I'm so stresseddddd lately but dressing him up like a doll keeps me sane 💀

One hell of a nostalgic piece for my @beidak-art 💛

The Battle of Grunwald was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership were killed or taken prisoner. The battle was one of the largest in medieval Europe. The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders.

Battle of Grunwald by Polish painter Jan Matejko

Considered as one of the most heroic and grand representations of the histories of Lithuania and Poland. It is currently in the national museum in Warsaw

Fought on the 15 of July, 1450 was one of the largest battles in medieval Europe, as well as one of the many victoriously won Lithuanian battles, it is also one of the most important battles in Lithuanian and Polish history respectively.

The battle was fought by the allied armies of the Crown of The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania against the Teutonic order. Thanks to the tactics and military prowesses of both Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great and King of Poland Władysław II Jagiełło, the battle ended in the Polish - Lithuanian victory, with the Teutonic army being left without its Grandmaster Ulrich von Jungingen and Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode, as both perished in battle

Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great, As depicted by Jan Matejko

King of Poland, Władysław II Jagiełło, as depicted by Jan Matejko in the corner of the painting

Events 6.26

4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius. 221 – Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar. 363 – Roman emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sasanian Empire. 684 – Pope Benedict II is chosen. 699 – En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima. 1243 – Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ. 1295 – Przemysł II crowned king of Poland, following Ducal period. The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms. 1407 – Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. 1409 – Western Schism: The Roman Catholic Church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XIII in Avignon. 1460 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March, land in England with a rebel army and march on London. 1483 – Richard III becomes King of England. 1522 – Ottomans begin the second Siege of Rhodes. 1541 – Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego de Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed. 1579 – Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory begins. 1718 – Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Peter the Great's son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him. 1723 – After a siege and bombardment by cannon, Baku surrenders to the Russians. 1740 – A combined force of Spanish, free blacks and allied Indians defeat a British garrison at the Siege of Fort Mose near St. Augustine during the War of Jenkins' Ear. 1794 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Fleurus marked the first successful military use of aircraft. 1830 – William IV becomes king of Britain and Hanover. 1843 – Treaty of Nanking comes into effect, Hong Kong Island is ceded to the British "in perpetuity". 1848 – End of the June Days Uprising in Paris. 1857 – The first investiture of the Victoria Cross in Hyde Park, London. 1886 – Henri Moissan isolated elemental Fluorine for the first time. 1889 – Bangui is founded by Albert Dolisie and Alfred Uzac in what was then the upper reaches of the French Congo. 1906 – The first Grand Prix motor race is held at Le Mans. 1909 – The Science Museum in London comes into existence as an independent entity. 1917 – World War I: The American Expeditionary Forces begin to arrive in France. They will first enter combat four months later. 1918 – World War I: Allied forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord defeat Imperial German forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince in the Battle of Belleau Wood. 1924 – The American occupation of the Dominican Republic ends after eight years. 1927 – The Cyclone roller coaster opens on Coney Island. 1934 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, which establishes credit unions. 1936 – Initial flight of the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical helicopter. 1940 – World War II: Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union presents an ultimatum to Romania requiring it to cede Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina. 1941 – World War II: Soviet planes bomb Kassa, Hungary (now Košice, Slovakia), giving Hungary the impetus to declare war the next day. 1942 – The first flight of the Grumman F6F Hellcat. 1944 – World War II: San Marino, a neutral state, is mistakenly bombed by the RAF based on faulty information, leading to 35 civilian deaths. 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Osuchy in Osuchy, Poland, one of the largest battles between Nazi Germany and Polish resistance forces, ends with the defeat of the latter. 1945 – The United Nations Charter is signed by 50 Allied nations in San Francisco, California. 1948 – Cold War: The first supply flights are made in response to the Berlin Blockade. 1948 – William Shockley files the original patent for the grown-junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor. 1948 – Shirley Jackson's short story The Lottery is published in The New Yorker magazine. 1952 – The Pan-Malayan Labour Party is founded in Malaya, as a union of statewide labour parties. 1953 – Lavrentiy Beria, head of MVD, is arrested by Nikita Khrushchev and other members of the Politburo. 1955 – The South African Congress Alliance adopts the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in Kliptown. 1959 – Swedish boxer Ingemar Johansson becomes world champion of heavy weight boxing, by defeating American Floyd Patterson on technical knockout after two minutes and three seconds in the third round at Yankee Stadium. 1960 – The former British Protectorate of British Somaliland gains its independence as Somaliland. 1960 – Madagascar gains its independence from France. 1963 – Cold War: U.S. President John F. Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, underlining the support of the United States for democratic West Germany shortly after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall. 1967 – Karol Wojtyła (later John Paul II) made a cardinal by Pope Paul VI. 1974 – The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio. 1975 – Two FBI agents and a member of the American Indian Movement are killed in a shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota; Leonard Peltier is later convicted of the murders in a controversial trial. 1977 – Elvis Presley held his final concert in Indianapolis, Indiana at Market Square Arena. 1978 – Air Canada Flight 189, flying to Toronto, overruns the runway and crashes into the Etobicoke Creek ravine. Two of the 107 passengers on board perish. 1981 – Dan-Air Flight 240, flying to East Midlands Airport, crashes in Nailstone, Leicestershire. All three crew members perish. 1988 – The first crash of an Airbus A320 occurs when Air France Flight 296Q crashes at Mulhouse–Habsheim Airfield in Habsheim, France, during an air show, killing three of the 136 people on board. 1991 – Yugoslav Wars: The Yugoslav People's Army begins the Ten-Day War in Slovenia. 1995 – Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani deposes his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, in a bloodless coup d'état. 1997 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. 1997 – J. K. Rowling publishes the first of her Harry Potter novel series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in United Kingdom. 2000 – The Human Genome Project announces the completion of a "rough draft" sequence. 2003 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that sex-based sodomy laws are unconstitutional. 2006 – Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of East Timor, resigns after weeks of political unrest. 2007 – Pope Benedict XVI reinstates the traditional laws of papal election in which a successful candidate must receive two-thirds of the votes. 2008 – A suicide bomber dressed as an Iraqi policeman detonates an explosive vest, killing 25 people. 2012 – The Waldo Canyon fire descends into the Mountain Shadows neighborhood in Colorado Springs burning 347 homes in a matter of hours and killing two people. 2013 – Riots in China's Xinjiang region kill at least 36 people and injure 21 others. 2013 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional and in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 2015 – Five different terrorist attacks in France, Tunisia, Somalia, Kuwait, and Syria occurred on what was dubbed Bloody Friday by international media. Upwards of 750 people were either killed or injured in these uncoordinated attacks. 2015 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marriage under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Battle of tannenberg significance

#Battle of tannenberg significance full

The Germans then got lucky when they intercepted an uncoded Russian message indicating that Rennenkampf was in no hurry to advance. However, on 23 August Prittwitz was replaced by General von Hindenburg whose chief of staff, Ludendorff, immediately confirmed Hoffmann's plan to strike at Samsonov's left flank. By this time Samsonov's forces had crossed the southern frontier of East Prussia to threaten the German rear, defended by only three divisions.įaced with imminent attack, Prittwitz, commander of the 8th Army, approved Lieutenant Colonel Hoffman's idea to attack Samsonov's left flank, aided by another three divisions moved by rail from the Gumbinnen front. The plan began well at Gumbinnen on 20 August, when Rennenkampf's First Army defeated eight divisions of the German 8th Army on its eastern front. Rennenkampf's First Army was to converge with the Samsonov's Second Army to give a two-to-one numerical superiority over the German 8th Army, which they would attack from the east and south respectively, some 80km (50 miles) apart. Two Russian armies invaded German East Prussia in August 1914. This required mobility and nimbleness unfortunately the Russians had neither. Fortunately, even with such a high sum, the painting never fell into Nazi hands.Allied with France and Britain, Grand Duke Nicholas, the Russian commander, agreed to help relieve the French, under attack from Germany, with an offensive in East Prussia. The painting’s significance within Polish culture is evidenced by the fact that during World War II, the Nazis offered a reward of two million Marks, eventually increased to ten million, for information leading to the location of the canvas. Matejko’s vision of the Battle of Grunwald rose to achieve symbolic stature. Despite the realistic rendition of the cruel and brutal fighting, the artist was still able to endow the knights with a specific air of grandeur and pathos, and to elevate the scene’s anonymous warriors to the rank of heroes of a historical epic. Matejko’s deliberate lack of restraint and order in constructing the composition, his use of nervous outlines and the sharp, dissonant contrast of colours were all intended to maximise the painting’s impact. The densely packed and seemingly crooked composition, achieved in part through setting the two main focal points – the action around the Grand Master and the figure of Witold – deeper within the scene, serve to pull the viewer into the very centre of the battlefield tumult. The emotions on the faces of the warriors – ranging from triumph to despair, from chivalric courage to fury and terror – are depicted in a much more graphic way than the fashion typical of academic painting in the second half of the 19th century. The weapon is the Spear of Saint Maurice – an insignia of the Polish crown after Holy Roman Emperor Otto III presented Boleslaus I the Brave with a replica of the Holy Lance during the Congress of Gniezno. A key ideological accent can be found in the spear being aimed at the chest of the Grand Master.

#Battle of tannenberg significance full

The triumph of the victors is personified in the figure of Duke Witold, full of momentum, appearing as if elevated above the fighting masses. We see von Jungingen is the midst of a fatal clash with plebeian warriors symbolising the Polish-Lithuanian nation. The action portrayed in the painting revolves around two figures, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Ulrich von Jungingen and the Lithuanian Grand Duke Witold. Matejko’s depiction of this very event in the era of the country’s partitioning was intended to bolster Poles’ faith in their homeland’s future resurgence. As one of the nation’s greatest military victories, it became an affirmation of the historical strength of the kingdom. The Battle of Grunwald acquired a monumental relevance in Polish history. The painting depicts the culmination of a battle waged in July of 1410 which ended in a rout of the Teutonic Knights’ army by allied Polish-Lithuanian-Russian forces led by Ladislaus Jagiełło. The largest painting in the National Museum’s collection – Jan Matejko’s Battle of Grunwald, measuring over four metres in height and nearly ten in width.

Battle of Grunwald, the death of the Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen (detail), Jan Matejko

Medium: lithography

Galician units in the Battle of Grunwald between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Teutonic Knights on July 15, 1410. The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris or First Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German–Prussian Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership were killed or taken prisoner. Although defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege of their fortress in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411) (Toruń), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Peace of Melno in 1422. The knights, however, would never recover their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands under their control. The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant political and military force in the region. [painting by Ukrainian artist Arthur Orlenov / Caption from Wikipedia] https://www.instagram.com/p/CRepALXNNZf/?utm_medium=tumblr

The Battle of Grunwald by Jan Matejko

The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris or First Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German–Prussian Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership were killed or taken prisoner. Although defeated, the Teutonic Knights withstood the siege of their fortress in Marienburg (Malbork) and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411) (Toruń), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Peace of Melno in 1422. The knights, however, would never recover their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands under their control. The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant political and military force in the region.

The battle was one of the largest in medieval Europe and is regarded as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania and is also widely celebrated in Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century, the battle was used in Nazi German and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation.

part 7

yea

Ulrich von Jungingen, następnym razem Cię pokonam!

German National Monuments (XXV): Former Tannenberg Memorial, Olsztynek (formerly Hohenstein in East Prussia), Poland

The memorial was built between 1924 and 1927 to commemorate the historic Battle of Tannenberg of 1410, part of the Lithuanian Crusade of the German Order, the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914, and the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1914.

The complex was from the beginning designed to accomodate nationalist and revanchist movements in Germany. How powerful these movements were is shown by the fact that the giant 0.5 m² (120 acre) complex was solely financed by donations. The solemn cornerstone ceremony was attended by some 60,000 people.

The ideological intention was to reframe the German defeat in the battle of 1410, which had become Polish national myth. This intent is reflected in the misleading inscription on the central commemorative stone: “Im Kampf für deutsches Wesen, deutsches Recht starb hier der Hochmeister Ulrich von Jungingen am 15. Juli 1410 den Heldentod“ (”In the fight for German nature, German law, Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen died here the death of a hero on July 15, 1410”).

At the same time, it was intended to boost the personality cult around Paul von Hindenburg, who had the command over the German troops, whose victory was superelevated by the German propaganda during the war, and by nationalist and militarist movements during the Weimar Republic.

The memorial was from the start a gathering point of nationalists, who rallied frequently against the Treaty of Versailles that admittedly affected East Prussia particularly hard as it was separated from the rest of Germay by the Polish corridor, and the Polish authorities did everything to interfere with traffic between the two parts of Germany.

After the Nazis came to power, the national importance of the memorial increased even further. Against his outspoken wish, Paul von Hindenburg was buried here, and the coffins of himself and his wife were publicly displayed. The symbolism of the memorial was redefined to become a cenotaph for Hindenburg. Quotes of Hindenburg were taken out of context and abused to justify the National Socialist propaganda of absolute obedience of the individual to the interest of the racial corpus of the German nation.

Close to the end of world war II., the coffins of Hindenburg and his wife were removed to save them from the Russian army. They were temporarily stored in a salt mine in Thuringia and later brought to Marburg, where they are still on display in St. Mary’s Church. Since the German army was already lacking explosives, they only managed a partial demolition using makeshift devices. In the early 1950s, the Polish army dismantled what was left of the memorial. A lion survived the demolition and is now standing in front of the town hall of Olsztynek. The stones were re-used to build houses in Warsaw and elsewhere. The area is now an overgrown wasteland of debris and few remaining wall fragments. The commemorative stone for Ulrich von Jungingen does still exist. It has been moved to a place near the Grunwald Memorial but it is lying face down, so the inscription cannot be read.

kpt. PhDr. Stanislav Balík: Jan Žižka (svodka z přednášky) husitské války o sto let předstihly Jan Žižka byl zemanského původu, Žižkův dvorec se nacházel v Trocnově. /mimochodem autor přednášky - předlohy pro tuto svodku podnikl pochod Tábor - Trocnov s majorem Janem Polnarem/ Pozice malé šlechty v jižních Čechách byla velice problematická, protože malá šlechta byla pod zřetelným tlakem vyšší šlechty. Žižka od mládí vedl s Rožmberky malou gerilovou válku. Žižka zejména využíval terénu, kdy jako slabší bojoval proti někomu silnějšímu. ŽIŽKA JAKO ŽOLDNÉŘ Žižka jako žoldnéř se účastnil v Polsku několika bitev - kde doznívala koncepce středověké těžké jízdy (v rytířských brněních) proti lehčím, méně chráněným, ale operativnějším vojenským jednotkám, známý z pozdějších obdobích. Bitva u GRUNWALDU, nazývaná taktéž bitva u Tannenbergu nebo bitva u Žalgirisu, se odehrála 15. července 1410 mezi řádem německých rytířů a polsko-litevskou koalicí. Veliteli vítězné polsko-litevské koalice byli polský král Vladislav II. Jagellonský a litevský velkokníže Vytautas, zatímco řádové rytíře v bitvě vedl jejich velmistr Ulrich von Jungingen. Jednalo se o rozhodující bitvu polsko-litevsko-teutonské války (1409–1411) a jednu z největších bitev v dějinách středověké Evropy. Na vítězné straně bojovala i česká družina vedená vojevůdcem Janem Sokolem z Lamberka a pravděpodobná je i účast Jana Žižky z Trocnova. Po porážce v této bitvě již nikdy Řád německých rytířů nezískal zpět svůj bývalý vliv. Svědectví mála přímých svědků této bitvy jsou vesměs protikladná. Vzhledem k tomu, že se vojsko řádu německých rytířů šikovalo u vesničky Grunwald, koaliční polsko-litevská vojska u Tannenbergu, používají se pro tuto bitvu v jednotlivých zemích různé názvy. V německé dějepravě se bitva později nazvala bitvou u Tannenbergu, Poláci a Češi o ní mluví jako o bitvě u Grunwaldu a Litevci jako o bitvě u Žalgirisu. Ve druhé polovině 14. století, po dohodě s Polskem v Kališi roku 1343 a uzavření míru na dobu 66 let, dosahuje Řád zenitu a snaží se ovládnout na východě území Žmudě, na které si však dělá také nárok v té době pohanská Litva. V roce 1385 přijal litevský velkokníže Jagiello a s ním i formálně celá Litva křest. Tím pominuly pro řád důvody snažit se o její christianizaci, přesto se však řád nadále snažil definitivně připojit Žmuď k řádovému státu. Díky křtu se zároveň Jagiello stává i jedním ze dvou nápadníků dědičky polského trůnu Hedwiky (Jadwigy) a dne 13. dubna 1385 se tzv. Krevskou smlouvou, díky volbě polských stavů, stává i polským králem. Korunovací Jagiella o rok později jako Vladislava, vzniklo polsko-litevské soustátí, jedna z největších zemí v tehdejší Evropě, která se rozhodla vší mocí zastavit expanzi Řádového státu. Cílem Řádu německých rytířů v nastupující válce bylo upevnění svých držav, ovládnutí celé Žmudě a případné další získání území na úkor Polska, Litevské knížectví naopak považovalo Žmuď za součást svého území a chtělo ji dostat zpět pod svůj vliv. Polsko mělo zájem získat zpět po sto letech Pomořansko a také Řádem údajně neoprávněně obsazené Drezdenko, v konečné fázi pak definitivní rozbití nebezpečného sousedního Řádového státu. Drezdenko držel Ulrich van der Ost, který se uznal za polského vazala a odkázal ho roku 1402 polskému králi, ale za tři roky nato ho v rozporu s předchozí dohodou postoupil Řádu německých rytířů. Žižka byl údajně rovněž účastníkem bitvy u Azincourtu. Angličané dokázali porazit francouzskou železnou jízdu, jelikož měli vynikající lučišníky. UŠTĚDŘIT PRÁŽKU TĚŽKÉ JÍZDĚ BYLO VELICE OBTÍŽNÉ, dokázala to flanderská milice, švýcarská milice angličtí lučišníci A úplně nejdokonaleji to pak dokázali (o něco později) Žižkovi Husité. ŽIŽKA JAKO KRÁLOVSKÝ ČELEDÍN Po polském období se Žižka dostává do Čech, slouží na dvoře Václava IV, sbližuje se s manželkou Žofií. Oba navštěvují Betlémskou kapli, kde má svoje kázání mistr Jan Hus. Situace v čechách se začala radikalizovat po 6. červenci 1415 tedy popravě Jana Husa v Kostnici a první pražské defenestraci. Rozkolísaný Václav IV neví, zda

se přiklonit k Zikmundovi nebo Husitům. ZIKMUND Chce se dosáhnout české koruny v zemi zachvácenou husitskou revoltou, uspořádá do Čech křížovou výpravu. Krutá náboženská válka která měla podobu občanské války a intervence. jan Žižka byl jako jeho spolubojovníci prodchnut husitskou vírou, přesto měl Žižka problém u husitských kněží. Husité odmítali veškerý přepych, dokonce i vojenství vznikaly typické husitské zbraně - zemědělské nářadí pro bojové využití řempich sudlice kovaný cep palcát palné zbraně v rámci vozové hradby primitivní děla BITVA U SUDOMĚŘE Bitva známá využitím terénu - vypuštěného rybníka, jinak husitské bitvy byly spíš záležitostí pěchoty, jízda nastupovala až na závěr bitvy, kdy vítězství již bylo nesporné a Husité pronásledovali prchající nepřátele. nově založené město TÁBOR se stalo symbolem Husitsí TAŽENÍ NA PRAHU První křižová výprava tedy směřovala na Prahu, neboť ovládnutí Prahy byla pro Zikmunda cesta k české koruně. Křižáci se snažili o klamný útok na Špitálském poli, hlavní útok se ovšem změnil v útok na Vítkov. Pravých Husitů zde početně bylo velmi málo, Žižka opět využil konfiguraci terénu. Klíčovou roli zde sehrála polní tvrz na Vítkově a také příchod posil v okamžiku kdy sám Žižka již byl ohrožen na životě. Zikmund prchá do Německého brodu.

Žižkův POLNÍ ŘÁD - demokratizace pravomocí a trestů mezi šlechtici a nešlechtici a také kázeń a jednotné velení na rozdíl od bitev dřívějška, založených spíše na sólových výstupech. 1421 Žižka buduje hrad Kalich Hrad byl jediná věc, či majetek, který si Žižka dopřál, možná jej plánoval jako rodinné sídlo. hrad byl v zásadě kamenný s dřevěnou nástavbou a nebyl zde žádný prostor pro sdružování vojska. 1421 Žižka oslepl při obléhání hradu RÁBÍ 1423 Žižka se rozešel s Tábory a odešel do východních Čech, kde založil bojovnějši MENŠÍ TÁBOR - svaz východočeských měst, vymezující se rovněž proti již poněkud usedlejším Husitům z Prahy a Tábora. BITVA U MALEŠOVA 1424 (malešovská tvrz) Žižkovi se podařilo vylákat nepřátele tam kam potřeboval. Šlo o vnitřní bitvu mezi husity - použil vozy naplněné kameny.

A poslední cesta Jana Žižky z Trocnova a Kalicha skončila jak známo v Přibyslavi.

Pražské hrady Václava IV

Pražské hrady a doba Václava IV. - Blog iDNES.cz

Zikmund Lucemburský jako Uherský král

Mátra – aneb třetí vrcholek dvou státních znaků - rozcestník Maďarsko - Blog iDNES.cz

Jan Roháč z Dubé a hrad Sión

Jan Žižka a bitva na Vítkově

Events 6.26

4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius. 221 – Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar. 363 – Roman emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sasanian Empire. 684 – Pope Benedict II is chosen. 699 – En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima. 1243 – Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ. 1295 – Przemysł II crowned king of Poland, following Ducal period. The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms. 1407 – Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. 1409 – Western Schism: The Roman Catholic Church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. 1460 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March, land in England with a rebel army and march on London. 1483 – Richard III becomes King of England. 1522 – Ottomans begin the second Siege of Rhodes. 1541 – Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego de Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed. 1579 – Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory begins. 1718 – Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Peter the Great's son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him. 1723 – After a siege and bombardment by cannon, Baku surrenders to the Russians. 1740 – A combined force of Spanish, free blacks and allied Indians defeat a British garrison at the Siege of Fort Mose near St. Augustine during the War of Jenkins' Ear. 1794 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Fleurus marked the first successful military use of aircraft. 1830 – William IV becomes king of Britain and Hanover. 1843 – Treaty of Nanking comes into effect, Hong Kong Island is ceded to the British "in perpetuity". 1848 – End of the June Days Uprising in Paris. 1857 – The first investiture of the Victoria Cross in Hyde Park, London. 1886 – Henri Moissan isolated elemental Fluorine for the first time. 1889 – Bangui is founded by Albert Dolisie and Alfred Uzac in what was then the upper reaches of the French Congo. 1906 – The first Grand Prix motor race is held at Le Mans. 1909 – The Science Museum in London comes into existence as an independent entity. 1917 – World War I: The American Expeditionary Forces begin to arrive in France. They will first enter combat four months later. 1918 – World War I: Allied forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord defeat Imperial German forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince in the Battle of Belleau Wood. 1924 – The American occupation of the Dominican Republic ends after eight years. 1927 – The Cyclone roller coaster opens on Coney Island. 1934 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, which establishes credit unions. 1936 – Initial flight of the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical helicopter. 1940 – World War II: Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union presents an ultimatum to Romania requiring it to cede Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina. 1941 – World War II: Soviet planes bomb Kassa, Hungary (now Košice, Slovakia), giving Hungary the impetus to declare war the next day. 1942 – The first flight of the Grumman F6F Hellcat. 1944 – World War II: San Marino, a neutral state, is mistakenly bombed by the RAF based on faulty information, leading to 35 civilian deaths. 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Osuchy in Osuchy, Poland, one of the largest battles between Nazi Germany and Polish resistance forces, ends with the defeat of the latter. 1945 – The United Nations Charter is signed by 50 Allied nations in San Francisco, California. 1948 – Cold War: The first supply flights are made in response to the Berlin Blockade. 1948 – William Shockley files the original patent for the grown-junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor. 1948 – Shirley Jackson's short story The Lottery is published in The New Yorker magazine. 1952 – The Pan-Malayan Labour Party is founded in Malaya, as a union of statewide labour parties. 1953 – Lavrentiy Beria, head of MVD, is arrested by Nikita Khrushchev and other members of the Politburo. 1955 – The South African Congress Alliance adopts the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in Kliptown. 1959 – Swedish boxer Ingemar Johansson becomes world champion of heavy weight boxing, by defeating American Floyd Patterson on technical knockout after two minutes and three seconds in the third round at Yankee Stadium. 1960 – The former British Protectorate of British Somaliland gains its independence as Somaliland. 1960 – Madagascar gains its independence from France. 1963 – Cold War: U.S. President John F. Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, underlining the support of the United States for democratic West Germany shortly after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall. 1967 – Karol Wojtyła (later John Paul II) made a cardinal by Pope Paul VI. 1974 – The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio. 1975 – Two FBI agents and a member of the American Indian Movement are killed in a shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota; Leonard Peltier is later convicted of the murders in a controversial trial. 1977 – Elvis Presley held his final concert in Indianapolis, Indiana at Market Square Arena. 1978 – Air Canada Flight 189, flying to Toronto, overruns the runway and crashes into the Etobicoke Creek ravine. Two of the 107 passengers on board perish. 1981 – Dan-Air Flight 240, flying to East Midlands Airport, crashes in Nailstone, Leicestershire. All three crew members perish. 1988 – The first crash of an Airbus A320 occurs when Air France Flight 296 crashes at Mulhouse–Habsheim Airfield in Habsheim, France, during an air show, killing three of the 136 people on board. 1991 – Yugoslav Wars: The Yugoslav People's Army begins the Ten-Day War in Slovenia. 1995 – Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani deposes his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, in a bloodless coup d'état. 1997 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. 1997 – J. K. Rowling publishes the first of her Harry Potter novel series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in United Kingdom. 2000 – The Human Genome Project announces the completion of a "rough draft" sequence. 2003 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that gender-based sodomy laws are unconstitutional. 2006 – Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of East Timor, resigns after weeks of political unrest. 2007 – Pope Benedict XVI reinstates the traditional laws of papal election in which a successful candidate must receive two-thirds of the votes. 2008 – A suicide bomber dressed as an Iraqi policeman detonates an explosive vest, killing 25 people. 2012 – The Waldo Canyon fire descends into the Mountain Shadows neighborhood in Colorado Springs burning 347 homes in a matter of hours and killing two people. 2013 – Riots in China's Xinjiang region kill at least 36 people and injure 21 others. 2013 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional and in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 2015 – Five different terrorist attacks in France, Tunisia, Somalia, Kuwait, and Syria occurred on what was dubbed Bloody Friday by international media. Upwards of 750 people were either killed or injured in these uncoordinated attacks. 2015 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marriage under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution.