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A giant black hole destroys a massive star

Astronomers have made a thorough forensic study of a star that was torn apart when it ventured too close to a giant black hole and then had its insides tossed out into space.

NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton studied the amount of nitrogen and carbon near a black hole known to have torn apart a star. Astronomers think these elements were created inside the star before it was ripped apart as it neared the black hole.

"We are seeing the guts of what used to be a star," said Jon Miller of the University of Michigan who led the study. "The elements left behind are clues we can follow to figure out what sort of star met its demise."

Astronomers have found many examples of "tidal disruption events" in recent years, where the gravitational forces from a massive black hole destroy a star. This causes a flare, often seen in optical and ultraviolet light and X-rays, as the star's debris is heated up. This event, called ASASSN-14li, stands out for several reasons.

At the time of discovery in November 2014 it was the closest tidal disruption to Earth (290 million light-years) discovered in about a decade. Because of this proximity, ASASSN-14li has provided an extraordinary level of detail about the destroyed star. Miller's team applied new theoretical models to make improved estimates, compared to previous work, of the amount of nitrogen and carbon around the black hole.

"These X-ray telescopes can be used as forensic tools in space," said co-author Brenna Mockler of Carnegie Observatories and the University of California, Los Angeles. "The relative amount of nitrogen to carbon that we found points to material from the interior of a doomed star weighing about three times the mass of the sun."

The star in ASASSN-14li is therefore one of the most massive—and perhaps the most massive—that astronomers have seen ripped apart by a black hole to date.

"ASASSN-14li is exciting because one of the hardest things with tidal disruptions is being able to measure the mass of the unlucky star, as we have done here," said co-author Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz of the University of California, Santa Cruz. "Observing the destruction of a massive star by a supermassive black hole is spellbinding because more massive stars are expected to be significantly less common than lower-mass stars."

Earlier this year, another team of astronomers reported the "Scary Barbie" event where they estimated a star with about 14 times the mass of the sun was destroyed by a black hole. However, this has not yet been confirmed as a tidal disruption, with the estimate of the star's mass mainly based on the brightness of the flare, not on a detailed analysis of material around the black hole as with ASASSN-14li.

Another exciting aspect of the ASASSN-14li result is what it means for future studies. Astronomers have seen moderately massive stars like ASASSN-14li's in the star cluster that contains the supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy. Therefore, the ability to estimate stellar masses of tidally disrupted stars potentially gives astronomers a way to identify the presence of star clusters around supermassive black holes in more distant galaxies.

Until this study there was a strong possibility that the elements observed in X-rays might have come from gas released in previous eruptions from the supermassive black hole. The pattern of elements analyzed here, however, appears to have come from a single star.

Previous work published in 2017 by Chenwie Yang from the University of Science and Technology in Hefei, China, used ultraviolet data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to show that there is enhanced nitrogen compared to carbon in ASASSN-14li, but by a smaller amount than Miller's team found using X-ray data. Those authors found the star to be only more massive than 0.6 times that of the sun.

The work is published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

TOP IMAGE....This release features an artist's illustration of red stellar debris swirling around a giant, spherical black hole. The debris field represents the remains of a star with three times the mass of our Sun, which was ripped apart by the black hole's immense gravity. This tidal disruption event is known as ASASSN-14li. Its aftermath was studied by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, ESA's XMM-Newton, and other telescopes. At the center of the illustration is the spherical black hole, half-submerged in the debris field, which resembles the top half of a jet black ball. The ball sits at the core of the disk-shaped debris field, which is composed of distinct orange and red rings. A long, wide, ribbon of red cloud, representing part of the star's residual gas, enters the illustration at our lower left corner. This ribbon of red gas sweeps toward our center right across the black, starry sky. There, the gas curves back to the left, behind the black hole. Drawn in by gravity, the ribbon of gas encircles the ringed disk of brick red and golden orange stellar debris. This debris orbits, and eventually falls into, the black hole. Faint blue mist appears to radiate from the black hole and the orbiting stellar debris field. This mist represents the portion of stellar gas driven away from the ringed disk by a wind. Credit: NASA

LOWER IMAGE....Narrow, 2.5 Å slices of the XMM-Newton spectra of ASASSN-14li shown in Figure 1. The RGS1 spectrum is shown in black; the RGS2 spectrum in gray. Both spectra are shifted to the host frame. The model in blue is XMMs with solar abundances; the model in red is XMMt with thawed N and C abundances, giving [N/C] ≥ 2.4. The left panel centers the H-like N vii line at 24.78 Å, the middle panel centers the He-like N vi line at 28.78 Å, and the right panel centers the H-like C vi line at 33.73 Å. Credit: The Astrophysical Journal Letters (2023). DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ace03c

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ASASSN-14li es el nombre de un agujero negro gigante visto destruyendo una estrella masiva

Un agujero negro gigante a 290 millones de años luz destruyó una gran estrella y arrojó sus pedazos al espacio. El Observatorio de rayos X Chandra de la NASA y el XMM-Newton de la ESA

Se a visto Utilizando el observatorio de rayos x chandra de la NASA y el XMM-Newton de la ESA y otros telescopios, gracias a estos y a los astrónomos han determinado que un agujero negro gigante ha destruido una gran estrella y esparcido su contenido por el espacio, como se describe en nuestro último comunicado de prensa Al analizar los detalles de los datos de rayos X , el equipo pudo estimar…

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A giant black hole 290 million light-years away destroyed a large star and threw its pieces into space. NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM-Newton...

BURACO NEGRO SUPERMASSIVO ENGOLE ESTRELA 3 VEZES MAIOR QUE O SOL

ACOMPANHE O  PROJETO SERJÃO DOS FOGUETES!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghImQP2Yd28&t=610s VOTE NO SPACE TODAY NO PRÊMIO IBEST: https://app.premioibest.com/votacao/cultura-curiosidades ECLIPSE ANULAR DO SOL!!! https://spacetoday.com.br/eclipse23/ Usando o Observatório de raios-X Chandra da NASA , o XMM-Newton da ESA e outros telescópios, os astrônomos determinaram que um buraco negro gigante destruiu uma grande estrela e espalhou seu conteúdo no espaço, conforme descrito em nosso último comunicado à imprensa . Ao analisar os detalhes dos dados de raios-X , a equipe conseguiu estimar a quantidade relativa de nitrogênio em comparação com o carbono após esse ataque gravitacional. Esses elementos fornecem pistas valiosas para os pesquisadores sobre que tipo de estrela morreu. A ilustração deste artista retrata o “evento de ruptura das marés” (TDE) chamado ASASSN-14li, que é o foco do estudo mais recente. Quando uma estrela se aproximou muito do buraco negro supermassivo do sistema, a forte gravidade separou a estrela. A impressão deste artista retrata as consequências dessa destruição. Depois que a estrela foi destruída, parte de seu gás (vermelho) ficou orbitando e caindo no buraco negro. Uma parte do gás foi levada pelo vento (azul). Os cientistas usaram um espectro de raios-X – isto é, um gráfico do brilho dos raios-X comparado ao comprimento de onda – do Chandra e do XMM para sondar os elementos contidos neste vento. O espectro Chandra é mostrado na inserção, onde os dados são coloridos em azul (linhas irregulares) e as incertezas para cada ponto de dados são linhas verticais azuis. Um modelo do espectro é dado em vermelho, destacando a detecção de nitrogênio do mergulho no espectro e a não detecção de carbono da falta de mergulho. A quantidade de nitrogênio e a quantidade máxima de carbono que pode escapar da detecção fornecem um valor mínimo para a proporção de nitrogênio para carbono que concorda com os dados. Este valor indica que a estrela fragmentada em ASASSN-14li tinha cerca de três vezes a massa do Sol. Isso a tornaria uma das maiores estrelas já conhecidas a ser devastada em um TDE. ASASSN-14li foi descoberto pela primeira vez em novembro de 2014 por telescópios terrestres, quando se percebeu que este era o TDE mais próximo da Terra em cerca de uma década. Nos anos seguintes, muitos telescópios, incluindo o Chandra, observaram esse sistema. Além do tamanho incomum da estrela destruída e da capacidade de conduzir análises forenses detalhadas, o ASASSN-14li também é empolgante por causa do que significa para estudos futuros. Os astrônomos observaram estrelas moderadamente massivas como a ASASSN-14li no aglomerado estelar que contém o buraco negro supermassivo no centro de nossa galáxia. Portanto, a capacidade de estimar massas estelares de estrelas rompidas pela maré potencialmente dá aos astrônomos uma maneira de identificar a presença de aglomerados estelares em torno de buracos negros supermassivos em galáxias mais distantes. Até este estudo havia uma forte possibilidade de que os elementos observados em raios-X pudessem ter vindo do gás liberado em erupções anteriores do buraco negro supermassivo. O padrão de elementos analisados ​​aqui, no entanto, parece ter vindo de uma única estrela. FONTES: https://chandra.si.edu/photo/2023/tde/ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ace03c #BLACKHOLE #STAR #UNIVERSE

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(NASA/Goddard)  Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star

This artist’s rendering illustrates new findings about a star shredded by a black hole. When a star wanders too close to a black hole, intense tidal forces rip the star apart. In these events, called “tidal disruptions,” some of the stellar debris is flung outward at high speed while the rest falls toward the black hole. This causes a distinct X-ray flare that can last for a few years. NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, Swift Gamma-ray Burst Explorer, and ESA/NASA’s XMM-Newton collected different pieces of this astronomical puzzle in a tidal disruption event called ASASSN-14li, which was found in an optical search by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) in November 2014.  The event occurred near a supermassive black hole estimated to weigh a few million times the mass of the sun in the center of PGC 043234, a galaxy that lies about 290 million light-years away. Astronomers hope to find more events like ASASSN-14li to test theoretical models about how black holes affect their environments. 

During the tidal disruption event, filaments containing much of the star's mass fall toward the black hole. Eventually these gaseous filaments merge into a smooth, hot disk glowing brightly in X-rays. As the disk forms, its central region heats up tremendously, which drives a flow of material, called a wind, away from the disk. 

Music credit:  Encompass by Mark Petrie from Killer Tracks.

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XMM-Newton captures final cries of star shredded by black hole

ESA - XMM-Newton Mission patch. 10 January 2019 Astronomers using ESA's XMM-Newton space observatory have studied a black hole devouring a star and discovered an exceptionally bright and stable signal that allowed them to determine the black hole’s spin rate.   Black holes are thought to lurk at the centre of all massive galaxies throughout the Universe, and are inextricably tied to the properties of their host galaxies. As such, revealing more about these behemoths may hold the key to understanding how galaxies evolve over time.

XMM-Newton view

A black hole’s gravity is extreme, and can rip apart stars that stray too close. The debris from such torn-apart stars spirals inwards towards the hole, heats up, and emits intense X-rays. Despite the number of black holes thought to exist in the cosmos, many are dormant – there is no in-falling material to emit detectable radiation – and thus difficult to study. However, every few hundred thousand years or so, a star is predicted to pass near enough to a given black hole that it is torn apart. This offers a brief window of opportunity to measure some fundamental properties of the hole itself, such as its mass and the rate at which it is spinning. “It’s very difficult to constrain the spin of a black hole, as spin effects only emerge very close to the hole itself, where gravity is intensely strong and it’s difficult to see clearly,” says Dheeraj Pasham of the MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research in Massachusetts, USA, and lead author of the new study. “However, models show that the mass from a shredded star settles into a kind of inner disc that throws off X-rays. We guessed that finding instances where this disc glows especially brightly would be a good way to constrain a black hole's spin, but observations of such events weren’t sensitive enough to explore this region of strong gravity in detail – until now.”

Artist’s impression of black hole

Dheeraj and colleagues studied an event called ASASSN-14li. ASASSN-14li was discovered by the ground-based All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASASSN) on 22 November 2014. The black hole tied to the event is at least one million times as massive as the Sun. “ASASSN-14li is nicknamed the ‘Rosetta Stone’ of these events,” adds Dheeraj. “All of its properties are characteristic of this type of event, and it has been studied by all currently operational major X-ray telescopes.” Using observations of ASASSN-14li from ESA’s XMM-Newton and NASA’s Chandra and Swift X-ray observatories, the scientists hunted for a signal that was both stable and showed a characteristic wave pattern often triggered when a black hole receives a sudden influx of mass – such as when devouring a passing star. They detected a surprisingly intense X-ray signal that oscillated over a period of 131 seconds for a long time: 450 days. By combining this with information about the black hole’s mass and size, the astronomers found that the hole must be spinning rapidly – at more than 50% of the speed of light – and that the signal came from its innermost regions.

 Black hole host galaxy

“It’s an exceptional finding: such a bright signal that is stable for so long has never been seen before in the vicinity of any black hole,” adds co-author Alessia Franchini of the University of Milan, Italy.

“What’s more, the signal is coming from right near the black hole’s event horizon – beyond this point we can’t observe a thing, as gravity is so strong that even light can’t escape.” The study demonstrates a novel way to measure the spins of massive black holes: by observing their activity when they disrupt passing stars with their gravity. Such events may also help us to understand aspects of general relativity theory; while this has been explored extensively in ‘normal’ gravity, it is not yet fully understood in regions where gravity is exceptionally strong.

XMM-Newton spacecraft

“XMM-Newton is incredibly sensitive to these signals, more so than any other X-ray telescope,” says ESA’s XMM-Newton Project Scientist Norbert Schartel. “The satellite provides the long, uninterrupted, detailed exposures that are crucial to detecting signals such as these. “We’re only just beginning to understand the complex physics at play here. By finding instances where the mass from a shredded star glows especially brightly we can build a census of the black holes in the Universe, and probe how matter behaves in some of the most extreme areas and conditions in the cosmos.” Notes for editors: "A remarkably loud quasi-periodicity after a star is disrupted by a massive black hole" by D. R. Pasham et al. is published in the journal Science: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2019/01/08/science.aar7480 Explore this object in ESASky: http://sky.esa.int/?action=goto&target=192.0634350305993%2017.7740268387588&hips=XMM-Newton%20EPIC%20color&fov=0.3994938290667491&cooframe=J2000&sci=true ESA's XMM-Newton: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/XMM-Newton_overview Images, Videos, Text, Credits: ESA/XMM-Newton/Markus Bauer/Norbert Schartel/University of Milan/Alessia Franchini/MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research/Dheeraj Pasham/NASA/CXC/M. Weiss/CXC/MIT/HST/STScI/I. Arcavi. Best regards, Orbiter.ch Full article

When a black hole consumes a star, things can get quite messy. Take, for example, the event known as ASASSN-14li, where a massive star strayed too close to a supermassive black hole and paid the ultimate price. There are two main dangers posed by a black hole. The first is that they possess an event horizon. Mass curves space and black holes contain so much mass in such a small space that spacetime folds into itself creating a cosmic trap. Anything that crosses the event horizon is lost forever. The second is the threat of tidal forces. When a body approaches a dense mass such as a planet, star, or black hole, the part closest to the mass is pulled slightly more strongly than the part of you furthest from the mass. Gravity tries to squeeze the body into an oval or egg shape rather than a sphere. Since these forces between the Earth and the Moon are what cause ocean tides, they are known as tidal forces. Normally tidal forces are rather small, but near dense massive objects such as a black hole the tidal forces can be so powerful they can rip apart objects, causing what is known as a tidal disruption event (TDE). When a star approaches a black hole, tidal forces typically rip the star apart well before it reaches the event horizon. How much of the star is consumed by the black hole then depends on the original trajectory of the star. In the case of ASASSN-14li, most of the star wasn’t consumed by the black hole. The TDE ripped the star apart and superheated its remains, which emitted powerful X-rays and ultraviolet light. While this was bad news for the star, it was great news for astronomers. Spectrum taken after the TDE. Credit: Miller, et al NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM-Newton telescope both captured the X-ray spectra of the event, and further observations from other observatories provided UV spectra. Together, this gave astronomers a detailed look at the composition of the doomed star. In this recent work, the team was able to analyze the spectra of both the material captured in orbit around the black hole and gasses that streamed away from the black hole. By comparing things such as the abundances of nitrogen and carbon in the stellar debris, the team was able to confirm the star had a mass of about 3 Suns. Earlier this year, astronomers observed another TDE named Scary Barbie which could have been a 14 solar mass star, but this estimate is based on the overall brightness of the event, not its spectra. ASASSN-14li is currently the largest TDE with a confirmed mass. This event is a powerful example of how stars near a supermassive black hole. With further events, we may even be able to study the clustering of stars around supermassive black holes in other galaxies, which would help us understand how the central cores of galaxies can evolve and the role they play in stellar evolution. Reference: Miller, Jon M., et al. “Evidence of a Massive Stellar Disruption in the X-ray Spectrum of ASASSN-14li.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters 953.2 (2023): L23. The post A Giant Black Hole Destroyed a Star and Threw the Pieces Into Space appeared first on Universe Today.