#inchoative aspect
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More Semecübuts
this time the inchoative aspect
the cessative (stopping an action) also works similarly, but with a different verb, so I didn't feel like adding it here
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Hi everybody! This is, finally, a proper showcase of my conlang Ke'eloom!
Ke'eloom has a bit of a troubled history. It was my very first conlang, but has since undergone two whole reworks. I'm rather happy with it now though, and this version will (hopefully) be the final one!
For some basics, it's agglutinative, SOV, nom-acc, adjectives and adpositions go after the noun but adverbs go before the verb. Also keep in mind that naturalism is not at all a priority for my projects.
The phonology and romanization is as follows:
Ke'eloom has a (C)(C)V(V)(V)(C)(C) syllable structure. The glottal stop only occurs in "glottalized" vowels, /V₁ʔV₁/ sequences that are treated as one syllable. Plosives are generally aspirated. There's no significant allophony happening with the consonants, vowels vary a bit more: i u e o > ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ / [-stress], i u > j w / $_V. All diphthongs except /ou/, /uo/ and those containing /ə/ are legal. Additionally, there are a few triphthongs: /aia eia oia uia aua/. All sounds are allowed in the onset except for long and glottalized vowels, and prenasalized consonants and /h/ can't appear in the coda. Stress typically falls on the penultimate syllable of a root.
As for the pronouns, there's a distinction in the third person between proximate - obviate and animate - inanimate. The animate is used for all animals and living things, including deities but excluding plants, and the inanimate is used for everything else.
Ke'eloom has nominative - accusative alignment and twelve cases in total: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative (at/by), allative (to), illative (into), ablative (from), elative (out from), benefactive (for), comitative (with) and abessive (without). Case is marked with a suffix that also indicates the number of the noun: singular, dual, or plural. So you can easily express that there are exactly two of something: my eyes are brown is translated as uheni kil mbor, with the dual nominative suffix -(i)ni attached to uhe, meaning eye. But if you have five cats and all of them have blue eyes, my cats' eyes are blue is translated as uhesa miamal kil slëñ, using the plural nominative -(s)a suffix.
And that bring us to the verbs: Ke'eloom has zero copula in the present perfective indicative. Notice that the verb to be, rome in Ke'eloom, is not present in the example sentences above. Now, if you were to say my eyes were brown, it would get added, as this sentence is in the past tense: uheni kil mbor romu.
Ke'eloom only distinguishes three tenses, past, present, and future, but there are several aspects - continuous, habitual, inchoative, and cessative - and moods - imperative, optative, interrogative, and potential. These all are marked with suffixes that can combine together to convey a lot of information in just one word. Modal verbs such as can, would, must, or want can also be suffixed onto the main verb.
Ke'eloom is also pro-drop, if the subject is a nominative pronoun it gets prefixed onto the verb, in which cases the sentence structure could be analysed as OSV. Negative, passive and causative constructions are also constructed with prefixes. So we can have whole sentences condensed into very few words: fai onorego'oŋatsuzhiŋat means I probably can not finish eating this. Note that the uncoloured -ŋa suffix doesn't correspond to english -ing, as it is the present tense and not continuous aspect marker.
There are no articles in Ke'eloom, however, definiteness can be shown with demonstratives such as fai. There are nine total demonstratives, as three distances - proximal, medial, and distal - and three numbers - singular, dual, and plural - are differentiated.
There are four special prefixes that can be attached, where it makes sense, to nouns, adjectives, and verbs. These prefixes are typically stressed for emphasis. The first is e(n)-, a general intensifier and augmentative. Some usage examples: big tree - embom, a very cute cat - mia enëtii, I really want this - fai eregutsaŋa.
The second, ek(e)- means always, or all. Examples: all cats are cute - ekemia ëtii, i am always tired - re ekenoets, you always bring me flowers - kit shiŋkha eketshandaiŋa.
on(o)- means no, none, or not, seen here: no cats are green - onomia zhud, i am not wise - re onala, they don't eat meat - skurkhe onoduzgo'oŋa.
The final one, ok(o)-, meaning never, is typically only attached to adjectives and verbs: he is never kind - ndis okodzhoe, you never learn - okotshahiŋa.
Ke'eloom uses a seximal number system. The numbers zero to six are tshi, tsun, nif, dur, khe, ira, sati.
And that's all for now! I hope this was an interesting and understandable read. I've already written a [post about the writing system], where you can also see more of the language in action. I'd be happy to answer any questions!
#ok got done with this like way earlier than expected! so here u go :3#i really hope this all makes sense ^^'#conlang#my conlangs#ke'eloom#showcase
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Aegir: Tense-Aspect-Place marking.
Verbs in Aegir Conjugate for the present, non-present, and further non present tenses; Inchoative, Progressive, and Completive Aspects; and Aquatic and Terrestrial places. the full conjugations in the third person singular subject are as follows:
skadð - He/she/it is killing in water/on land.
skaldð - He/she/it was/will be killing in water.
skardð - He/she/it was/will be killing way back/much later in water.
sƿkadð - He/she/it begin killing in water.
sƿkaldð - He/she/it began/will begin killing in water.
sƿkardð - He/she/it began/will begin killing in water a while back/much later.
skadƿð - He/she/it finished killing in water.
skaldƿð - He/she/it has/will have finished killing in water.
skardƿð - He/she/it has/will have finished killing in water a while back/much later.
skalldð - He/she/it was/will be killing on land.
skarrdð - He/she/it was/will be killing on land a while back/much later.
swkadð - He/she/it begins killing on land.
swkaldð - He/she/it began/will begin killing on land.
swkardð - He/she/it began/will begin killing on land much later.
skadwð - He/she/it am finished killing on land.
skaldwð - He/she/it was/will be finished killing on land.
skardwð - He/she/it was/will be finished killing on land a while back/much later.
Some mnemonics:
non-present and further non-present in the are formed by inserting either /l/ or /r/ in for the aquatic or /ll/ or /rr/ for the terrestrial in P23. The subject third person and object first person number Vowels always comes before and after it respectively.
Inchoative aspect is formed by inserting /ƿ/ for the aquatic or /w/ for the terrestrial after C1. subject second person number vowels always come after it.
Completive aspect is formed by inserting /ƿ/ for the aquatic and /w/ for the terrestrial after C3. object second person number vowels always come after it.
Return to Master-post
#conlang#constructed language#conlanging#language construction#language creation#fanlang#arknights#arknights aegir#arknights headcanon#arknights au
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I wish we had more complex and systematic grammatical tense/aspect in English, iterative and inchoative aspects are often hard to try to communicate in formal speech, it ends up sounding stilted or childish.
#im trying to write smut here cmon#i need people to start doing things to each other and keep doing them
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which grammatical aspects should i have
i'm leaning perfective, prospective, continuous, continuative, inchoative, terminative, and defective
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Tense and Aspect in Tarna
In my last post, I talked about Tarna’s tense system and how I might have to tweak it as the language evolved.
I have completely overhauled how Tarna expresses tense and integrated it with aspect.
All verbs are considered to be in the progressive aspect unless otherwise marked. Because of the cyclical elements in their mythology, Tarna lacks a Perfective or Imperfective aspect. Instead, they have Inchoative and Cessative aspects to show the beginning and ending of things. Tarna also has a Habitual aspect.
As the table above shows, the aspect is marked with a preposition. The past tense is marked with a suffix. The future tense on the other hand is marked with a preposition that has joined with the aspect marker.
I intend to fuse the future tense prepositions more to make them less recognisable. I also intend to fuse the past tense suffix with the verb more to make a less regular conjugation. These are jobs for the future though when I have more verbs
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Mewling Glyph 061
Ma
[ma]
1. to open
2. to begin, to start
3. inchoative aspect marker
This is the glyph for "open", like opening a door. It could also mean "to begin" or "beginning". It's also used for the inchoative aspect, denoting the starting of an action by turning a verb like ayovas "to walk" into ayovatma "to start walking". This makes it contrastive with the cessative, which denotes the stopping or completion of an action.
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Grammar: simple verbs, part 1 (anatomy of the verb + indicative mood)
The verb, rather than the noun, is the cornerstone of the Valirani sentence; while terrestrial grammarians might consider Valirani sentences verb-initial, the Valiri would likely say that the verb is ‘most central’ to Valirani discourse.
Valirani verbs can be roughly grouped into four categories: dynamic (referring to actions that are undertaken), stative (referring to states of being, and usually fulfilling the function of adjectives), causative (referring to events that are being caused to occur), and inchoative (referring to the process of becoming something). Causative and inchoative verbs are formed differently from simple verbs, and will get their own series of posts.
Verbs have four moods: indicative (referring to actual events or states), imperative (used for giving direct commands), subjunctive (referring to various shades of hypothetical events), and infinitive (referring to an event or action without a subject). This post will concentrate on the indicative mood.
Unlike English, Valirani verbs are not distinguished by tense (the time that an event occurs). Rather, there are two main aspects: the imperfective (describing an ongoing or incomplete action) and the perfective (describing a completed action). Inceptive and cessative forms (referring to the start or end of an action) are derived from these. A fifth habitual aspect is marked with a unique idiomatic construction.
There are three voices: the active (in which the subject performs or takes on the action or state), the passive (in which the subject receives the action), and the reflexive (in which the subject performs the action on itself).
The basic root of any verb is a bi- or triconsonantal combination, which is vocalized differently depending on the aspect and voice of the verb. Suffixes are then added to specify the person and number of the verb.
Luriya’s grammar generally uses four model verb roots: R-KH ‘go, move, travel’, V-R ‘do, act’, K-V-R ‘speak, tell’, and B-R-T ‘eat’. For the sake of space, this post will primarily be illustrated with the middle two roots.
The indicative mood
The dictionary form of any verb is the third person indicative imperfective active, as this is usually the most straightforward vocalization:
R-KH > rakh-an ‘is going’
V-R > var-an ‘is doing’
K-V-R > kavar ‘is speaking’
B-R-T > barat ‘is eating’
Note that biconsonantal verbs always take the suffix -an in the third person; triconsonantal verbs do not (at least in the indicative imperfective active).
From the third person forms, we can derive all three persons in both singular and plural:
Indicative imperfective active
var-e ‘I am doing’; kavr-e ‘I am speaking’
var-at ‘you (sg) are doing’; kavr-at ‘you (sg) are speaking’
var-an ‘they (sg) are doing’; kavar ‘they (sg) are speaking’
var-ai ‘we are doing’; kavr-ai ‘we are speaking’
var-ati ‘you (pl) are doing’; kavr-ati ‘you (pl) are speaking’
var-atza ‘they (pl) are doing’; kavr-atza ‘they (pl) are speaking’
The indicative perfective active is based on the first person forms:
R-KH > rekhkha ‘I have gone’
V-R > verra ‘I have done’
K-V-R > kverra ‘I have spoken’
B-R-T > bretta ‘I have eaten’
The complete paradigm is derived as follows:
Indicative perfective active
verra ‘I have done’; kverra ‘I have spoken’
verr-at ‘you (sg) have done’; kverr-at ‘you (sg) have spoken’
verr-an ‘they (sg) have done’; kverr-an ‘they (sg) have spoken’
verr-ai ‘we have done’; kverr-ai ‘we have spoken’
verr-ati ‘you (pl) have done’; kverr-ati ‘you (pl) have spoken’
verr-atza ‘they (pl) have done; kverr-atza ‘they (pl) have spoken’
Similarly, the indicative imperfective passive is also based on the first person forms: evra ‘I am being acted upon’; ekvar ‘I am being told’, etc. The complete paradigm is derived as follows:
Indicative imperfective passive
evra ‘I am being acted upon’; ekvar ‘I am being told’
evr-at ‘you (sg) are being acted upon’; ekvar-at ‘you (sg) are being told’
evr-an ‘they (sg) are being acted upon’; ekvar-an ‘they (sg) are being told’
evr-ai ‘we are being acted upon’; ekvar-ai ‘we are being told’
evr-ati ‘you (pl) are being acted upon’; ekvar-ati ‘you (pl) are being told’
evr-atza ‘they (pl) are being acted upon; ekvar-atza ‘they (pl) are being told’
The indicative perfective passive is much the same, except that the the final a in the suffix changes to o:
Indicative perfective passive
evro ‘I have been acted upon’; ekvor ‘I have been told’
evr-ot ‘you (sg) have been acted upon’; ekvar-ot ‘you (sg) have been told’
evr-on ‘they (sg) have been acted upon’; ekvar-on ‘they (sg) have been told’
evr-oi ‘we have been acted upon’; ekvar-oi ‘we have been told’
evr-oti ‘you (pl) have been acted upon’; ekvar-oti ‘you (pl) have been told’
evr-otza ‘they (pl) have been acted upon’; ekvar-otza ‘they (pl) have been told’
The reflexive, inceptive, cessative, and habitual forms will be dealt with in a follow-up post.
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my conlang iḿ never satisfied with
C:
p t ts c k ħ 2
b d dz j g 3 h
m n ń
l ĺ
r
w y
Oral obstruents are realized as fricatives in codas and phrase initially. (p irregularly changes place from bilabial to labiodental. c is x tS, j is x dZ, 2 is ? ie glottal stop, 3 is \? ie a pharyngeal fricative. ń and ĺ are palatal nasal and palatal lateral approximate. r is a tap, trilled when geminate). (t d) are dental. Orthography is based on whatever's convenient really though; Vp is usually f, ħ might be 7, ipa is fine, whatever.
Each can be uvularized. (k g) become q ġ in these environments. Technically l is uvularized n, as the two are in complementary distribution. However this relationship is historically reversed word initially, and opaque enough that natives consider them separate sounds.
All non-palatalized consonants are slightly palatalized before i.
Non-uvularized consonants can be palatalized before i.
V:
u i
(e) (ë) (o)
a
Each vowel can be long. Short a is naturally close to ə
In the environments uvularization occurs, vowels can be realized with -ATR (RTR). The effect sounds like English centralization/lax vowels. Might be the same phenomenon. -ATR a is back; +ATR a is front, close to English æ
e and o are primarily allophones or allomorphs (short e and o from long e and o) of ay/aw. ë is inserted by a process breaking clusters late in phonology. Phonetically it's closer to ɨ than ə due to short a crowding the space.
Phi:
Feet are left aligned and iambic at the word level. The rightmost H spreads over every leftward µ. Phrasally, non-lexical H is deleted over the leftedge µ, and, if the rightmost µ is open, 2 is inserted on the end. Phrase final t debuccalizes.
ë is inserted on non-edge CC clusters from the right. Phrase edges basically allow deleting an unaccented nucleus permitting CVCV edges to be realized as clusters. If this happens the upstep of the accent is kind of smushed over the entire initial CCV(V) syllable for something like Swedish's acute accent.
Syntax:
Categories:
C - Indicative, Interrogative, Consecutive, Imperative, Admirative
T - Ø, Past (aux), Future (aux)
N - Adverbial with DPs, statives. Auxiliaries with eventives.
A - Imperfective (morphological): Continuous , Progressive, Inchoative . Perfective (morphological): Perfect, Stative, Cessative
v - Ø, Causative, Passive, Middle (accidental, non-agent subjects), Antipassive
D - definite (aux), indefinite (morph)
P - 1 2 3 (morph)
Num - Ø (mass), sg, pl, col, du
G - Ø, f
Generalizations:
Head initial, relatively strictly until morphology. Fusional. Focalizing. Mildly topicalizing as well. Marked Nominative but splits between the eventive and stative; patterns like English, French, but not German, Russian, etc for eventive verbs. Patterns like Basque for statives and eventives derived from statives (causatives).
Verb merges with v, A, T, and C somewhat.
Max string: C_ (Focus) T_ A{v.V}=s=i=o S O I Adj
Verb raises to merge with voice. This is merged with Aspect which determines the phonetic stem. This combines with Ø T. If merged with T and C allows it, this whole thing can merge with C. Pronomial subject, indirect object, direct object are realized as particles. Adj is adjunct, not adjective.
DPs: P D N.n _ D Adj.n _ D RelC.n _
Adpositions are preps. They communicate case. They are themselves also adjectives that can agree with nominal heads.
Nouns raise into the slot of the possessor to create fusional forms. The adjectives and relative clause particles agree in this respect.
Case marks nominative, accusative, and a genitive and oblique form. Verbs agree with the phi person, gender, number of subject DP.
There are multiple degrees of genitive. Compounding handles semantic compounding, possession with 3P dps, and some other things. A nisbe-like deravation handles attribution (of origin, etc). The prep ni "of" handles the rest.
Verb-thing morphology:
pc-voice-{aspect}-derivation-mood=personal suffixes
pc being the prefix conjugation person markers and accompanying voice, {aspect} being the aspect stem. - is essentially agglutination or agglutination with metathesis, {} means supplementation or the miwok-semitic nonconcatenative morphology thing. = means basically enclitics.
Noun morphology kind of weird:
def: art-case=num-{noun/num}-derivation
indef: num-{num/noun}-derivation-art-case
Semantics:
Verbs are semantically verb framed. The equivalent of gerundives are communicated by a sort of verb chaining of two fully conjugated verbs; this is only grammatical if both verbs share the same coindexed theta arguments. This principle is also extended to for some atelic-telic verb pairs, as semantically the language strongly distinguishes eventive and stative verbs. It can also apply to certain semantically similar verb pairs.
It can be grammatical to coerce eventive verbs to conjugate as statives and vice-versa. This is the typical way to derive the eventive infinitives/participials; much rarer the other way around, some statives coerced this way can take on eventive meanings outside the causative morphology.
The stative is also the typical way to communicate gnomic and habitual aspects.
Certain common moods communicated by auxiliaries or morphology in other languages are communicated with adverbs due to being in an awkward point in grammaticalization. Desire, potential, moral/ontological necessity, for example. This is in addition to the kinds of adverbs called modal adverbs in German, that might actually just be a language universal thing that people who don't teach/learn German just aren't sensitive to. Words like "even", "just", etc in English.
Conhistory
Descends from Proto-Afroasiatic and is extraordinarily conservative in many respects. Rough history, given my unorthodox opinions.
6500 BP - ish, proto-Afro-Asiatic period. Spoken between Amhara and Khartoum.
6000 BP - Green Sahara collapse, relexifying Nile. Common ancestor of non-Ethiopic AA moved north along red sea coast and nile.
5500 BP - Sister to pre-Egyptian. Doesn't merge most of the consonants. Similar vowel length rules. Maintains the prefix conjugation and the m- participials.
5000 BP - Predynastic Egypt. Parallels the palatalizations of the OK. Some of Egyptian's mergers from PAA spread. Follows in the aspiration of the voiceless series. Grammaticalizes -yan- "say" as a kind of consecutive mood after Egyptian.
4500 BP - Old Kingdom. Distinct enough not to be a dialect anymore, by any means. Follows in developing new focus pronouns. Develops a parallel consequential (if-then) mood. Similar constructions, syntax. Follows in deglottalizing the ejectives
4000 BP - Beginning of Middle Egypt. Strong areal influences in syntax and phonology; most non-core vocabulary is calqued or borrowed from ME, especially agriculture, religion, art, high culture words. Egyptian d not yet glottalized, borrowed as t.
3500 BP - Second intermediate begins and the culture breaks off from Egyptian influences. By now the right edge is very weak and parallel vowel changes to proto-Coptic have taken place. Borrowed the dynamic preverb iw to develop similarly to coptic. Serves as a basis for a topic - focus paradigm.
3000 BP - Wander the desert instead of rejoining Egypt. Pick up some Cushitic influences similar to Beja's. Middle Egyptian like vowels recollapse. Essentially pAA's have rotated; i -> a -> u
2500 BP - Develops a pitch accent system and redevelops length in contact with tonal Nilo-Saharans. New suffixes cause vowel harmony effects radically relexifying the language. Most nouns get diminutive and "temetive" derivations. Verbs get parallel frequentive/durative derivations.
2000 BP- Settles in fictional oases south of Siwa. PA system becomes like modern. Vowels rebalance length. Picks up serialization.
1500 BP - Strongly influenced by a dead Northwest Afrasian crown language. Picks up or calques certain features associated with Tuareg and Tamazight, especially lifestyle words. Aligns the verb system to the stative - imperfect - perfect system. Analogy causes the split of the stative into continuous and stative-perfect forms. Tenuis develops into emphatics that spread harmonically over a stem. Uvular fricatives turn into pharyngeals but are redistributed back into k/g. Begadkephat like Hebrew, many NWAA, etc takes hold in the middle of that process.
1000 BP - Strongly influenced by Old Nubian, partly relexed chiefly in trade goods. Pitch accent reinforced by new tones. Admirative mood borrowed; inchoative aspect borrowed. e and o develop but don't quite take hold. Cessative evolves in analogy to inchoative. Picks up Nubian article en. Develops case.
500 BP - Influenced by Siwi, picks up double datives. L/n split. Oddly rebrackets the Northwest Afrasian article onto the Nubian article which fuses with case. Number also awkwardly follows the article rebracketing to the front of the NP.
0 BP - Influenced by Egyptian Arabic most dominately, English secondarily for Islamic and modern technical vocab. EgyAr also supplies a lot of modern/city lifestyle terms; cinema, pet ownership, politics, etc. MSA influences pseudo-etymological Arabicization of the phonology causing e/o to be perceived as low prestige
Went from ag to basically bedouin to basically what the Siwi have in terms of lifestyle. Daily life used to be mostly raising goats or chickens with the occasional raid in desperate times. Now it's become something of an urbanized lifestyle involving a lot of wage work and stationary living.
Extremely pragmatist culturally, basically libertine in so far as it doesn't get in the way of things. Known for liking to play small pranks on outsiders by outwitting them; British, Egyptian, whatever. Not really a please and thank you culture. Not an ask permission culture. Albeit authorities tend to either come down with extreme force or not at all. In ways both extremely embracing and rejective of feminism; on one hand, brings in money, on the other, how can the children be raised or the food be cooked or the textiles repaired etc? Similar laxness on at least bisexuality like pre-modern Islamic world; generally would be considered homophobic by our standards, in the sense that people who can't be in a heterosexual relationship (Iran like takes on trans people though) are considered defective, selfish, degenerate, disgusting, and either worthy of pity or something to laugh at. Not really the roman top/bottom thing though, though macho notions do show up.
Uncommonly pay both a dowry and a brideprice, but typically in gender role´d goods; so a bride gets cookware and textile tools and such from her mother in law, a groom gets livestock/etc from his FIL. Tradition also pays out to the youngest son before the oldest at the time of death, since it was often the case that a father would die after his eldest sons had married and established themselves; the language reflects this by calling the youngest brother the "first" brother, the second youngest the "second", etc. Elder siblings would pay out the dowry/brideprice for their youngers in the event of a parents' death. Those without either were generally considered almost unmarriageable, on about the level of a houseless person in America would be in America.
Almost have a national epic. A poem/recitative prose that tells of a story of a meek king. Betrayed by his brothers and exiled, he wanders the wilderness/desert until encountering an old hermit man who serves as a kind of mentor. Work switches into wisdom literature for a while, before returning and telling the story in reverse; King meets his encounters and defeats them, until reentering his city-state and taking it back with ferocity like Odysseus. Of course local music, food, etc. Though mostly supplanted by Egyptian styles.
Managed to maintain a secret folk religion descended from Egyptian religion with folkloric influences like West African religion in West Africa; only recently has mainstream Muslim influence grown strong enough in the community to try to stamp out traditional medicine as witch craft and those aspects of the folklore/the secret actual belief among some members of the society as shirk.
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Recently we were making emojis for a server, and it really got me thinking about the meanings and uses for word emojis.
Like, "Same". It could mean "I think the same thing", "I feel the same way", "I too experience this".
But then, "Agreed" or "I agree" could mean the same, with the additional potential idea of "I never thought about something before but now that you mention it I agree"-- so a sort of inchoative aspect.
And those are just the ones I have picked up on. There are probably more.
Point is, when people add their reactions to the original reaction, you can't always be sure the meanings encoded in a word-based emoji are even the same or for the same reason.
Life can be so confusing.
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Autodescriptive Linguistic Terms
This is just starting to look like an inchoative aspect.
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Video
youtube
Finally a new conlang video! In this episode I’m briefly talking about verbal tense and aspect. Lemme know what y’all think and try out the translation challenge in your own conlang!
Translation Challenge:
“A long time ago, an old woman was sitting in a cave. She painted a picture and told her wife that by noon the next day, the paint will have dried.“
In my conlang Angos:
“hife bali samino, me tae seni ni-omo lae me ine bat-leisos. lo me kaloma wegos ye de li ni-soyuso me ansa lae hie don-den caso hie soli hio kalomo ke laholi.“
Correction in the video: the aspect marked ‘cessative’ should instead be ‘inchoative’ :)
#language#conlang#conlangs#constructed language#linguistics#verb#verbs#game of thrones#dothraki#high valyrian#elvish#lord of the rings#star trek#star wars#languages#foreign language#how to
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day two of developing the new clong: its going really really really well. there's fun allophony happening. itll have two genders, very loosely based on animacy. active-stative for sure, though i'm still deciding if i want it to be split-s or fluid-s. leaning towards patientive-default fluid-s, but i might decide to go for split-s after all. i dont wanna go too crazy on the verbs this time... four tenses, past present future and perfect, perfective and continuous aspects and maybe inchoative and cessative as well? and an interrogative mood next to the indicative and imperative. but we'll see. now im gonna try to lay some groundwork for a syllabary writing system. counting all tones, there's 336 possible syllables, so that'll take a while probably lol. i want the writing system to reflect the melody/tone sandhi somehow but im not entirely sure yet how i wanna go about it
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Aegir: Verbal Paradigm Idea 1
The idea right now is that, in addition to encoding tense and aspect, which is non-future and future for the former and Inchoative and Terminative in the latter, which I am not sure of keeping for now, the verbs of Aegir conjugate for whether the action happened in water or not, known respectively as Aquatic and Terrestrial.
#conlan#constructed language#conlanging#language construction#language creation#conlang update#conlang idea#arknights#aegir arknights#arknights fanfiction#arknights au#arknights headcanon#arknights fanfic
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Irrationally Long & Extremely Specific (Catalan Vocab Series) - Linguistics Part 3
[ ALL LINGUISTICS POSTS ] // [ ALL POSTS IN SERIES ]
LA MORFOLOGIA - MORPHOLOGY
la morfofonologia - morphophonology
el morfema - morpheme
el clític - clitic
el lexema - lexeme
la formació de paraules - word formation
la derivació - derivation
la derivació regressiva / la formació regressiva - back formation
la composició - compound
el calc (semàntic) - calque
la flexió/inflexió - inflection
flexiu - inflectional
el redoblament - redoubling
l’afixió (f.) - affixation
la radical / l’arrel (f.) - root
l’afix (m.) - affix
el sufix - suffix
el prefix - prefix
l’infix (m.) - infix
el paradigma - paradigm
la concordança - agreement
la flexió verbal - verbal inflection
la conjugació - conjugation
el temps - tense
el temps absolut - absolute tense
el temps passat - past tense
el temps present - present tense
el temps futur - future tense
el temps relatiu - relative tense
el mode - mood
l’indicatiu - indicative
el mode irreal - irrealis mood
el condicional- conditional
el subjuntiu - subjunctive
l’eventiu (m.) - eventive
el mode deòntic - deontic mood
l’imperatiu - imperative
l’optatiu - optative
el desideratiu - desiderative
el mode epistèmic - epistemic mood
el declaratiu - declarative
l’interrogatiu - interrogative
l’aspecte - aspect
imperfectiu - imperfective
perfectiu - perfective
continuatiu - continuative
incoatiu - inchoative
la veu - voice
passiu - passive
actiu - active
el nombre - number
singular - singular
plural - plural
dual - dual
trial - trial
paucal - paucal
distributiu - distributive
singulatiu - singulative
col·lectiu - collective
la persona - person
primera persona - first person
segona persona - second person
tercera persona - third person
quarta persona - fourth person
inclusiu - inclusive
exclusiu - exclusive
formal - formal
informal - informal
la flexió nominal - noun inflection
la declinació - declination
el gènere - gender
masculí - masculine
femení - feminine
neutre - neuter
animat - animate
inanimat - inanimate
el cas - case
absolutiu - absolutive
ergatiu - ergative
nominatiu - nominative
acusatiu - accusative
instrumental - instrumental
al·latiu - allative
ablatiu - ablative
benefactiu - benefactive
causal - causal
comitatiu - comitative
datiu - dative
genitiu - genitive
locatiu - locative
oblic - oblique
vocatiu - vocative
possessiu - possessive
l’al·lomorf (m.) - allomorph
la tipologia morfològica - morphological typology
la llengua analítica/aïllant - analytic/isolating language
la llengua sintètica - synthetic language
la llengua polisintètica - polysynthetic language
la llengua fusional - fusional language
la llengua aglutinant - agglutinative language
l’arranjament morfosintàctic (m.) - morphosyntactic alignment
nominatiu-acustiu - nominative-accusative
ergatiu-absolutiu - ergative-absolutive
actiu-inactiu - active-stative
tripartit - tripartite
l’ergativitat escindida (f.) - split ergativity
intransitiu - intransitive
transitiu - transitive
#i haven't formally studied morphology so this one might be kind of a weird mix of things#should i have put parts of speech?#also i couldn't find bound/free morphemes so if anyone knows how to say that please tell me!#catalan#linguistics#irrationally long & extremely specific#irrationally long & extremely specific linguistics edition#la vida sense queue#vocab lists#catalan:general#catalan:vocab#catalan:reference#general:vocab#general:reference
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22nd Mar - ken
[ˈkɛn] prt.
1. start, begin; this particle marks inchoative aspect, and appears in the aspect slot of the verb complex. May co-occur with irrealis and stative verbs.
Me non ken fa furuec cu diri.
go 1d.sbj inc to mountain time sun-s.obl
We’ll start for the mountains at dawn.
Note that ken will be used in many situations where the English has no direct translation.
Dorac tu ken!
awake imp inc
Wake up!
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