Climate Change - The “Last Chance Saloon” is Now Closed

Climate Change – The “Last Chance Saloon” is Now Closed

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2050’ye Kadar Bir Çok Tür Yok Olacak

2050’ye Kadar Bir Çok Tür Yok Olacak

2050’ye Kadar Bir Çok Tür Yok Olacak Dünya tarihinde 5 kitlesel yok oluş meydana geldi. Bilim insanlarına göre 6. kitlesel yok oluş çoktan başladı. Araştırmalar, şu anda yaşayan türlerin %40’ının 2050 yılına kadar yok olabileceğini ön görüyor. 27 yaşındaki orangutan anne, yeni doğan bebeğini tutuyor. 6 Ekim’de dünyaya gelen kız bebek, bu yıl Kuzey Amerika hayvanat bahçelerinde beklenen iki…

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African countries are being forced to spend billions of dollars a year coping with the effects of the climate crisis, which is diverting potential investment from schools and hospitals and threatens to drive countries into ever deeper poverty.

Dealing with extreme weather is costing close to 6% of GDP in Ethiopia alone, equating to a spend of more than $1 repairing climate damage for every $20 of national income, according to research by the thinktank Power Shift Africa.

The warning comes just before the major new scientific report from the global authority on climate science, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This report, the second part of the IPCC’s comprehensive summary of global climate science, will set out the consequences of climate breakdown across the world, looking at the floods, droughts, heatwaves and storms that are affecting food systems, water supplies and infrastructure. As global temperatures have risen in recent decades, and as the impact of extreme weather has become more apparent around the world, efforts to make infrastructure and communities more resilient have largely stalled.

Africa will be one of the worst-hit regions, despite having done least to cause the climate crisis. According to the Power Shift Africa study, titled Adapt or Die: An analysis of African climate adaptation strategies, African countries will spend an average of 4% of GDP on adapting to climate breakdown.

These countries include some of the world’s poorest people, whose responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions is many times less than those of people in developed countries, or in large emerging economies such as China. Sierra Leone will have to spend $90m a year on adapting to the climate crisis, though its citizens are responsible for about 0.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions a year each, while US citizens generate about 80 times more.

Mohamed Adow, director of Power Shift Africa, said: “This report shows the deep injustice of the climate emergency. Some of the poorest countries in the world are having to use scarce resources to adapt to a crisis not of their making. Despite only having tiny carbon footprints compared with those of the rich world, these African countries are suffering from droughts, storms and floods which are putting already stretched public finances under strain and limiting their ability to tackle other problems.”

He called for more funding from developed countries, which promised at the Cop26 UN climate summit to double the money available to help poor countries adapt to the climate crisis. Rich countries promised in 2009 to provide $100bn a year to help poor countries cut their greenhouse gas emissions and cope with the effects of climate breakdown. But so far they have fallen short of that target, and most of the funds that have been provided have gone to projects to cut emissions, such as windfarms and solar panels, rather than efforts to help countries adapt.

The study examined national adaptation plans submitted to the UN by seven African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan and Togo. South Sudan, which is the world’s second poorest country, was hit by floods last year that displaced 850,000 people, and led to outbreaks of water-borne diseases. The country is to spend $376m a year on adaptation, about 3.1% of its GDP.

Chukwumerije Okereke, director of the centre for climate change and development at the Alex Ekwueme Federal University in Nigeria, said rich countries must respond to the findings, and to the IPCC report.

“It is both irresponsible and immoral for those that are the chief cause of climate change to look on while Africa, which has contributed next to nothing to climate change, continues to bear a disproportionate share of the impact,” he said. “The time for warm words is long gone. We need urgent, scaled-up, long-term support from the world-leading climate polluters.”

  —  African countries spending billions to cope with climate crisis

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In 150 anni la TGm si è alzata di 1,2 °C, cioè meno di un centesimo di gradi l'anno.

Ora ditemi che voi avete sentito l'aumento quest'anno, su ditelo.

Se riesci a convincere la gente che la CO2 è inquinamento, non esiste attività umana che non comporti emissioni di CO2, compreso vivere, compreso morire.

Allora finirà sotto il controllo normativo delle persone che affermano di salvarci dall'inquinamento."

Giornali e TV "Il settembre più caldo di sempre!"

Scusate, i dati ufficiali NOAA mostrano che dal 2015 non c'è nessun aumento della TGm. I giornali che ne sanno!

La cosa sconvolgente è che da nessuna parte nei rapporti @IPCC_CH il cambiamento climatico viene definito “crisi esistenziale globale” o addirittura “emergenza”.

Queste affermazioni compaiono solo sui media. Purtroppo gli scienziati IPCC non le correggono!

L'emergenza climatica in sintesi:

1)Utilizzare strumenti moderni per effettuare misurazioni straordinariamente precise dei processi naturali.

2) Osservare piccoli cambiamenti nella velocità e nell'entità di questi processi.

3) Disegnare alcune linee di tendenza.

4) Attribuire tutti i cambiamenti alle emissioni di gas serra di origine antropica.

5) Dichiarare che c'è un'emergenza.

6) Rimescolare e partire daccapo.

Fortunato Nardelli

A case involving thousands of retired Swiss women is being heard at a European Court in France, the culmination of a six-year legal battle in which they claim their government's insufficient action on climate change violated their human rights.

Here are some of their arguments:

- The case documents, or application in legal jargon, alleges four violations of the European Convention of Human Rights (Arts 2, 6, 8 and 13) including the right to life.

- They say the women's age and gender places them in one of the categories cited by the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as being at highest risk of temperature-related mortality. It also cites the IPCC saying heatwaves are becoming more frequent due to climate change.

- The case uses emerging evidence that older women are less able to regulate their body temperatures than others. It cites several reports including a 2014 World Health Organization document which says the majority of European studies show women are more at risk of dying from heatwaves.

- It says that around 30% of heat-related deaths in Switzerland can be attributed to climate change in recent years, citing a 2021 study published in Nature.

- Switzerland is aiming to cut greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 and to achieve net zero by 2050. Lawyers for the applicants says its targets are "woefully inadequate".

- They take particular aim at Switzerland's strategy of purchasing emissions reductions abroad and accounting for them in national targets - a strategy that came under media scrutiny during the COP27 climate summit.

- The lawyers call for the Chamber to order rarely granted so-called "General Measures" which in this case mean concrete emission reduction targets within a fixed timeframe

Smiffina Episodes - Episode 426

Smithy's feeling a bit rough after the night before, not just because of the amount of alcohol he put away but also incase anyone saw and is now gossiping about him and Kezia. "Someone's been a naughty boy...." "What's that supposed to mean?" "... Just... you had a bit too much to drink?"

Smithy and Reg are called to the front garden of a rather irritated woman who has been waiting 'all night!!!' for someone to come and remove a scooter from her garden. Imagine the waiting times now, love! You'd never get a copper out in the first place! She's absolutely furious when Smithy refuses to remove it or let her have it removed because there's blood on it and he wants to get it forensicated. "How long will this... CSE... person take?" "Hopefully within the next 6 hours." Reg smiles helpfully. By the time Smithy and Reg get to the Super Special Briefing by the new superintendent, she has already called the station to make a complaint about them.

Smithy quite literally bumps into Kezia and asks her if she's alright - she says yes and walks off. Gina looks both amused and intrigued. "Not the answer you were expecting?" She asks. "... Not after last night, no." "That sounds like it comes with a story attached and I am all ears!" She says, literally grabbing hold of his back so he can't escape. Smithy sighs and tells her - discreetly - about the kiss and he's confused as she couldn't even smile at him that morning. Gina suggests she's playing hard to get.

John pulls a special middle of the day briefing where he essentially tells the relief they're not doing their jobs. Smithy stands up for his staff and John questions how, if he's so sure they're doing their best, has he already had a complaint made that day by the scooter woman? Reg points out they've followed procedure and there's not a lot else they can do. John insists there's always more they can do! Perhaps they can pull more funding out of their arse? Train a few CSE examiners on their lunchtimes? Charm an irritable cow who was going to complain no matter what because it wasn't what she wanted to hear? And even if it had been, it wasn't done the second she first telephoned! He wants them to make more arrests to bump the figures up and everyone has to have made at least one arrest by the end of the day. Even for things as small as littering and spitting in the street.

Smithy asks Kezia if she's embarrassed that they kissed last night because she appears to have been avoiding him. Kezia couldn't even remember it happening, telling him it happens a lot when she gets drunk. She assures him she wasn't ignoring him or avoiding him - she just didn't remember.

Mickey questions Smithy about the scooter he and Reg had been called to that morning as he thinks he has a link to where it has come from and what it was used for. Smithy explains what happened and tells him where it is. "Make sure you smile at her or she'll be on the phone to the IPCC, mate!"

It's ok though, cos she's quite fond of Mickey after he potentially saves her from being shot by the injured driver hiding in her shed (with a toy gun!)

1. Climate change a key consideration for EU citizens, though not companies

With the world's climate changes becoming impossible to ignore, many living in EU Member States are taking a growing interest in the environmental credentials of companies – especially when looking for a job, the European Investment Bank's (EIB) annual climate survey reveals. Read more.

2. New IPCC report: A grim and final warning on climate action

The world’s leading group of climate scientists delivered its most dire warning yet: the planet is nearing catastrophic levels of heating and immediate, radical action is required. Governments around the world have seven years to half greenhouse gas emissions to avoid irreversible change. Read more.

3. Decolonising the mind: Afro-Belgians to be honoured in public spaces

Racism is still deeply rooted in Belgian society, largely the result of 75 years of the country's colonial rule on the African continent. Belgium is now looking to decolonise people's minds by boosting the representation of people of African descent. Read more.

4. 'Explosive growth': E-scooters in Brussels both practical and problematic

The use of e-scooters in Brussels has soared in recent years, and with it, the number of accidents. The region has now launched an awareness campaign when the use of e-scooters rises as the days get warmer. Read more.

5. Franchised Delhaize on Boulevard Anspach shut down due to 'undeclared work'

The AD Delhaize on the Boulevard Anspach in the Brussels city centre has been judicially sealed off since Monday evening following a check by the social inspectorate over reports of undeclared work, confirmed union secretary Myriam Djegham (CNE). Read more.

6. Ashton Kutcher spotted in the European Parliament promoting children's rights

A high-level panel was held in Brussels on Monday for EU regulation to tackle child sexual abuse and exploitation. The panel had guest speakers including MEP Hilde Vautmans and the Hollywood actor and entrepreneur, Ashton Kutcher. Read more.

7. Hidden Belgium: Tervuren street art

Take a walk around Tervuren to spot the twelve electricity boxes that have been decorated by local street artists. The artists have transformed the dull functional boxes into artworks with scenes inspired by local history, wildlife and the vast Zoniënwoud forest. Read more.

Podcast-Empfehlung!

Dieser Podcast geht den 6. Sachstandsbericht des IPCC (Weltklimarat) Kapitel für Kapitel durch, auf eine sehr verständliche und unaufgeregte Weise.

Dabei sind auch umfangreiche Shownotes für alle, die nicht alle Folgen anhören können oder mit schriftlichen Infos besser klarkommen.

In the lead up to the COP27 climate summit, the urgency of climate change had never been clearer. A third of Pakistan had submerged under water, half of China’s landmass was parched by drought, and repeated heatwaves set Europe ablaze with some regions losing up to 80% of their harvest.

Despite this, the global community in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt was unable to muster the financial commitments needed to adequately respond to the climate crisis. Achieving the Paris Agreement’s temperature and adaptation goals requires an estimated global investment of $3-6 trillion a year until 2050, but current investment levels are nearly a tenth of that, just around $630 billion. Further, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), annual climate finance to developing countries needs to increase by four to eight times by 2030, yet COP27’s new finance pledges came nowhere near this target, and no headway was made on a new 2025 finance goal.

There were some victories, like the establishment of the Global Shield fund for climate risk, and a historical Loss and Damage Fund to help countries recover from climate impacts. But the details of these funds could take years to formalize before any country sees the proceeds. In the meantime, emerging market and developing economies will continue to face the brunt of the impacts of climate change with the fewest resources, while also being the least responsible for warming the planet.

Given this context, a new tool, debt-for-adaptations swaps, could be a game changing way to accelerate the lethargic pace at which climate finance is made accessible to countries desperately in need.

In a debt-for-adaptation swap, countries who borrowed money from other nations or multilateral development banks (e.g., the IMF and World Bank) could have that debt forgiven, if the money that was to be spent on repayment was instead diverted to climate adaptation and resilience projects. This has an opportunity to both alleviate debt distress and increase funding to adaptation which has proved far more difficult to finance than clean power. There has been a lot of interest in debt swaps from developing countries and multilateral development banks, especially at COP27, but not specifically focused on adaptation.

The U.S. should take on a leading role in this effort, not only because it is the right thing to do but also because it advances U.S. interests in its geo-strategic rivalry with China. As developing nations look to see who will help them out of the climate catastrophe, the U.S. has a chance to pioneer an alternate model to China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which is entrapping developing countries into loans and debt distress.

Moreso, the sovereign debt burden of developing countries is largely a historical product of colonialism. By championing debt-for-adaptation swaps, the Biden administration can advance its environmental justice objectives and quickly channel critical resources to vulnerable communities.

The State of Play: Loans and Mitigation Dominate, Grants and Adaptation Lag Behind

There is no common, universal definition for what “climate finance” means but it generally refers to two types of financial flows: (1) climate investments which seek to generate financial returns, and (2) climate aid which is given as a grant with no expectation of repayment.

Nearly 94% of existing climate finance is in the first category[1]—an investment through either debt or equity where the funder is expecting some financial return. These funders include commercial banks and investors, governments, and multilateral and national finance institutions (e.g., World Bank, International Monetary Fund, U.S. International Development Finance Corporation).

The expectation of revenue generation for climate investments structurally binds the success and likelihood of deals to broader macroeconomic and political trends. Therefore, climate investment has been slow in developing countries due to a real and perceived risk of doing business in countries which may be involved in or adjacent to armed conflicts, face political or economic instability, or experience humanitarian disasters. While private investors do want to invest in the developing world, most such projects are at very high-risk levels, well above what is considered “investment grade.”

Projects that do meet the “investment grade” criteria are almost all focused on renewable energy. Indeed, 90% of all climate finance last year went exclusively to activities which mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This makes sense from an investor perspective because electricity can be bought and sold, generating predictable cash flows to yield returns.

The tradeoff is that climate adaptation has been almost entirely neglected in climate finance flows despite being more urgent for many developing countries. Roughly $50 billion in adaptation finance was tracked between 2019-2020, compared to $571 billion for mitigation. The U.N. estimates that developing countries already need $70 billion per year to cover adaptation costs now and will need $140–$300 billion in 2030, rising to $280-500 billion by 2050. The damage from this year’s monsoon flood in Pakistan alone will exceed $40 billion.

There are a range of reasons why adaptation projects like drought-resistant seeds, resilient buildings, environmental restoration, or sea walls have struggled to attract private sector financing. At its core, it is more difficult to capture the benefits of adapting to climate change in a way that generates revenue. Suffice it to say, as long as profit-motive drives the majority of climate finance flows, adaptation finance will lag behind.

What adaptation lacks in revenue generation opportunities, though, it makes up for in avoided damages. Adaptation finance can help avoid the costs of infrastructure collapse, climate refugees, and potential failed states. A conservative estimate finds that by 2050, the economic cost of climate change will be between $1 trillion and $1.8 trillion (not including non-economic losses like loss of cultural sites).

The hope is that climate aid, or money that’s given without expectation of financial return (e.g., grants), can fill this gap in climate adaptation finance. Unfortunately, developed countries have channeled a comparatively meager amount of overall climate finance through grant-based instruments. In total, grants currently account for only 6% of climate finance. Between 2016-2018, grant-based bilateral climate finance accounted for 34% of all U.S. contributions ($645M), 12% of Japan’s ($1.2B), and only 3% of France’s ($146M). There have been some bright spots, however, with 91% of the U.K.’s contributions coming through grants ($1.3B), 99% of Australia’s ($111M), and 100% of Sweden’s ($482M). At COP27, developed countries failed to make headway on the Glasgow Climate Pact to double adaptation finance, nor did they define the Global Goal on Adaptation (equivalent to the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C mitigation target).

In the U.S., there has been political reluctance to legislatively disburse funds for climate aid grants. President Biden requested $11.4 billion in climate aid every year till 2024, but Congress has authorized just $1 billion total. The politics of grant-based aid remain controversial, as Republicans and Democrats are virtually in different worlds on how to address the climate crisis and the role of the U.S. in supporting other countries.

Therefore, in the absence of a significant inflow of grant money, innovative solutions are needed to overcome the barriers to scaling up climate finance for adaptation. By using debt-for-adaptation swaps, climate finance for adaptation can be mobilized while

Check out America Outdoors: Understory at https://youtu.be/s-R1p89zHnk

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A “tipping point” is when a system, with just a small amount of additional energy, is pushed from one stable state to another suddenly and dramatically. This can be a chair falling backwards. Or it can be a major earth system collapsing.

The IPCC recently identified 15 potential climate-related tipping points that scientists have grown increasingly worried we are getting close to crossing due to global warming. In this episode of Weathered, we look at 6 of the major candidates, how they are all interconnected and influence each other, and what it would mean if they were triggered. These tipping points or tipping elements are the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, the Amazon rainforest, global monsoons, the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) and the earth’s permafrost and coral reefs.

The consequences for any of these systems being pushed over the edge would be truly catastrophic and would encompass everything from massive droughts, loss of biodiversity, increased flooding, heat waves, large scale climate migration, food shortages, and much more.

Weathered is a show hosted by weather expert Maiya May and produced by Balance Media that helps explain the most common natural disasters, what causes them, how they’re changing, and what we can do to prepare.

Check out America Outdoors: Understory at https://youtu.be/s-R1p89zHnk

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What Will Earth Look Like When These 6 Tipping Points Hit?

PBS Terra

Sep 6, 2022

A “tipping point” is when a system, with just a small amount of additional energy, is pushed from one stable state to another suddenly and dramatically. This can be a chair falling backwards. Or it can be a major earth system collapsing.

The IPCC recently identified 15 potential climate-related tipping points that scientists have grown increasingly worried we are getting close to crossing due to global warming. In this episode of Weathered, we look at 6 of the major candidates, how they are all interconnected and influence each other, and what it would mean if they were triggered. These tipping points or tipping elements are the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, the Amazon rainforest, global monsoons, the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) and the earth’s permafrost and coral reefs.

The consequences for any of these systems being pushed over the edge would be truly catastrophic and would encompass everything from massive droughts, loss of biodiversity, increased flooding, heat waves, large scale climate migration, food shortages, and much more.

Weathered is a show hosted by weather expert Maiya May and produced by Balance Media that helps explain the most common natural disasters, what causes them, how they’re changing, and what we can do to prepare.

Check out America Outdoors: Understory at https://youtu.be/s-R1p89zHnk

Subscribe to PBS Terra so you never miss an episode! https://bit.ly/3mOfd77

Earth Day 2023

April 20, 2023 update: A just released IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report says we are going in the wrong direction on climate change, but there is still a narrow window left to avoid a complete catastrophe to our biosphere, and that includes us.

According to an ongoing temperature analysis led by scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), "the average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1° Celsius (1.9° Fahrenheit) since 1880. The majority of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15 to 0.20°C per decade. . . . . The data reflect how much warmer or cooler each region was compared to a base period of 1951-1980. (The global mean surface air temperature for that period was 14°C (57°F), with an uncertainty of several tenths of a degree.)"

Adding to this are the growing number of methane sink holes, each releasing several giga tons of gas per day. This growing phenomenon is changing all the current climate projections. Indeed, we might already have reached the climate tipping point.

There was time when we believed that we were the center of the universe and that we should have dominion over the Earth. But then Copernicus came along who asserted that the Sun is indeed the center of our solar system, the Moon being the only body that revolved around the Earth. I'm sure you know that this resulted in a bit of an uproar. As for the dominion idea, our use of resources, over-hunting, and factory farming of animals have contributed to climate change and the current sixth extinction. Watch Marvin Gaye's video, Mercy, Mercy Me (The Ecology), released in 1971.

The following two photos show a contrast between Greenland's Tunu Glacier in 1933 and 2013. This melt-back is characteristic of ice all around the world, though melt-back varies widely, depending on location.

Source: The Greenland Ice Sheet - 80 years of climate change seen from the air. / Bjørk, Anders Anker; Kjær, Kurt H.; Larsen, Nicolaj Krog; Kjeldsen, Kristian Kjellerup; Khan, Shfaqat Abbas; Funder, Svend Visby; Korsgaard, Niels Jákup. 2014. Abstract from 44th International Arctic Workshop, Boulder, Colorado, United States.

It wasn't so long ago that Carl Sagan and climate scientists started sounding the alarm that we were going down a dangerous path. Subsequent climate data has revealed that those early projections vastly underestimated what was happening, since we now know that climate change is not a linear but an exponential process. That is, it happens faster and faster over time.

Via Voyager 1 (click to enlarge)

The now famous photograph of Earth as a pale blue dot was taken on February 14, 1990 by the deep space probe, Voyager 1, from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles). The more recent

Via Cassini

photograph was taken by the deep space probe, Cassini. Though more striking with Saturn in the foreground, it also shows how Earth is but a spec in the cosmos. As Sagan said in his book: Look again at that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. (Carl Sagan, The Pale Blue Dot, 1994)

People often say we have to save the Earth. Not so! The Earth will go on just fine without us. The issue is preserving the current biosphere that supports us and the other higher vertebrates. There will always be life on the planet so long as there's liquid water. As I present every year, here is my fictionalized account of our worst scenario. Let's do better!

Water availability and Water Status of Plants

A warming of 1.5°C is associated with two extremes: heavy rainfall and conversely, water scarcity (IPCC, 2018). There are regions where precipitation should increase, as in the highlands of East Africa, or alternatively in the regions where rainfall is supposed to decrease by 150 to 200 mm per year, as in some parts of the Caribbean and Central America (Piet van and Charles, 2012).

However, due to the uncertainty of precipitation in the subtropical region, irrigation is skillfully used to obtain a profitable production and thus, the limitation of precipitation in the subtropics is not significant.

On the other however, excessive and continuous rainfall in tropical regions causes decrease in banana production. Heavy rains accompanied by poor drainage and waterlogging can lead to soil problems with a shallow root system become obvious. More than 1500 mm/year of precipitation are suitable for banana growth and productivity; growth limitation occurs if it is lower this amount (Calberto et al., 2015).

In the tropics, as in Nigeria, production is limited when both precipitation and temperature are very low with low humidity (Opeyemi et al., 2016). Especially, if a shortage of precipitation occurs with an increase at temperature, a low yield is then obtained. Threat of flooding has been seen, in 2021, in different regions of the world—West Africa as in Ethiopia and Sudan; the Far East and other places in South America as well as many countries in Europe and China.

The damage caused to agricultural land and human resources was enormous due to the flow of rivers such as the Nile, who comes mainly from Ethiopia and through Sudan in the fall months, especially in 2021. Egypt may at present be able to cope with a flood as high as such water can be stored. Conversely, the shortage of rainfall causes desertification that covers large areas in Africa.

The instability and the limitation of the water supply have harmful effects on the phenological phases of banana growth, such as delayed growth; lengthening the duration of the E-H period; expansion of the life cycle. The the plant withers temporarily during the sultry hours of the day and both halves from the leaf blade folds downwards.

The folding of the leaf blades reduces the amount of water required for cooling by more than half, reducing the leaf temperature of 6 to 8°C (Turner and Trevorrow, 2003). Extended period of the drought causes the LER to slow down and the leaves become compact, acquiring the shape of the rosette.

Bananas show a rapid physiological response to soil water deficiency (Robinson, 1996) through a squashy make-up of gigantic leaves and a pesudostema. In case of lack of water, the leaves wither quickly and the slowing down the plants pushes the leaves. The most sensitive soil indicator the water deficit of the banana is the LER (Kallarackal et al., 1990; Hoffmann and Turner, 1993; Turner and Thomas, 1998) and the group may also be affected.

The yield decreases due to the increase in the duration of the vegetative phase caused by low soil moisture (Piet van and Charles, 2012). In the case of prolonged dryness, the temperature rises on the surface of the leaf to a danger point and the leaves are burned by the sun (Turner and Lahve, 1983).

The stomata open in the epidermis linked by two specialized stomata the epidermal cells called guard cells, which, by changing their shape, bring about the opening and closing of the opening (Esao, 1960). In the Williams variety, a lesser number of stomata was found on the upper surface of the leaves (adaxial with 30.60 stomata/mm2), relative to the lower leaf surface number of stomata (abaxial with 100 stomata / mm2) (Belatus, 1998). Such differences in stomata can lead to less sweating and more tolerance to water deficiency. Therefore, the Williams variety as well as the Tall Dwarf the variety is developing and producing a valuable production in the new reclaimed land, in the north-west of Egypt.

Plants with a low number of stomata, such as soybeans are more resistant to water stress (Buttery et al., 1993). As the the soil begins to dry, the stomata close and the leaves remain hydrated root pressure (Thomas and Turner, 2001). Closure of the stomata during such a dry period is a response to the lack of water, indicating the resilience of the banana to excessive evaporation. When evaporation stops, the root system may be forced to lift the water to keep the leaf cool. This could happen thanks to the effective osmotic pressure of the roots (O. P.)

The banana and some palms have a pressure that could force the water up to the aerial parts of the plant. Therefore, as in large monocots, root pressure can play a major role in the supply of water to the antenna pieces (Davis, 1961). Banana tree roots  are fleshy, flexible, cylindrical, rope-shaped and 5 to 10 mm in diameter. They are yellowish white when young and become brownish corky when he is old.

In addition, the three types of root segments-the new apical white root segment; the intermediate yellowish root segment; and the old brownish basal root segment  play an equal role in providing water the aerial parts called the "root of the room" (Belatus, 2018). What's more it is imperative that the root system of banana and plantain is widely distributed with richly branched superficial roots giving rise to an intense carpet, archetypal of the monocots (Wardlow, 1961) and indicative of the potential of banana tree roots in periods of prolonged drought.

710 PAGES???????????????????? that's like longer than all ipcc 6 assessment reports combined

Sunday, 10 March, 2024.

I hope you sprang your clock forward 1 hour overnight like you were supposed to do for Daylight Savings Time. The 3 Barn digital clocks needed advancing but Tim refused saying "I don't do anything that's not on the white board". So Robert expertly took care of the digital clocks. I was the only one capable of fixing the analog clock.

It was a lovely sun-shiny day with temps in the mid 50"s.

Warmup

Tabata's

Led by Miss Dana Rebecca

4 Rounds

Glute Bridge (Heels up)

Plank Shoulder Taps

Strength

Deadlifts: 5 / 5 / 5 / 5 / 5 (All 70 to 80%)

Nathan/Shane/Armando=315 Bernie/Robert=275 Coach=235 Timmy=225 Herb/Paul=220 Dana=195 Warren A=145 Average Dave=135 Cheri=125 Shannon=95 Linda/Tom/Lew/Angel/Alicia=don't like to post

WOD

5 Rounds

Run 400 / Row-Ski 500 / Bike 1000m

20 Ab-Mat Sit-Ups (GHD)

15 Ring-Rows

10 Slam-Balls (50/40/30)

Robert=19:44* Shane=19:45* Bernie=22:00* Cheri=22:07 Average Dave=22:12** Armando=25:05 Linda=25:30 Nathan=26:00 Dana=26:05** Herb=26:35* Shannon=29:00 Paul=31:40 Coach=Infinity Tom/Lew/Warren A/Timmy/Angel/Alicia=forgot to post

Cool-Down

Standing Triceps Extensions

10/10/10/10/10

Use The Heaviest Single Dumb-Bell Possible

4 people at the early class were seen doing this, but no more.

Notes

Tim signs the white board alternatively post "Tim or Timmy". I only blog what is on the whiteboard. Today was "Timmy". That is unusual.

Shane made an appearance. Other than hugs all around, we tried to keep this event low-key. We didn't even require Shane to re-do the waiver. Shane and Robert glommed on to each other which is to be expected, and then Shane allowed Robert to beat him by 1 second in the WOD, which is expected the first time back ONLY.

Today, Kayla was supposed to be back from her long weekend trip to her Alabama home. She didn't appear. That suggests many and several alternative reasons. The foremost likely of these is that she finally met the man of her dreams and eloped with a handsome serial wife killer and father of 6 that she met on TINDER when he was out on bail. She would have been at the barn today but his GPS ankle tracker kept delivering stunning shocks every time they tried to cross the state line back into Tennessee. They are celebrating their nuptials at a resort in Muscle Shoals. It will all be on INSTAGRAM.

Tuesday at 4 PM. The prognosticators (IPCC-6) of a catastrophic climate crisis tipping point by 2030 assuredly predict we will have 5 days of perfect warm weather at the barn.

The Proponents of Climate Change insist that we are facing an imminent existential threat to our very existence. To prevent this catastrophe they assert that we must make immediate, impactful changes — particularly regarding our energy policies. The primary solution advocated by the major Climate Change advocates (e.g., the IPCC and the scientists comprising the so-called 97% consensus) is industrial wind energy. The fundamental question is: if we accept the Climate Change contention and then spend Trillions of dollars to assiduously implement their wind energy solution, will the existential threat be extinguished in the short time-table they say we have? The answer is an unequivocal NO, for at least the following six (6) reasons: 1 - There is no scientific proof that wind energy saves any consequential CO2. Industrial wind energy has been around now for over 20 years, so there is plenty of empirical data available. However, if we ask for scien>fic proof that wind energy actually saves a meaningful amount of CO2, what wind proponents provide are “studies” based on computer models. There are two major problems with that non-answer: a) Computer models are appropriate for when there is no actual data available. However, since there are 200,000+ opera>ng wind turbines on the planet, there is an enormous amount of real-world data about exactly how much CO2 is really being saved. So why would empirical data be hidden, and computer models put forward instead? Because that data evidently is not favorable to the wind industry lobby, as it shows liKle CO2 being saved. b) The other reason that wind marketers love computer models, is that they can easily hide important assump>ons in the code. For example, one of their favorite tricks is to compare wind energy produced CO2 to coal produced CO2. The problem is that this is a straw man comparison. If we are going to add 1 GW of new electrical energy genera>on, the comparison should be between what the likely op>ons are today — not what they were before. In other words, compare wind to nuclear or gas, not coal. A second serious problem with models, is that wind-generated CO2 is not accurately calculated in the computer models put forth by wind lobbyists. E.g., they typically do not take into account all the manufacturing and assembly generated CO2 (e.g. 2± million pounds of concrete per turbine). E.g., they usually do not take into account the CO2 produced by the gas generator that is typically paired with each wind project (see #2 below). Etc. 2 - There is good evidence that wind energy can produce more CO2 than gas. This non-intui>ve reality is based on the fact that there is no such thing on the Grid as Wind energy by itself. What typically exists is a Wind+Gas package. (See “a” below.) There are two very different types of Gas electricity generators (Single-Cycle and Combined- Cycle). Briefly, they differ in three major ways (cost, response >me, and CO2 generated). Most of the >me (because of cost and response >me), Wind is paired with Single-Cycle Gas — so the Wind+Gas package is Wind+Gas (Single-Cycle).

The kicker is to be aware that analyses done by independent experts have concluded that: Wind+Gas (Single-Cycle) can produce more CO2 than Gas (Combined-Cycle)! (See “b” below.) a) Sample references regarding the Wind+Gas package: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fi\een, sixteen (p67), seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, 20, 21, 22, and 23. b) Sample references regarding how Gas can produce less CO2 than the Wind+Gas package: How Less Became More, Wind Power Paradox, USAEE report. Wind Integration Emissions Report: part 1, part 2, part 3, part 4, and part 5… Wheatley study… More Wind CO2 info. 3 - There are quality studies that conclude that wind turbines add to global warming. The reasons for this unsuspected outcome are a bit complex, and range from “increased boundary layer mixing” to “altered large-scale atmospheric flow.” Some sample studies that have come to such conclusions are: PNAS study (2004), MIT study (2010), MIT study (2011), Texas study (2012), MN study (2013), SUNY study (2014), Colorado study (2015), Kansas study (2015), Harvard study (2018). 4 - Several studies conclude that turbines affect local meteorological conditions. This is related to the prior item but is more on a local level. One consequence of these influences is that crop produc>on can be adversely affected. Some sample studies that have concluded that local weather is affected are: PNAS study (2010), U Illinois study (2010), Oklahoma study (2011), Purdue study (2011), U Illinois (2013), SUNY (2015), Scotland (2016), Rutgers (2020), China (2023). 5 - Multiple studies show that turbine performance drops steadily with age. This shouldn’t really be a surprise. Such a decline is aKributable to some of the mechanical parts of the turbine wearing down, to increased resistance built up on turbine blades. Some sample studies that have analyzed this performance decline are: Study 1 (2011); Study 2 (2012); Study 3 (2012); Study 4 (2013); Study 5 (2014); Study 6 (2017). 6 - Several studies demonstrate the diminishing returns of adding more Turbines. Electricity is generated by wind turbines extrac>ng (conver>ng) energy from solar- generated wind. However, put simply, there quickly comes a point where adding more turbines results in a lower amount of electricity generated per turbine. The mechanics are explained in a variety of studies, and some sample studies are: University of Kansas (2015), PNAS study (2016), Harvard study (2018), NSF study (2018), Journal of Physics study (2018). The bottom line is that there is no scientific proof that wind energy saves any consequential amount of CO2 — and plenty of evidence that wind energy is not a good solution to a claimed catastrophic threat (that requires a large, short-term change). What does it say about the “experts” who propose an illegitimate solution? It either means that: a) they are not real experts, or b) they are pushing an undeclared agenda. All this should be no surprise as (regarding the global warming issue) we have left the security of genuine Science, and are now sinking into the quagmire of political science. John Droz, jr, physicist

https://wiseenergy.org/Energy/Wind_Other/Wind_&_AGW_Full.pdf