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Artemis + Elaphobolia

(photo credit: eet!verleden)

Another popular festival, that of Elaphobolia, takes place on the sixth day of Elaphebolion (March/April) and may have been named after the elaphos cakes in the story of the Samian rescue of 300 boys told by Herodotus (Histories 3.48).

The Corinthians had captured 300 sons of noble Corcyraeans and were offering them as eunuchs in the city of Alyattes. When the men escorting the boys stopped in the city of Samos, the Samians were horrified to discover the purpose of their journey. In an attempt to save the boys from their fate, the Samians told the boys to hide in the sanctuary of the temple of Artemis.

When the Corinthians heard where the boys were hiding, they knew they could not enter the sanctuary to retrieve them, so they blocked all food and supplies going to the sacred temple, intending to starve them out. In response, the Samians invented a festival, which they continued to perform well into Herodotus’ lifetime:

Each evening, as night closed in, during the whole time that the boys continued there, choirs of youths and virgins were placed about the temple, carrying in their hands cakes made of sesame and honey [elaphos] in order that the Corcyraean boys might snatch the cakes and so get enough to live upon. (Herodotus, Histories 3.48)

This nightly dancing around the temple with cakes in hand went on for so long that the Corinthians were forced to give up their ownership of the boys and leave Samos. Once the boys were free of their fate, the Samians returned them to their home of Corcyra, but this festival of salvation and ingenuity continued in honor of the goddess for generations thereafter.

Many other states besides Samos celebrated the festival of Elaphobolia, but in many cases different stories of origin were told and other events were also included in the feasts and celebrations.

For example, in the town of Hyampolis, in Phocis, citizens similarly celebrate Artemis on the sixth day of Elaphebolion, but the festival’s origin story is based on the victory of the townspeople over the Thessalians, who had been ravaging the surrounding countryside. In this case, elaphos cakes made of dough, honey, and sesame seeds in the shape of deer are offered to Artemis Elaphebolos during the festivities.

Whatever the source of the festival may be, Artemis is central to the celebrations in the month of Elaphebolion and honoured repeatedly as the saviour of young men, as well as the protector of townspeople who offer her piety and sweet sustenance.

- She Who Hunts: Artemis: The Goddess Who Changed the World by Carla Ionescu

During seven days that Eurymedon stayed with his sixty ships, the Corcyraeans were engaged in butchering those of their fellow citizens whom they regarded as their enemies: and although the crime imputed was that of attempting to put down the democracy, some were slain also for private hatred, others by their debtors because of the moneys owed to them. Death thus raged in every shape; and, as usually happens at such times, there was no length to which violence did not go; sons were killed by their fathers, and suppliants dragged from the altar or slain upon it; while some were even walled up in the temple of Dionysus and died there.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

Has anyone suggested that the Samnite overrun of Greek Campania in the latter half of the fifth century was because of the collapse of a hypothetical Corinthian monopoly on Greek trade in the Western Mediterranean after their defeat in the Corcyraean Affair that served as a prelude to the Peloponnesian War?

The Peloponnesian war was a long span of battles between ancient Athens and Sparta that started in 431 BCE, which Sparta did win. Sparta and Athens were two big powers in Greece, but with Athens growing faster and better than Sparta. Athens already had built a fleet of more advanced ships with the help of their allies and dependents. The first Peloponnesian war was between Athens and Corinth. According to Thucydides, this war began with the city of Epidamnus losing power in battles with neighbors and barbarians. The city reached out to Corcya for aid and protection but were denied. Epidamnus ended up surrendering to Corinth, where they were able to find protection. When the Corcyraeans heard about this, they took fire. Some of the events that took place during this war Athens crushing a revolt on Lesbos, launching an expedition against Megara and Boeotia which was another failure and involved a defeat near Delion. Athens also took Spartan land of Kythera. Overall, the war brought upon changes and developments in warfare, the phalanx became bigger than it originally was and therefore hoplites were threatened by the deployment of combined arms and the use of mixed troops. The aftermath also included Spartan being dragged into another conflict because of their never ending determination; it was Corinthian wars with Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Persia. This was ended with the “Kings’ Peace” in which Sparta lost empire control to Persia and were left to dominate Greece. In 423/421 BCE, a truce was called and a 50 year peace was agreed. Alliances were made between Mantineia, Argos, Elis, Corinth, and the Chalkidians, and Sparta formed an alliance with Boeotia. This was all crumbled with a major battle at Mantineia where Sparta defeated Argos and the allies, which led to the war taking a turn for the worse with Sparta killing all of the citizens of Hysiai and Athens executing the citizen of Melos.

https://www.sutori.com/story/the-peloponnesian-war-timeline--PUCb3VL1ou7hi7e2kkGZ9RNy

https://www.ancient.eu/Peloponnesian_War/

http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.8.eighth.html

http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.1.first.html

Americans can have a soft spot for “revolution,” since our war of independence from the British Empire was so nifty. But most revolutions are not. They are usually overtaken by their most extreme elements, spiral beyond the control of the principled, and lead to the collapse of social order and gratuitous and senseless bloodletting. “Reckless audacity came to be understood as the courage of a loyal supporter; prudent hesitation, specious cowardice,” Thucydides described, recounting conditions on the eve of the corpse-strewn Corcyraean Revolution. “In this contest the blunter wits were most successful.” Thucydides, in his commentary regarding the deterioration (and ultimate collapse) of Athenian democracy, hits too close to home: “Men now did just what they pleased, coolly venturing on what they had formerly done only in a corner” — this, more than anything, seems like the hallmark of the emerging Trump regime, replete with norm-trampling transgressions. We are in the hands of an ignorant, amoral, petulant authoritarian who has been handed the keys to the most powerful office on the country, and the world.

Jonathan Kirshner, America, America

Revolutions are ‘usually overtaken by their most extreme elements, spiral beyond the control of the principled, and lead to the collapse of social order and gratuitous and senseless bloodletting’.

"Give us the 'greatest hits' of your life. You know what I'm sayin' here, old man? The stuff that's important to you. The stuff that you clearly remember. The stuff that significantly influenced you. Talk about those."

“The city of Epidamnus stands on the right of the entrance of the Ionic Gulf. Its vicinity is inhabited by the Taulantians, an Illyrian people. The place is a colony from Corcyra, founded by Phalius, son of Eratocleides, of the family of the Heraclids, who had according to ancient usage been summoned for the purpose from Corinth, the mother country. The colonists were joined by some Corinthians, and others of the Dorian race. Now, as time went on, the city of Epidamnus became great and populous; but falling a prey to factions arising, it is said, from a war with her neighbours the barbarians, she became much enfeebled, and lost a considerable amount of her power. The last act before the war was the expulsion of the nobles by the people. The exiled party joined the barbarians, and proceeded to plunder those in the city by sea and land; and the Epidamnians, finding themselves hard pressed, sent ambassadors to Corcyra beseeching their mother country not to allow them to perish, but to make up matters between them and the exiles, and to rid them of the war with the barbarians. The ambassadors seated themselves in the temple of Hera as suppliants, and made the above requests to the Corcyraeans. But the Corcyraeans refused to accept their supplication, and they were dismissed without having effected anything...”

The Corcyraeans, made aware of the approach of the Athenian fleet and of the departure of the enemy, brought the Messenians from outside the walls into the town, and ordered the fleet which they had manned to sail round into the Hyllaic harbour; and while it was so doing, slew such of their enemies as they laid hands on, dispatching afterwards as they landed them, those whom they had persuaded to go on board the ships. Next they went to the sanctuary of Hera and persuaded about fifty men to take their trial, and condemned them all to death. The mass of the suppliants who had refused to do so, on seeing what was taking place, slew each other there in the consecrated ground; while some hanged themselves upon the trees, and others destroyed themselves as they were severally able.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

The Corcyraeans now feared that the enemy would follow up their victory and sail against the town and rescue the men in the island, or strike some other blow equally decisive, and accordingly carried the men over again to the temple of Hera, and kept guard over the city. The Peloponnesians, however, although victorious in the sea-fight, did not venture to attack the town, but took the thirteen Corcyraean vessels which they had captured, and with them sailed back to the continent from whence they had put out. The next day equally they refrained from attacking the city, although the disorder and panic were at their height, and though Brasidas, it is said, urged Alcidas, his superior officer, to do so, but they landed upon the promontory of Leukimme and laid waste the country.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

While the Corcyraeans, attacking without judgment and in small detachments, were already crippled by their own misconduct, the Athenians, afraid of the numbers of the enemy and of being surrounded, did not venture to attack the main body or even the centre of the division opposed to them, but fell upon its wing and sank one vessel; after which the Peloponnesians formed in a circle, and the Athenians rowed round them and tried to throw them into disorder. Perceiving this, the division opposed to the Corcyraeans, fearing a repetition of the disaster of Naupactus, came to support their Mends, and the whole fleet now bore down, united, upon the Athenians, who retired before it, backing water, retiring as leisurely as possible in order to give the Corcyraeans time to escape, while the enemy was thus kept occupied. Such was the character of this sea-fight, which lasted until sunset.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

Upon the arrival of the embassy the Athenians arrested the envoys and all who listened to them, as revolutionists, and lodged them in Aegina. Meanwhile a Corinthian galley arriving in the island with Lacedaemonian envoys, the dominant Corcyraean party attacked the commons and defeated them in battle. Night coming, the commons took refuge in the Acropolis and the higher parts of the city, and concentrated themselves there, having also possession of the Hyllaic harbour; their adversaries occupying the market-place, where most of them lived, and the harbour adjoining, looking towards the mainland.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

After this outrage, the conspirators summoned the Corcyraeans to an assembly, and said that this would turn out for the best, and would save them from being enslaved by Athens: for the future, they moved to receive neither party unless they came peacefully in "a single ship, treating any larger number as enemies. This motion made, they compelled it to be adopted, and instantly sent off envoys to Athens to justify what had been done and to dissuade the refugees there from any hostile proceedings which might lead to a reaction.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

The Corcyraean revolution began with the return of the prisoners taken in the sea-fights off Epidamnus. These the Corinthians had released, nominally upon the security of eight hundred talents given by their proxeni, but in reality upon their engagement to bring over Corcyra to Corinth. These men proceeded to canvass each of the citizens, and to intrigue with the view of detaching the city from Athens.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

The Corinthians on the voyage home took Anactorium, which stands at the mouth of the Ambracian gulf. The place was taken by treachery, being common ground to the Corcyraeans and Corinthians. After establishing Corinthian settlers there, they retired home. Eight hundred of the Corcyraeans were slaves; these they sold; two hundred and fifty they retained in captivity, and treated with great attention, in the hope that they might bring over their country to Corinth on their return; most of them being, as it happened, men of very high position in Corcyra. In this way Corcyra maintained her political existence in the war with Corinth, and the Athenian vessels left the island. This was the first cause of the war that Corinth had against the Athenians, viz. that they had fought against them with the Corcyraeans in time of treaty.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

The reasons each side had for claiming the victory were these. The Corinthians had been victorious in the sea-fight until night; and having thus been enabled to carry off most wrecks and dead, they were in possession of no fewer than a thousand prisoners of war, and had sunk dose upon seventy vessels. The Corcyraeans had destroyed about thirty ships, and after the arrival of the Athenians had taken up the wrecks and dead on their side; they had besides seen the Corinthians retire before them, backing water on sight of the Athenian vessels, and upon the arrival of the Athenians refuse to sail out against them from Sybota. Thus both sides claimed the victory.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

The next day the thirty Athenian vessels put out to sea, accompanied by all the Corcyraean ships that were seaworthy, and sailed to the harbour at Sybota, where the Corinthians lay, to see if they would engage. The Corinthians put out from the land, and formed a line in the open sea, but beyond this made no further movement, having no intention of assuming the offensive. For they saw reinforcements arrived fresh from Athens, and themselves confronted by numerous difficulties, such as the necessity of guarding the prisoners whom they had on board and the want of all means of refitting their ships in a desert place. What they were thinking more about was how their voyage home was to be effected; they feared that the Athenians might consider that the treaty was dissolved by the collision which had occurred, and forbid their departure. Accordingly they resolved to put some men on board a boat, and send them without a herald's wand to the Athenians, as an experiment. Having done so, they spoke as follows: "You do wrong, Athenians, to begin war and break the treaty. Engaged in chastising our enemies, we find you placing yourselves in our path in arms against us. Now if your intentions are to prevent us sailing to Corcyra, or anywhere else that we may wish, and if you are for breaking the treaty, first take us that are here, and treat us as enemies." Such was what they said, and all the Corcyraean armament that were within hearing immediately called out to take them and kill them. But the Athenians answered as follows: "Neither are we beginning war, Peloponnesians, nor are we breaking the treaty; but these Corcyraeans are our allies, and we are come to help them. So if you want to sail anywhere else, we place no obstacle in your way; but if you are going to sail against Corcyra, or any of her possessions, we shall do our best to stop you."

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War