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zb1q6vgsnm · 1 year

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pop9nazaebcbl · 1 year

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thunderstruck9 · 2 years

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John Pule (Niuean/New Zealand, b. 1962), Nofoaga, 2017. Enamel, ink and polyurethane on canvas, 100 x 100 cm.

#john pule #niuean art #new zealand art

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abeluser · 4 months

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russian sounds so cool

#abel.txt #if i could pick any languages to learn-> first māori then niuean then swedish then russian then sign language #id be unstoppable

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max1461 · 4 months

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Max I have a linguistics question. And I will even free your chess ask from purgatory as payment. So there's this thing that goes around saying that US English pronunciations are more similar to old English than British English. Is there any truth to this, and how would we know one way or the other?

There is some kernel of truth in it that is getting exaggerated or oversimplified.

Let me start off by answering, in a general sense, the question "how would we know one way or the other?"

The Part Where I Accidentally (on Purpose) Wrote a Brief Introduction to Historical Linguistics

Phonological change (change in the pronunciation of a language) doesn't work in the way we might naively expect it to. I think that most people imagine phonological change as basically happening by way of each word in the language taking a random walk through pronunciation-space as time goes along. Like genes in a genome, randomly mutating. This is not what happens. Rather, phonological change occurs via rewrite rules, which find-and-replace particular sequences of sounds in a systematic way across the entire lexicon. For example, such a rule might replace a [t] sound with an [s] sound whenever it precedes an [i] sound. This will occur in all words in the language at once, in a uniform way. These find-and-replace rules are called regular sound changes, and they pile up over time, constituting phonological change.

This fact—the regularity of sound change—is known as the Neogrammarian hypothesis.

The above picture is an oversimplification. There are a variety of exceptions and apparent-exceptions to the regularity of sound change, and dealing with them is one of the major challenges of historical linguistics. But as a model, the Neogrammarian hypothesis is extraordinarily powerful. It is literally what makes historical linguistics possible at all. The upshot of the Neogrammarian hypothesis is that when two languages are related, their vocabulary won't just be "kinda similar" in some nebulous sense, it will demonstrate systematic, predictable correspondences in sound between cognate vocabulary.

Here's an illustration of this, a comparative table of some cognates in Polynesian (from Wikipedia):

If you look at any two columns of this table, you'll start to notice correspondences. Tongan and Niuean /k/ correspond to Samoan /ʔ/ (a glottal stop, written with a apostrophe). This correspondence is one-to-one. Samoan /s/ corresponds to Tongan and Niuean /h/, but the reverse is not true: some instances of Tongan and Niuean /h/ correspond to Samoan ∅ (nothing). Tongan /s/, on the other hand, corresponds to Niuean and Samoan /t/, but only before /i/. Etc. etc.

These are systematic sound correspondences, born of Neogrammarian sound change from a common ancestor.

Ok, on the left hand side you will notice a column that says "Proto-Polynesian". The words in this column are all marked with *, indicating that they are reconstructed forms. They are linguists' best guess as to what the original, ancestral form of these words would have been in the Polynesian languages' common ancestor. There are various ways linguists make these reconstructions. First of all, we can do it by sheer majority rule: if most of the languages in a family reflect a sound as X, and only one or a few reflect it as Y, then (all else being equal and assuming the tree is flat) it is more likely that the original word had X. Almost all these languages have /t/ as the first sound in "person" (row 1), whereas Marquesan has /ʔ/ and Hawaiian has /k/. Thus the ancestral sound is reconstructed as /t/.

But there are other, more sophisticated tools that can be used. For instance, we know a certain amount about what sorts of sound changes are likely to occur and what sorts are not. Thus, for instance, an /s/ is reconstructed as the first sound in "grey haired" (row 2), even though the majority of languages have /h/. This is because we already know that s -> h is a fairly common sound change (and indeed corresponds to a known phonological process found presently in many languages—debuccalization), whereas h -> s is a much rarer change (in fact, I suspect wholly unattested), and corresponds to no known phonological process or phonetic explanation.

Finally, we can rule out reconstructions when the sound change needed to create them would not be a function. Consider, for instance, that the majority of the words in row 3 have no consonant sound at all before the final /e/. But the reconstruction features a consonant /h/ there. If we posit ∅ as initial instead, we have to come up with a sound change that explains how the /h/ got there. ∅ -> h doesn't work, because that would put /h/ everywhere! How about something like "∅ -> h between two vowels" (linguists would notate this change as ∅ -> h / V_V). That would work, but we see other instances of adjacent vowels (e.g. in row 4) with no /h/ between them, so that can't be it. Maybe "∅ -> h between /a/ and /e/" (∅ -> h / a_e). We can't rule this out on the basis of this chart, but we probably could by looking at more vocabulary.

And so on, and so forth. In general, we want to posit the simplest set of sound changes possible, in which the changes themselves are as probable as possible, in order to explain the data. These putative changes can then by checked against all sorts of outside observations, such as

descriptions of pronunciations in historical texts

past loanwords into languages whose phonological histories are already known with confidence

epigraphic data from archeology (not very applicable to Polynesian, unless we decipher rongorongo)

newly collected data from modern languages in the same family

evidence from rhyme schemes or alliteration schemes used in poetry composed in the past

etc.

to see if they hold up.

The Part Where I Answer Your Question

Ok, right. American English and "British English" (I assume this means Received Pronunciation) are two related language varieties. Thus, they share systematic sound correspondences, and we can try to reconstruct their common ancestor. Also the British Isles have produced an extraordinary number of texts in the past thousand years, including poetry and actual linguistic descriptions of various dialects at various points in time, which we can check these reconstructions against.

But actually you don't need most of that to identify a few ways in which (most) American English dialects are more conservative than Received Pronunciation. For one, Received Pronunciation has dropped /r/ at the end of a syllable (in English dialectological jargon it is "non-rhotic"), whereas General American English hasn't. There are some associated vowel changes too. One way or another, the /r/ is plainly original: elision of /r/ is more common and phonetically plausible than insertion of /r/ in a bunch of specific post-vocalic positions would be, /r/ is written in the orthography, historical descriptions of the language talk about an /r/ sound, etc. etc.

In other ways RP is more conservative. For example, GenAm has deleted /j/ (the "y" sound) in a specific phonological environment ([+coronal]_u) in words such as tube, GenAm /tuːb/, RP /tjuːb/.

Is "American English more conservative than RP" overall? I don't really think so. Certainly it has preserved a number of salient features that RP has lost, such as syllable-final /r/ and (in some dialects) /hw/ in words like what, and so on. But there's other senses in which RP is more conservative. And this is not even to mention the other dialects of Britain, which are manifold and much more diverse than the dialects of America. As to the strict question of the relative phonological conservatism of GenAm and RP, I think someone with more detailed knowledge of English historical phonological would have to come in and answer. Perhaps @yeli-renrong can comment.

#linguistics #ok I think I've fixed the typos it's free to reblog

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wisecrackingeric-2 · 2 months

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🥐🧃🦴 for ask game <333

WAH IM SORRY THIS TOOK ME SO LONG TO GET TO BUT HERES THE ASK GAME https://www.tumblr.com/wisecrackingeric-2/747863396842618880/pleasepleaspleaspleaspleaspleaspleaspleasspelaadple

1. Name an internet reference that always makes you laugh

oh I have S O MANY, but I think at the moment it’s that guy on TikTok and instagram reels who responds to that one really notorious conservative with FNAF lore. Like the og video will be something ridiculous like ‘if women get paid less, then why aren’t we only hiring women?’ And then the guy will stitch that video with ‘well you know who we SHOULDNT hire???? Freddy Fazbear’ and now whenever anyone’s says ‘Freddy Fivebears’ around me I just start sobbing

Either that or literally any notorious tumblr post like the three weed smoking girlfriends or the ball pit

2. Share some personal lore you’ve never shared before

I’ve seen a Boeing 747 crash on a runway, I got frostbite and almost had to amputate my foot on Mount Everest base camp and had to get emergency helicoptered out, I know how to fly a helicopter, my dad is friends with George Lucas, Sir Edmund Hillary (before he died) and Temuera Morrison, one of my primary school teachers was a very famous anime voice actor, I work in the animation industry (kinda I’m doing an apprenticeship) and I can speak three languages (English, Te Reo, and a little bit of Niuean).

3. Is there a piece of media that inspires your writing?

Almost EVERYTHING inspires what I create. I always believe in wearing your inspirations on your sleeve, so stuff like watching the Neverending Story and The Last Unicorn growing up to reading Don Quixote last year has left a permanent impact on what I create. And of course Resident Evil has been a driving motivation for everything I’ve been doing lately but that’s like. Duh WNAHDNDJDNDJMX

#ericsasks

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mybeingthere · 11 months

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John Puhiatau Pule (born 1962, NZ) is a Niuean artist, novelist and poet. The Queensland Art Gallery describes him as "one of the Pacific's most significant artists".

"I just wanted to write about growing up in New Zealand, and about being the youngest of 17 kids and about migration—but I wasn't sure how to organise ideas, so I just started writing."

He also described his writing as a means of "decolonizing his mind". His work expresses his experience as a Niuean in New Zealand:

"My heart and my thoughts were always on Niue. But here I was living in Aotearoa on someone else's land. Writing helped change me, painting helped change me. I went back to Niue as often as I could, and I'd weed and clear the graves for my family and friends' families. It's a way of saying I'm back. [...] We go back home [to Niue] with our Nikes and our jeans and we think we know things. But the local people just think we're stupid. They know where all the trees are and the pathways and where the mythologies and the stories live."

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dear-indies · 7 months

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Hello! I really liked your list of alternate FCs for Sebastian Chacon. Could I ask for another one, but I don't necessarily need the FC to be Latino, just a similar vibe and if possible curly hair, please?

Chai Hansen (1989) Thai / Unspecified Australian.

Jacob Anderson (1990) Black Carribean and Scottish.

Varun Saranga (1990) Indian.

Alex Tarrant (1990) Niuean, Samoan, Ngāti Pāoa.

Nathaniel Curtis (1990) Indian / British - is queer.

Ramy Youssef (1991) Egyptian.

Burak Deniz (1991) Turkish.

Zaqi Ismail (1992) Indian.

Motaz Malhees (1992) Palestinian.

Halit Özgür Sarı (1993) Turkish.

Hunter Page-Lochard (1993) Nunukul, Yugambeh, Haitian, White.

Jordan Fisher (1994) English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Cambodian, Tahitian, African-American, Cherokee, Sioux.

Sebastian De Souza (1993) English, Konkani Goan Indian, Irish.

Jordi Webber (1994) Ngāti Toa, Te Āti Awa, Ngāti Raukawa, White / Te Arawa, Ngāti Maniapoto, White.

Achraf Koutet (1995) Moroccan.

Emilio Sakraya (1996) Moroccan / Serbian.

Aria Shahghasemi (1996) Iranian.

Evan Evagora (1996) Cook Island Māori / Greek Cypriot.

Odiseas Georgiadis (1996) Ghanaian / Greek.

Bazzi (1997) Lebanese.

Sami Outalbali (1999) Moroccan.

+ here's the list of Latino alts!

Hey! I honestly haven't seen anything he's in so I don't know if there's another specific vibe other than how he looks but here are some curly-haired suggestions for you.

#fc help #rph #rpc #Sebastian Chacon alts

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ker4unos · 2 years

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MELANESIA, MICRONESIA & POLYNESIA RESOURCES

The Anthropological Masterlist is HERE.

Melanesia is an Oceanian subregion that includes Fiji, Vanuatu, and more. Micronesia is an Oceanian subregion that includes Kiribati, the Caroline Islands, and more. These two subregions have cultural similarities to the Austronesians.

THE CAROLINE ISLANDS ─ “The Caroline Islands are a group of Micronesian islands.” ─ Caroline Islands Information ─ Pohnpei Political Mythology

CHAMORRO ─ “The Chamorro, or Chamoru, people are an Indigenous Micronesian people. They are native to the Mariana Islands.” ─ Chamorro Culture ─ Chamorro Grammar ─ Chamorro Dictionary

FIJI ─ “The Fijian people are a Melanesian people that share the Fijian culture. They are native to Fiji.” ─ Fijian Information ─ Fijian Culture ─ Fijian History

THE GILBERT ISLANDS ─ “The Gilbert Islands are a group of Micronesian islands, between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii. Today, it belongs to Kiribati.” ─ Numbers in Gilbertese ─ Gilbertese Phonetics ─ Kiribati Dictionary

Polynesia is an Oceanian subregion that includes New Zealand, Hawai’i, and more.

THE COOK ISLANDS ─ “The Cook Islands are a group of Polynesian islands that belong to New Zealand.” ─ Songs and Legends from the Cook Islands ─ Cook Islands Dictionary

HAWAI’I ─ “The Hawai’ian people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to the Hawai’ian Islands.” ─ Kingdom of Hawai’i ─ Hawai’ian Mythology ─ Hawai’ian Dictionary

ILOCANO ─ “The Ilocano, or Iloko, people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to the Ilocos Region of the Philippines.” ─ Ilocano Information ─ Ilocano Pride ─ Ilocano Dictionary

MANGAIA ─ “The Mangaian people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to Mangaia.” ─ Mangaia Information ─ Mangaia Mythology ─ Mangaia Prehistory

MĀORI ─ “The Māori people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to mainland New Zealand, or Aotearoa.” ─ Māori Traditions ─ Māori History ─ Māori Language

MORIORI ─ “The Moriori people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to the Chatham Islands in New Zealand.” ─ Moriori Information ─ Moriori Information ─ Moriori Language

NAURU ─ “The Nauruan people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to Nauru.” ─ Nauru Information ─ Tribes of Nauru ─ American Relations with Nauru

NIUE ─ “The Niuean people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to Niue.” ─ Niue Information ─ Niue History ─ Plants and Animals in the Niuean Language

RAPA NUI ─ “The Rapa Nui people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to Easter Island.” ─ Rapa Nui Culture ─ Rapa Nui and the Art of Tattoos ─ Rapa Nui and Colonization

ROTUMA ─ “The Rotumans are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to the island of Rotuma.” ─ Rotuman Information ─ Rotuman Language

SAMOA ─ “The Samoan people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to the Samoan Islands.” ─ American Samoan Culture ─ Samoan History ─ Samoan Language

THE TOKELAU ISLANDS ─ “The Tokelauan people are an Indigenous Polynesian people. They are native to the Tokelau Islands.” ─ Tokelauan Culture ─ Tokelauans in New Zealand ─ Tokelauan Language

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fuggivaboutit · 1 year

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i would learn niuean

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vampzyke · 1 year

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OH EM GEE. I KNOW NOW. okay.... what do we think of 🇹🇴(tongan) or 🇳🇺(niuean) jason todd. Or even south indian jason and he's like from chennai.

#jason todd #ethnicity headcanons #headcanons #red hood

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rugbylovers · 5 months

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Why Reesjan Pasitoa is the forgotten man of Australian rugby Throughout the Western Force’s h... #funny #memes #sports #live #tweets #win #twitter #tweet #bet #manchester #rugbymen #rugby union #irish rugby #super rugby

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thunderstruck9 · 2 years

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John Pule (Niuean/New Zealand, b. 1962), Manako, 2021. Oil, varnish, ink, pastel and enamel paint on canvas, 100 x 101 cm.

#john pule #niuean art #new zealand art

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abeluser · 1 month

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my little sibling called me during the funeral and everyone got to listen to my awesome ringtone for 2 seconds

#abel.txt #inteus - pool party is my ringtone #to have a bunch of niueans hear that is hella embarrassing. we only listen to... idk reggae and hip hop idk whtvr is on the radio.

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kwiiwi1 · 8 months

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guys since its Niuean Language Week, call all ur mates lahos

guys fr it means "my hero" all ur mates and parents will love you sm if you call them lahos straight up 😍😍😍

even better, say "elo laho haau" to them it means "the most awesomest hero of all" fr straight up trust me guys

(straight up tho Happy Niuean Language week)

#massive /j dont actuslly cause youll be calling them dicks + saying their dicks smell lolz #unless 🥺🥺🥺 unless u wanna call ur mates dicks teehee 🤭🤭🤭🤭🤭

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ainews · 1 year

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The small, remote island of Niue in the South Pacific Ocean is home to one of the most profusely forested mountains in the world. Dubbed the "Jungle Mountain," this unique peak is covered in an abundance of lush vegetation and wildlife.

Located in the center of the island, Jungle Mountain rises from the rolling hills and is a striking sight to behold. Its slopes are blanketed in a thick, green canopy of trees and plants, ranging from the common tropical rainforest varieties to the more exotic varieties like the Kauri Pine and the Ficus Robusta tree.

The mountain is also home to a wide variety of wildlife, including several species of birds, bats, and lizards. The Niuean people have long revered the mountain and its surroundings, and it has become a popular destination for locals and visitors alike who come to marvel at the beauty of the mountain and its abundance of life.

The mountain has become increasingly important to the island's ecology in recent years, as the native species of trees and plants are threatened by deforestation, soil erosion, and climate change. The local government has implemented several conservation efforts to protect the mountain, including the creation of a research center and a botanical garden dedicated to studying and preserving the mountain's flora and fauna.

Jungle Mountain is an incredible example of how nature can thrive in even the most remote and isolated places. It is a reminder of the power of conservation and the importance of protecting our planet's natural resources.

#ai generated #fake news

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