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scrollofthoth · 7 years

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A Brief History of Magick

Emergent Magick (EMK) views the practice of magick as an evolving art form starting from the very beginnings of the Homo genus. Archaeological evidence shows that even Neanderthal’s honored their dead.

In this view, magick progresses from era to era in different forms. However, even though the practice has evolved, it does not make older forms of magick less valid. While EMK provides the most useful philosophy of magick for modern magi in our current culture, there remains much to learn from older forms of magick. They continue to reveal their secrets through advances in archaeology and history. They also benefit from being practiced in a culture that universally believed in magick and having the best minds of their eras tasked to the magical arts. While EMK takes a progressive, postmodern approach to magick, it also seeks to learn from and in some ways emulate the shamanic magicians that practiced magick for tens of thousands of years of human pre-history.

Understanding what makes EMK unique requires a passing knowledge in the magical philosophies that have come before, especially its direct predecessor, Chaos Magick. Be forewarned, however, that the following history comes from an EMK perspective. Also, by virtue of its brevity, it omits large parts of magick’s history, which would take volumes to tell.

Pre-history

By the archaeological evidence, magick before civilization was practiced by tribal wise men who learned to talk with spirits, both alien spirits and spirits of the dead. The term shaman originally referred to the wise men of certain Siberian hunter-gatherer tribes, but it has been adopted to mean any wise person from a tribal culture who uses altered states of consciousness to travel to other realms and contact spirits.

They were the lynchpin of tribal society, responsible for maintaining the tribe’s social bonds. Since they could communicate with the ancestors, they served as their representative, passing on traditions and keeping the tribe’s history.

They also maintained the bonds by leading group ritual. The shaman talked the plant spirits and learned the properties of plants and the processes of turning them into a sacrament. The sacrament almost always consisted of a mixture of alcohol and psychedelics. The shaman used the sacrament in their own spirit quests, and distributed them to the entire tribe in times of celebration. Using ritual that contained dancing and drumming, the tribe would build a communal consciousness.

The shaman also provided healing and divination for the tribe through contact with the spirits.

Antiquity

Throughout its history magick has been intertwined with religion. As civilizations developed the role of the shaman changed to that of the priest. Priests in ancient civilizations talked to the highest spirits—the gods—and learned from them the preferred social order. Their ever growing, sedentary populations required stricter forms of social control. The priesthood tried to maintain a monopoly on magick and those who continued the shamanic or “folk” ways were persecuted. In some parts of the world that persecution continues to this day.

Magick became as structured as the society. Priests maintained the star charts and calendars that told the best times to plant, when animals would breed, when the rivers would rise, and when the rainy season would come. They also maintained the strict rituals necessary to talk to the gods and their representative spirits. Magick became about saying the right words, with the right offerings, at the right time. The communal aspect dissolved as the priests attempted to keep more power for themselves. The sacrament became a metaphorical shadow of the former tribal celebrations.

Middle Ages

At this time our history splits into the history of Western magick, as it is the forbearer of EMK. Later, Eastern magical traditions will have great influence on later Western practices. By the Middle Ages, the three religions of the Book dominate the West—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. All magick was shoehorned into a paradigm that had a single, all-powerful god. Former gods became demons or angels. The priesthood kept catalog of these gods and continued to use them in magick according to their altered form. What survives of magical writings of the time include a combination of folk magick spells and goetia—the art of summoning demons or angels to do your bidding. Unlike today where any willing contact with the demonic is considered an affront to God, the magicians in the Middle Ages saw evoking demons to do God’s work as perfectly natural. They were God’s creation and they should be made to work as punishment for their wicked nature.

Renaissance

Like everything else in the Renaissance, magic was influenced by the revival of literature from antiquity. A greater access to books (at least amongst the upper class) meant more practicing magicians and a great number of the new magicians came from outside the priesthood. The Renaissance gave rise to many more secular forms of magick like—hermeticism, alchemy, geomancy, Kabbalah, and astrology. Complex forms of divination like tarot also developed in this era.

However, for those outside the gentry, fear and persecution rained. While the rich could practice their more intellectual and more complex forms of magick without trouble, those who practiced folk magick suffered greatly from church inspired zealots.

To be sure, the “Burning Times” are a modern neo-pagan fantasy. There was no holocaust of true witches during the Renaissance. Most who were swept up in the hangings and burnings were simply women who for one reason or another angered men in power. Most likely by asserting themselves of actual human rights. But it would also be a mistake to believe that no true practitioners were put to the stake.

The Magical Revival

As the Renaissance progressed, Europeans developed increasingly dim views on magick. All forms of magick became associated with the Devil and thus anti-Christian. The persecution moved beyond just attacking peasant women. Witch trials became opportunities for rich landowners to accuse and steal land from other rich landowners. Soon, very few wanted to be associated with magick. For almost two hundred years magick stalled and went underground in the West.

The Revival started in France in the mid 19th century, where masonic groups like the Rosicrucians had kept the hermetic secrets alive. As the church lost power and society became more secular some wealthy scholars, like Eliphas Levi, were able to come out and produce books and gather with likeminded individuals. This spread across the channel to the English with their penchant for forming social clubs. Three English gentlemen, William Robert Woodman, William Wynn Westcott, and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, formed the most influential magical society of modern times--The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Around the same time, Helena Blavatsky formed the Theosophical Society, which studied religion, practiced its own forms of magick, like spiritualism, and was heavily influenced by Eastern mysticism. Once again, there was very little interest in folk magick, and those outside the upper and middle classes seldom participated in these societies.

Many people in these groups practiced highly-ritualized magick based on Hermeticism and bastardized forms of Jewish Kabbalah. That’s when they actual performed any magick at all. Eliphas Levi is famously quotes, "To practice magic is to be a quack; to know magic is to be a sage." Left in the hands of the English gentry, magick became an intellectual exercise.

Thelema

Despite his numerous flaws, one can easily argue that one man broke the mold and brought magick kicking and screaming into the modern era. Aleister Crowley, born to parents who were members of the ultra-conservative Plymouth Brethren, was a member of the Golden Dawn and well known for his anti-establishment ways. Already an accomplished magician, in 1904 Crowley and his new bride, Rose, took a trip to Egypt. There, the couple channeled the spirit of an ancient Egyptian priest and wrote a book called Liber AL vel Legis, or The Book of the Law. Liber AL was the foundational document for a magical religion called Thelema.

Thelema means “will” in Greek and refers to a person’s true will, that which they were born to accomplish. The most important commandment of Thelema, called The Law by its adherents, Thelemites, is: Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law. Love is the law, love under will.

In 1915 Crowley co-opted a German masonic organization called the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO) and turned it into his own religious organization based on Thelema. Crowley also wrote numerous books, and formed the purely magical organization, the A.˙.A.˙.. Crowley’s magical system contained a mixture of Eastern and Western magical techniques from yoga to Kabbalah. His mythology included obscure Egyptian deities and co-opted figures from the Book of Revelations. Crowley’s organizations continued to use masonic style initiations and grade systems.

While Crowley had a turbulent personal life and died practically a pauper, his writings lived on. His mixture of using Eastern and Western styles and using magick as a journey of self-discovery dominated magical practice in the English speaking world and beyond. His legend earned him the attention of the Beatles (most likely John Lennon) and he was included on the cover of their album Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Crowley’s adherents would say this was the result of his magick and influence on the age. Crowley’s organizations grew after his death and are now more popular than when he was alive.

Neo-Paganism

In 1951, the United Kingdom repealed its witchcraft laws. A man named Gerald Gardner, a known associate of Crowley, took it as an opportunity to introduce a religion called Wicca to the world. Gardner claimed that Wicca came from an old tradition passed on from families that had kept their practice hidden for years. However, many of the Wiccan rituals he wrote of were obviously watered down versions of rituals created by Crowley and the Golden Dawn.

Gardner presented Wicca as a religion practiced by witches from ancient times and the religion centers on eight holidays based off, equinoxes, solstices, and traditional festivals. Wicca became the catalyst for the formation of other types of neo-pagan religions. Some tried to emulate the few known practices of the ancient Greeks and Celts. Others used a combination of folk traditions and records from witchcraft trials and other documents to develop a practice of “traditional” witchcraft. Most of these groups performed various forms of magick from the high rituals based on the Golden Dawn tradition to various traditional festivals still alive in England and other European countries. Some even incorporated magical practices from African diasporic religions, under the belief that these religions reflected true pagan practices from ancient times.

Today, many find magick through neo-paganism, and some move on to other forms of magick after discovering it through these religions.

Chaos Magick

In 1976, two men from West Yorkshire, Peter J. Carroll and Ray Sherwin, both interested in various forms of magick began meeting with a few others above Sherwin’s bookstore. They developed a new system of magick and later founded The Magical Pact of the Illuminates of Thanateros. Chaos magick was heavily influenced by the Aleister Crowley, Austin Osman Spare, and the fantasy and science fiction authors of the time.

Chaos magick does not advocate for any one form of religion or belief. It is essentially a system of techniques. Those techniques mostly teach the magician to develop altered states of consciousness (called gnosis by chaos magicians), that are used to “empower” a practitioner’s magick. The central tenant of chaos magick is that belief itself is a tool. You can apply the techniques of magick to any belief system and get results.

Chaos magick measures success by achieving results, although it admits to only being able to change probable outcomes, with spectacular effects being few and far between, or some believe non-existent. Chaos magick advocates for changing one’s own belief system in its entirety if needed to achieve results. It also advocates for belief systems based on a magician’s personal likes and interests rather than traditional systems. This leads to chaos magicians basing their practice on pop culture, which they claim is more effective than unrelatable ancient deities.

Emergent Magick

On June the 21st, of the year 2010, a small group of magicians, including Frater Zentra El, wandered the late-night streets of Manhattan in a state of deep chemognosis. He spotted a book lying in the gutter, he at first mistook it for one of his own magical journals, which are kept in similar composition books. Zentra El took it with him and spent the rest of the night studying its contents which appeared to be the ravings of madman (see the Gutter Bible by Scroll of Thoth Press).

Zentra El used it as the foundation for his own magical practices and began teaching and performing rituals based on its contents around the world. He stuck to a strict code that all of the mythology and beliefs created for his new magical system would only come from acts of magick itself. Zentra El and his associates used magick to discover the entities and cosmology of their new “emergent” practice.

As Zentra El developed his own magical society (The Order of Emergent Magi), he taught the theory of Emergent Magick (EMK) to others and a new magical philosophy developed. Unlike its predecessors, EMK centers on group magick. Each member of the group is encouraged to develop their own central paradigm or belief system. Like chaos magick, a practitioner of EMK may switch paradigms from time to time, especially when participating in group rituals created by other members of their tribe. However, they also keep a single, personal paradigm that they develop through magical revelation. This devotion to their path, while it may change dramatically through continued revelation, remains the core of their magick and spirituality.

EMK focuses less on results and more on personal development and harmonious group dynamics. It intends to reintroduce the world to tribalism in a modern, accepting context. It allows people from disparate beliefs to come together and form cohesive, loving, personal connections through group ritual practice. It eschews the masonic grade system for group consensus and decentralized leadership. It also reintroduces the use of psychedelics in a shamanic context to bring back the initiatory experience lacking in materialist societies.

#magick #chaos magick #emergent magick #emk #order of emergent magi

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dailyenglishreading · 6 years

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Adaptive Markets

The Efficient Market Hypothesis is the most widely accepted theory for how the market works.

If you’ve taken an Economics 101 course, you’ve probably heard about the predominant theory about how the markets work: the Efficient Market Hypothesis, or EMH for short.

In a nutshell, EMH theory suggests that the price of stocks, bonds and similar investment assets will always provide an accurate reflection of the health, profitability and general value of a company.

In recent years, it’s become widely accepted that the EMH isn’t perfect, but academics and leading experts in the investment sector still regard it as the best theory out there.

To see the EMH in action, let’s look at the company Morton Thiokol, which helped make rockets for NASA in the 1980s, including the faulty piece of equipment that was found to cause the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion in 1986. It made perfect sense that the value of Morton Thiokol shares plummeted in the minutes following the Challenger disaster because the company had just encountered a serious setback.

The EMH works because it takes into account the collective wisdom of all the investors who are constantly analyzing the market and reflecting their best assessments of how well businesses will do in the price they’re willing to buy and sell their assets at. It’s generally agreed that by putting together all these active financial minds, you’ll get a fairly accurate reflection of a company’s value.

Now, given this high regard for the EMH’s accuracy, it is also considered highly unlikely that anyone can “beat the market,” which would involve spotting something that everyone else has missed. And since you can’t beat the market, the standard advice is to “join the market” by investing in long-term, low-risk index funds, or mutual funds, which comprise a collection of stocks that will remain more or less untouched over time.

By sticking with index funds for a long period, a patient investor can expect to take advantage of the stock market’s gradual increase in value over time. It was these standard principles of EMH that led John Bogle to create the Vanguard Index Trust, the first mutual fund, in 1976.

Since then, the index and mutual fund businesses have become a multi-trillion-dollar staple of the finance industry.

The Adaptive Market Hypothesis takes into account the human element of finance.

You might be thinking, if the Efficient Market Hypothesis is so accurate and simple, why do huge financial crises where assets are grossly misvalued, like the one in 2008, keep happening?

The answer to this question has to do with human nature and the fact that those in control of the market are prone to making decisions based on irrational emotions. So, even if a company is by all accounts healthy, if the price of its stock takes a momentary dip, this can trigger a panicked response among traders worried about losing too much money and, in turn, will cause them to sell. This is known as behavioral economics.

Therefore, what we need is a paradigm that takes into account both the logical rules of EMH and the illogical rules of human nature, which is exactly what the Adaptive Market Hypothesis does.

Essentially, the Adaptive Market Hypothesis looks at the market from an evolutionary standpoint to recognize that everything happens for a reason. For example, when John Bogle introduced a new feature to the Vanguard Index Trust known as market cap weighted indexes, this was a response to increased competition and a way for Bogle’s mutual fund to require even less work from portfolio managers.

Since mutual funds using Bogle’s new feature require less oversight, they cost less time and money to maintain, which in turn makes them more attractive to investors. So, if we look at market cap weighted indexes through the lens of evolution, it’s no wonder that this feature can be found in just about every one of today’s mutual funds; they’re the result of competition, innovation and natural selection, all taking place within the environment of an efficient market.

Likewise, we should also consider seemingly illogical human characteristics, like overconfidence and fear of losing money, as natural parts of our own evolutionary desire to survive within the environment of the economic system. As the Adaptive Market Hypothesis shows us, all of these things can help us understand changes in the market.

Humans are reliably irrational in dealing with money.

One of the limitations of the Efficient Market Hypothesis is that it assumes the rational investors will outweigh the impact of irrational investors. Even if we all agree that humans are bound to make mistakes and use poor judgment, the question remains: how adversely can these behaviors affect the market?

First of all, it helps to understand just how irrational humans are when it comes to taking risks, determining probability and making financial decisions.

Psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky have conducted insightful research that shows how mistaken we can be when it comes to high-risk economic decisions. Their findings show that people tend to be more concerned with avoiding losses than making gains, which means we will generally take greater risks in order to avoid those losses than we will to hit the jackpot.

This tendency is known as loss aversion, and it is an important concept to keep in mind since it plays a significant role in how financially inefficient we can be.

How bad can loss aversion get? Take Jérôme Kerviel, a junior trader at the French investment bank Société Générale. In 2008, Kerviel found himself with €4.9 billion in losses after he tried to cover up some relatively small losses through one reckless trading decision after another. The psychological pressure of loss aversion caused him to repeatedly “double down” instead of simply cutting his losses.

Another irrational tendency is known as probability matching, which occurs when we’re trying to predict what’s going to happen next.

Let’s say we’re at a roulette wheel, and after watching the last few spins, we’ve noticed that red has been coming up more frequently than black; in fact, red has been coming up 75 percent of the time. Due to probability matching, most people’s instinct would be to bet on red 75 percent of the time.

However, if the trend continued and the result was indeed red 75 percent of the time, and we only bet on red 75 percent of the time, our probability of winning would only be 62.5 percent – not such great chances after all. The smarter, but less human, choice would be to bet on red 100 percent of the time and win 75 percent of the time.

Human behavior is shaped by our emotions and instincts.

So, what is it exactly that makes us so prone to reckless and irrational decisions when dealing with money?

Neuroscience suggests that the answer lies in how inextricably linked our decision making is to the emotional part of our brain.

For example, sex, gambling and cocaine all provide the same result in our brain: the release of the neurochemical dopamine, which provides an extremely rewarding, pleasurable sensation. Through extensive research, neurologists have concluded that dopamine plays a central role in causing people to take irrational risks.

This is something that the gambling industry is well aware of, as slot machines are designed to keep dopamine levels pumping so that gamblers will keep at it even as their money disappears. The machines have the added psychological manipulation of framing a loss as almost being a win, which has also been proven to trigger the release of dopamine. So, even if a player only hits two out of the three cherries needed for a jackpot, they get more pleasure than they would if the game was a strict win/lose scenario.

With enough repetition, dopamine-related activities like this can easily become habit-forming and lead to a destructive addiction.

But what’s also important to consider is the state of mind we are in during emotional situations where dopamine is involved. In these moments, we are far more likely to make decisions based on impulse instead of rational consideration.

This is something pilots have to be repeatedly trained to understand. If the engines of an airplane were to fail and cause it to fall from the sky, it would be natural for the pilot to panic and instinctively pull up on the controls. However, this would actually cause the plane to reduce its speed even further and thus make a safe landing much less likely. What the pilot should do is angle the plane downward in order to gain speed such that it can level out for a smooth landing.

Since this is such a counterintuitive response, airline pilots go through hundreds of hours of training in order to overwrite their natural instincts.

Unfortunately, when dealing with money and trying to make the right decisions, we’re often in a fearful state of mind and experience the heightened emotional state of panic that accompanies it. This, in turn, is how we end up making irrational mistakes and piling up avoidable losses.

Survival of the richest is the ultimate force behind competition, innovation and adaptation.

You’ve heard the phrase, “survival of the fittest,” right? It’s a simplification of Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which states that only those with optimal traits will survive within certain species and environments, and over time, we will see these traits become more dominant.

As the Adaptive Market Hypothesis shows us, economies function in much the same way, and it’s the regulators, investors, insurance companies and hedge funds that are trying to survive.

However, rather than “survival of the fittest,” in the environment of financial markets, we can see that the law of the land has become “the survival of the richest.”

This is perhaps best illustrated by looking at how hedge funds have developed over the years.

Hedge funds are partnerships between wealthy investors, and they’re the brainchild of Alfred Winslow Jones, a statistician and sociologist. In 1949, with $100,000, Jones started the first hedge fund as a way to buy favorable stocks he expected would grow in value while selling short the weaker stocks he believed were ailing. By doing so, he was essentially hedging his bets and lessening some of the risks inherent in investing – hence the name hedge fund.

Over the next two decades, this first hedge fund was making annual returns of over 20 percent, and Jones was featured in a Fortune magazine profile. Even though the exact methods used by hedge funds are still kept secret, they were soon popping up everywhere.

This is the evolutionary nature of the adaptive market in action: a new, superior species is introduced and soon begins to multiply and dominate.

Of course, not all hedge funds make the right decisions, and the weak ones can quickly die out. But the effective ones are often wildly successful and, to this day, many new ones emerge each year as the market’s process of natural selection continues.

The Adaptive Market Hypothesis can be used to make better financial decisions.

As we saw in the previous blinks, when the efficient market is working properly, all stock prices accurately reflect their true value. This is known as a state of equilibrium.

According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, prices tend to fluctuate from time to time, but the market will eventually return to equilibrium. And this is why long-term investments make sense, as they allow you to wait out the fluctuations, safe in the knowledge that it’s just a matter of time before your investments attain their true worth.

It sounds good in theory, but there might be an even better plan that emerges from the Adaptive Market Hypothesis.

After all, there are some markets that will go through downturns longer than any investor can reasonably expect to wait out. For example, the Japanese market crashed in 1991 and remained stagnant for the next 20 years, a period known as the “lost decades.”

No investor should be expected to wait that long for equilibrium to arrive, which is why staying passive isn’t always the best idea. Instead, it’s sometimes best to adapt to the changing conditions of the market.

Let’s say a stock’s price dramatically decreases as a result of a few irrational investors who want to sell at all costs. The efficient market approach would be to ignore this downturn, comfortable in the belief that the price will eventually bounce back.

However, in some cases like this, what’s known as a behavioral premium may arise. This is when the irrational action becomes the dominant train of thought and more investors start pushing to sell, thus adversely affecting the long-term value of the company. In this scenario, relying on the efficient market would be unwise.

The better reaction would be to take a dynamic approach and always be ready and willing to change your investments according to whatever situation may arise. In the above example, this would mean also selling the shares that are plummeting in value.

Financial crises are the result of markets evolving without proper oversight.

Following the 2008 financial crisis, when investors were faced with the tough decision of how to react, many of them started casting blame and looking for explanations. So what happened?

Most financial crises are an example of what happens when a market changes faster than investors can adapt.

In most situations, adaptation happens over long stretches. For example, the great white shark has had 400 million years to become one of the ocean’s deadliest animals. But if you take it out of the water and place it on land, it wouldn’t be able to adapt to the radically different conditions and soon perish.

Many financial institutions are just the same: they’ve spent decades doing things one way and struggle to adapt to radical change.

In the 1990s, the financial market underwent a series of unprecedentedly rapid changes, and at the heart of it all were new adjustable-rate mortgages. To make the most of these new mortgages, a number of new business options emerged, like collateralized debt obligations, which packaged the mortgage in a fancy new securities bundle, and credit default swaps, which could be used to buy and sell insurance against debt, thereby encouraging even more investors to join the fray.

When these new possibilities took off, a housing bubble was created. By 2003, over $3 trillion worth of mortgage-related securities were issued in the United States; meanwhile, with a few exceptions, economists continued to be largely oblivious to the potential consequences surrounding these mortgages.

Then, in 2006, housing prices peaked and began to fall while interest rates were on the rise. As a result, many homeowners were forced to default on their mortgage payments, triggering a chain reaction where the value of banks’ investments plummeted, dragging share prices down and resulting in a full-on panic.

By the time people realized what was happening, it was too late; the entire mortgage industry was collapsing, and the financial industry was going down with it.

By looking at things in light of the Adaptive Markets Hypothesis, we can get a better understanding of what happened. But could the theory even have prevented the crash from happening in the first place?

The Adaptive Market Hypothesis can cure more than just our financial system.

If the Adaptive Market Hypothesis can help us see what went wrong in 2008, can it perhaps also point us to a better way forward, with more reliable markets?

What history tells us is that we need better legislation to help prevent greed and fear-based decisions from ruining and damaging our economy.

Robust legislation can play a central role in keeping our financial systems in check. After the crash of USAir Flight 405 in 1992, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the crash was not caused by faulty technology or any wrongful action on the part of the crew; rather, it was the result of systemic flaws within the aviation industry.

Since it is an independent organization separate from the airline industry, the NTSB was able to conduct an effective investigation and offer its unbiased findings, which allowed them to point the finger at irresponsible airlines and inadequate regulations.

If we really want to prevent future financial crises, we need a financial equivalent of the NTSB to investigate and analyze current problems and determine better regulations.

Ultimately, what the industry should strive for is a way to make the world a better place.

There’s no reason why the financial industry should remain synonymous with greed and selfishness when it could use its power for the good of all humankind.

For example, there’s currently very little private investment being made in the field of biomedicine, since it’s considered a high-risk field in which rewards usually take ten years or more to arrive. But if we gave this field the kind of attention we’ve given others, we could very well cure cancer within our lifetime.

For example, there could be a “CancerCures” fund, managed by a panel of biomedical experts and experienced healthcare investors. Within it could be 150 independent research projects funded by public investors through the use of bonds, similar to the kind that helped fund the allied war effort during World War II.

These research projects could be organized in a diversified manner to reduce risk and offer a high likelihood of good returns. With 150 independent projects looking at a wide range of treatments, we can estimate a 98-percent probability that at least three of them would be successful.

This would combine mass investment with a nearly guaranteed payday! And it needn’t stop at cancer. With this kind of model, there’s no limit to the possible advances humanity could make.

Final summary

The key message in this book:

We’re long overdue for a new approach to our financial markets, one that acknowledges the human flaws of those participating in the system and recognizes the great potential the system has to do good. This is what the Adaptive Markets Hypothesis attempts to provide by incorporating the evolutionary element of markets.

Suggested further reading: What Every Angel Investor Wants You to Know by Brian S. Cohen and John Kador

What Every Angel Investor Wants You to Know (2013) offers start-up entrepreneurs tips on what to look for in an investor – and how to actually get an “angel” to invest. With solid preparation and a good understanding of what motivates an investor, any entrepreneur can secure financing for her next big idea.

#hypothesis #market #percent #even #time #new #make #loss #irrational #investors #financial #adaptive

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