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t-baba · 4 years

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What SSL Is, and Which Certificate Type is Right for You

This article was created in partnership with GoGetSSL. Thank you for supporting the partners who make SitePoint possible.

Over the last decade, the rate of cyber crime has risen sharply. Already, many reputable business organizations and government agencies that haven't implemented sufficient online security have been caught with their pants down. Google has started taking a strong stand against websites that don’t use HTTPS. Website visitors will be notified if they’re about to submit any information over an unsecured connection.

In this article, you’ll learn how to protect your customers and your business from privacy invasion and data theft. You’ll learn how to use SSL technology to secure your websites and your applications from leaking sensitive data to eavesdroppers.

I won't be able to show you how to install SSL, as that's an advanced topic. You can find more information on the installation process here.

How SSL Works in Plain English

Imagine you're in your hotel room, on your laptop, connected to the hotel's WIFI. You're about to log in to your bank's online portal. Meanwhile, a nefarious hacker has cleverly booked a room next to yours and has set up a simple workstation that listens to all network traffic in the hotel building. All traffic using the HTTP protocol can be seen by the hacker in plain text.

Assuming the bank's website is using only HTTP, form details such as user name and password will be seen by the hacker as soon you press submit. So how do we protect this data? The answer is obviously encryption. Encryption of data involves converting plain text data to something that looks garbled — aka encrypted data. To encrypt plain text data, you need what's called an encryption algorithm and a cipher key.

Let's say you were to encrypt the following data:

Come on over for hot dogs and soda!

It will look something like this in encrypted form:

wUwDPglyJu9LOnkBAf4vxSpQgQZltcz7LWwEquhdm5kSQIkQlZtfxtSTsmaw q6gVH8SimlC3W6TDOhhL2FdgvdIC7sDv7G1Z7pCNzFLp0lgB9ACm8r5RZOBi N5ske9cBVjlVfgmQ9VpFzSwzLLODhCU7/2THg2iDrW3NGQZfz3SSWviwCe7G mNIvp5jEkGPCGcla4Fgdp/xuyewPk6NDlBewftLtHJVf =PAb3

Decrypting the above message without the cipher key can take more than a lifetime using current computing power. No one can read it unless they have the cipher key that was used to encrypt it. This type of encryption is known as symmetric encryption. Now that we've figured out how to protect data, we need a safe way to transmit the cipher key to the recipient of the message safely. We can do this by using an asymmetric encryption system known as public key cryptography.

Public Key Cryptography uses a pair of mathematically related cipher keys:

Public key: can be safely shared with anyone

Private key: must never be transmitted, stored in secret

When one key is used to encrypt, the other one is used to decrypt. The same key can't be used to decrypt what it encrypted. Below is a depiction of how it works:

However, we can't trust any public key issued to us since they can be generated by anyone. To ensure authenticity of public keys, they need to be packaged in what's called an SSL certificate. This is a signed digital file that contains the following information:

Subject's name: individual, organization or machine name

Public Key

Digital Signature (certificate's fingerprint)

Issuer (the entity that signed the certificate)

Valid dates (start and expiry)

I've only listed the necessities. SSL certificates usually contain more information. Here's a real-world example:

As you can see, the above certificate has been signed (see thumbnail section). A digital signature is simply an encrypted hash of a file. Let's first explain what a hash is. Say you have a 100-word document, and you run it through a hashing program. You'll get the following hash:

46798b5cfca45c46a84b7419f8b74735

If you change anything in the document, even if it's adding single full stop, a completely new hash will be generated when you run the hashing function again:

bc527343c7ffc103111f3a694b004e2f

A mismatch in the hash between the hash sent and the one generated means that the file has been altered. This is the first line of defense for ensuring that an SSL certificate hasn’t been altered. However, we need to verify that sent hash was created by the issuer of the certificate. This is done by encrypting the hash using the issuer's private key. When we perform a local hash of the certificate, then decrypt the certificate's signature to obtain the sent hash, we can compare the two. If there’s a match, it means:

the certificate hasn’t been altered by someone else

we have proof the certificate came from the issuer, since we've successfully decrypted the signature using their public key

we can trust the authenticity of the public key attached in the SSL certificate.

Now, you may be wondering where we get the issuer's public key and why we should trust it. Well, the issuer's public key already comes pre-installed inside our operating systems and browsers. An issuer is a trusted certificate authority (CA) that signs certificates in compliance with the official CA/Browser Forum guidelines and NIST recommendations. For example, here’s a list of trusted issuers/CAs that you’ll find on Microsoft's Operating System. Even smartphones and tablets have a similar list pre-installed on the OS and browser.

According to a survey conducted by W3Techs on May 2018, the following issuers account for about 90% of valid certificates signed globally:

IdenTrust

Comodo

DigiCert (acquired by Symantec)

GoDaddy

GlobalSign

Now that you have an understanding of encryption and SSL technology, it's best to go over how you can safely sign in to your bank's portal using HTTPS without the hacker next door reading your traffic.

Your laptop's browser starts by requesting the bank's servers for its SSL certificate.

The server sends it. Then the browser checks the certificate is authentic against a list of trusted CAs. It also checks that it hasn’t expired and hasn’t been revoked.

If everything checks out, the browser generates a new cipher key (also known as the session key). Using the public key found on the SSL certificate, it’s encrypted and then sent to the server.

The server decrypts the session key using its private key.

From now on, all communication sent back and forth will be encrypted using the session key. Symmetric encryption is faster than asymmetric.

This means both form data going from the laptop, and HTML data coming from the server, will be encrypted using a cipher key that the hacker won't have access to. All that will be seen in the captured traffic logs will be garbled letters and numbers. Your information has now been protected and kept private from prying eyes.

Now that you understand how SSL in general works, let's move on to the next section an look at the different types of SSL certificates we can use.

The post What SSL Is, and Which Certificate Type is Right for You appeared first on SitePoint.

by Michael Wanyoike via SitePoint https://ift.tt/2GyHlqP

#CSS3 #HTML5 Branding #HTML5 Weekly #HTMLl5 demos #Javascript Branding #Javascript Weekly #Mobile #Mo

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marcobondesaninaba-blog · 5 years

Text

Route del Viaggio

this is a memorial.

it's made in twine.

begin

> begin

" Sto giocando sul treno, nelle 2 ore che mi separano da Milano. Il gioco ha una grafica spenta, sono dei colori che permettono di giocare tranquillamente la notte. inizia dicendo che è un memoriale. Vediamo cosa intende. "

you're walking down the street.

(i say "you" because interactive fiction is written in the second person by convention, but since this is autobiographical i could equally well say "i")

on my way home from a concert.

keep walking

> concert

on my way home from a sigur rós concert. seriously amazing, they played popplagið last and just drew out the climax forever and wow. but there was a kind of uncomfortable moment half way through that made me feel a bit alienated.

" Ho premuto un po' di concerto per sapere esattamente dove stavamo andando. non riconosco il nome e non so che tipo di musica possa fare, ma semplicemente accetto il fatto che non ho le cuffie sul treno e quindi non posso ascoltare. Non continuo a leggere la spiegazione dopo alienato perché voglio arrivare a delle scelte vere e non delle aggiunte. "

> keep walking

still walking down the street

it's this busy high street with clothes shops and holland and barrets and stuff. ads everywhere.

anyway there are other people walking on this street too.

" Non capisco direttamente quali sono le scelte che mi potrebbero portare a progredire, credo siano entrambe descrittive dopo il click. Scelgo le pubblicità per differenziare dalle scelte fatte a scuola "

> ads everywhere

>(mesmetic Hazard)

(sometimes i panic in environments like this, the amount of attempted brainwashing going on is really creepy, but for now it's okay i'm just ignoring it).

" cerca di ignorare le pubblicità come farei io, ne vediamo già in troppe nella nostra vita. Non mi rimane che scegliere l'altra opzione"

> other people

anyway there are some men in suits, a couple holding hands, a group of teenage girls, a homeless guy, an older woman walking a dog AND HEY SOME OTHER PEOPLE TOO I'M NOT GOING TO LIST THEM ALL ALRIGHT walking on this street too.

" Sembra quasi che il narratore sia arrabbiato con il fatto che debba lavorare e scrivere, ma è lui che ha messo questa scelta obbligatoria, quindi non capisco perché dovrebbe essere così nervoso. mi da questa apparenza di emozione che non comprendo ancora per bene. "

> a couple holding hands

a couple dressed warmly for the winter: long coat, scarf, gloves,

> winter

cold northern winter, which i have a hard time dealing with having grown up in a temperate subtropical climate:

" mi descrive la zona dove abita, il pungente inverno del nord. ora mi interesso alla sciarpa. "

> scarf

i've seen a lot of scarves in this style this winter, colourful lines longitudinally, popular i guess.

" nella pagina dovrebbe esserci un immagine, penso sia quella della sciarpa. è un peccato, sarebbe stato il primo elemento visivo della quale si poteva far vanto il gioco. "

> colourful

" noto ora che colorato è scritto con una "u" da questo posso dedurre che l'autore è inglese e non americano. La u in America è stata tagliata per costi aggiuntivi di stampa, quindi in quella nazione si scrive senza. è un piccolo fatto che mi ha fatto ridere, per via del capitalismo, la lingua ne risente. "

not as colourful as my scarf lines longitudinally

> my scarf

which i lost a bit over a year ago

"una sciarpa persa un po' di anni prima, che sia un memoriale alla sciarpa questo racconto? "

>lost

you're sitting on a bus, talking with a couple of friends who've come to visit. just met up with them at the bus station on your way back from london. you grabbed a few bags of shopping before the bus came so you'll be able to feed everyone.

it's really warm on the bus.

"il gioco qui mostra una foto, probabilmente dell'autore del racconto. magro, alto e barbuto. Sembra che sia stato preso di sorpresa nella foto. E come volevasi dimostrare, ora si parla di Londra, di conseguenza avevo ragione a pensare fosse del loco."

an event in london, where you received an award.

" ho ricevuto un premio? per cosa? la curiosità sale. "

> award

where you received a joke award.

" Ma come? Delusione. Dato che l'ha scritto in questo modo, penso sia stata una sorpresa e delusione per noi come lo è stata per lui. Poverino, mi sento male. "

> joke award

not being taken seriously enough to be considered for the real awards, received a joke award.

> joke

enough to be considered for the real awards, received a joke award named after someone's genitals

" Ma dai... che cosa brutta. Andiamo oltre che non voglio pensare a queste cose, come probabilmente anche il protagonista non ci vuole pensare. "

>warm

it's really a bit too warm on the bus

" Non è mai contento questo personaggio? O vede le cose in modo negativo solo perché gli è andata male la giornata? Sembra si stia lamentando da un bel pezzo, mi tra giù di morale anche a me tra poco. "

>too warm

it's really a bit too warmly heated (this is something they do here in the uk, every time you go inside somewhere in winter you're hit with a blast of hot air and since you were dressed appropriately for the climate outside it's really uncomfortable, you're faced with the choice of sweltering in your clothes or taking everything off and having to carry it around) on the bus.

" MI dice che ci sono due opzioni, ma l'unica che posso scegliere è togliermi tutto. Capisco che spieghi quello che fanno è che ti rende scomodo, ma meglio che avere freddo anche sui mezzi pubblici no? "

> off

you remove your hat, scarf, gloves and jacket and put them on the set next to you with the shopping bags.

look out the window

talk

wait

" mi tolgo tutto e mi siedo... non mi dice niente tranne cosa mi son tolto e mi da una foto di lui con la sciarpa addosso... è la foto che non si è vista prima? Sono dubbioso. "

> wait

bus reaches the stop finally. better take all your stuff.

take: hat gloves scarf backpack bag of food

okay lets go

" Ora mi da l'opzione di prendere le mie cose, tranne la sciarpa. È il giorno in cui l'ha dimenticata? Ma se me ne andassi senza prendere niente, come andrebbe avanti la storia? Sono curioso, quindi... "

> let's go

you're sitting on a different bus, in a different time and place.

how much of life is spent moving from one place to another?

" Sembra che non se ne sia accorto? O ha preso tutto comunque? Non capisco. Ora mi parla dei viaggi e di quanto tempo passiamo in viaggio anche noi. Io probabilmente ho viaggiato più dei miei 4 nonni messi assieme. Capisco il suo punto di vista. Ho viaggi talmente lunghi che posso fare interi compiti scolastici tra il viaggio di andata e ritorno senza problemi. In questo momento sto facendo così e non ci trovo nulla di male, è un modo per passare il viaggio, il tempo. "

it doesn't matter, it doesn't have to be wasted time, you can read a book, knit something, think deeply, look out at the view, talk to friends.

maybe in the future these things will have internet connections too!

" A quanto pare non è recente la storia, perché dice che con la connessione ad internet si possono fare molte cose. Chissà se gli sarà mai passato per la mente che un ragazzo svizzero avrebbe letto la sua storia con tanto di commento proprio in un viaggio sul treno con la connessione ad internet del telefono. "

> internet connection

maybe in the future these things will have signs saying there's free wifi but a network that does not work too!

" Non commento troppo su questo, sono sempre con i dati mobili e non ho problemi per questo. "

> read a book

(unless you get travelsick, i didn't used to but i often do now on buses, trains are fine)

" Lo capisco, anche io ho problemi a leggere in macchina, ma il treno è una seconda natura, più stabile, più dritto. È comodo leggere sul treno o fare qualsiasi altra cosa. "

> talk

you're talking to your friends right now - several of you from school have the same commute to university.

> university

your lives are heading in different directions, in a few years you'll be living in different countries, but for now every morning you get to have the old gang back

> View

look out at the ocean

" Sento che alcune scelte non sono scelte, non sono azioni, mi sento un po' preso in giro, come se volesse farmi viaggiare con lui, ma anche perdere tempo. "

>knitting

(i don't know how to knit),

" Allora perché lo elenchi scusa? Mi fa un po' ridere felicemente questa cosa, ma mi sembra anche sciocca. "

> Kint

- why don't you learn?)

" Esattamente la mia domanda e il mio dubbio. "

> Learn

well i guess i could - i'll show you how! just get some wool and needles - OKAY I WILL

" Ma sta avendo una discussione con noi o è solo il suo pensiero? Ogni tanto anche io faccio dei discorsi con me stesso ma qui è molto romanzata. "

every time i see someone with a colourful scarf it catches my eye.

sometimes i have to look closely, to make sure it's not mine.

i have this fantasy.

(it's never mine.)

" Non è mai mia? Cosa sei, un ladro di sciarpe? "

> never

for some reason we're talking about scarves.

i ask HAVE YOU SEEN MY SCARF?

they haven't.

" Perché mai dovrebbero aver visto la tua sciarpa? Mi domando pure io certe cose. "

> they haven't

i'll show it to them!

i go downstairs to get it.

it's not there.

i search the house, turn it upside down.

it's not there.

" È qui che realizza di aver perso la sciarpa? Forse non è un ladro, ho capito male io, semplicemente è molto contento e fiero della sua sciarpa. "

>it's not there

can you check in your room? i didn't want to go in but i've looked everywhere else and maybe when i was carrying in the shopping and you were carrying in your bags maybe it got mixed in somehow.

it's not there.

" Controlla controlla, tanto l'hai persa. Ti ho anche lasciato tutto sul bus, cosa ti aspetti? "

>it's not there

she casts it on for me.

for the next couple of months, this is what i do on my long bus journeys: i knit. it's relaxing. sometimes i do it in lectures too.

eventually i figure it's long enough, work out how to finish it, and there we go. scarf.

" Okey, quindi hai scoperto di averla persa e ne hai fatta una nuova? Mi sembra comunque che abbia saltato qualcosa. Come una scelta o una parte di narrazione. "

> scarf

i needed a new scarf pretty soon in that weather. got one in the tartan of my ancestors. i'm wearing it right now. it keeps my neck warm.

BAD END

" Ho ricevuto una Bad End... non so come avrei potuto cambiarlo in una semplice giocata. probabilmente prendendo tutto il resto dal bus. È normale prendere un finale cattivo alla prima volta che giochi. È un concetto molto usato, sopratutto in Giappone, perché ti cambiano la storia quando ricominci. O ti mostrano nuove scelte. Non credo che lo rigiocherò a breve, in quanto sono quasi arrivato a Milano e il mio modo di passare il tempo è praticamente finito. Mi sono divertito, ascoltando la storia di questa sciarpa, e non capisco perché imparare l'uncinetto sia una Bad End, ma magari lo scoprirò in una prossima narrazione. Questo doveva essere un memorial alla sciarpa persa sul bus? Probabilmente è una bella storia da raccontare, ma in ogni caso da questa esperienza si è riusciti a guadagnare l’abilità all’uncinetto. Un passatempo che sta diventando sempre più dimenticato dato che le cose fatte a mano continuano a diminuire. Le macchine fanno tutti per noi, sempre più in fretta e con precisione, non la vedo come un esperienza negativa, anche se è il finale cattivo."

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sparky-cryptidcrafts · 2 years

Text

Some art for my AU.

I do have a fic started for this AU but it's just easier for me to draw it.

Argosts plan to cause Zak to lose his eyes worked. He doesn't completely lose his eyes but they are damaged very badly and unusable. Being chased by secret scientist is hard enough add trying to learn to navigate the world blind on a air ship that sways suddenly sending him crashing into walls and tables and suddenly Epsilons offer for stability and training doesn't seem so bad. pluse Zak is terrified of Argost finding him since at this point he doesn't think he could defend himself, he lost alot of confidence.

So Zak becomes a agent, using comodo as a guide dog, Doyle follows to help keep an eye on him while his parents look for anything they can do to defeat Argost or help Zak.

Zak gets a neat pair of robotic eyes, however there's a catch, Epsilon can remotely turn them off at any moment as a punishment, or if Zak gets too far away from him. (also the clones are black eyed kids/ shadow people so Francis actually has some powers aswell as lots of cool tech)

as he learns to adapt to his new situation, he gets closer to Francis. Eventually Zak's body starts to change more too, giving him the ability to share shift and even regrow limbs. He keeps this a secret as long as possible with Francis and doyle healing him. Zak's morals also change the more time he spends there, this is partly what triggered his body to start changing, be was starting to hate humans after seeing some horrible experiments up close. He doesn't hate all humans but he definitely stops trusting most of them.

Eventually by the time Zak and Francis are in there 20s they're able to escape. Zak is comfortable in his body, he was able to regain his sight atleast when he isn't in human form, and his powers are strong enough that he's confident Argost wouldn't be able to get to him.

He and Francis live on the run for a while. hiding from the graymen and the secret scientist, helping cryptids and people along the way. sure it's not perfect but eventually they'll defeat Argost and convince the scientist to leave them alone one way or another.

here's the link to the unfinished fic.

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