Sunday 18/9/22 - Dinosaur Swords and Shields; Thyreophorans
Sauropelta - Sean Closson (twitter)
Apologies in advance if today's article is a bit more scatterbrained than some of my better blogposts in the past, but I've been procrastinating writing for a bit and need to get something out.
The larger group of Dinosauria is traditionally split into two main groups: The Saurischians (lizard hips) and Ornithischians (bird hips). The Saurischians include the Therapods (most meat eaters) and Sauropods (long necks), and have been the focus of a lot of my dinosaur discussion on this blog. So today, I wanna highlight a group from Ornithischia, the Thyreophorans.
Miragaia - TheDinosaurMann (twitter)
Thyreophora includes most of what the public would think of as "Armoured Dinosaurs", and much of the uniting anatomical traits are adapted for a thick set body, weight bearing limbs, powerful tails, and a general predator deterring lifestyle. The earliest and more primitive members of this group were more slender, and evolved from a bipedal common ancestor, but the most derived members were the heaviest, spikiest, and well armoured dinosaurs of their time.
Scutellosaurus, an early Thyreophoran
Gabriel Ugueto/Serpenillus (twitter)
One anatomical trait common to all Thyreophorans is the extensive covering of Osteoderms, bony skin protrusions that decorate and protect the backs, heads, and tails of many members. In the Ankylosaur division, this is mostly present as rounded studs and lumps all along the back and sides of the animal. In Stegosaurs, they present as spikes and plates along the back and tail of the animal. Before researching this topic, it never occurred to me that these were analogous structures, but it makes sense these features had ancestral roots.
To best demonstrate the diversity of Thyreophorans, I want to highlight three of the most recent discovered species from across the group.
Bashanosaurus
@ ttorrooo (on twitter)
This Stegosaur was recently found in China in 2015 and described in 2022. Its name means "Bashan-lizard" Bashan being an old name for Chongqing, where it was discovered. Current research places Bashanosaurus as a very primitive member of the Stegosaur clade, and it shares many traits common with Scelidosaurus, a Thyreophoran thought to have evolved before Stegosaurs and Ankylosaurs diverged.
In later Stegosaurs, the back spines had evolved into angular plates, thought to be primarily a display structure. But in Bashanosaurus, the back spines are still very spiky, and parts of its body still preserve rows of spikes on the side of the body, which were reduced to just one spike on the shoulder or lost altogether in later species. It still had the tail spikes, and this seems to be an ancestral trait. It represents a visual clue on how Stegosaurs evolved some of their more derived traits.
Stegouros
@adamworks (tumblr)
This dinosaur was a very derived Ankylosaur discovered in Chile in 2018, and described in 2021. It's name means "roofed tail". Ankylosaurs were traditionally split into two groups, Ankylosauridae, many of which had tail clubs, and Nodosauridae, which were often heavier built, and lacked tail clubs. These groups were mostly from northern continents, and Ankylosaurs from Australia and Antarctica were harder to classify.
The description of Stegouros prompted the creation of a new division within Ankylosauria; Parankylosauria, a group of Gondwana dinosaurs that diverged earlier, and Euankylosauria, which included the Nodosaurids and Ankylosaurids. While the Northern Continent Ankylosaurs were larger, and utilised clubs in their tail weaponry, Stegouros and its relatives were smaller, less bulky, and Stegouros had a sword on its tail. This tail was less mobile, the "sword" formed from several fused vertebrae, but it was still very dangerous.
Jakapil
Gabriel Diaz Yantén/ PaleoGDY (on twitter)
Video version linked here
This dinosaur was a basal Thyreophoran discovered in Argentina across the 2010s and described in 2022. Its name means "shield bearer" in the Puelchan language. Jakapil represents a lineage of dinosaurs that split off from the rest of Thyreophora before Stegosaurs and Ankylosaurs even split. But whereas most of the time you'd think "basal" or "primitive" means from an older time, Jakapil was from the Late Cretaceous, after most of the Stegosaur lineage had died out.
Thyreophorans were mostly heavy set animals, so quadrupeal locomotion was the norm, but Jakapil was an obligate biped; its arms were too small to walk on. It's well muscled jaw and unique skull shape has many palaeontologists theorising it was a basal Ceratopsian, but the advanced osteoderm armour/spikes on the neck, shoulders and down the back concluded it was a Thyreophoran. A very unique dinosaur indeed.
Thanks for Reading
Hi, if you haven't read any of my stuff before, thanks for reading this. This is sort of my dive into amateur journalism. This is not a dinosaur blog, but I do talk about dinosaurs a lot, so feel free to check out the links in my Pinned Post.
If you have a suggestion for something dinosaur to talk about, please inbox me, I am starved for creativity and would love the inspiration.
71 notes
·
View notes