanted self. A mass movement attracts and holds a following not because it can satisfy the desire for self-advancement, but because it can satisfy the passion for self-renunciation. People who see their lives as irremediably spoiled cannot find a worth-while purpose in self-advancement. The prospect of an individual career cannot stir them to a mighty effort, nor can it evoke in them faith and a single-minded dedication. They look on self-interest as on something tainted and evil; something unclean and unlucky. Anything undertaken under the auspices of the self seems to them foredoomed. Nothing that has its roots and reasons in the self can be good and noble. Their innermost craving is for a new life—a rebirth— or, failing this, a chance to acquire new elements of pride, confidence, hope, a sense of purpose and worth by an identification with a holy cause. An active mass movement offers them opportunities for both. If they join the movement as full converts they are reborn to a new life in its close-knit collective body, or if attracted as sympathizers they find elements of pride, confidence and purpose by identifying themselves with the efforts, achievements and prospects of the movement...To the frustrated a mass movement offers substitutes either for the whole self or for the elements which make life bearable and which they cannot evoke out of their individual resources...Faith in a holy cause is to a considerable extent a substitute for the lost faith in ourselves. The less justified a man is in claiming excellence for his own self, the more ready is he to claim all excellence for his nation, his religion, his race or his holy cause."

Cult Psychology: https://rumble.com/v1gvih9-cult-psychology.html

As people get more involved in these mass movements, there's a direction of thinking that wants to escape the present moment and move into a futuristic utopia. The present can never be satisfying, and therefore the present is felt as dissatisfying all the time. One gets strung along by promises of a better future, but in most cases that's all they remain as, promises. Because the present is treated with the attitude of struggle and sacrifice, it becomes dehumanized, and as long as this utopia has not yet manifested, there can be no pleasure, happiness, or rest, like in a healthy human existence. At the same time as these pleasures are renounced, which are individual pleasures, collective goals can take hold. "Not only does a mass movement depict the present as mean and miserable—it deliberately makes it so. It fashions a pattern of individual existence that is dour, hard, repressive and dull. It decries pleasures and comforts and extols the rigorous life. It views ordinary enjoyment as trivial or even discreditable, and represents the pursuit of personal happiness as immoral...The prime objective of the ascetic ideal preached by most movements is to breed contempt for the present. The campaign against the appetites is an effort to pry loose tenacious tentacles holding on to the present. That this cheerless individual life runs its course against a colorful and dramatic background of collective pageantry serves to accentuate its worthlessness...All mass movements deprecate the present by depicting it as a mean preliminary to a glorious future; a mere doormat on the threshold of the millennium. To a religious movement the present is a place of exile, a vale of tears leading to the heavenly kingdom; to a social revolution it is a mean way station on the road to Utopia; to a nationalist movement it is an ignoble episode preceding the final triumph...The self-sacrifice involved in mutual sharing and co-operative action is impossible without hope. When today is all there is, we grab all we can and hold on. We are afloat in an ocean of nothingness and we hang on to any miserable piece of wreckage as if it were the tree of life. On the other hand, when everything is ahead and yet to come, we find it easy to share all we have and to forego advantages within our grasp...A glorification of the past can serve as a means to belittle the present...Religious movements go back to the day of creation; social revolutions tell of a golden age when men were free, equal and independent; nationalist movements revive or invent memories of past greatness. This preoccupation with the past stems not only from a desire to demonstrate the legitimacy of the movement and the illegitimacy of the old order, but also to show up the present as a mere interlude between past and future."

Once the mass movement begins to take hold, the sense of self begins to find it's collective pleasure, which is to nullify disparities of all kinds to reduce the sense of triggering and inferiority. "What surprises one, when listening to the frustrated as they decry the present and all its works, is the enormous joy they derive from doing so. Such delight cannot come from the mere venting of a grievance. There must be something more—and there is. By expatiating upon the incurable baseness and vileness of the times, the frustrated soften their feeling of failure and isolation. It is as if they said: 'Not only our blemished selves, but the lives of all our contemporaries, even the most happy and successful, are worthless and wasted.' Thus by deprecating the present they acquire a vague sense of equality...Passionate hatred can give meaning and purpose to an empty life. Thus people haunted by the purposelessness of their lives try to find a new content not only by dedicating themselves to a holy cause but also by nursing a fanatical grievance. A mass movement offers them unlimited opportunities for both."

The difficulty in such collective desires, which are about lifting up individual people from their predicaments, is that it may be an impossible situation. Often times the next best goal is to bring others down in order to reduce the disparity, and to replace pride in achievement with schadenfreude. It's easier to destroy than it is to build. Yet, the person who succeeds in bringing down others hasn't improved him or herself. The wounds are still there and the return to everyday life is a return to the same drab life requiring another cycle of joining a mass movement and their next project. "The self-mastery needed in overcoming the appetites gives them an illusion of strength. They feel that in mastering themselves they have mastered the world. The mass movement's advocacy of the impracticable and impossible also agrees with their taste. Those who fail in everyday affairs show a tendency to reach out for the impossible. It is a device to camouflage their shortcomings. For when we fail in attempting the possible, the blame is solely ours; but when we fail in attempting the impossible, we are justified in attributing it to the magnitude of the task. There is less risk in being discredited when trying the impossible than when trying the possible. It is thus that failure in everyday affairs often breeds an extravagant audacity. One gains the impression that the frustrated derive as much satisfaction—if not more—from the means a mass movement uses as from the ends it advocates. The delight of the frustrated in chaos and in the downfall of the fortunate and prosperous does not spring from an ecstatic awareness that they are clearing the ground for the heavenly city. In their fanatical cry of 'all or nothing at all' the second alternative echoes perhaps a more ardent wish than the first...One of the rules that emerges from a consideration of the factors that promote self-sacrifice is that we are less ready to die for what we have or are than for what we wish to have and to be. It is a perplexing and unpleasant truth that when men already have 'something worth fighting for,' they do not feel like fighting. People who live full, worth-while lives are not usually ready to die for their own interests nor for their country nor for a holy cause. Craving, not having, is the mother of a reckless giving of oneself."

This is why the unhealthy sense of self can become dangerous because when people who have serious problems with their personal life, and get together to change society, what prospects are there for them to succeed? "The successful businessman is often a failure as a communal leader because his mind is attuned to the 'things that are' and his heart set on that which can be accomplished in 'our time.' Failure in the management of practical affairs seems to be a qualification for success in the management of public affairs. And it is perhaps fortunate that some proud natures when suffering defeat in the practical world do not feel crushed but are suddenly fired with the apparently absurd conviction that they are eminently competent to direct the fortunes of the community and the nation."

This problem manifests in excessive striving and forcing in order to change society when the skill levels are not up to the task. It is even more apparent when those goals are supposedly about increasing peace and harmony. Underneath the outward false self of peace broils an unconscious shadow, as Carl Jung pointed out, that breaks out due to the frustrations with those lack of skills, and also frustration with endless self-sacrifice. Blame shifting within ranks and scapegoating those who actually are more competent, begins to escalate. "Unity and self-sacrifice, of themselves, even when fostered by the most noble means, produce a facility for hating. Even when men league themselves mightily together to promote tolerance and peace on earth, they are likely to be violently intolerant toward those not of a like mind...Whether it is true or not as Pascal says that 'all men by nature hate each other,' and that love and charity are only 'a feint and a false image, for at bottom they are but hate,' one cannot escape the impression that hatred is an all-pervading ingredient in the compounds and combinations of our inner life. All our enthusiasms, devotions, passions and hopes, when they decompose, release hatred."

Hoffer provides a warning that is informed of the great mistakes of the 20th century, and how that hatred can turn the mass movement into mass murderers. That pent up sadism requires a release, and the mass movement in a machine like way, can provide the condoning and the resources to carry it out. "There is also this: when we renounce the self and become part of a compact whole, we not only renounce personal advantage but are also rid of personal responsibility. There is no telling to what extremes of cruelty and ruthlessness a man will go when he is freed from the fears, hesitations, doubts and the vague stirrings of decency that go with individual judgment. When we lose our individual independence in the corporate-ness of a mass movement, we find a new freedom—freedom to hate, bully, lie, torture, murder and betray without shame and remorse. Herein undoubtedly lies part of the attractiveness of a mass movement."

Sadism - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gtssd-sexuality-pt-5-sadism-sigmund-freud-and-beyond.html

Psychoanalysis - Freud and Beyond: https://rumble.com/v1gvgq7-psychoanalysis-sigmund-freud-and-beyond.html

The value of Psychoanalysis, and other forms of psychology, is to focus on the individual again. When the individual wakes up from the mimetic slumber of a mass movement, there's a healthy disenchantment with their promises and one regains that feeling that one should apply one's own self-judgment again, and seek help that is directed toward individual improvement, and to regain that pleasure of the present moment where humanity returns with it's color and vibrancy. One opens up to self-honesty. "Maybe I do have flaws? Maybe I am incompetent in certain ways? Maybe I do need help, but not from a surrogate parent, but from a consultant?" One can do this by enhancing introjections by paying attention to more detail and to update the internal framework of the world. Then the projections begin to become more accurate which in turn increases self-trust. The individual reconnects with practical organizations and learns to work with "what is." This isn't to say that there aren't victims and victimization, but one again looks to practical organizations that get things done in a realistic way with realistic outcomes, not utopian ones. Instead of being like Amenhotep IV, and trying to connect to a utopian religion, a surrogate father, one increasingly parents oneself.

Death and influence

Karl Abraham unfortunately died prematurely in 1925 after a prolonged series of health problems with his lungs. His last days were involved in a dispute over production of a film about Psychoanalysis, Secrets of a Soul, leading the IPA congress as president, and continuing to analyze patients, and mentor new comers, including prominent ones such as Karen Horney, Helen Deutsch, Alix Strachey, and Melanie Klein. Despite a short life, his influence continues to this day.

Secrets of a Soul - G.W. Pabst: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYoXy3bYD1k

Karl was a good speaker and could influence skeptical crowds. Anna describes what one of these seminars in the last year of his life was like. "From his speech, it turns out that he saw very many physical things as mental...The response of the gynecologists to Abraham’s lecture was extremely critical, but that did not bother Abraham in the least. In his closing speech, he calmly addressed their criticism point by point. The gynecologists knew little about psychoanalysis and at first they listened with the familiar skeptical smiles on their faces, but those smiles disappeared in the course of the evening and they became interested, especially during the discussion."

A lot of psychology involving the unconscious has to deal with deep unconscious likes or dislikes that aren't always seen for what they are. The unconscious wants to ingest or spit out people and situations psychologically. The controversy of course is between what is emotional and what is a biological pathology. There are connections but there are many areas where emotions and physical diseases have to be studied further before any claims can be substantiated. Yet there are modern miracles that are influenced by these old papers from psychoanalysts. One of the most curious ones from Karl Abraham was about premature ejaculation. Freud in a letter to Ferenczi responded with interest. "Abraham has sent me a very good article on premature ejaculation as a personal gift."

The emotional split between love and hate in premature ejaculation involved a mixture of ejaculation and urination, as a form of pleasure vs. hostility. For Abraham, this problem was because of the mental association connecting urination with ejaculation leading to the limp results of the former and leaving the Urethra as the leading erotogenic zone at the expense of normal sexual activity. The muscles relax in ejaculation the same as when urinating. "Many patients say that at the moment of premature emission they experience a feeling of shame with which anxiety and palpitation of the heart are associated." This was possibly due to a late development in the control of bladder functions while growing up and possibly past exhibitionistic pleasures with urinating in public. "...Memories of childhood connected with exhibitionistic pleasure in passing urine in the sight of another person and with the assistance rendered by that person in such a situation."

This would be like his focus on ambivalence. There's a narcissistic risk in giving the products of oneself to a person and they can be overestimated in value. "Just in the same way as the small child wets his mother with his urine, which he cannot as yet contain, the patient wets his partner in his premature ejaculation…[and] is not able to give love, but only to receive it." Frigidity in women can also be a narcissism where the risk is overestimated and the libido collapses. This overestimation can happen at different strengths but the attitude is that of self-protection creating ambivalence in the activity, and this is precisely the area that is blocked of with displacement. "Some patients delude themselves with the belief that [premature ejaculation] is a sign of an unusually passionate temperament."

How Abraham analyzed this was with free association and following the details where they went and also the fact that these patients didn't have this problem when masturbating. For patients, Karl put them into two groups: Those who rush all the time with everything, including sex, and those who are passive and don't want to put the effort, and their lack of healthy sadism. Fear of rejection or of hurting the woman can also reduce libido. "There remains to them a remnant of potency only if they are certain of the complete consent of the woman; and their aggressive impulses are so suppressed that all sexual initiative, in the strict sense of the term, is absent. Many of them are quite unable to establish any relations with women on their own initiative; others are capable of beginning such a relationship, but lose their activity at the moment when it ought to pass over into physical action." This manifested for his patients when the husband was in argument with his wife. In those situations there was no potency, but it returned after a reconciliation. For women there's a primal fear of the father about to interrupt the sexual act and is ever watchful. "They dread his all-seeing eye and his chastising hand." This leads to women treating sex with haste like when completing a daily task and not having enough time. There are also infantile theories that children have that remain unconscious in adulthood. "It is not rare for patients to tell the physician of a fear which they have had since puberty that they may not be able to withdraw their penis from the body of the woman, and have to leave it behind. This fear is founded on one of the infantile sexual theories which are re-vivified at puberty. According to it there is only one union between the woman and the man, and in it she robs him of his genital organ by tearing it off...In consciousness he reacts to this unmanly retreat with lively and tormenting feelings of insufficiency."

The goal for Abraham is to remove the narcissism and hostility to the opposite sex and allow both partners to desire to please the other partner and think less about their old hang ups with their mother, old desires for revenge, and past rejections. Both partners have to be comfortable together and lower their emotional armor. "It is the task of psycho-analytical treatment to free the patient from his narcissistic attitude, and to point out to him the path to a normal transference of feelings. If we can succeed in removing his narcissistic rejection of the female, the path is made free for him to carry out the normal sexual functions. Psycho-analysis acts in a similar manner in removing the female counterpart...frigidity."

Professor Brett Kahr recounts how he presented this paper in a modern context. "As a little example of the ongoing usefulness of Abraham as a clinical teacher, it might be of interest to know that I recently presented a paper to a conference on the treatment of psychosexual difficulties, and drew heavily upon Abraham’s almost completely neglected paper...Many of the conference participants—mostly devotees of modern methods of psychosexual therapy who prescribe practical genital exercises for couples struggling with premature ejaculation—listened in open-minded fashion as I described my work with several patients whom I treated in a classical Abrahamian fashion, and whose [problems] vanished after we had thoroughly explored the split-off hostilities. After the conference, many participants asked me for the reference to Abraham’s paper, explaining that they had never come across this essay, or, indeed, upon Abraham himself!"

Selected Papers of Karl Abraham - Karl Abraham and Ernest Jones: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9781376216677/

Karl Abraham (1935) A Psychoanalytic Contribution to the Understanding of his Personality and the Monotheistic Cult of Aton, The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 4:4, 537-569

Karl Abraham Life and Work, a Biography - Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780367325251/

Karl Abraham the birth of object relations theory - Isabel Sanfeliu: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780367325244/

The True Believer - Eric Hoffer: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9780060505912/

American Marxism - Mark Levin: https://www.isbns.net/isbn/9781501135972/

Psychology: http://psychreviews.org/category/psychology01/

#karl abraham #psychoanalysis #object relations #emotional incest #mass movement #oedipus complex #premature ejaculation treatment #premature ejaculation #alcohol #homosexuality

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