Youthful Bond and Cultural Pursuits

Naima and Damat Ibrahim Pasha of Nevşehir, later promoted to Grand Vizier, shared their youth as comrades in the Zulüflu Baltacilar ward of the palace. Naima reminisced about their nights spent reading Ottoman histories and reveling in the triumphs of past Sultans.

The “Tulip Age” and Cultural Renaissance

While some historians dubbed this era as the “Tulip Age” of pleasure and leisure, it was indeed a time marked by significant cultural endeavors. Initially, resistance from calligraphers against the introduction of the press escalated, ultimately leading to the demise of this epoch Guided Istanbul Tour Whirling Dervishes.

Sultan Mahmut I’s Reforms

Upon ascending the throne, Sultan Mahmut I prioritized organizing the Empire’s Treasury. Treasury register books revealed a proliferation of side-treasuries connected to the Imperial Treasury, which had accumulated considerable valuables over time.

Centralizing the Treasury

Sultan Mahmut I’s administration aimed to centralize the Treasury by reclaiming valuables from side-treasuries. Entries in the register books documented the transfer of assets from various treasuries back to the Imperial Treasury, consolidating its role as the central repository.

Reorganization Efforts

Valuables collected at the Imperial Treasury included gold, silver, and embellished harnesses, notably from the Sultan’s Stable treasury, which were directed to the Mint for processing. The Sultan’s dignified visits to the Royal Ward Treasury were meticulously recorded, highlighting the ceremonial importance attached to these proceedings.

Imperial Decrees and Treasury Transfers

Entries in register books indicated that items were transferred to the Imperial Treasury following decrees from the Sultan, underscoring the central authority’s role in managing the Empire’s wealth.

By centralizing control over the Treasury and streamlining its operations, Sultan Mahmut I initiated crucial reforms that laid the groundwork for financial stability and administrative efficiency in the Ottoman Empire.

Youthful Bond and Cultural Pursuits

Naima and Damat Ibrahim Pasha of Nevşehir, later promoted to Grand Vizier, shared their youth as comrades in the Zulüflu Baltacilar ward of the palace. Naima reminisced about their nights spent reading Ottoman histories and reveling in the triumphs of past Sultans.

The “Tulip Age” and Cultural Renaissance

While some historians dubbed this era as the “Tulip Age” of pleasure and leisure, it was indeed a time marked by significant cultural endeavors. Initially, resistance from calligraphers against the introduction of the press escalated, ultimately leading to the demise of this epoch Guided Istanbul Tour Whirling Dervishes.

Sultan Mahmut I’s Reforms

Upon ascending the throne, Sultan Mahmut I prioritized organizing the Empire’s Treasury. Treasury register books revealed a proliferation of side-treasuries connected to the Imperial Treasury, which had accumulated considerable valuables over time.

Centralizing the Treasury

Sultan Mahmut I’s administration aimed to centralize the Treasury by reclaiming valuables from side-treasuries. Entries in the register books documented the transfer of assets from various treasuries back to the Imperial Treasury, consolidating its role as the central repository.

Reorganization Efforts

Valuables collected at the Imperial Treasury included gold, silver, and embellished harnesses, notably from the Sultan’s Stable treasury, which were directed to the Mint for processing. The Sultan’s dignified visits to the Royal Ward Treasury were meticulously recorded, highlighting the ceremonial importance attached to these proceedings.

Imperial Decrees and Treasury Transfers

Entries in register books indicated that items were transferred to the Imperial Treasury following decrees from the Sultan, underscoring the central authority’s role in managing the Empire’s wealth.

By centralizing control over the Treasury and streamlining its operations, Sultan Mahmut I initiated crucial reforms that laid the groundwork for financial stability and administrative efficiency in the Ottoman Empire.

Queen of the Bulgarians

Uncovering the Story of the “Queen of the Bulgarians”

A journey to uncover the truth behind the “Queen of the Bulgarians” reveals unexpected layers of intrigue and tragedy.

Disraeli’s Wit and Turkish Brutality

Disraeli’s astute observation about the Turkish mode of dealing with captives finds grim validation in the fate of these young girls, left abandoned for days on end, a testament to the brutality of their captors Tour Packages Balkan.

A Curious Encounter

In the bustling streets of Philippopolis, tales of a derided “Queen” caught the attention of visitors. Rumored to be imprisoned, she was depicted as a figure of ridicule by the Turks. Intrigued by the mystery surrounding her, a visit was arranged to meet this enigmatic character.

Meeting the Fallen Queen

Led by Dr. Vlados, a Greek physician overseeing the welfare of prisoners, the journey led to a modest dwelling guarded by a stern-faced woman. Upon gaining entry, they encountered a frail figure, presumably the fallen Queen, accompanied by an elder woman, her guardian and protector.

Unraveling the Mystery

The encounter offered a glimpse into the plight of these women, trapped in the web of political upheaval and conflict. As they stood before the visitors, their expressions spoke volumes of their suffering and resilience, shedding light on the human stories buried beneath the layers of political intrigue.

In the heart of Philippopolis, a chance encounter with the “Queen of the Bulgarians” reveals a narrative woven with complexity and sorrow. As the visitors depart, they carry with them the weight of untold stories and the stark reality of human suffering amidst the tumult of history.

Januarius Aloysius MacGahan A Crusader for Truth and Justice

Direct Engagement with Reality

MacGahan’s investigative approach is characterized by direct engagement with the harsh realities of the situation. His method reflects a deep humanistic concern and a resolute combativeness against all forms of degradation and inhumanity. Throughout his reports, the martyred Bulgarian people and their blood-soaked land stand as central figures, bearing witness to the atrocities inflicted by Turkish secular tyranny.

Bearing Witness to Tragedy

From the blood-stained fortifications of Panagurishte to the desolate churchyard of Batak, MacGahan bore witness to the horrors of the Bulgarian uprising. Amidst the haunting scenes of devastation and despair, he fulfilled his duty with unwavering conscience. Standing defiantly before the fallen banner of revolution, MacGahan championed the cause of the oppressed, capturing the profound suffering and resilience of the Bulgarian people Sightseeing Turkey.

Confronting Inhumanity

MacGahan’s descriptions evoke the chilling realities of war: the charred remains of homes, the agonized cries of mothers mourning their fallen sons, and the senseless brutality inflicted upon innocent civilians. Confronted with such atrocities, human values crumble, and a collective cry for liberty rises from the ashes of despair. MacGahan’s international perspective, drawing on the spirit of diverse cultures and ideologies, aligns with the aspirations of the Bulgarian people for freedom and justice.

Unveiling Truth

Through meticulous documentation and objective analysis, MacGahan seeks to uncover the profound significance of the April uprising. He sifts through the complexities of the events to reveal their underlying truths, challenging prevailing political, moral, and religious prejudices of the time. By illuminating the historical context and implications of the uprising, MacGahan endeavors to shape a future free from oppression and injustice.

Legacy of Enlightenment

MacGahan’s legacy as a pioneering journalist and advocate for human rights endures. His courageous pursuit of truth and justice transcended national boundaries, resonating with the aspirations of oppressed peoples worldwide. In exposing the horrors of the April uprising, MacGahan’s writings serve as a testament to the enduring power of investigative journalism in promoting social change and advancing the cause of human dignity and freedom.

Suppression of Political Opponents and Dubious Elections

Soviet Influence and Opposition Defiance (January 1946)

In January 1946, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Vishinsky arrived in Sofia, pushing for the Moscow decision’s implementation. He met with Nicholas Petkov, leader of the United Democratic Opposition, and insisted on compliance with Stalin’s orders. Petkov, defiant, emphasized his allegiance to the people and his organization, not foreign officials. Following Petkov’s lead, Social Democratic leader Kosta Lulchev also refused to join the Cabinet.

Dubious Elections for Constituent Assembly (October 1946)

The Communist-dominated Sofia regime, in 1946, decided to hold new elections for a Constituent Assembly tasked with drafting and adopting a new constitution. The elections occurred on October 27, 1946, marked by a wave of terror against Bulgarians. Over twenty Democratic Opposition candidates or supporters were killed, while thousands faced harassment, arrests, and torture. Prior to the elections, the Communist secret police seized and beat opposition delegates at polling stations, allowing mostly Communist representatives to tally votes. The opposition had limited verification of the officially reported results Daily Tours Istanbul.

Unrepresentative Constituent Assembly (October 1946)

The Constituent Assembly resulting from these elections comprised 364 Communists and fellow travelers, with only 101 deputies representing the Democratic Opposition. This Assembly, elected amid a notorious reign of terror, did not truly reflect the Bulgarian people’s will. Despite this, a sizable opposition group of 92 deputies from the Peasant Party, 8 from the Social Democratic Party, and 1 Independent Intellectual was established. Throughout the winter of 1946-1947, leaders of the Democratic Opposition, notably Nicholas Petkov, utilized their constitutional and parliamentary immunity to condemn overt Communist tactics of intimidation and persecution.

Suppression of Political Opponents and Dubious Elections

Soviet Influence and Opposition Defiance (January 1946)

In January 1946, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Vishinsky arrived in Sofia, pushing for the Moscow decision’s implementation. He met with Nicholas Petkov, leader of the United Democratic Opposition, and insisted on compliance with Stalin’s orders. Petkov, defiant, emphasized his allegiance to the people and his organization, not foreign officials. Following Petkov’s lead, Social Democratic leader Kosta Lulchev also refused to join the Cabinet.

Dubious Elections for Constituent Assembly (October 1946)

The Communist-dominated Sofia regime, in 1946, decided to hold new elections for a Constituent Assembly tasked with drafting and adopting a new constitution. The elections occurred on October 27, 1946, marked by a wave of terror against Bulgarians. Over twenty Democratic Opposition candidates or supporters were killed, while thousands faced harassment, arrests, and torture. Prior to the elections, the Communist secret police seized and beat opposition delegates at polling stations, allowing mostly Communist representatives to tally votes. The opposition had limited verification of the officially reported results Daily Tours Istanbul.

Unrepresentative Constituent Assembly (October 1946)

The Constituent Assembly resulting from these elections comprised 364 Communists and fellow travelers, with only 101 deputies representing the Democratic Opposition. This Assembly, elected amid a notorious reign of terror, did not truly reflect the Bulgarian people’s will. Despite this, a sizable opposition group of 92 deputies from the Peasant Party, 8 from the Social Democratic Party, and 1 Independent Intellectual was established. Throughout the winter of 1946-1947, leaders of the Democratic Opposition, notably Nicholas Petkov, utilized their constitutional and parliamentary immunity to condemn overt Communist tactics of intimidation and persecution.

The Rise of Communism in Bulgaria 1946-1948

Crushing the Opposition

Following the political coup in Bulgaria, an aggressive campaign targeted the legal opposition, leading to a series of political trials in the summer of 1946. The People’s Tribunal handed down over 9 thousand sentences, including 2730 death penalties. The opposition, brutally suppressed, saw its parties disbanded through a special law. In the summer of 1947, Nikola Petkov, a prominent leader of the Agrarian Union in opposition, became a victim of the terror. Labor-educational hostels, essentially concentration camps, were established by decree, where thousands of political, public, and cultural figures were sent without legal proceedings. These camps persisted until the early 60s.

Legalizing the Transition to Socialism

In December 1947, the Grand National Assembly enacted a new Constitution that legalized the ongoing transition to socialism. The same month witnessed the nationalization of banks and most private sectors of the national economy Turkey Sightseeing, with large urban properties alienated a few months later. Decisions from the Fifth Congress of the Communist Party in December 1948 further deepened the process of “communization,” aligning the country’s development with the Soviet model under the guidance of Stalin and Soviet leadership.

Communist Takeover of Power

By the end of 1948, the Communist Party had effectively seized key levers of power. A mass and often arbitrary ideological “cleansing” of the state administration took place under the banner of the “struggle against the fascists.” The Orthodox Church, a traditional bastion of Bulgarian spiritual life, suffered a severe blow after September 9, 1944, with thousands of priests brutally killed and others sent to concentration camps within a few months. Religious school education was eliminated, replaced by strong atheistic propaganda, and the Russian language took the place of religion in schools.

The period from 1946 to 1948 marked the aggressive consolidation of communist power in Bulgaria, characterized by political trials, suppression of opposition, and the systematic dismantling of traditional institutions. The country underwent a profound transformation aligned with the Soviet model, setting the stage for the subsequent decades of communist rule.

Mr. Schuyler's Estimates and the Telegraphed Figures

A Discrepancy Unveiled

This article delves into the apparent discrepancy between Mr. Schuyler’s estimates and the figures telegraphed by Mr. Disraeli. The focus is on the number of people killed and villages burnt in the Philippopolis district and beyond, aiming to uncover whether Mr. Disraeli’s presentation was unintentionally partial and its implications.

Philippopolis and Beyond

The scrutiny begins with Mr. Schuyler’s estimates during his investigations in the Philippopolis district. His findings indicate a substantial toll, with 12,000 to 15,000 people killed and 60 to 70 villages burnt. Additionally, information from his investigations north of the Balkans suggests a further 40 villages meeting a similar fate. This sets the stage for questioning the completeness of the telegraphed figures.

Did Mr. Disraeli Paint a Full Picture?

The article raises questions about whether Mr. Disraeli’s telegraphed numbers presented a comprehensive view or merely reflected the situation in the Philippopolis district. Considering Mr. Schuyler’s expanded estimates post investigations north of the Balkans Bulgaria Private Tours, it explores the possibility that Mr. Disraeli unintentionally offered a partial representation of the atrocities.

Unintended Consequences

Delving into the unintended consequences of partial reporting, the article examines how Mr. Disraeli’s figures may have influenced public perception and historical understanding. It underscores the importance of transparent and complete reporting in documenting the true extent of the atrocities.

A Reassessment

The article revisits Mr. Disraeli’s allegations of exaggeration by correspondents, juxtaposing them against Mr. Schuyler’s comprehensive estimates. It questions the validity of such claims in light of the evolving understanding of the scale of the atrocities revealed by subsequent investigations.

The Need for Precision

Emphasizing the need for precision in historical records, the article concludes by advocating for a thorough examination of Mr. Schuyler’s estimates and their alignment with Mr. Disraeli’s telegraphed figures. It calls for an accurate representation of the events to ensure a nuanced understanding of the tragic events in Bulgaria.

Unveiling the Layers of Historical Truth

In conclusion, the article underscores the importance of unraveling the layers of historical truth obscured by partial representations. It emphasizes the need for a meticulous reevaluation of the figures presented by Mr. Disraeli, urging a commitment to accuracy and completeness in recounting the atrocities that unfolded in Bulgaria.

Otluk kui

Traces of Devastation Underneath the Night Sky

The echoes of destruction reverberated through Otluk-kui as we arrived late at night, navigating the challenges of finding shelter in a town scarred by recent turmoil. The scenes we encountered, mirroring the aftermath of Mr. Baring’s visit the night before, painted a vivid picture of pillage and desolation. As we settled into the house that had hosted Mr. Baring, the extent of the town’s plight unfolded, revealing details previously omitted from my initial account.

A Pillaged Landscape Unveiling Otluk-kui’s Material Desolation

Otluk-kui, like many others in the region, bore the brunt of the recent unrest with a magnitude that left scars visible even under the cloak of night. The town, home to two thousand houses, witnessed the ruthless flames engulfing approximately four hundred of them, leaving a stark reminder of the perilous times it endured. In the dim light, the skeletal remains of burnt structures whispered tales of a community grappling with the consequences of violence and pillage.

Material losses extended beyond the residences, reaching the spiritual and educational fabric of Otluk-kui. Two churches, standing as symbols of faith and community, succumbed to the merciless flames, joining the fate of the bazaar that once bustled with life. The destruction extended to the educational institutions, with both boys’ schools reduced to ashes. A notable exception was the girls’ school, its survival attributed to the overlooked nature of its existence by those who orchestrated the destruction Holidays Bulgaria.

As we absorbed the somber atmosphere of Otluk-kui, it became evident that the town, though battered, had weathered the storm with a resilience that set it apart from other villages in the region. The selective targeting of structures hinted at a deliberate strategy employed by those responsible for the devastation, leaving an indelible mark on the town’s physical and cultural landscape.

Underreported Anguish A Town’s Silent Suffering

Amidst the palpable desolation, it became apparent that Otluk-kui’s ordeal had not received the full breadth of attention it deserved. The town’s suffering, though substantial, remained somewhat underreported, overshadowed by the more extreme tales emerging from neighboring villages. The intricate details of Otluk-kui’s anguish, intricately tied to the pillage that stripped it of even the most basic necessities, painted a nuanced picture of a community grappling with the aftermath of violence.

The resilience exhibited by the people of Otluk-kui, welcoming us with a warmth that defied their own hardships, spoke volumes about the human spirit’s ability to endure and rebuild even in the face of immense adversity. As we ventured further into Otluk-kui’s scarred streets, the silent suffering etched into the burnt remnants of homes and institutions resonated, demanding acknowledgment and a place in the broader narrative of the region’s tribulations.

Bashi-Bazouks

They had offered no resistance at all to the Bashi-Bazouks, but simply ran away when they heard the Turks were coming. Having received timely notice, they had nearly all escaped, and only twenty-two men had been killed in all. The women and children had all been saved. Of the twenty- two killed, eight had been arrested after the inhabitants returned to the village, and were brutally slaughtered in cold blood while being taken to Philippopolis to prison.

We had heard that eight bodies were found one day on the road near Philippopolis long after the affair was over, and had been told by the Turks that these were bodies of people killed during the insurrection, which had been transported there by some unknown means. When the people returned to their smoking homes, they found themselves completely ruined Daily Tours Istanbul.

Turks refuse to restore

There was not a stick of furni-ture nor a cooking utensil left, and all their cattle, sheep, and horses had been driven off. Their harvests were still standing in the fields, and they are unable to gather and save them without their cattle, which the Turks refuse to restore. Each family had on an average two pairs of oxen, making about 320 pairs in the whole village. Of these only thirty-three pairs were returned, which are utterly inadequate for gathering and saving the harvest.

They besides will have to rebuild their houses, and for this purpose it will be necessary to draw wood a long distance from the mountains, and it will be impossible for them to do this before winter. Unless the poor people can get back their cattle, gather their harvests, and rebuild their houses, they will be in a state of destitution by next winter fearful to think of.

The Turkish authorities have informed Mr. Schuyler everywhere that the cattle were being restored to the burnt villages, and that help would be given the people to rebuild their houses, and everywhere the people tell him that the cattle are not restored, and that no help of any kind is given them.

Hafiz Pacha

The rising occurred on the 2nd of May. On the 12th Hafiz Pacha arrived before the place with a regiment of regular troops, two or three pieces of artillery, and a great number of Bashi- Bazouks. It would seem that the insurgents only had about 250 men armed with muskets or rifles. The rest had only knives or pistols, such as before these troubles were worn by everybody. One hundred and fifty of the best armed men had gone out on one road towards Tatar-Bazardjik, to dispute the way, and 100 on the other road, for it seems they did not send spies out to see by which way the army wTould come.

When Hafiz Pacha arrived he found only 100 men to oppose him, and these, frightened at the great superiority of the force brought against them, ran away at the first fire. It does not even appear that they fired off their guns, for there was not a single Turk killed or wounded. The inhabitants, panic-stricken, had in the meantime attempted to fly, but the town had already been surrounded Sightseeing Turkey, and they were either driven back or cut down in the fields.

I had forgotten to state that at the approach of the Bashi-Bazouks the inhabitants of eight or nine neighbouring villages, fear-stricken, had abandoned their homes and taken refuge here, to the number of five or six thousand, and they now filled the streets, crying and screaming with fright. As all resistance had now ceased, or rather, as none had really been offered, Hafiz Pacha had nothing to do but march into the town, arrest the leaders of the insurrection, and restore order.

Instead of this, however, he brought up his artillery, and, without summoning the place to surrender, commenced a bombardment, ruthlessly throwing the bursting shells into these crowds of shrieking women and children. Until midnight the din of the bombardment resounded through the streets. Then the loudmouthed dogs of war ceased their clamour; they had done their work ; it was now the turn of the sabre.

Hafiz Pacha

The rising occurred on the 2nd of May. On the 12th Hafiz Pacha arrived before the place with a regiment of regular troops, two or three pieces of artillery, and a great number of Bashi- Bazouks. It would seem that the insurgents only had about 250 men armed with muskets or rifles. The rest had only knives or pistols, such as before these troubles were worn by everybody. One hundred and fifty of the best armed men had gone out on one road towards Tatar-Bazardjik, to dispute the way, and 100 on the other road, for it seems they did not send spies out to see by which way the army wTould come.

When Hafiz Pacha arrived he found only 100 men to oppose him, and these, frightened at the great superiority of the force brought against them, ran away at the first fire. It does not even appear that they fired off their guns, for there was not a single Turk killed or wounded. The inhabitants, panic-stricken, had in the meantime attempted to fly, but the town had already been surrounded Sightseeing Turkey, and they were either driven back or cut down in the fields.

I had forgotten to state that at the approach of the Bashi-Bazouks the inhabitants of eight or nine neighbouring villages, fear-stricken, had abandoned their homes and taken refuge here, to the number of five or six thousand, and they now filled the streets, crying and screaming with fright. As all resistance had now ceased, or rather, as none had really been offered, Hafiz Pacha had nothing to do but march into the town, arrest the leaders of the insurrection, and restore order.

Instead of this, however, he brought up his artillery, and, without summoning the place to surrender, commenced a bombardment, ruthlessly throwing the bursting shells into these crowds of shrieking women and children. Until midnight the din of the bombardment resounded through the streets. Then the loudmouthed dogs of war ceased their clamour; they had done their work ; it was now the turn of the sabre.

Glimpses of the History of Bulgaria

Then three schools were set up and soon hundreds of enlightened Bulgarians came out if them. Having the ruler Boris I behind his back Clement built a monastery in Ohrid, Macedonia, improved the Glagolitic alphabet and named it after his teacher Cyril – Cyrillic alphabet. For those merits Clement of Ohrid received high recognition and even today the University of Sofia bears his name. The other disciple of Cyril, Naum, led the second centre of enlightenment in the capital Pliska which was focused mainly on literary activities. There were laid the foundations of a literature which could be compared to the Byzantine and in that initiative took part the son of Boris I, Simeon, to whom Fate had allotted a great future…

Relics from Veliki (Great) r re Slav, the second capital city oj the Kingdom established by Boris l in 893.

After the death of Naum in 910 both disciples were canonized as Bulgarian saints . These men had a substantial contribution to the spiritual, cultural and intellectual development of the First Bulgarian Kingdom, to the raising of Bulgaria as a spiritual leader of the Slav community and to the cultural advance of Medieval Europe as a whole. Under the influence of Christianity and the Slavic script by the end of the 9th century the Bulgarian nation was ultimately formed and the Bulgarian state was consolidated.

The “Golden Age” of King Simeon the Great

After Prince Boris I retired on his own will to a monastery in 889 his first-born son Vladimir sat on the throne. Soon it came clear that the new ruler had a different vision for the religious and cultural future of the country: he wanted to restore paganism and did not hesitate to reaccept his pagan name Rassate. At hearing about this Boris left the monastery, dethroned his son and blinded him, then handed the crown to his second son, Simeon (893-917). Meanwhile, in 893 he shifted the capital city from Pliska some forty kilometres to the south-west and established Veliki (Great) Preslav which remained as a capital city until 972.

HIPPODROME OBELISKS AND COLUMNS

The Hippodrome, or At Maidan (Horse-Square), is the large square immediately adjoining the Ah- medieh Mosque. It was originally laid out by Septimius Severus, in 203 A.D., but completed by Constantine the Great, who embellished it with monuments and statues. It was on the model of the Circus Maximus at Rome, and was an oblong enclosure some 1400 feet in length and about 400 feet wide, with four gates. It served as a race-course for chariot races, and also as an arena for wrestling matches and gladiatorial fights; and in it not only heretics and renegades, but even offending Patriarchs and emperors were burnt to death. Here also the emperors were proclaimed, and here the triumphal processions of victorious generals took place; in a word, the Hippodrome was the Forum of Constantinople. The entire area it covered was 535,866 square feet, while the surface occupied now by the At Maidan is 195,810 square feet.

The only monuments to be seen now on the Hippodrome are the three following:—

The Obelisk of Theodosius the Great, a monolith 61 feet in length and 6 feet square, of Egyptian syenite, which was originally erected in the Temple of the Sun at Heliopolis of Egypt, by Thotmes III., 1600 B.c., and was brought to Constantinople and erected by Theodosius the Great after his victory over Maximus (390 A.D.). It is in a good state of preservation, and bears a hieroglyphic inscription, the translation of which is as follows:—

Nursling of Toum

This powerful prince has conquered, the whole world and has extended his limits as far as the extremities of the great river Euphrates, which he has passed over and gained victories at the head of his soldiers. He is the nursling of Toum (Setting Sun) and rocked in the arms of the mother of the Gods. His royalty is as firm as that of Ra in the sky, and he has erected this monument in honour of his father Ammon, the master of the thrones of the Upper and Lower Egypt.

The Serpent Column, 18 feet 9 inches in height. It is composed of three bronze serpents erect on (;heir tails and twisted spirally round each other, the triple head was cut off by Muhammad II. with a single blow from his battle-axe, during his triumphal entry into the city after its capture by the Turks, and is now shown in the Imperial Museum. This column originally served as a stand for the golden tripod of the Pythia, the high priestess of Apollo, at the Oracle of Delphi, whence it was brought to Constantinople and erected in the Hippodrome by Constantine the Great. The inscription, now partly effaced, originally recorded in Greek characters the names of the thirty-one cities which combined at the battle of Platsea against the Persians under Mardonius and preserved Greece from the foreign yoke.

Travellers should examine all change

Travellers should examine all change tendered them, and refuse all worn and light coins.

Foreign Coins.—Gold coins of any European country pass current in Constantinople. Those most in use are the English sovereign, better known as Ingliz Lira, given and taken at 120 piastres silver value. And the foreigner tendering an English sovereign or half-sovereign will do well to call attention to the coin, otherwise it may be taken for a Turkish lira or half lira, which of course are of less value. Next come the gold twenty and ten franc pieces, given and taken at 95 and 47J piastres silver respectively. The Austrian ducat or kremitz is valued at 56 piastres silver.

The silver francs are worth 4 J piastres; the only ones to be taken or given by travellers should be the French, Italian, and Greek silver francs; those of any other European nation are with difficulty exchanged at the rate of 3 or 3 J piastres.

Bank of England notes for £5 and £10, and French Banque de France notes for 100 francs, are taken everywhere in payment, and are readily changed by the money-changers.

Legal Tender.—There is practically no such thing as legal tender in Turkey, and payment may be made in coins of any current denomination. In all the Government departments, however, as well as at the bridge toll-offices, and ferry-boat and railway booking-offices, only Turkish money must be tendered guided istanbul tour.

Imperial Ottoman Bank

Banks.—Imperial Ottoman Bank, an Anglo- French company founded by Imperial Charter, a large building in Rue Yoivoda, Galata. Branch office, Grande Rue de Pera. The Credit Lyonnais, branch office, in Karakeui. Messrs. Thomas Cook and Sons, 12 Rue Kabristan, Pera. At this latter firm’s office travellers always can get circular notes issued or cashed, and bank notes changed into any kind of money they may require at the time.

Sarrafs or Money-changers.—These are one of the special features of Constantinople and of all Turkish towns. Their name is legion; they are to be found in all the principal thoroughfares, and they generally combine their special calling with that of tobacconist. The charge for giving change varies

with the nature of the change demanded of them, and may range from Id. to 5d. in the pound. They are either Jews, Greeks, or Armenians, no Turk having yet been seen or heard of following the calling of a sarraf.

The Turkish Calendar.—Turkish chronology is computed from the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, on the 16th of July 622 A.D., which on the prophet’s death seventeen years later was established as an era by the Caliph Omar, and was styled the Hejreh (Flight), corrupted by Europeans into Hegira. The Turkish year is the lunar year, divided into twelve months of thirty and of twenty-nine days alternately, so that there are 354 days in a year, and each year commences 11 days earlier than the preceding one, a cycle occurring once every thirty- three. years. Turkish time is computed from sunset, the day being divided into twenty-four hours counted as twice twelve; Turkish time, therefore, as com-pared with European time, varies throughout the year. Natives generally set their watches by Yeni Valideh Mosque clock.

Houses feature rich baroque paintings

Apart from the symmetrical plan these houses feature rich baroque paintings on the walls and the traditional woodcarvings on the ceilings, doors and cupboards. There is no doubt this magnificent residential architecture is justifiably referred to as the ‘Bulgarian baroque’. Two remarkable specimens of the period are the houses of Kuyumjioghlu and Georgiadi, built in 1846 -1848 by the gifted master-builder from the Rhodope area, Haji Georgi. Some other symmetrical houses are the homes of Haji Dragan Kaloferetsa, Artin Gidikov, Georgi Mavridi (where Lamartine stayed in 1933), Hajikalchev and others.

HAJI PANAYOT LAMPSHA – BALABANOV HOUSE

57 Dr Stoilov Street

This magnificent house built at the beginning of the 19th c. dominates the junction of three streets: 4th January, Dr. Stoilov and Antranik. The big gate off the street and the opposite second gate into the courtyard take you into an oblong, high ceilinged vestibule around which were the storerooms and household premises. An inner stair-case leads up to the upper floor designed in a strictly symmetrical plan and into the the spacious drawing-room are furnished with restored old-world furniture bulgaria holidays, fabrics and other articles exemplifying the taste and affluence of the rich citizens of Plovdiv. Today the house is used as a multifunctional venue for exhibitions, theatrical performances, concerts, cultural and business meetings etc. A collection of contemporary paintings belonging to the Old Plovdiv Association is on display on the ground floor.

STEPAN HINDLIYAN HOUSE

4 Artin Gidikov Street

The house was commissioned by and built for the wealthy merchant and landowner Stepan Hindliyan in 1835 -1840. The design of the exterior is opulent, focusing on the expressive main facade with a centrally positioned portico. Of all the Revival houses preserved in Plovdiv this is the most lavishly ornamented one. Two master-decorators from Chirpan, Moko and Mavrudi, worked for over six months painting the walls from the inside and outside and creating wall piers, garlands of plant and geometrical ornaments, vignettes, still lifes and landscapes. The Balabanov House. Woodcarved ceiling with a trefoil pattern on the second floor.

Stepan Hindliyan House. Main fasade.

ceilings are extravagantly decorated and coloured tastefully in the Oriental style, patterns do not repeat themselves. Each room has its own atmosphere achieved through the alafranga niches and the naivete and beauty of the landscapes from Alexandria, Constantinople, Venice, Stockholm and other cities. There is an original Oriental-style bathroom on the ground floor featuring domes, vaults, recesses, a marble floor and a basin with attractive fittings. Behind the tall stone wall off the street, there is the maaza – the household depository for valuables. It is entirely built of stone with strong iron doors and solid bars over the windows. Hindliyan House is fitted out with authentic old-world furniture and together with Balabanov House make up a joint complex which displays ‘The urban style of life in the Revival Period’ exhibition.

PLOVDIV ASSENOVGRAD BACHKOVO MONASTERY NARECHEN

PLOVDIV – ASSENOVGRAD – BACHKOVO MONASTERY – NARECHEN – CHEPELARE – PAMPOROVO – SMOLYAN (102 km)

Assenovgrad (pop. 45,332) 19 km from Plovdiv, is situated on the northern slopes of the Rhodopes. Its old name of Stanimaka means ‘defence of a pass’. It was first mentioned in 1083, but the remains of Thracian mounds near the town show that it has an even older history. It was a defence fortress in the Middle Ages. At present the town is the centre of an agricultural region with a well-developed food industry (tobacco, canning, meat and meat-processing, wines — Stanimashka Malaga and Mavroud).

Tourist attractions are St George’s Church, 1843; the Church of Virgin Mary, 1760, with a carved wooden iconostasis, by Debur masters; the Church of St Nicholas, with iconostasis by Tryavna masters; the old Church of St Jan, 13th century, 8 km east of the town is the St Nedelya Monastery which played a major role in the struggles for independent religion in the 19th century private turkey tours.

Assmovgrad

The Church of the Holy Virgin

2.5 km from the town is Assen’s Fortress built in the 11 th-12th centuries. In 1231 the Bulgarian Tsar, Ivan Assenll, restored and enlarged it. It played a major role in the wars between Bulgarians and Byzantines. In the early 18th century it was destroyed, and only a 7th-century one-nave church remains.

Assenovets hotel, 2 stars, 11 storeys, 4 suites, 22 single and 122 double rooms; restaurant, night club, coffee shop, day bar, information office, tel. 20-85.

Nine kilometres from Assenovgrad is Bachkovo Monastery, situated on the steep bank of the Chepelarska over. It is Bulgaria’s second largest after Rila Monastery and is included in the World List of cultural monuments of UNESCO.

Founded in 1083 by the Georgian monk Grigorii Bacuriani, it has been reconstructed several times. The only building preserved from the time of its foundation is the two-storeyed church and ossuary of Archangel Michael, The church murals date from the Comnenus dynasty (12th-14th century).

The central church of Virgin Mary was built in 1604, during Ottoman rule. Early in the 18th century the monastery was extended and another church, St Nicholas, was built, with murals by Zahari Zograph.

During Ottoman domination the monastery was a centre of education. It had a large library. Now it has a museum collection with interesting icons, gospels, jewellery, coins, etc.

There is a restaurant at the monastery and beds are also available for guests. Bachkovo camp site is near by.

14 km from Bachkovo Monastery is the Narechen spa (1,800), situated on both banks of the Chepelarska river, at an altitude of 620 m. Its climate combines the moderate continental climate of South Bulgaria and a Mediterranean climate. Summer is warm, but not hot, and winter is mild.