@ruedit НЕДЕЛЬКА КОСМОНАВТИКИ | ДЕНЬ 2 - НАУКА Салют-7 / Salyut-7 (2017) dir. Klim Shipenko ►

Moviezzz:

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAGICAL NEGROES (2024): Underdeveloped Kobi Libii satire about a down-on-his-luck Black artist (Justice Smith) who's recruited (by David Alan Grier) to become a kind of Black fairy godfather for fretful white people, only to immediately stumble when he and his first "client" (Drew Tarver) both fall for the same attractive woman (An-Li Bogan). The concept is pointed, and the scenes with Grier take some well-deserved if rather easy potshots at films like THE GREEN MILE and DRIVING MISS DAISY, but those scenes outline a thesis that the main story really doesn't pay off; you could cut all the magical stuff completely without significantly changing the plot, which is a fairly ordinary romcom about a young Black man whose artistic and romantic ambitions are undermined by his socially conditioned reluctance to assert himself. Frustratingly, the movie's most interesting twist — which actually reframes the entire story in a completely new and provocative light — comes right at the end, leaving no opportunity to actually engage with it. CONTAINS LESBIANS? Not a one. VERDICT: Like THEY CLONED TYRONE, it's a logline in search of a script, and it accomplishes less with its premise in 90+ minutes than a decent episode of THE BOONDOCKS could have managed in 20.

THE HIT (1984): Unusual but hard-to-enjoy existentialist road movie about a pair of British hitmen — a twitchy, vaguely reptillian aging pro (John Hurt) and a cocky, naive young punk (Tim Roth) — transporting an aging former hood (Terrence Stamp) from Spain to Paris, where he's to be killed for having testified against his cohorts 10 years earlier. The target is unnervingly philosophical about it all, but the same can't be said for Maggie (Laura del Sol), a young Spanish girl they abduct along the way, intending to murder her at the earliest convenient opportunity. Watching Stamp drive young Roth up the wall with his c'est la vie attitude is mildly amusing, but the way Maggie is terrorized and brutalized throughout makes the film unpleasant to watch despite its deliberately lackadaisical pace and seriocomic tone. CONTAINS LESBIANS? Nope. VERDICT: One can see what they were going for, but the results are more distasteful than satisfying.

IRISH WISH (2024): Glossy, vacuous fantasy-romance about a professional editor named Maddie Kelly (Lindsay Lohan), who's in love with bestselling author Paul Kennedy (Alexander Vlahos) despite the fact that he's about to marry her best friend Emma (Elizabeth Tan). While they're in Ireland for the wedding, Saint Brigid (Dawn Bradfield) unexpectedly grants Maddie's wish that she, not Emma, be the one to marry Paul, which soon backfires when Maddie falls for hunky photographer James Thomas (Ed Speleers) instead. Intended as inoffensive fluff that relies more on pretty Irish scenery and Speleers' square jaw than on story or characterization, it's not entirely satisfying even on its own modest terms: Maddie's willingness to essentially hijack her best friend's romantic destiny feels meaner than the script is prepared to acknowledge (a problem that the casting of Elizabeth Tan as Emma only accentuates); a subplot involving Paul's reluctance to credit Maddie's contributions to his books raises the question of why she's still willing to work with him, much less marry him; and Jane Seymour is wasted in a pointless supporting role as Maddie's mom, whose attempts to make it to Ireland for her daughter's magically convened wedding keep ending in disaster. CONTAINS LESBIANS? Nary a one. VERDICT: Isn't Lohan getting too old for this sort of thing?

IRMA VEP (1996): Overrated Olivier Assayas behind-the-scenes drama — mostly filmed in a cinéma vérité mumblecore style that makes subtitles mandatory no matter how many languages you speak — starring Maggie Cheung (playing herself, more or less) as a Hong Kong actress who flies to Paris to shoot an artsy Catwoman-inspired remake of a 1915–1916 silent movie serial, a role that requires her to be wedged into a black latex catsuit whose designer (Nathalie Richard) would also like to get into Maggie's pants. (This is only one aspect of the rambling plot, but it's also the only part that's remotely interesting.) Highly regarded by critics for its knowing jabs at French cinema and French film criticism, but if you're not impressed with its cinephile onanism (which has a very narrow appeal even among cinephiles), it's mostly pretty dull. It only really comes to life during a voyeuristic dream sequence in which Maggie imagines herself wandering through her hotel (initially to a soundtrack of Sonic Youth's "Tunic (Song for Karen)") and stealing a necklace from the room of a naked woman who's arguing with her lover on the telephone. CONTAINS LESBIANS? Zoé (the Nathalie Richard character) is expressly into Maggie, but Maggie doesn't seem to reciprocate, so, like many things in this movie, nothing comes of it. VERDICT: If you're not a Cahiers du cinéma contributor looking to see if you were mentioned, you might need an extra cup of coffee to stay awake, catsuits notwithstanding.

SALYUT-7 (2017): Cardboard Russian adventure film about the daring 1985 Soyuz T-13 mission to try to repair the titular space station, which had gone into an uncontrolled spin after the failure of its onboard automated systems. Faced with the risk of the station crashing to Earth in a populated area, two veteran cosmonauts (played here by Vladimir Vdovichenkov and Pavel Derevyanko) managed to dock with the station, thaw out its snow-covered interior, and locate the source of the original malfunction in time to avoid disaster. The film is a technically competent fictionalization of a fairly harrowing real-world adventure, inevitably embellished for dramatic and propagandistic effect (although in the latter respect, it's no worse than FOR ALL MANKIND). Unfortunately, the quality of the effects isn't matched by the script, characterization, or acting, which are all on the level of an old-school American TV movie. CONTAINS LESBIANS? Nyet! VERDICT: Only for committed space nerds.

STUCK (2007): Stomach-churning misanthropic nightmare — allegedly a black comedy, although that would imply that it was funny — about a bitchy nursing assistant (Mena Suvari with cornrows) who hits a newly unhoused man (Stephen Rea) with her car, leaving him embedded in the windshield, horribly injured. Rather than calling 911, she parks the car in her garage and takes a taxi to work in the morning, leaving the man trapped, bleeding, and struggling to summon help. Later, she and her drug dealer boyfriend (Russell Hornsby) attempt repeatedly to murder him in hopes of covering up what she's done. Fun! The story, inspired by an actual incident, hinges on the idea that nearly every single person in the film, from the patients at the nursing home where the Suvari character works to the awful people at the employment agency where Rea has tried in vain to apply, is an irredeemably cruel and selfish monster, with the few exceptions (like a sympathetic homeless man and a young Latino boy who sees the Rea character's plight) serving mostly to prove the rule. As you might expect, it's violent, kind of racist, and definitely not for the squeamish. CONTAINS LESBIANS? No, but you'll be grateful. VERDICT: If you're in a very bad mood, you might find the film's mean-spirited nastiness cathartic, but it's otherwise an unrewarding ordeal.

Салют-7 (2017) [Salyut-7]

Очередная попытка закосить под американский кинематографический язык (так же известен как кинематографическая безграмотность), с потугами на стилистику и сказочным сюжетом про эльфов и гоблинов. Хотя сам по себе фильм вышел сносный и без особого корёжения, выдуманный подтекст совершенно отвратителен. Жутиковые страшненькие американи хотят украсть наш космический металлолом, злой кровавый тиран…

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A little bit of space history from the Sci-Fi 5 Archive: on this day in 1985, the mission to save Salyut 7 was launched.

Russian stealth hunting Su-57 is ready for export

Announcement was made by FSMTC employees at the Dubai Air Show.

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 11/14/2023 - 08:31am Dubai Air Show, Military

Russia is ready to receive export orders for its Su-57 poaching after completing its development program.

Officials of the Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation (FSMTC) declared at the ongoing Dubai Air Show that, "if our foreign partners contact us, we are ready to start working on this topic". They noted that several customers are already showing “growing interest” in Su-57 aircraft.

Since the end of 2022, the Russian Aerospace Forces have received three batches of Su-57, most of which are actively involved in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Notably, some of these aircraft have the latest 'Product 30' engine, also recognized as the 'second stage', improving the thrust and super crucing capabilities of the stealth jet.

The Su-57 launches missiles and bombs from its internal compartment - an exclusive feature shared only by a few selected aircraft around the world.

In the field of fifth-generation aircraft available for export, the Russian Su-57 is next to the F-35 as a singular competitor.

Rostec's recent announcement announces the start of the 5ª generation Su-57 serial multifunctional fighter equipment with 2º stage post-combustion turbojet engines, labeled as 'Product 30'. With a post-combustion thrust of 18,000 kgf and a maximum thrust of 11,000 kgf, this advance amplifies the thrust-to-weight ratio of vehicles by 1.2 times (increasing from 1.13 to 1.36 kgf/kg with normal takeoff weight with 63% fuel).

This improvement translates into an increased ascent rate, ranging from 330 to 340-350 m/s, along with an increase in angular velocity during constant curves. In addition, it raises the service ceiling and supersonic cruise flight speed to 2,150-2,200 km/h and the maximum speed to an impressive 2,600-2,700 km/h.

Notably, the engines at the center of this advance were created by the team of the JSC Salyut Gas Turbine Research and Production Center.

Tags: Military AviationDubai AirshowRussiaSukhoi Su-57 Felon

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Fernando Valduga

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has work published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. Uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

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Dear all, We are happy to announce that ”Socialist Modernism in Ukraine”, the fifth photo album of @_BA_CU Association planned series, is available in 800 copies. The photo album includes landmarks of socialist modernist architecture in Ukraine – from 1955 to 1991. B.A.C.U. Association explains socialist modernist tendencies, it presents – in color photographs – a functional image of the buildings and their often original elements that synthesize local culture and traditions, while bringing you up to date with their current state of conservation. The book contains the authors’ view on Ukrainian modernist architecture. Print run 800 Pages 194+ 1 Spread/ Ukraine - SOC MOD Map Ukrainian, English, French Size 26×28.5 cm Weight 1.25 kg Designed and published by @_BA_CU Association Those who are interested in #SocialistModernism are able to order the book on @UrbanicaGroup 👈🏻 @Ushopamazon 👈🏻 https://www.instagram.com/urbanicagroup/ distributor page, (or link in our profile ☝️) ; link: http://urbanicagroup.ro/ushop/ or AMAZON: https://www.amazon.com/s?me=A33QJE9SPOCVM4&marketplaceID=ATVPDKIKX0DER by selecting the Photo album from among the books listed. (Shipping worldwide) #SocialistModernism #_BA_CU (c) BACU - 1, 10 Hotel Salyut, Kyiv, Built between 1976-1982 Architect: Avraam Miletsky et al. 3 One of the two Obolon Collective Housing Towers, Kyiv, Built in 1981, Architect: Budilovsky M., Kolomiets V., Katsin V., Morozov V., Ivanov I. with Ladnyi V. 5 The Halls of Parting, Memory Park (Kyiv) built 1968–1981 Architect: A. Miletsky Concept, design: Ada Rybachuk and Vladimir Melnichenko 7 Institute of Marine Engineers, Odessa, Ukraine, built in 1975, Architect: Ye. Ryblitskii, Ye. Kolomentsev. 8 Former Universam no 10 Pecherskyi, a.k.a. "Baraban" (the Drum) now: Velyka Kishenya, Kyiv, Ukraine, Built in 1983, Architect Alla Anishchenko 9 Large mosaic panel entitled "Flourish, Bukovina!" on a block of flats in Chernovtsy, Artists Vihrenko Ivan Gnatovich in co-authorship with Artem Prysiazhnyuk, 1983 https://www.instagram.com/p/CpaedH6sJUi/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

42 years ago... Soyuz 39 and Intercosmos Mongolia The March 1981 Soyuz 39 flight marked the eighth Intercosmos mission, this time with research cosmonaut Zhugderdemidiyn "Gurr" Gurragcha, the very first cosmonaut from Mongolia. It was the 2nd spaceflight for cosmonaut Vladimir Dzhanibekov as the crew stayed onboard the Salyut-6 space station conducting scientific experiments during a 7 days 20 hours mission. Note that Vladimir Dzhanibekov wore an Omega Speedmaster 861 chronograph underneath his Sokol spacesuit, a wristwatch he received in late 1973 as a support cosmonaut for the historic ASTP Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. (Photo: TASS/Roscosmos)

CHARACTER THESIS Q AND A

to him: maybe your empathy’s just a comforting lie; have you ever thought of that? maybe you think you know how the other person feels, but you’re only feeling yourself; maybe you’re even worse than me. or maybe we’re all just guessing. maybe the only difference is that i don’t lie to myself about it — blindslight. to her: ‘ i’m fine.’ a moment of silence, followed by the unmistakable click of a phone hanging up. i end the conversation before it starts. about names, possessions, and everything i have never told anyone: i gave you a false name when we first met; it was comfortable. you called me by it for several weeks before i gave you my real name, out of principle alone — you already knew i was lying. you have the innate ability to weaponize anything, including knowledge; it’s why you’re so prone to destruction and self-destruction. sometimes, it hurts. most times, i am unaffected.

to angels: we need modified symbols of humanity to console us; it’s easier to speak of angels than a god. they’re less threatening, you see them in your image with wings and a halo. in 1985, cosmonaunts vladimir solevev and oleg atkov claimed to have seen angels while performing medical experiments in salyut 7 high above the earth. this isn't the first time i’ve heard of similar incidents happening in the vast emptiness. a former colleague claimed to have seen something lurking in the space shuttle, describing it as an encounter with an angel, describing it with vague description and a sense of awe. he was subsequently silenced and demoted to office work with contractors. unsurprisingly. in the official reports, i attributed it to fatigue.  question to death: i've never been particularly comforting to others regarding this. when asked about death, my response is factual. informative, at best. dismissive, at worst. it's part of nature's recycling system based on the conservation of matter, returning to our origins. no room for frivolous philosophies on the afterlife. ‘ death, scientifically, is the cessation of life processes. the body's energy transforms, not vanishes. ’ my response remains unchanged. questions to the body: do you want to be human? to the heart: i don’t quite feel human anymore.

tagged by: [me] tagging: @susponte, @emnesias, @crushsung, @wellfell, @flmed, @deatheless

Staring at the iceberg for too long, I'm starting to see a connection between Abrupt Coordinate Totality Event, Earth Was Moved, and The Easy Chair.

Good eye! So, all three of these represent a sort of dimensional issue, which is common in the space around Earth, and less common the further you move away from its gravitational field.

To start, an ACTE is an event that has a similar reputation to spontaneous human combustion- those that claim to have witnessed it typically only see the aftermath. During an ACTE, two objects with fixed coordinates on different dimensional planes will align on one or more planes- and both will attempt to occupy the space.

A good example of this would be a "demonic possession." A human being with predictable X, Y, and Z coordinates in three-dimensional space and a being with predictable W, X, and Y coordinates in four-dimensional space might undergo an ACTE when their X and Y coordinates align.

Because both entities have a unique, unaffected coordinate which roots them to their base dimension, they overlap, rather than destroying one another. This is bad for both of them, medically speaking, and the entanglement will last until a third party on either side can manually separate the affected entities.

Pivoting from this into the "Earth Was Moved" theory, some astronomers have reason to believe that ancient Earth cultures saw and recorded a different sky entirely. This intersects (lmao) with the ACTE phenomenon by way of another idea in these circles- that Earth was either moved to a more volatile place in space in order to provoke ACTE events, or that it was moved from an extremely volatile place in space, and the ACTE events we see now are the least we can manage.

Evidence for the movement of the Earth is slim, but not completely immaterial- astronomers and geologists interested in proving this theory point to "out-of-place artifacts" such as spark plugs in the fossil record, the Antikythera mechanism, and the Lake Winnepesaukee mystery stone as indicators of uncertainty in time and place caused by the deliberate movement of the planet.

On the other end of this theory is The Easy Chair, an object that is certainly out of place, but unverifiable by modern human tools. Two groups- both active between 1959 and 1982- "The SLAPP" and the "Cocaine Engineers," claim to have witnessed The Easy Chair under entirely different circumstances.

An overstuffed brown corduroy chair is said to drift in the exogalactic void between the Milky Way and Andromeda, completely independent in every direction for numerous light years, unlit and undetectable. This account of the chair comes from two written records left by SLAPP members who claim to have visited and experienced a sudden, intense sense of dread and of being observed.

The Cocaine Engineers used data gathered by The SLAPP to create a device capable of bouncing a signal off of the slowly-growing population of objects surrounding Earth during the space race. In 1974, using the position of the Soviet space station Salyut 1, they deflected a condensed burst of "radio-gravitic" waves off of the station's hull and in the direction of the chair.

In 1981, this rad-grav packet- which constantly accelerated over its 7-year journey- allegedly reached its target, suddenly producing output on the Cocaine Engineers' Xerox Alto. Its word processor, Bravo, was left open, and began filling with hundreds of pages of nonsense text.

The Engineers recorded as much text as they could until the receiving aerial for the rad-grav signal began to glow white-hot and started a small fire in the back yard of their Columbus, Ohio research compound.

Over the next six months, they picked through the data burst and picked out four distinct lines of text. These were originally Akkadian phonemes, which were then translated into English:

[...worked hard for this...]

[no interest in this [untranslatable] noise]

[...your hands, and clap]

[find your own guzza*]

"Guzza" is a common Sumerian word for chair, which appears in the document intercepted by the Xerox Alto no less than 16,000 times.

These four lines repeated roughly every three pages, surrounded by unbroken lines of unreadable nonsense.

Despite the abrupt breakup of the Cocaine Engineers at the beginning of the Reagan administration, their data was handed off to remaining members of The SLAPP, who have done no additional research- but have kept the documents safe.

So! It's not exactly a clean linear path, but that's the connection you're finding between ACTE, the idea that Earth was moved, and the mythical Easy Chair. The first describes the mechanism evident in the other two!

Tal día como hoy 14 de mayo ...

2004: Un helicóptero europeo llega a la cima del monte Everest (en Nepal), pero no logra posarse ni que descienda nadie de la tripulación.

1993: Por primera se prueba un páncreas artificial en un paciente con diabetes, de 38 años de edad, en Estados Unidos.

1973: La NASA pone en órbita el Skylab, la primera estación espacial de Estados Unidos, fue el último lanzamiento del cohete Saturno. La Salyut 1, de la Unión Soviética, fue la primera estación espacial de la historia, en 1971.

1973: Se aprueba en Estados Unidos la ley de igualdad de derechos entre hombres y mujeres en el ejército.

1964: El presidente de Estados Unidos, Lyndon Johnson, inicia un embargo a Cuba prohibiendo a los países del mundo que le vendan medicinas o alimentos.

1955: Se firma el Pacto de Varsovia por parte de ocho países comunistas, incluida la Unión Soviética, para el acuerdo de defensa mutua.

1939: La peruana Lina Medina, con 5 años, 7 meses y 21 días de edad, se convierte en la madre más joven confirmada en la historia de la medicina.

1926: El dirigible Norge realiza el vuelo transártico desde el norte de Noruega hasta Teller (Alaska). Se considera el primer vuelo verificado sobre el Polo Norte.

1897: Guglielmo Marconi hace su primera transmisión telegráfica sin hilos en Italia.

1799: Una tormenta rompe la presa de El Gasco, cerca de Madrid (España). Obra del ingeniero Carlos Lemaur.

Dear all, We are happy to announce that ”Socialist Modernism in Ukraine”, the fifth photo album of @_BA_CU Association planned series, is available in 800 copies. Those who are interested in #SocialistModernism are able to order the book on @UrbanicaGroup 👈🏻 @Ushopamazon 👈🏻 https://www.instagram.com/urbanicagroup/ distributor page, (or link in our profile ☝️) ; link: http://urbanicagroup.ro/ushop/ or AMAZON: https://www.amazon.com/s?me=A33QJE9SPOCVM4&marketplaceID=ATVPDKIKX0DER by selecting the Photo album from among the books listed. (Shipping worldwide) #SocialistModernism #_BA_CU The photo album includes landmarks of socialist modernist architecture in Ukraine – from 1955 to 1990. B.A.C.U. Association explains socialist modernist tendencies, it presents – in color photographs – a functional image of the buildings and their often original elements that synthesize local culture and traditions, while bringing you up to date with their current state of conservation. The book contains the authors’ view on Ukrainian modernist architecture. Print run 800 Pages 194+ 1 Spread/ Ukraine - SOC MOD Map Ukrainian, English, French Size 26×28.5 cm Weight 1.25 kg Designed and published by @_BA_CU Association (c) BACU - 1, 10 Hotel Salyut, Kyiv, Built between 1976-1982 Architect: Avraam Miletsky et al. 3 One of the two Obolon Collective Housing Towers, Kyiv, Built in 1981, Architect: Budilovsky M., Kolomiets V., Katsin V., Morozov V., Ivanov I. with Ladnyi V. 5 The Halls of Parting, Memory Park (Kyiv) built 1968–1981 Architect: A. Miletsky Concept, design: Ada Rybachuk and Vladimir Melnichenko 7 Institute of Marine Engineers, Odessa, Ukraine, built in 1975, Architect: Ye. Ryblitskii, Ye. Kolomentsev. 8 Former Universam no 10 Pecherskyi, a.k.a. "Baraban" (the Drum) now: Velyka Kishenya, Kyiv, Ukraine, Built in 1983, Architect Alla Anishchenko 9 Large mosaic panel entitled "Flourish, Bukovina!" on a block of flats in Chernovtsy, Artists Vihrenko Ivan Gnatovich in co-authorship with Artem Prysiazhnyuk, 1983 https://www.instagram.com/p/Cdn6J8doO4m/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

India's first astronaut onboard Soviet salyut 7 space station, April 1984 (225x329) Check this blog!

Stone Age, Copper Age, Iron Age

Stone Age, Copper Age, Iron Age, whatever the civilization may be

But the most famous is today's space search era.

maybe you don't understand friends

I am describing the story of human misdeeds in the present world

This new human world of ours has entered a new era.

In today's great civilization, which countries have played a role in the path of space travel?

Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space.[1] While the exploration of space is currently carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration is conducted both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight. Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources for space science.

While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, national prestige, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity, and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries.[2]

The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States. A driving force of the start of space exploration was during the Cold War. After the ability to create nuclear weapons, the narrative of defense/offense left land and the power to control the air became the focus. Both the Soviet and the U.S. were fighting to prove their superiority in technology through exploring the unknown: space. In fact, the reason NASA was made was due to the response of Sputnik I.[3] The launch of the first human-made object to orbit Earth, the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Alexei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station (ISS).

With the substantial completion of the ISS[4] following STS-133 in March 2011, plans for space exploration by the U.S. remain in flux. Constellation, a Bush administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020[5] was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009.[6] The Obama administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth–Moon L1, the Moon, Earth–Sun L2, near-Earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit.[7]

In the 2000s, China initiated a successful crewed spaceflight program while India launched Chandraayan 1, while the European Union and Japan have also planned future crewed space missions. China, Russia, and Japan have advocated crewed missions to the Moon during the 21st century, while the European Union has advocated crewed missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 20th and 21st century.

Well our country India is not behind

But one thing is there

We are traveling through planets and satellites so that we can see water there.

So that someday we can settle humans there

That's why water is so important

Translate Hindi

प्रस्तर युग ताम्र युग लौह युग चाहे कोई भी सभ्यता हो

मगर सबसे मशहूर है आज की स्पेस सार्च युग

शायद आप समझे नहीं दोस्तों

मैं वर्तमान दुनिया में इंसानी कर्तूत कहानी का विवरण दे रहा हूँ

हमारी यह नया इंसानी दुनिया नए युग में पधार चुके है

आज की महत सभ्यता में किन किन देश स्पेस भ्रमण की ऱास्ता में भूमिका निभाएं है

अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण बाहरी अंतरिक्ष का पता लगाने के लिए खगोल विज्ञान और अंतरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी का उपयोग है।[1] जबकि अंतरिक्ष की खोज वर्तमान में मुख्य रूप से खगोलविदों द्वारा दूरबीनों के साथ की जाती है, इसका भौतिक अन्वेषण मानव रहित रोबोटिक अंतरिक्ष जांच और मानव अंतरिक्ष उड़ान दोनों द्वारा किया जाता है। अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण, अपने शास्त्रीय रूप खगोल विज्ञान की तरह, अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान के मुख्य स्रोतों में से एक है।

जबकि अंतरिक्ष में वस्तुओं का अवलोकन, जिसे खगोल विज्ञान के रूप में जाना जाता है, विश्वसनीय दर्ज इतिहास से पहले का है, यह बीसवीं शताब्दी के मध्य के दौरान बड़े और अपेक्षाकृत कुशल रॉकेटों का विकास था जिसने भौतिक अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण को वास्तविकता बनने की अनुमति दी थी। अंतरिक्ष की खोज के सामान्य तर्कों में वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान को आगे बढ़ाना, राष्ट्रीय प्रतिष्ठा, विभिन्न देशों को एकजुट करना, मानवता के भविष्य के अस्तित्व को सुनिश्चित करना और अन्य देशों के खिलाफ सैन्य और रणनीतिक लाभ विकसित करना शामिल है।[2]

अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण का प्रारंभिक युग सोवियत संघ और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के बीच "अंतरिक्ष दौड़" से प्रेरित था। अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण क��� शुरुआत की प्रेरक शक्ति शीत युद्ध के दौरान थी। परमाणु हथियार बनाने की क्षमता के बाद, रक्षा/अपराध की कथा ने ज़मीन छोड़ दी और हवा को नियंत्रित करने की शक्ति पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया। सोवियत और अमेरिका दोनों अज्ञात अंतरिक्ष की खोज के माध्यम से प्रौद्योगिकी में अपनी श्रेष्ठता साबित करने के लिए लड़ रहे थे। वास्तव में, नासा के निर्माण का कारण स्पुतनिक I की प्रतिक्रिया थी।[3] 4 अक्टूबर 1957 को पृथ्वी की कक्षा में जाने वाली पहली मानव निर्मित वस्तु, सोवियत संघ के स्पुतनिक 1 का प्रक्षेपण, और 20 जुलाई 1969 को अमेरिकी अपोलो 11 मिशन द्वारा चंद्रमा पर पहली लैंडिंग को अक्सर इस प्रारंभिक अवधि के लिए मील के पत्थर के रूप में लिया जाता है। सोवियत अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम ने कई पहले मील के पत्थर हासिल किए, जिनमें 1957 में कक्षा में पहला जीवित प्राणी, 1961 में पहली मानव अंतरिक्ष उड़ान (वोस्तोक 1 पर यूरी गगारिन), 18 मार्च 1965 को पहला स्पेसवॉक (एलेक्सी लियोनोव द्वारा), पहला शामिल है। 1966 में एक अन्य खगोलीय पिंड पर स्वचालित लैंडिंग, और 1971 में पहले अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन (सैल्युट 1) का प्रक्षेपण। अन्वेषण के पहले 20 वर्षों के बाद, ध्यान एकबारगी उड़ानों से हटकर नवीकरणीय हार्डवेयर पर स्थानांतरित हो गया, जैसे कि स्पेस शटल कार्यक्रम, और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन (आईएसएस) के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा से लेकर सहयोग तक।

मार्च 2011 में एसटीएस-133 के बाद आईएसएस[4] के पर्याप्त समापन के साथ, अमेरिका द्वारा अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण की योजनाएं निरंतर बनी हुई हैं। 2020 तक चंद्रमा पर वापसी के लिए बुश प्रशासन के कार्यक्रम कॉन्स्टेलेशन को 2009 में एक विशेषज्ञ समीक्षा पैनल की रिपोर्ट में अपर्याप्त रूप से वित्त पोषित और अवास्तविक माना गया था। [6] ओबामा प्रशासन ने 2010 में कम पृथ्वी की कक्षा (एलईओ) से परे चालक दल के मिशनों की क्षमता के विकास पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने के लिए तारामंडल में संशोधन का प्रस्ताव रखा, जिसमें आईएसएस के संचालन को 2020 से आगे बढ़ाने की कल्पना की गई, मानव चालक दल के लिए लॉन्च वाहनों के विकास को नासा से स्थानांतरित किया गया। निजी क्षेत्र के लिए, और LEO से परे मिशनों को सक्षम करने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकी विकसित करना, जैसे कि पृथ्वी-चंद्रमा L1, चंद्रमा, पृथ्वी-सूर्य L2, निकट-पृथ्वी क्षुद्रग्रह, और फोबोस या मंगल ग्रह की कक्षा।[7]

2000 के दशक में, चीन ने एक सफल चालक दल अंतरिक्ष उड़ान कार्यक्रम शुरू किया, जबकि भारत ने चंद्रयान 1 लॉन्च किया, जबकि यूरोपीय संघ और जापान ने भी भविष्य के चालक दल अंतरिक्ष मिशन की योजना बनाई है। चीन, रूस और जापान ने 21वीं सदी के दौरान चंद्रमा पर चालक दल मिशन की वकालत की है, जबकि यूरोपीय संघ ने 20वीं और 21वीं सदी के दौरान चंद्रमा और मंगल ग्रह दोनों पर चालक दल मिशन की वकालत की है।

वैसे हमारी देश इंडिया पीछे नहीं है

लेकिन एक बात है

हम ग्रहों उपग्रहों सफर कर रहे है इसलिए ताकी वहाँ पानी का दर्शन प्राप्त हम कर पाएं

ताकी कभी न कभी हम इंसानों को बसा सके वहां

पानी इसलिए ही बहुत जरूरी सच्चाई है

The Christmas, Hanukkah, and New Year holidays are joyful events typically spent with family and friends. Astronauts and cosmonauts who find themselves in space during the holidays have found their own unique way to celebrate the occasions. In the early years of the space program, holidays spent in space occurred infrequently, most notably the flight of Apollo 8 around the Moon during Christmas 1968, making them more memorable. As missions became longer and more frequent, holidays in space became more common occasions. For the past 23 years, holidays spent aboard the International Space Station have become annual, if not entirely routine, events. Left: The famous Earthrise photograph, taken by the Apollo 8 crew in lunar orbit. Right: Video of the Apollo 8 crew of Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, and William A. Anders reading from The Book of Genesis. As the first crew to spend Christmas in space, Apollo 8 astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, and William A. Anders, celebrated the holiday while circling the Moon in December 1968, the first humans to leave Earth orbit. They immortalized the event on Christmas Eve by taking turns reading the opening verses from the Bible’s Book of Genesis as they broadcast scenes of the Moon gliding by below. An estimated one billion people in 64 countries tuned in to their Christmas Eve broadcast. As they left lunar orbit, Lovell radioed back to Earth, where Christmas Eve had already turned to Christmas Day, “Please be informed there is a Santa Claus!” Left: Skylab 4 astronauts Gerald P. Carr, left, Edward G. Gibson, and William R. Pogue trim their homemade Christmas tree in December 1973. Right: Carr, Gibson, and Pogue hung their stockings aboard Skylab. During their 84-day record-setting mission aboard the Skylab space station in 1973 and 1974, Skylab 4 astronauts Gerald P. Carr, William R. Pogue, and Edward G. Gibson celebrated Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s in space – the first crew to spend Thanksgiving and New Year’s in orbit. They built a homemade Christmas tree from leftover food containers, used colored decals as decorations, and topped it with a cardboard cutout in the shape of a comet. Carr and Pogue spent seven hours on a Christmas Day spacewalk to change out film canisters and observe the passing Comet Kohoutek. Once back inside the station, they enjoyed a Christmas dinner complete with fruitcake, talked to their families, and opened presents. They even had orbital visitors of sorts, as Soviet cosmonauts Pyotr I. Klimuk and Valentin V. Lebedev orbited the planet aboard Soyuz 13 between Dec. 18 and 26, marking the first time that astronauts and cosmonauts were in space at the same time. Different orbits precluded any direct contact between the two crews. Aboard Salyut-6, Georgi M. Grechko, left, and Yuri V. Romanenko, toast to celebrate the new year in space, the first Russian cosmonauts to do so. Image credits: Courtesy of Roscosmos. In the more secular Soviet era, the New Year’s holiday had more significance than the Jan. 7 observance of Orthodox Christmas. The first cosmonauts to ring in a new year in orbit were Yuri V. Romanenko and Georgi M. Grechko, during their record-setting 96-day mission in 1977 and 1978, aboard the Salyut-6 space station. They toasted the new year during a TV broadcast with the ground. The exact nature of the beverage consumed for the occasion has not been passed down to posterity. Left: STS-61 mission specialist Jeffrey A. Hoffman with a dreidel during Hanukkah in December 1993. Right: Video of Hoffman describing how he celebrated Hanukkah aboard space shuttle Endeavour. The eight-day Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, also known as the Festival of Lights, celebrates the recapture of Jerusalem and rededication of the Second Temple in 164 B.C.E. It occurs in the month of Kislev in the Hebrew lunar calendar, which can fall between late November to late December in the Gregorian calendar. NASA astronaut Jeffrey A. Hoffman celebrated the first Hanukkah in space during the STS-61 Hubble Space Telescope first servicing mission in 1993. Hanukkah that year began on the evening of Dec. 9, after Hoffman completed his third spacewalk of the mission. He celebrated with a traveling menorah, unlit of course, and by spinning a dreidel. The STS-103 crew show off their Santa hats on the flight deck of space shuttle Discovery in 1999. The crew of another Hubble Space Telescope repair mission, STS-103, celebrated the first space shuttle Christmas in 1999 aboard Discovery. For Christmas dinner, Curtis L. Brown, Scott J. Kelly, Steven L. Smith, Jean-François A. Clervoy of the European Space Agency (ESA), John M. Grunsfeld, C. Michael Foale, and Claude Nicollier of ESA enjoyed duck foie gras on Mexican tortillas, cassoulet, and salted pork with lentils. Smith and Grunsfeld completed repairs on the telescope during a Christmas Eve spacewalk. Left: Roscosmos cosmonaut and Mir Expedition 17 flight engineer Elena V. Kondakova with a bottle of champagne to celebrate New Year’s Eve 1994. Right: Video of Kondakova demonstrating the behavior of champagne in weightlessness aboard Mir. Image credits: Courtesy of Roscosmos. Between 1987 and 1998, 12 Mir expedition crews spent their holidays aboard the ever-expanding orbital outpost. Two of the crews included NASA astronauts, John E. Blaha and David A. Wolf, aboard the Russian space station as part of the Shuttle-Mir Program.   Left: Video of Mir Expedition 22 flight engineer and NASA astronaut John E. Blaha’s 1996 Christmas message from Mir. Right: Mir Expedition 24 flight engineer and NASA astronaut David A. Wolf with his menorah and dreidel to celebrate Hanukkah in 1997.  The last two New Year’s Eve messages from Mir. Left: Mir 24 crew of Pavel V. Vinogradov, left, NASA astronaut David A. Wolf, and Anatoli Y. Solovyev in 1997. Right: Mir 26 crew of Sergei V. Avdeyev, left, and Gennadi I. Padalka in 1998. It was the third time Avdeyev rang in the new year in space. Image credits: Courtesy of Roscosmos. The arrival of Expedition 1 crew members William M. Shepherd of NASA and Yuri P. Gidzenko and Sergei K. Krikalev of Roscosmos aboard the International Space Station on Nov. 2, 2000, marked the beginning of a permanent human presence in space. The first to celebrate Christmas and ring in the new year aboard the fledgling orbiting laboratory, they began a tradition of reading a goodwill message to people back on Earth. Shepherd honored a naval tradition of writing a poem as the first entry of the new year in the ship’s log. Left: Video of Expedition 1 crew members Yuri P. Gidzenko of Roscosmos, left, NASA astronaut William M. Shepherd, and Sergei K. Krikalev of Roscosmos reading their Christmas message in December 2000 – this marked Krikalev’s third holiday season spent in orbit, the first two spent aboard Mir in 1988 and 1991. Right: The space station as it appeared in December 2000. Expedition 1 commander NASA astronaut William M. Shepherd’s poem, written for the New Year’s Day 2001 entry in the space station’s log, in keeping with naval tradition. Left: A brief video selection of how some expedition crews celebrated Christmas aboard the space station. Right: From 2019, the Christmas message from the Expedition 61 crew members. Enjoy the following selection of photographs and videos of international crews as they celebrated Hanukkah and Christmas, and rang in the new year over the past 22 years aboard the space station. Left: The Expedition 4 crew of Daniel W. Bursch of NASA, left, Yuri I. Onufriyenko of Roscosmos, and Carl E. Walz of NASA poses for its Christmas photo in 2001. Middle: NASA astronaut C. Michael Foale, left, and Aleksandr Y. Kaleri of Roscosmos of Expedition 8 celebrate Christmas in 2003. Right: The Expedition 10 crew of Salizhan S. Sharipov of Roscosmos, left, and NASA astronaut Leroy Chiao festooned for New Year’s Eve 2004. Left: Valeri I. Tokarev of Roscosmos, left, and NASA astronaut William S. McArthur of Expedition 12 pose with Christmas stockings in 2005. Middle: The Expedition 14 crew of Mikhail V. Tyurin of Roscosmos, left, and NASA astronauts Michael E. Lopez-Alegria and Sunita L. Williams pose wearing Santa hats for Christmas 2006. Right: The Expedition 16 crew of Yuri I. Malenchenko of Roscosmos, left, and NASA astronauts Peggy A. Whitson and Daniel M. Tani, with Christmas stockings and presents in 2007. Left: The Expedition 18 crew of E. Michael Fincke, left, and Sandra H. Magnus of NASA, and Yuri V. Lonchakov of Roscosmos enjoys its Christmas dinner in 2008. Middle: The five-member Expedition 22 crew of Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, left, Maksim V. Surayev and Oleg V. Kotov of Roscosmos, and Timothy J. Creamer and Jeffrey N. Williams of NASA around the Christmas dinner table in 2009. Right: The Expedition 26 crew of Oleg I. Skripochka of Roscosmos, left, Paolo A. Nespoli of the European Space Agency, Dmitri Y. Kondratyev of Roscosmos, Catherine G. “Cady” Coleman of NASA, Aleksandr Y. Kaleri of Roscosmos, and NASA’s Scott J. Kelly celebrates New Year’s Eve 2010. This marked Kaleri’s third holiday season spent in space. Left: The Expedition 30 crew of NASA astronaut Donald R. Pettit, left, Anatoli A. Ivanishin and Oleg D. Kononenko of Roscosmos, André Kuipers of the European Space Agency, NASA’s Daniel C. Burbank, and Anton N. Shkaplerov of Roscosmos pose for their Christmas photo in 2011. Middle: Christmas 2012 photograph of Expedition 34 crew members of NASA astronaut Thomas H. Marshburn, left, Roman Y. Romanenko, Oleg V. Novitski, and Yevgeni I. Tarelkin of Roscosmos, Kevin A. Ford of NASA, and Chris A. Hadfield of the Canadian Space Agency. Right: For Christmas in 2013, the Expedition 42 crew left milk and cookies for Santa and hung their stockings using the Joint Airlock as a makeshift chimney. Left: Expedition 50 crew members Sergei N. Ryzhikov of Roscosmos, left, R. Shane Kimbrough of NASA, Andrei I. Borisenko and Oleg V. Novitski of Roscosmos, Peggy A. Whitson of NASA, and Thomas G. Pesquet of the European Space Agency celebrate New Year’s Eve in style in 2016. Middle: Expedition 54 crew member Mark T. Vande Hei of NASA strikes a pose as an Elf on the Shelf for Christmas 2017. Right: The Expedition 58 crew of David Saint-Jacques of the Canadian Space Agency, left, Anne C. McClain of NASA, and Oleg D. Kononenko of Roscosmos inspect their Christmas stockings for presents in 2018. Three scenes from the 2019 holiday season aboard the space station. Left: Expedition 61 flight engineer Jessica U. Meir of NASA shows off her Hanukkah-themed socks in the Cupola. Middle: Expedition 61 crew members Andrew R. Morgan, left, and Christina H. Koch of NASA, Luca S. Parmitano of the European Space Agency, and Meir share their Christmas messages. Right: Expedition 61 crew members Koch, left, Morgan, Oleg I. Skripochka of Roscosmos, Meir, Aleksandr A. Skvortsov of Roscosmos, and Parmitano ring in the new year with harmonicas. Three scenes from the 2020 holiday season aboard the space station. Left: Expedition 64 NASA astronauts Shannon Walker, left, Michael S. Hopkins, Kathleen H. Rubins, and Victor J. Glover and Soichi Noguchi of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) record Christmas greetings. Middle: Walker, left, Hopkins, Rubins, Glover, and Noguchi use an inflatable Earth globe as a substitute for the Times Square New Year’s Eve ball “drop” aboard the space station. Right: Expedition 64 crew members Sergei V. Kud-Sverchkov of Roscosmos, left, Hopkins, Walker, Sergei N. Ryzhikov of Roscosmos, Glover, Rubins, and Noguchi welcome in 2021 aboard the space station. Left: During Expedition 66 in 2021, NASA astronauts Mark T. Vande Hei, left, Raja J. Chari, Kayla S. Barron, and Thomas H. Marshburn, and Matthias J. Maurer of the European Space Agency in a still from a video in which they share their thoughts about the holiday season. Right: Barron showing off the presents she wrapped for her six crewmates. “It is a privilege to have the perspective of seeing so many countries,” said Expedition 66 Commander NASA astronaut Thomas H. Marshburn in a video sharing his thoughts about spending the New Year in space. “We can go from one side [of Earth] to another in just a few minutes and it truly gives us a feeling of unification for all human beings around the world.” “We get to see the sunrise many times a day, so thinking about the fact that people are waking up to a New Year each time we see that sunrise is pretty cool,” added NASA astronaut Raja J. Chari. In a social media post, ESA astronaut Matthias J. Maurer wrote about their New Year’s Eve dinner, and included a time lapse video of the festive meal. Left: Expedition 68 crew members Koichi Wakata of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, left, and NASA astronauts Francisco C. “Frank” Rubio, Josh A. Cassada, and Nicole A. Mann record a holiday greeting from the space station. Right: Expedition 68 crew members wear holiday garb. In 2022, Expedition 68 crew members NASA astronauts Nicole A. Mann, Josh A. Cassada, and Francisco C. “Frank” Rubio, and JAXA astronaut Koichi Wakata recorded a holiday message for everyone on the ground. They shared some of their personal traditions for the holidays and provided a glimpse of how they spend the holidays aboard the space station.  Expedition 70 NASA astronaut Jasmin Moghbeli’s felt menorah and dreidel that she used to celebrate Hanukkah. Expedition 70 flight engineer NASA astronaut Jasmin Moghbeli’s husband and two little girls made a felt menorah for her to celebrate Hanukkah during her mission. Since astronauts can’t light real candles aboard the space station, Moghbeli pinned felt “lights” for each night of the eight-day holiday. A dreidel spun in weightlessness will continue spinning until it comes in contact with another object, but can’t land on any of its four faces.  Left: To celebrate New Year’s Day 2022, Shenzhou 13 astronauts Ye Guangfu, left, Zhai Zhigang, and Wang Yaping aboard the China Space Station Tiangong hold a live video call. Right: Wang, left, Zhai, and Ye celebrate the Chinese New Year of the Tiger aboard Tiangong. On Jan. 1, 2022, for the first time Chinese astronauts celebrated a New Year in space. The Shenzhou 13 crew of Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping, and Ye Guangfu arrived aboard the China Space Station Tiangong on Oct. 15, 2021, for a six-month mission. On New Year’s Day 2022, they hosted a live video call and interacted with college students at venues in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Macao. For the Feb. 1 start of the Chinese New Year of the Tiger, they decorated the space station and sent best wishes to people on the ground for a happy and prosperous new year. In January 2023, Shenzhou 15 astronauts Fei Junlong, left, Deng Qingming, and Zhang Lu send New Year’s greetings to Earth from the Tiangong China Space Station. We hope you enjoyed these stories, photographs, and videos from holiday celebrations in space. This year, a record-tying 10 people from five nations will celebrate the holidays and ring in the new year while serving aboard two space stations – the International Space Station and the Tiangong China Space Station. We wish them all and everyone here on Earth the very best during the holiday season and hope that 2024 will indeed be a Happy New Year!

Events (after 1900)

1908 – Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it. 1909 – Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom in 37 minutes. 1915 – RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross. 1917 – Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%). 1925 – Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established. 1934 – The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt. 1940 – General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal. 1942 – The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation. 1943 – World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the King (encouraged by the Grand Council of Fascism) and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio. 1944 – World War II: Operation Spring is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war. 1946 – The Crossroads Baker device is the first underwater nuclear weapon test.

1956 – Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51. 1957 – The Tunisian King Muhammad VIII al-Amin is replaced by President Habib Bourguiba. 1958 – The African Regroupment Party holds its first congress in Cotonou. 1961 – Cold War: In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO. 1965 – Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music. 1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war. 1971 – The Sohagpur massacre is perpetrated by the Pakistan Army. 1973 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched. 1976 – Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo. 1978 – Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders. 1978 – Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF. 1979 – In accord with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, Israel begins its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. 1983 – Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners. 1984 – Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk. 1993 – Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War. 1993 – The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa. 1994 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948. 1995 – A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded. 1996 – In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya. 2000 – Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes outside of Paris shortly after taking off at Charles de Gaulle Airport, killing 113 people. 2007 – Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president. 2010 – WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history. 2018 – As-Suwayda attacks: Coordinated attacks occur in Syria. 2019 – National extreme heat records set this day in the UK, Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany during the July 2019 European heat wave.

1971-Soyuz 11

The crew of the Soviet Soyuz 11 spacecraft are killed when their air supply escapes through a faulty valve.

The crew, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev,[7][8][9] arrived at the space station on 7 June 1971, and departed on 29 June 1971. The mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew.[10] The three crew members of Soyuz 11 are the only humans to have died in space.

Kerim Kerimov, chair of the State Commission, recalled: "Outwardly, there was no damage whatsoever. They knocked on the side, but there was no response from within. On opening the hatch, they found all three men in their couches, motionless, with dark-blue patches on their faces and trails of blood from their noses and ears. They removed them from the descent module. Dobrovolsky was still warm. The doctors gave artificial respiration. Based on their reports, the cause of death was suffocation".

Georgy Timofeyevich Dobrovolsky (Russian: Гео́ргий Тимофе́евич Доброво́льский; 1 June 1928 – 30 June 1971)[1] was a Sovietcosmonaut who commanded the three-man crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft.

Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov (Russian: Владисла́в Никола́евич Во́лков; 23 November 1935 – 30 June 1971)was a Flight engineer.

Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (Russian: Ви́ктор Ива́нович Паца́ев; 19 June 1933 – 30 June 1971)[1]  On board the space station Salyut 1 he operated the Orion 1 Space Observatory (see Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories); he became the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth's atmosphere. One of Patsayev's hands was found to be bruised, and he may have been trying to shut the valve manually at the time he lost consciousness.