the family friends from my dad's hometown told us that this week they had to host this exchange student from belgium of north african descent given his name (elias) and i'm obsessed like imagine going to spain for a week and arriving in alicante's airport thinking you're gonna be in this pretty area by the sea and then you get to this 5k inhabitants town in the middle of the mountains where everyone speaks in valencian and is preparing some kind of festivities that involve muslim iconography

Australia’s migration history

from the article Australia’s migration history 

“In 1788, when European settlement began, Australia’s Aboriginal population was about 400,000. Today, over 20 million people live here. Migration has been the main driver for this change. In New South Wales, four out of every ten people are either migrants or the children of migrants.

Clearly Australia has a rich migration history. However attitudes to migration and particularly to the ideal source of migrants have changed considerably over these 218 years. The first migrants were decidedly involuntary, the convicts transported from Britain, Ireland and, to a lesser degree, other British colonies. Altogether 80,000 arrived in New South Wales between 1788 and 1840. From the 1830s they were joined by small numbers of voluntary migrants, again principally from Britain and Ireland. Some came under their own resources, others with assistance from one of the public or private schemes then available.

However, with the discovery of gold just outside Bathurst in 1851, the nature of Australian migration changed completely. People arrived in far greater numbers and from more varied backgrounds than ever before. Between 1851 and 1861 over 600,000 came and while the majority were from Britain and Ireland, 60,000 came from Continental Europe, 42,000 from China, 10,000 from the United States and just over 5,000 from New Zealand and the South Pacific. Although Australia never again saw such a rush of new immigrants, the heightened interest in settling here remained. By the time of Federation the total population was close to four million of whom one in four was born overseas. Many had been given assisted passages. Whilst the majority were of British or Irish extraction, there were significant numbers of Europeans, particularly Germans, and Chinese.

When the colonies federated in 1901, control of immigration changed. Instead of each colony managing its own system, the Commonwealth now oversaw recruiting and selection. Assisted passages were offered to encourage migration with priority still being given to the British and Irish. Despite comparatively large numbers of Chinese residents in Australia, the first legislation passed by the new parliament was the Immigration Restriction Act. Often referred to as the ‘White Australia policy’ this effectively banned Asian migration for the next fifty years. That same year the Federal Parliament passed the Pacific Islands Labourers Act to prohibit their employment as contract labourers and to deport those already here.

In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, migration almost ceased. Furthermore, some migrants from countries previously thought acceptable were now reclassified as ‘enemy aliens’. Those born in Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria and Turkey faced internment or general restrictions on their daily lives. Altogether about 7,000 people were interned, with camps in New South Wales at Berrima, Trial Bay and Liverpool. After the war, the 1901 Immigration Act was extended to ban people from these countries for five years. The ban on Turkish people was not lifted until 1930.

With the 1918 peace came a revival of assisted migration schemes. The British Government offered ex-servicemen free passage to one of the dominions or colonies and 17,000 arrived in Australia between 1919 and 1922. Church and community organisations such as the YMCA and the Salvation Army sponsored migrants. Small numbers also arrived independently. As the United States sought to limit migration of Southern Europeans, increasing numbers of young men from Greece and Italy paid their own way to Australia. By the 1930s, Jewish settlers began arriving in greater numbers, many of them refugees from Hitler’s Europe. However the 1929 stockmarket crash and the Great Depression put an end to sponsored migration and it was not until Australia had again fought a war that it was resumed.

Just as in the First World War, with the outbreak of the Second World War previously acceptable migrants — Germans, Italians, Japanese and Hungarians – were reclassified ‘enemy aliens’ and interned or kept under close police surveillance. No distinction was made on the basis of political sympathies. Thus, a large group of Jewish refugees that arrived on the Dunera in September 1940 were interned first at Hay in New South Wales, and later at Tatura in Victoria.

When the war ended, the government took an entirely new approach to migration. The near invasion of Australia by the Japanese caused a complete rethink of ideal population numbers. As Prime Minister Ben Chifley would later declare, ‘a powerful enemy looked hungrily toward Australia. In tomorrow’s gun flash that threat could come again. We must populate Australia as rapidly as we can before someone else decides to populate it for us.’ i In 1945, the Department of Immigration was established, headed up by Arthur Calwell. It resolved that Australia should have annual population growth of two per cent, of which only half could come from natural increase. 70,000 immigrants a year were needed to make up the difference.

However, although the government wanted the majority to be Anglo Celtic – and Arthur Calwell declared ‘It is my hope that for every foreign migrant there will be 10 people from the United Kingdom’ ii in fact the British Government was both unable and unwilling to meet such a high target. At the same time, some 11 million people had survived the Nazi labour and concentration camps and many, particularly Poles, Yugoslavs, Latvians, Ukrainians and Hungarians, were unable or unwilling to return home. Visiting Europe in 1947, Calwell therefore agreed to accept a minimum of 12,000 of these refugees a year.

On 28 November 1947, the first Displaced Persons – 844 young Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians – arrived on the General Heintzelman in Melbourne and were transferred to Bonegilla migration hostel. In exchange for free passage and assistance on their arrival, they agreed to work for the government for two years.

During the seven years this scheme operated, nearly 171,000 arrived. When this source came to an end, the Federal Government negotiated a series of migration agreements including with the Netherlands and Italy (1951), Austria, Belgium, West Germany, Greece and Spain (1952), and the United States, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland (1954). In these immediate post war years Australia was second only to Israel in the proportion of migrants accepted. As a result, Australian society became markedly less British and Irish in character. At the 1961 census, eight per cent of the population was non-British in origin with the largest group being Italians followed by Germans, Greeks and Poles.

Most migrants arrived by ship, disembarking in major cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. From there they were immediately taken to migration hostels in rural areas, often in former military barracks. With accommodation fashioned from old corrugated iron Nissen huts, migrants were frequently shocked at the primitive conditions. With men and women separated into single sex barracks, shared bathrooms and kitchens and a communal dining room serving unfamiliar, and often unpalatable food, migration hostels were neither comfortable nor welcoming. The intention was that migrants stay only four to six weeks until they could be resettled near their workplace. At times however work was difficult to find and some stayed for months if not years. Improvements were slow in coming. In 1969 family units opened at Villawood and migrants no longer had to share facilities. Yet, as one Polish immigrant who arrived there in 1975 remarked, ‘For the first time in my life I had a room to myself’. Some things had not changed, as to food, ‘After one week there we’d had enough’.

All assisted migrants aged over 16 had to work. Regardless of qualifications men were classified as labourers and women as domestics. One of the largest employers was the Snowy Mountain Scheme. Australia’s largest post war project, this diverted the course of the Snowy and Tumut Rivers to provide irrigation and generate hydro-electricity. The work was hard, dangerous and meant men lived for months in isolated and primitive camps. Other migrants found work in factories, in the burgeoning iron and steel industries, on the railways and in mines.

Although the official government policy was that migrants should assimilate into Australia’s Anglo Celtic culture, many celebrated their origins through membership of clubs, sporting and religious organisations. For some such community organisations made a huge difference in overcoming a sense of isolation. For others it came when they had their own homes and families and could grow familiar fruits and vegetables and eat traditional foods.

From the 1950s, Australia began to relax its ‘White Australia’ policy. In 1956 non-European residents were allowed to apply for citizenship. Two years later the Dictation Test was abolished as a further means of exclusion. By the 1960s mixed race migration was becoming easier and in 1967 Australia entered into its first migration agreement with a non-European country, in this case Turkey.

Then in 1972 Australians elected their first Labor government since 1948. As Minister for Immigration, Al Grassby radically changed official policy. The quota system, based on country of origin and preservation of racial ‘homogeneity’, was replaced by ‘structured selection’. Migrants were to be chosen according to personal and social attributes and occupational group rather than country of origin. In 1973, declaring Australia a ‘multicultural’ society, Al Grassby announced that every relic of past ethnic or racial discrimination had been abolished. The Australian Citizenship Act of that year declared that all migrants were to be accorded equal treatment.

In 1975 the first of what would become known as ‘boat people’ arrived in Darwin. More than 25 000 arrived in the next thirty years, initially from East Timor and then from Vietnam, China and, most recently, the Middle East. All are subject to compulsory internment while their claims of refugee status are assessed. Although Australia has been criticised by the United Nations and Amnesty International for the injustice of interring all illegal migrants, particularly children, it continues to this day.

In 1988 the Fitzgerald Inquiry led to further changes in migration with a move away from ‘family reunion’ towards an emphasis on skilled and business categories. The assisted passage scheme had ended in 1981 and only refugees are given any level of support on their arrival in Australia. In 1996, for the first time in Australia’s migration history, the number of British migrants arriving fell to second place behind New Zealand. Renewed prosperity in Europe has also meant that, where once Italians and Greeks made up the majority of non-British new arrivals, today, after New Zealand, it is people from China, South Africa and India. Conflicts overseas have also meant that Australia is now taking refugees from countries previously unrepresented. In 2006 the fastest growing refugee group is from Sudan followed by Afghanistan and Iraq.”

New Post has been published on Best bike helmet shop

New Post has been published on http://bikehelmet.ero-moe.info/products/cairbull-2017-latest-eps-tt-bike-bicycle-helmet-short-tail-time-trial-bicycle-helmet-tt-aero-track-cycling-helmet-casco-ciclis/

CAIRBULL 2017 Latest EPS TT Bike Bicycle Helmet, Short-tail Time Trial Bicycle Helmet, TT Aero Track Cycling Helmet Casco Ciclis

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CAIRBULL New 2017 Bilayer EPS and PC, Speed Airo Aerodynamic Racing Road Bike Helmet Sun Visor/Goggles

1. Material: PC + EPS, In-mould Bilayer Construction(Top EPS Material + Top PC Housing) 2. Weight: 250g 3. Size: 57-62cm Noted: Actual size is : 54-60cm, please take care of the size. 4. Air vents: 28 5.Integrated air flow vents for increased air circulation while the heat-sealed pads provide comfort and protection 6.Dial-fit retention system for adjustment,a quick and easy custom fit 7.Removable Protection Lens 8. Style: Road Speed Airo Aerodynamic Racing Bike Helmet Sun Visor

Specification:

1.Brand: CAIRBULL

2.Model No.: CAIRBULL-11

3.Certification: CE, EN 1078, CPSC

4.EPS Foam Desnity: 105g, HIGH DENSITY, more stronger & reliable

5.Inner Pads: Washable comfort pads, Chin Pad

6.Fit System: 360 dial fit adjustment, easy to be rotated by one hand

7.Color & Graphic: Amazing CAIRBULL standard graphic

Detailed Features:

1. Materials & Construction:

Double Superimposed of The PC exterior and EPS interior provides you with superior security and protection,Bilayer Structure design-Top EPS Material + Top PC Housing for your safety guarantee.

Dual mode glasses sun visor design enough to wear glasses for distance.

2. Fit System:

The backside mini adjust dial is equipped to create smooth size adjustment. It can be easily rotated simply by one hand and is designed with vertical adjustment which offers perfect head fit.

3. Ventilation:

28 Vents provide good aerodynamic and coolest and happy cycling experience

4. Padding & Strap & Buckle:

COOLMAX internal pads are used in larger surface in contact with the head for increased comfort. Detachable for hand wash and anti-allergenic.Nylon Strap breathable and strong.Buckle Locked for your safety.

Detailed Images:

About CAIRBULL SPORTS: CAIRBULL SPORT DESIGN CO.,LTD. is created under the promise of high quality service and our unique sense to outdoor/ bicycle sport. With full passion in the bike industry, we feel obligated to provide our clients with perfect bicycle accessories. 1) Sophisticated, well-experienced R&D team offers tailor-made helmet design solutions; 2) Fashion-conscious, trend-setting design team, offers professional graphic design service; 3) Streamlined, efficient, responsive and cost-effective R&D procedure, offers OEM/ODM service; 4) One-stop, integrated manufacturing base, make sure the fast delivery; 5) Cutting-edge facilities and self-owned testing lab; 6) 5 new models every month, which are all public molds; 7) Showroom at shenzhen is proximity to HongKong allows for easy visit. Cairbull Sport Design is a professional helmet solution provider based in China the world factory. Since its very inception, it has engaged itself in the development and production of top-grade, high-quality and competitively priced helmet products for its global client base. A specialist in the helmet sector for over 20 years, it is now one of China\’s biggest helmet suppliers and most trusted helmet solution providers. Armed with state-of-the-art facilities and staffed with some of the industry\’s brightest and most seasoned designers, the firm is well-positioned to serve its clients in a way that ensures clients\’ each and every particular need, large and small, will be meticulously and sufficiently addressed and fulfilled. In addition to providing OEM and ODM services for may of its clients, the firm is also well-known for its strong capability to offer helmet design customization serivices for the increasingly discerning global helmet community. As a time-tested brand in its chosen field, CAIRBULL boasts a full set of professional facilities and equipment that can competently fulfill all helmet design and production requirements. Aurora mainly produces helmets for: Bicycling, Roller Skating, Skateboards, BMX cycling, Horse riding, Downhill Mountain Bicycle, etc. There are over 300 employees andmore than 50000 square meters workshops for the brand\’s factory. In order to consistently provide the high quality products, the company focus on purchasing high-quality materials and ensuring strict internal process control. Therefore, All products are being tested according to product standards and testing protocols during all products R&D, processing,before shipment period. It also works very closely with 3rd party testing companies to ensure every helmet we produced would comform to all regulations to our target markets. The brand\’s main markets include(without limitation): USA, Europe, Canada and Australia. “High quality, efficient, safe, low-cost” is Cairbull Sport\’s production philosophy. Payment: We accept these payments: Credit Card, Escrow(Alipay), Beloto, MoneyBookers, West Union, T/T, etc. (Master Card, VISA, Bank of China, QIWI, etc.) Shipment: (China Post, Singpore Post, EMS, DHL, UPS, FedEx, TNT, etc) In CAIRBULL Store, order will be shipped out within 1-4 working days since you finish payment, not include weekend and other holiday.We do not guarantee delivery time on all international shipments due to differences in customs clearing times in individual countries, which may affect how quickly your product is inspected.Please note that buyers are responsible for all additional customs fees, brokerage fees, duties, and taxes for importation into your country. These additional fees may be collected at time of delivery. We will not refund shipping charges for refused shipments. The shipping cost does not include any import taxes, and buyers are responsible for customs duties. China Post: Delivery Time | Country 10-20 Working Days | Japan, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia 12- 25 Working Days | United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Israel, Austria, Australia, Ireland, Bulgaria, Poland 12- 26 Working Days | Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovakia, Greece, Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Croatia, Spain 13-27 Working Days | Turkey, New Zealand, Russian, Ukraine, Belarus, Philippines, Romania, Lithuania 20-45 Working Days | Brazil, Kazakhstan, Chile, etc Return Policy: We will refund you if you return the items within 2 weeks of your receipt of the items for any reason. However, the buyer should make sure that the items returned are in their original conditions. If the items are damaged or lost when they are returned, the buyer will be responsible for such damage or loss, and we will not give the buyer a full refund. The buyer should try to file a claim with the logistic company to recover the cost of damage or loss. The buyer will be responsible for the shipping fees to return the items. Warranty & Maintenance: We offer the 1 month free replacement. Buyers may request for a replacement within 15 days from your receipt of the product. The buyer should return the product in the original conditions to us and should bear the shipping costs for return. We also provide free maintenance. The buyer should return the product in the original conditions to us and should bear the shipping costs for return. If any part is required to be replaced, the buyer should also pay for the costs of the parts to be replaced. Before returning the items, please confirm the return address and the logistics method with us. After you give the items to the logistic company, please send us the tracking number. As soon as we receive the items, we will repair or exchange them ASAP. Size or Fit Issues: The sizes are illustrated with specific measurements in the detailed specifications. Please check the specifications before you place an order.Normally the allowable differences in the size are approximately 0.5 inch in measurement. If you find the size ofthe products do not fit you, you can directly contact us. Color Mismatch: Differences in color may be caused by some other reasons such as color reflection in the monitor, lighting, background etc. However, if you believe that the item received is in wrong color, please contact us to see if a return or refund is possible. Feedbacks & Contact: Please leave positive feedback 5 stars if you are satisfied with our units and services. Your satisfaction and positive feedback are really very important to us, CAIRBULL SPORTS DESIGN Company, China. If you have any problems with our items or services, please feel free to contact with us first before you leave negative feedback. We will do our best to solve any problems and provide you with the best customer services.

Introducing: Diabetes Young Leaders, A New International Advocacy Force

New Post has been published on http://type2diabetestreatment.net/diabetes-mellitus/introducing-diabetes-young-leaders-a-new-international-advocacy-force/

Introducing: Diabetes Young Leaders, A New International Advocacy Force

Some of you may remember Jonny White from the post we wrote recently on his documentary film project called Welcome to Type 1. Jonny lives in Nova Scotia, Canada, and works as a lecturer in Media Psychology at Fielding Graduate University and at UCLA Extension. He's also an all-around diabetes advocate, diagnosed himself with type 1 at age 15. Most recently, he's been instrumental in launching a sweeping new international diabetes advocacy "task force" of sorts for young community leaders from all around the world. This group convened for the first time in early December at the World Diabetes Congress in Dubai (which I unfortunately was unable to attend - boo!). Jonny joins us today to introduce the new Young Leaders program, and share his impressions of this dynamite first meet-up:

A Guest Post by Jonny White

It seemed like a simple idea and a good one: Invite Young Leaders from all over the world who are passionate about helping people with diabetes. Have them meet in Dubai during the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Conference. Bring in a faculty of experts to lead them. The objective was to have the Young Leaders go home inspired, connected, and with tricks up their sleeves to help lead their own (IDF member) diabetes organizations (like the Maltese Diabetes Association) in their home countries.

It seemed like a simple idea, but this is where the easy part ended. I was on faculty and flew in the day before the Young Leaders arrived to go over the schedule. The scheduled events—presentations, networking, sailing, group work, conference talks, and a night in the desert—went from 7:00am to midnight for 9 days. The topics ranged from cultural differences to the artificial pancreas to leadership to how media can help, with faculty from Brazil, Bermuda, Belgium, Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, UK, and USA. I remember thinking that these long days were stuffed with heavy content but that it might still be manageable, so long as there were no further complications.

Then 69 participants of different languages, colors, cultures, dress, levels of sociability, and ages (20-30) materialized. It was terribly exciting, but as I introduced myself to the Young Leaders I found that, one after another, either they didn't understand my accent or I didn't understand theirs and we stumbled through small-talk. I feared I had signed up for 9 days of those awful moments where I pretend to understand someone and smile. I cringed as Paul Madden (a veteran of the diabetes industry and former director of Camp Joslin) made the formal introductions in his rich Boston English. We pushed forward with the curriculum.

I spent the first two 15-hour days in tense anticipation of what would happen when the Young Leaders had to apply what they had learned in group-work. The energy was high and presentations ran overtime. The moment of truth came soon enough, though, and as I visited each of the multi-cultural roundtables, I was shocked. I learned that some of our participants came from countries where the health professionals didn't know how to use insulin properly, or where employers discriminate against people with diabetes, or where they had insufficient diabetes supplies to test their blood sugar more than once a week, or where people couldn't afford insulin. The language barriers were no match for the Young Leaders' desire to share issues relevant to generating adequate diabetes care in their home countries. My moment of relief came, then passed quickly as I kept listening and processing the magnitude of the global issues these Young Leaders were inheriting.

And yet, there was hope. Paul Madden's two favorite descriptions of the group ("Awesome!" and "Even More Awesome!") became catchphrases as the Young Leaders worked tirelessly with laser-focus. The Young Leaders (and their faculty) often continued getting to know each other after sessions wrapped up at midnight, and I couldn't believe how well we kept on the next day. It was on the fourth day, when the Young Leadersasked if they could skip the lunch buffet to keep working, that I realized I was witnessing something amazing.

In their home countries these Young Leaders have enough to do. They are medical students, dentists, architects, college students, athletes, or other types of working professionals with student loans. Yet they had taken time off, bought tickets to Dubai, paid their hotel, and were here working themselves to the bone in a hot conference room. They were laying it all on the line for something they believed in. Around this time, the faculty realized that they had given what they could and it was time to get out of the way. The Young Leaders created their own political structure, created a long-term plan, and elected leadership. We helped when asked.

But when the IDF conference started on the fifth day of the Young Leaders program I began to worry again. The diabetes epidemic statistics and the international discrepancies in health care are bad enough. In addition, like every multi-national organization that spans industries, the IDF deals with thorny political issues that would affect the Young Leaders. First, there's apathy or discord: Some of the IDF's national delegates (not Young Leaders)who were flown to Dubai and put up in the Ritz Carlton but chose not to attend IDF congress elections. Second, there's funding: In one of the big-room sessions Sir Michael Hirst, President Elect of IDF, debated Medical Professor John Yudkin's claim that allowing insulin companies to sponsor IDF hinders IDF's ability to provide cheap insulin in third world countries. Yet presenters are often sponsored by corporations and without these corporations the IDF might not exist. Would similar issues snag and tear the Young Leaders apart at the conference? More threatening still—would they tear them apart when Dubai is just a memory?

To the first question, I can tell you that during the conference the Young Leaders held strong, continued working together, and took an interest in the conference events to the extent that they were pulled into the spotlight repeatedly. The press and other conference-goers had heard the buzz about the Young Leaders and wanted more. On stage, the Young Leaders spoke with the natural clarity, precision, and passion that those of us over 30 try to fake. Their hope and dedication to the cause were electric and contagious. Faculty, sponsors, media, and even Sir Michael Hirst drank in the group's enthusiasm and gave it back in kind at the conference, in their workroom, and on a dance floor in the desert.

To the second question—whether the Young Leaders will disintegrate after Dubai—I can't tell you the future. I can, however, tell you that there is a new closed forum somewhere on the Internet that received hundreds of posts in the week following the IDF conference. I can tell you that some of it is IDF-related, some of it is diabetes-related, and some of it is the social glue that holds people together. I can tell you that it all builds on a good idea, and I can tell you that I'm not worried.

ADDITIONAL INFO:

How IDF Young Leaders are chosen:

Young Leaders must be nominated by their IDF Member Association (e.g. the Diabetic Association of Pakistan, Azerbaijan Diabetes Society, etc.). Each Member Association should have heard about the program from their Regional Chair, however interested individuals can also let their IDF Member Associations know they are interested in the program. There is then a short application process.

The group's self-selected Mission Statement:

The Young Leaders will raise awareness of diabetes by being a powerful voice for prevention, education, access to quality care, improved quality of life, and the end of discrimination worldwide.

Participating Countries:

Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guyana, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

You can meet the Young Leaders by name by clicking here. One faculty member, Jen Hansen, also blogged live from the event.

Probably the best way to get the flavor of what went on is to hear it directly:

This gives us ALL KINDS OF HOPE — around diabetes advocacy and global cooperation, too. Thanks to Jonny for sharing this amazing program with us!

Disclaimer: Content created by the Diabetes Mine team. For more details click here.

Disclaimer

This content is created for Diabetes Mine, a consumer health blog focused on the diabetes community. The content is not medically reviewed and doesn't adhere to Healthline's editorial guidelines. For more information about Healthline's partnership with Diabetes Mine, please click here.

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