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junkoonthefarm · 1 year

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TOP GARDEN PESTS--WHAT WORKED + DIDN'T

Here is some good information from a survey that Mother Earth News did to learn more about what works, and doesn't, when it comes to limiting insect damage in organic vegetable gardens. They had 1300 gardeners from across the United States respond, so is pretty good. I've included 7 of the top garden pests and info:

1) SLUGS-- took top honors as the most bothersome pest in home gardens, with 55 percent of respondents saying the slimy critters give them trouble year after year. Handpicking was highly rated as a control measure (87 percent success rate), followed by iron phosphate baits (86 percent) and diatomaceous earth (84 percent). Opinion was divided on eggshell barriers (crushed eggshells sprinkled around plants), with a 33 percent failure rate among gardeners who had tried that slug control method. An easy home remedy that received widespread support was beer traps (80 percent success rate).

2) SQUASH BUGS-- had sabotaged summer and winter squash for 51 percent of respondents, and even ducks couldn’t solve a serious squash bug problem. Most gardeners reported using handpicking as their primary defense, along with cleaning up infested plants at season’s end to interrupt the squash bug life cycle. The value of companion planting for squash bug management was a point of disagreement for respondents, with 21 percent saying it’s the best control method and 34 percent saying it doesn’t help.

Of the gardeners who had tried it, 79 percent said spraying neem on egg clusters and juvenile squash bugs is helpful. About 74 percent of row cover users found them useful in managing squash bugs.

3) APHIDS-- were on the watch list of 50 percent of respondents, but the success rates of various control techniques were quite high. Active interventions, including pruning off the affected plant parts and applying insecticidal soap, were reported effective, but so were more passive methods, such as attracting beneficial insects by planting flowers and herbs. Several readers noted the ability of sweet alyssum and other flowers to attract hoverflies, which eat aphids. “We attract a lot of beneficials by planting carefree flowers in the vegetable garden, including calendula, borage, zinnias, cosmos and nasturtiums” (Midwest, more than 20 years of experience).

4) SQUASH VINE BORERS-- had caused problems for 47 percent of the survey respondents. The best reported control methods were crop rotation and growing resistant varieties ofCucurbita moschata, which includes butternut squash and a few varieties of pumpkin. TheC. moschata varieties are borer-resistant because they have solid stems. Interestingly, if you’re attempting to fend off squash vine borers, lanky, long-vined, open-pollinated varieties of summer squash (zucchini and yellow crookneck, for example) may fare better than hybrids, because OP varieties are more likely to develop supplemental roots where the vines touch the ground.

Many gardeners dump soil over these places, so if squash vine borers attack a plant’s main stem, the plant can keep on growing from its backup root system.

5) JAPANESE BEETLES-- Forty-six percent of respondents reported working in the unwelcome company of Japanese beetles, with handpicking being the most popular control method. Some gardeners grow trap crops of raspberries or other fruits to keep Japanese beetles away from plants. Several commonly used interventions — garlic-pepper spray, milky spore disease, pheromone traps and row covers — had high failure rates.

6) TOMATO HORNWORMS-- were of concern to 42 percent of our survey respondents. Bt and handpicking were the preferred control methods, and several folks commented that tomato hornworms are among the easiest garden pests to handpick (probably because they’re large, easy to spot and produce a telltale, pebbly trail). Many gardeners reported seeing tomato hornworms often covered with rice-like cocoons of parasitic braconid wasps. “I had a lot of tomato hornworms this year, but the wasps took them out! Just like in the photos online and in bug books!” (Mid-Atlantic, more than 20 years of experience). Gardeners named zinnias and borage as good companion plants for reducing hornworm problems.

7) CUTWORMS-- were a concern for 41 percent of respondents, and effectiveness ratings for using rigid collars (made from plastic drinking cups or cardboard tissue rolls) to protect young seedlings from damage were amazingly high (93 percent effectiveness rating). A common practice to reduce cutworm damage is to cultivate the soil’s surface once or twice before planting and hope robins and other bug-eating birds will swoop in to gather the juicy cutworms. Big, sturdy seedlings are naturally resistant to cutworms, so many gardeners said they set out seedlings a bit late to avoid cutworm damage.

#garden #gardening #homesteading #junko on the farm #pests #pest control #garden pests #organic #bugs #natural #solution

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lupinepublishers · 4 years

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Lupine Publishers | Model Development for Life Cycle Assessment of Rice Yellow Stem Borer under Rising Temperature Scenarios

Lupine Publishers | Agriculture Open Access Journal

Abstract

A simple model was developed using Fortran Simulation Translator to study the influence of increased temperature on duration of various life cycle phases of yellow stem borer (YSB) in Bangladesh environment. Model was primarily based on Growing Degree Day concept, by also including cardinal temperatures sensitive for specific growing stages of YSB. After successful calibration and validation of the model, it was taken for climate change (only temperature rise considered in the present study) impact analysis on the growing cycle of YSB. Temperature increase values of 1, 2, 3 and 4 oC were considered and compared with the Control (no temperature rise), by using historic weather of representative locations in eight Divisions of Bangladesh. Differential spatial response in the life cycle of YSB under various temperature rise treatments was noticed, and in general the growing cycle hastened with the rising temperature. The life cycle of YSB is likely to be reduced by about 2 days for every degree celcius rise in temperature, while averaged over locations. This means that there will be 2.0-2.5 additional generations of YSB in pre-monsoon season about 2.9-3.2 in wet season of Bangladesh. There is a need to include the phenology module developed in subsequent design of population dynamics model for YSB.

Keywords: Model; Growing degree days; Yellow stem borer; Life cycle assessment; Temperature rise

Introduction

Yellow stem borer (YSB) is the most destructive and widely distributed insect-pest of rice. It causes dead heart or white head, depending on infestation time and significantly reduces rice yields by 5-10% and even up to 60% under localized outbreak conditions [1]. It can grow in places having temperature >12 oC and annual rainfall around 1000mm. Generally, temperature and high relative humidity (RH) in the evening favors stem borer growth and development [2]. The female moth oviposits from 1900 to 2200hr in summer, 1800 to 2000 hr in spring and autumn, and deposits one egg mass in a night and up to five nights after emergence. Optimum temperature is 29 oC having 90% RH for maximum number of eggs deposition. Optimum temperature for egg hatching is 24-29 oC with 90-100% RH. Larvae die at 35 oC and hatching is severely reduced when RH goes to below 70% [1]. Larvae can�t molt at 12 oC or below and they die. The last instar larvae can survive unfavorable growth condition as diapauses, which is broken by rainfall or flooding. In multiple rice cropping, no diapauses takes place. The pupal period can last for 9-12 days and the threshold temperature for its development is 15-16oC.

The number of generations in a year depends on temperature, rainfall and the availability of host [1]. The occurrence of the pest is generally the highest in wet season [3]. Since there are many stem borer species, the average life cycle of rice stem borers varies from 42-83 days [4], depending on growing conditions. This implies that heterogeneous population can be found in the same rice field. Manikandan [5] also reported that development time by different phases of YSB decreases with higher temperature and thus increased population likely in future at early growth stages of rice crop. However, no such data is available in Bangladesh. Keeping the acute problem of YSB in Bangladesh, the present study was undertaken to develop a simple phenology-based) model to assess the life cycle of YSB in two major growing seasons of rice and subsequent taking it to evaluate the effect of rising temperature on growth cycle of rice yellow stem borer in representative locations of eight Divisions of Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods

Model description

Model for assessing the phenology of yellow stem borer was written in Fortran Simulation Translator and the compiler used is FSTWin 4.12 [6]. This model will subsequently be used to develop population dynamics model for YSB in rice-based cropping systems prevalent in Bangladesh. Growing degree days (GDD) concept was used for this purpose, with base temperature assumed as 15 degree Celsius, below which growth and development activity in the life cycle of YSB does not take place. Each day, average temperature (mean of maximum and minimum temperatures) minus the base temperature is integrated over the growing cycle, and subsequently the development stage is achieved when critical value for attainment of a particular stage is crossed.

In the INITIAL phase, the GDD is taken as zero, which is read one time during running of the model

INCON GDDI, initial value of GDD = 0.

In the DYNAMIC phase, the program is executed daily till the FINISH Condition is achieved.

DAS, days after start of simulation = INTGRL (ZERO, RDAS)

PARAM RDAS, day increment rate = 1.

The development stage can be expressed in development stage (0-1), but in the present study not used for development stage identification, which we will use in further design of population dynamics model in coming times.

DVS, development stage = INTGRL (ZERO, DVR)

DVR, rate of development stage increase, Arbitrary Function Generator- a well defined FST function=AFGEN (DVRT, DAVTMP)

Since the age of male is relatively lower than the age of the female, so the computation is done separately as indicated below:

*FOR FEMALE

FUNCTION DVRT = -10.,0., 0.,0.,15.,0.,35.,0.03325,40.,0.0415

*FOR MALE

FUNCTION DVRT = -10.,0., 0.,0.,15.,0.,35.,0.0342,40.,0.0426

Base temperature below which the activities do not take place, degree celcius, is given as under:

PARAM TBASE=15.

Reading of weather data, on daily time step, is read through external file, as per well defined format for FST compiler, as given below:

WEATHER WTRDIR='c:\WEATHER\';CNTR=' GAZI';ISTN=1;IYEAR= 200

Where, various climatic elements are used as below:

RDD is solar radiation in J/m2/day

DTR = RDD

TMMX is daily maximum temperature; COTEMP is the climate change, temperature rise switch for evaluating the impact of temperature rise on the phenological development of the life cycle of YSB. TMMN is daily minimum temperature.

DTMAX = TMMX+COTEMP

DTMIN = TMMN+COTEMP

DAVTMP, average temperature (derived parameter) = 0.5* (DTMAX + DTMIN)

DDTMP, day time average temperature, derived parameter = DTMAX - 0.25* (DTMAX-DTMIN)

COTEMP is temperature rise/fall switch

PARAM COTEMP = 0.

DTEFF, effective temperature after deducting the base temperature = AMAX1(0., DAVTMP-TBASE)

SVP, is saturated vapor pressure in mbar, calculated from temperature (derived value)

SVP = 6.11*EXP (17.4*DAVTMP/(DAVTMP+239.1))/10.

VP is Actual vapor Pressure, mbar, an input for running of the modelAVP = VP

AVP = VP

RH is relative humidity, expressed in %, derived from the vapor pressure as below:

RH = AVP/SVP*100.

In the present study, only temperature and relative humidity effects are undertaken for computation of the phonological stages of the life cycle of YSB, although we have described the other climatic elements as part of the FST compiler, but the other parameters will also be used in deriving the population dynamics model, which we will take up in later course of time.

Since the development stages of YSB are influenced by relative humidity also, so we have to introduce the correction factor for including the effect of humidity, as below:

DAVTMPCF, RH induced temperature correction = DAVTMP*CFRH

TMPEFF=DAVTMPCF-TBASE

CFRH is the Correction Factor for relative humidity for judging temperature is computed as below: i.e. during hatching (CFRHH) and larva formation (CFRHL) stages, computed as below:

CFRH, correction factor for RH=INSW (GDD-EGHATCH, CFRHH, DUM11)

DUM11=INSW (GDD-979.9,CFRHL,1.)

Where INSW is FST Function, if GDD<979.9, then CFRHHD is taken and otherwise DUM11

CFRHH=AFGEN (CFRHHT, RH)

CFRHL=AFGEN (CFRHLT, RH)

FUNCTION CFRHHT=50.,0.9,60.,0.9,75.,1.,90.,1.1

FUNCTION CFRHLT=50.,0.95,60.,0.95,75.,1.,90.,1.05

WDS, wind speed in m/sec = WN

RRAIN, daily rainfall in mm = RAIN

TRAIN, total rainfall in mm = INTGRL (ZERO, RRAIN)

GDD is growing degree days, expressed in degree Celsius-days, is calculated as below:

GDD=INTGRL (GDDI, TMPEFF)

On the basis of literature search from the published literature, the growing degree days for various stages were computed and used in development of the model, and is described as below:

EGHATCH is the thermal degree days requirement for egg hatch, is as below:

PARAM EGHATCH=119.7

INSTAR1 is thermal degree days for end of first instar 1 stage

PARAM INSTAR1=224.9

INSTAR2 is thermal degree days for end of second instar stage

PARAM INSTAR2=317.0

INSTAR3 is thermal degree days for end of third instar stage

PARAM INSTAR3=438.7

INSTAR4 is thermal degree days for end of fourth instar (larva) stage

PARAM INSTAR4=550.3

PUPA, is thermal degree days for end of pupa stage

PARAM PUPA=662.452

ADULT LONGIVITY is thermal degree days for end of adult longevity, which is different for male/female, For Male=741.484 and Female=773.538, depending upon the defined parameter SEX

ADULT=INSW (SEX-1.05, FEMALE, MALE)

SEX=1. For female and 2. For male

PARAM SEX=2.

PARAM MALE, growing degree days for male = 741.484

PARAM FEMALE, growing degree day for female = 773.538

Critical temperature above which the egg hatching stops is defined as below:

DEATH=REAAND (EGHATCH-GDD, DTMAX-40.)

HATMI, minimum temperature below which the Hatching stops, is defined as below

PARAM HATMIN=15.

DEATH1=REAAND (EGHATCH-GDD, HATMIN-DTMIN)

LATMIN, minimum temperature below which larval growing stages stop, and is given as under:

PARAM LATMIN=12.

DEATH2=INSW (GDD-EGHATCH,0.,REAAND(INSTAR4-GDD,LATMIN- DTMIN))

REAAND is FST Function, which will be 1 when both the variables within parenthesis are greater than zero; otherwise the value will be 0.

Duration of various stages is computed as below:

EGHATCHD is egg hatch duration, in days and computed as below:

EGHATCHD=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM1)

DUM1=INSW (EGHATCH-GDD,0.,1.)

INSTAR1D is INSTAR1 Termination Day

INSTAR1D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM2)

DUM2=INSW (INSTAR1-GDD, 0.,1.)

INSTAR2D is INSTAR2 Termination Day

INSTAR2D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM3)

DUM3=INSW (INSTAR2-GDD, 0.,1.)

INSTAR3D is INSTAR3 Termination Day

INSTAR3D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM4)

DUM4=INSW (INSTAR3-GDD, 0.,1.)

INSTAR4D is INSTAR4 Termination Day

INSTAR4D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM5)

DUM5=INSW (INSTAR4-GDD, 0.,1.)

PUPAD is PUPA Stage Termination Day

PUPAD=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM6)

DUM6=INSW (PUPA-GDD,0.,1.)

ADULTD is Adult Life End Day

ADULTD=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM7)

DUM7=INSW (ADULT-GDD, 0.,1.)

Stop of Run Condition is as under:

FINISH DEATH > 0.95

FINISH GDD> 775.

Integration conditions for running of the program are as under:

TIMER STTIME = 360., FINTIM = 600., DELT = 1., PRDEL = 1.

TRANSLATION_GENERAL DRIVER='EUDRIV'

PRINT DAY, DOY, DVS, RH, AVP, SVP, WDS, TRAIN, GDD, DAVTMP, DAVTMPCF, ADULTD, PUPAD

In the TERMINAL stage, the final values at the stop of model run can be written in an external file:

CALL SUBWRI (TIME, COTEMP, EGHATCHD, INSTAR1D, INSTAR2D, INSTAR3D, INSTAR4D, PUPAD, ADULTD)

END

Reruns options for evaluating the impact of temperature rise on the development stages of the YSB can be run through this given below procedure:

PARAM COTEMP=1.

END

PARAM COTEMP=2.

END

STOP

Experimental

Growing degree days for attainment of various growing stages in the life cycle of YSB were collated from the published literature in this region. The model was calibrated with 2003 weather data of Bhola district of Bangladesh against the findings of Manikandan [5] at 30 oC. After model calibration, it was subsequently taken to climate change window, temperature rise only considered in the present study. Eight divisions (Dhaka, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, Khulna, Chittagong and Barisal) of Bangladesh were taken and one representative location was chosen from each division and historic weather data of 35 years were taken for running of the model and the duration of each development stage was computed and compared amongst temperature rising conditions. In the present study, daily temperature rise from 1-4 oC were considered for two growing seasons, .com rice season i.e. premonsoon (April to June) and Aman Rice season i.e. Monsoon (late June to November) of Bangladesh.

Figure 1: Days required for completion of growth stages of rice yellow stem borer with increased temperature by 1, 2, 3 and 4 degree celcius in the growing environment of Bhola, Bangladesh.

Results and Discussion

During the test period, minimum temperature averaged 26�0.115 and maximum temperature around 31�0.32, with the average temperature around 30 oC, which was used for calibration and validation of the model, and the model performed satisfactorily well, through nice agreement between observed and simulated results (Table 1). Depending on growth stages, the percent deviations were within the limit of model errors. The application of model for specific years of Bhola district showed that the growth stages of rice yellow stem borer (YSB) were decreasing (Figure 1) by about 1.76 days per degree rise in temperature (Y=1.7X+54.6; R2=0.932). This indicated that YSB is likely to infest more rice plants in future under increased temperature conditions. Ramya [7] also reported that YSB would likely to develop faster, oviposit early and thus enhanced population build up than expected. There are reports that temperature increase by 2oC may cause 1-5 times additional life cycles of insects in a season [8].

Table 1: Validation of various growth phases (days) of rice yellow stem borer.

Results, from represented locations in the eight Divisions of Bangladesh, showed that growth stage of YSB varied depending on season (Table 2). In .com pre-monsoon season, life cycle of YSB would likely to be completed within 47-53 days, depending on locations and temperature rise from 1-4 degree celcius. Similarly in Aman wet season, it would about 45-50 days for temperature rice from 1-4 degree celcius. However, under the Control (no temperature rise) condition, it requires around 52 days for T. Aman and 55 days for .com. Our findings indicate that growth cycle of YSB is likely to decrease by 2.04 days per degree rise in temperature in the .com season and 1.70 days in T. Aman season (Figure 2). Similar results were reported by Manikandan [5]. Generally, insect population build up depends on favorable weather conditions and availability of host. So, there will be ups and downs in the peak build ups in a cropping season [9]. Although model data needs to be cautiously adopted, it clearly showed that with climate change impact the infestation of YSB would be increased, which might be cause of yield reduction, if not proper management is taken at the right time [10].

Figure 2: Total life cycle duration of yellow stem borer as influenced by temperature rise during .com and T. Aman, season (averaged over eight Divisions of Bangladesh).

Table 2: Developmental phases (in days) of rice yellow stem borer as influenced by temperature rise in different growing seasons.

Conclusion

Yellow stem borer of rice crop is a major concern in Bangladesh. Dead hearts and white heads caused by YSB significantly reduce growth and yield of rice crops, especially in .com (Pre-monsoon) and T. Aman (Monsoon) seasons. There is a need to understand the phenology i.e. life cycle assessment and population dynamics of YSB in the growing environments of Bangladesh. In the present study, a simple model, as written in Fortran Simulation Translator (FST), was developed to assess the life cycle of YSB. The model was primarily based on growing degree day�s concept, by also considering cardinal temperatures for specific phenological/ development growth stages of YSB. The model was successfully validated with the growing environment of Bhola district of Bangladesh. Subsequently, the model was taken to assess the impact of rise in temperature on life cycle of YSB in representative locations of eight Divisions of Bangladesh. The response was spatiotemporally and seasonally variable. The life cycle hastened with the rise in temperature by 1-4 degree celcius. We, in near future, plan to develop a population dynamics model for YSB and to subsequently link it with the rice growth model to evaluate the yield reductions associated with YSB infestations.

Acknowledgement

We greatly acknowledge the support of Krishi Gobeshona Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh in conducting this research through CRP-II project.

https://lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/pdf/CIACR.MS.ID.000144.pdf

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lupine-publishers-ciacr · 4 years

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Lupine Publishers| Model Development for Life Cycle Assessment of Rice Yellow Stem Borer under Rising Temperature Scenarios

Lupine Publishers | Agriculture Open Access Journal

Keywords: Model; Growing degree days; Yellow stem borer; Life cycle assessment; Temperature rise

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Model description

In the INITIAL phase, the GDD is taken as zero, which is read one time during running of the model

INCON GDDI, initial value of GDD = 0.

In the DYNAMIC phase, the program is executed daily till the FINISH Condition is achieved.

DAS, days after start of simulation = INTGRL (ZERO, RDAS)

PARAM RDAS, day increment rate = 1.

DVS, development stage = INTGRL (ZERO, DVR)

DVR, rate of development stage increase, Arbitrary Function Generator- a well defined FST function=AFGEN (DVRT, DAVTMP)

Since the age of male is relatively lower than the age of the female, so the computation is done separately as indicated below:

*FOR FEMALE

FUNCTION DVRT = -10.,0., 0.,0.,15.,0.,35.,0.03325,40.,0.0415

*FOR MALE

FUNCTION DVRT = -10.,0., 0.,0.,15.,0.,35.,0.0342,40.,0.0426

Base temperature below which the activities do not take place, degree celcius, is given as under:

PARAM TBASE=15.

Reading of weather data, on daily time step, is read through external file, as per well defined format for FST compiler, as given below:

WEATHER WTRDIR='c:\WEATHER\';CNTR=' GAZI';ISTN=1;IYEAR= 200

Where, various climatic elements are used as below:

RDD is solar radiation in J/m2/day

DTR = RDD

DTMAX = TMMX+COTEMP

DTMIN = TMMN+COTEMP

DAVTMP, average temperature (derived parameter) = 0.5* (DTMAX + DTMIN)

DDTMP, day time average temperature, derived parameter = DTMAX - 0.25* (DTMAX-DTMIN)

COTEMP is temperature rise/fall switch

PARAM COTEMP = 0.

DTEFF, effective temperature after deducting the base temperature = AMAX1(0., DAVTMP-TBASE)

SVP, is saturated vapor pressure in mbar, calculated from temperature (derived value)

SVP = 6.11*EXP (17.4*DAVTMP/(DAVTMP+239.1))/10.

VP is Actual vapor Pressure, mbar, an input for running of the modelAVP = VP

AVP = VP

RH is relative humidity, expressed in %, derived from the vapor pressure as below:

RH = AVP/SVP*100.

Since the development stages of YSB are influenced by relative humidity also, so we have to introduce the correction factor for including the effect of humidity, as below:

DAVTMPCF, RH induced temperature correction = DAVTMP*CFRH

TMPEFF=DAVTMPCF-TBASE

CFRH is the Correction Factor for relative humidity for judging temperature is computed as below: i.e. during hatching (CFRHH) and larva formation (CFRHL) stages, computed as below:

CFRH, correction factor for RH=INSW (GDD-EGHATCH, CFRHH, DUM11)

DUM11=INSW (GDD-979.9,CFRHL,1.)

Where INSW is FST Function, if GDD<979.9, then CFRHHD is taken and otherwise DUM11

CFRHH=AFGEN (CFRHHT, RH)

CFRHL=AFGEN (CFRHLT, RH)

FUNCTION CFRHHT=50.,0.9,60.,0.9,75.,1.,90.,1.1

FUNCTION CFRHLT=50.,0.95,60.,0.95,75.,1.,90.,1.05

WDS, wind speed in m/sec = WN

RRAIN, daily rainfall in mm = RAIN

TRAIN, total rainfall in mm = INTGRL (ZERO, RRAIN)

GDD is growing degree days, expressed in degree Celsius-days, is calculated as below:

GDD=INTGRL (GDDI, TMPEFF)

On the basis of literature search from the published literature, the growing degree days for various stages were computed and used in development of the model, and is described as below:

EGHATCH is the thermal degree days requirement for egg hatch, is as below:

PARAM EGHATCH=119.7

INSTAR1 is thermal degree days for end of first instar 1 stage

PARAM INSTAR1=224.9

INSTAR2 is thermal degree days for end of second instar stage

PARAM INSTAR2=317.0

INSTAR3 is thermal degree days for end of third instar stage

PARAM INSTAR3=438.7

INSTAR4 is thermal degree days for end of fourth instar (larva) stage

PARAM INSTAR4=550.3

PUPA, is thermal degree days for end of pupa stage

PARAM PUPA=662.452

ADULT LONGIVITY is thermal degree days for end of adult longevity, which is different for male/female, For Male=741.484 and Female=773.538, depending upon the defined parameter SEX

ADULT=INSW (SEX-1.05, FEMALE, MALE)

SEX=1. For female and 2. For male

PARAM SEX=2.

PARAM MALE, growing degree days for male = 741.484

PARAM FEMALE, growing degree day for female = 773.538

Critical temperature above which the egg hatching stops is defined as below:

DEATH=REAAND (EGHATCH-GDD, DTMAX-40.)

HATMI, minimum temperature below which the Hatching stops, is defined as below

PARAM HATMIN=15.

DEATH1=REAAND (EGHATCH-GDD, HATMIN-DTMIN)

LATMIN, minimum temperature below which larval growing stages stop, and is given as under:

PARAM LATMIN=12.

DEATH2=INSW (GDD-EGHATCH,0.,REAAND(INSTAR4-GDD,LATMIN- DTMIN))

REAAND is FST Function, which will be 1 when both the variables within parenthesis are greater than zero; otherwise the value will be 0.

Duration of various stages is computed as below:

EGHATCHD is egg hatch duration, in days and computed as below:

EGHATCHD=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM1)

DUM1=INSW (EGHATCH-GDD,0.,1.)

INSTAR1D is INSTAR1 Termination Day

INSTAR1D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM2)

DUM2=INSW (INSTAR1-GDD, 0.,1.)

INSTAR2D is INSTAR2 Termination Day

INSTAR2D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM3)

DUM3=INSW (INSTAR2-GDD, 0.,1.)

INSTAR3D is INSTAR3 Termination Day

INSTAR3D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM4)

DUM4=INSW (INSTAR3-GDD, 0.,1.)

INSTAR4D is INSTAR4 Termination Day

INSTAR4D=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM5)

DUM5=INSW (INSTAR4-GDD, 0.,1.)

PUPAD is PUPA Stage Termination Day

PUPAD=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM6)

DUM6=INSW (PUPA-GDD,0.,1.)

ADULTD is Adult Life End Day

ADULTD=INTGRL (ZERO, DUM7)

DUM7=INSW (ADULT-GDD, 0.,1.)

Stop of Run Condition is as under:

FINISH DEATH > 0.95

FINISH GDD> 775.

Integration conditions for running of the program are as under:

TIMER STTIME = 360., FINTIM = 600., DELT = 1., PRDEL = 1.

TRANSLATION_GENERAL DRIVER='EUDRIV'

PRINT DAY, DOY, DVS, RH, AVP, SVP, WDS, TRAIN, GDD, DAVTMP, DAVTMPCF, ADULTD, PUPAD

In the TERMINAL stage, the final values at the stop of model run can be written in an external file:

CALL SUBWRI (TIME, COTEMP, EGHATCHD, INSTAR1D, INSTAR2D, INSTAR3D, INSTAR4D, PUPAD, ADULTD)

END

Reruns options for evaluating the impact of temperature rise on the development stages of the YSB can be run through this given below procedure:

PARAM COTEMP=1.

END

PARAM COTEMP=2.

END

STOP

Experimental

Figure 1: Days required for completion of growth stages of rice yellow stem borer with increased temperature by 1, 2, 3 and 4 degree celcius in the growing environment of Bhola, Bangladesh.

Results and Discussion

Table 1: Validation of various growth phases (days) of rice yellow stem borer.

Figure 2: Total life cycle duration of yellow stem borer as influenced by temperature rise during .com and T. Aman, season (averaged over eight Divisions of Bangladesh).

Table 2: Developmental phases (in days) of rice yellow stem borer as influenced by temperature rise in different growing seasons.

Conclusion

https://lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/pdf/CIACR.MS.ID.000144.pdf

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baniglobalblr · 2 years

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Rice Spraying Stages That Farmers Need to Know

The stages of spraying for rice that farmers need to know

Determining the spraying stages for rice is clearer and more specific. Then they have a plan to prevent pests and diseases in a timely and highly effective manner. If you do not know the stages of spraying for rice. It will also take a lot of time and cost a lot. To better understand the stages of spraying for rice, with

Baniglobal agricultural drone, read the article below.

Why Specify the Spraying Stages for Rice?

The care process and the stages of spraying for rice are very important. Here are a few stages to keep in mind:

- Soil standard stage and seedling stage: often weeds, weedy rice, sedges, thrips, migratory brown planthoppers appear.

- The tillering stage, the larval stage: this is the period when pests and diseases are most active and dangerous such as leaf yellowing, wilt, leaf blast, cotton neck blast, leaf roller, stem borer, and brown planthopper. spreading disease.

- Flowering - ripening stage: grain smearing occurs, seriously affecting the quality and yield of rice.

>> See more: When is the best time to spray pesticides?

Right Investment – Winning Rice – Big Profits With Drones

The application of aircraft spraying for rice in intensive production is a solution trusted by farmers. At the same time, this is also the method encouraged and put into policy by the government to implement the 5-year plan from 2020 to 2025.

>> See more: How effective is spraying by drone?

The drone uses high technology with full features as follows: - Equipped with a new generation RTK processor: ensuring centimeter-accurate operation. - Upgraded electronic float: Control the amount of medicine more precisely with a maximum discharge flow of 10 liters/min. - Upgrading the sowing system, applying a new mechanism for sowing and spreading. 100% automatic operation: Super X4 intelligent control system. Setting up the automatic operation on 6 hectares only takes 10 minutes. - Upgrade the 4th generation centrifugal spray system: The power is fully optimized with an extremely small spray particle size of only 60-400 µm; penetrating ability even behind the leaf surface. - Smart operation: Easy control, simple one-button operation. >> See more: https://baniglobal.com/cac-giai-doan-phun-thuoc-cho-lua/

#maybayphunthuoc maybayxitthuoc maybaynongnghiep baniglobal

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samirgianni · 6 years

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A Bounty of Zucchini

From all my garden writing and various other comments, you might conclude that we grow a lot of zucchini. That would be correct! And yet, somehow, I don't have many varietal reports for zucchini. This should help fix that! The troubles I refer to below to which zucchini are subject, are squash bugs, cucumber beetles, and powdery mildew. Other people complain of vine-borers but thus far *spits, knocks wood* we have been spared that pest. Pretty much all squash, cucumbers and some melons are prone to these ailments in a greater or lesser degree, and they must be regarded philosophically.

Golden Zucchini: In the photo above; do I even have to say which one? Oh, all right - on the left. We've grown this every year since almost the beginning, in spite of some frustrations with it. The colour is lovely, and our mothers can be relied on to pounce on them whenever one turns up in the offerings. That's not quite as often as we would like, because this is not the most productive variety, and the fruits tend to run a little on the smaller side. But golden! And a very pleasant flavour. The other problem is that some plants produce reasonably steadily and others just sit there doing nothing much; we generally plant 2 and between them can expect to get some golden zucchini. They are otherwise no more or less trouble-prone than other varieties, and in keeping with their smaller size as fruits the bushes are fairly compact as well. Should be about 55 days to maturity. In spite of this apparently late date I think our second zucchini of the summer was a Golden one, so not that far off the others. I'm not aware of another readily available open-pollinated golden variety of zucchini, and even hybrid versions seem a bit sparse. I'd give one a try, given the limitations of this one, but the lack of choices suggest that if you want a yellow zucchini, this is in fact as good as it gets. It was introduced in 1973 by Burpee, "from material supplied by Dr. Oved Shifress". Burpee used to be a fine old American company producing better things than anthracnose infected beans (grrr, I am pretty sure that's where I picked up my nasty case of bean plague). Some people claim it as an heirloom variety, although that seems to be pushing the meaning of heirloom a bit far to me. I can't find much information about Dr. Shifress, beyond his association with Burpee and Rutgers University, but that he emigrated to Israel in the 1940s. That suggests Burpee spent up to 30 years working on this variety; a considerable investment of time. It may also explain why no-one has come up with a better version yet. Black Beauty Zucchini: Also in the photo above, on the right. It is also prosaically known as "Dark Green" which is a more technically accurate description of the colour, but lacking in that marketing oomph. This is probably the most widely-available standard open-pollinated zucchini in North America, and has been available as seeds to gardeners since the 1930s, although it finally seems to be being supplanted by newer varieties. This site say introduced by the Jerome B. Rice Seed Co. in 1931, and that it won the All American Selection in 1957. I'm comfortable calling this one an heirloom variety, although given its long history I suspect it has been improved over the years. It is so widely popular because it is quite early to start producing - 50 days to maturity - very productive, and resilient in the garden. The flavour is good - what we expect zucchini to taste like, in fact, given its ubiquity - but there are better tasting varieties out there. (Cocozelle and its selection Costata Romanesco come to mind at once.) Still, we grow it most years and are happy to eat it. Best a little on the smaller side.

Mutabile Zucchini: This is a new one to us this year; we got the seeds from Hawthorn Farm. It is the top zucchini in the above photo. As you can see, this is very much in the style of Black Beauty. It is still an open pollinated variety, although it seems to be of fairly recent origin. I can trace its voyage to Hawthorn Farm back through Adaptive Seeds and Turtle Tree Seed in the U.S. to Sativa-Reinau in Switzerland. It is not clear to me whether they were the breeders of this variety or not; very possibly. The main advantage of this over Black Beauty is the open structure of the plant which apparently contributes to it being resistant to mildew. Since we have not yet hit mildew season here, I cannot comment. The above mentioned seed companies all seem to be very impressed though. Like Black Beauty, it should start producing in about 50 days. It is on the larger side of average for a zucchini bush. The stems do feel faintly fuzzy rather than prickly, but I'm not sure how that really affects things. I guess if you are a market gardener picking zucchini for hours it makes life more pleasant, but I worry that it makes them less resistant to bugs. Since we haven't had any significant squash pests in the last few years I have no data. So far, they are a good, productive standard zucchini. I'm not even growing Black Beauty this year - we were out of seeds and bought these instead - so I cannot do a direct comparison. My impression is that they are at least as productive and probably more so. We are likely to continue to replace Black Beauty with this variety. Dunja F1 Hybrid Zucchini: We got this one from William Dam, and this is the second year we have grown it. It is the bottom zucchini in the above photo. Mr. Ferdzy had a grump last year about vegetable seeds, and decided he wanted to try a bunch of hybrids. This was one of them. As usual with hybrids, I am just not that impressed. I mean, it's fine. It's a nice compact plant and really quite productive. The zucchini are pretty much indistinguishable from Black Beauty for looks and flavour. It's supposed to have intermediate resistance to powdery mildew, papaya ringspot virus, watermelon mosaic virus, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Since we have had none of those diseases in the 2 years we've grown it, I cannot comment except for the powdery mildew. Again, Dunja comes with an open plant habit and lack of spines. My impression last year was that powdery mildew hit hard overnight towards the end of August bringing the production of zucchini by any and all plants to a complete halt simultaneously, including Dunja. So, no on that one. I was quite annoyed as I expect to get zucchini into September. It was, I guess, a bad year for mildew since it was so cool and damp overall. But I can't say that I think slightly improved production on a compact plant justifies the kind of price that gets charged for hybrid seed. We'll plant what we have left of this (maybe nothing because there sure weren't a lot of seeds in the packet) and go back to open pollinated varieties. William Dam says 43 days to maturity, which is certainly very early. I think it was the first to produce this year, but I wouldn't say by a week; only a couple of days so that sounds a bit optimistic too. On the other hand a study from Cornell found that Dunja is quite good at setting squash without being pollinated by insects, so if you are struggling with a lack of pollinators you may wish to try this one. Again, this is obviously a newer variety and as far as I can find it comes from a Dutch company called Vitalis.

Cocozelle / Costata Romanesca: I was a bit amazed to realize I don't seem to have ever reviewed this variety. All three zucchini in the above photo are Costata Romanesca. Costata Romanesca seems to be a particular selection of an Italian type generally known as Cocozelle. I've grown zucchini labelled Cocozelle in the past, and my impression is that while the two were not completely identical, they were similar enough that either would do. The striped, slightly fluted fruit is quite distinctive. The flesh is a creamier yellow than most other zucchini I have had, and for flavour they leave all the others in the dust. The texture is also extremely superior and these are nicer raw than any other variety I have had. So why doesn't everyone grow Cocozelle, Cocozelle, and nothing but Cocozelle? Well, as usual, there are trade-offs. First of all, this is not a compact plant. I'd still describe it as bush rather than a vine (like Tatume), but pretty much by the skin of its teeth. By the end of the season you can expect to be picking zucchini at least 6 feet from where the plant first emerged from the soil. It's also doesn't have an open habit, or lack of prickles, or whatever. Some people describe it as positively sticky. For all the space that it takes up, you don't get more squash than with the compact bush varieties; a bit less even. At 52 days to maturity, it's on the late side - although I will note that you are not waiting more than a week from the earliest varieties to start picking these, which isn't that long in the grand scheme of things. Besides the distinctive ribbing, they are likely to be a slightly ungainly shape compared to more modern varieties. But really, when all is said and done, this is a variety I recommend to just about everyone. Only a great deal of space pressure would induce me to give it up for another variety. We do plant other varieties, for different colours or earlier production, but I just wouldn't want to be without this one. It is the best. It is said to have decent powdery mildew resistance but as usual, not that I've ever noticed. from Seasonal Ontario Food https://seasonalontariofood.blogspot.com/2018/08/a-bounty-of-zucchini.html

#Seasonal Ontario Food

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wemdashikurfan-blog · 6 years

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Abstract

The rice stem borer infestation was a serious problem for rice cultivation in Bangladesh. It caused damage of rice yield. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of two organic pesticides to control rice yellow stem borer. Two organic pesticides, Gonabum and Decomposed Neem Cake was tested to reduce rice stem borer at three locations (Paba, Baraigram, and Patnitala) in kharif season. Among three locations stem borer infestation of BINA Dhan-7 was highest at Patnitala location using Gonabum and lowest was at Baraigram location using Decomposed Neem Cake. Between two pesticides, Decomposed Neem Cake was performed better than Gonabum at Baraigram location. Decomposed Neem cake applied plot was sowed lowest number of affected tiller hill-1 and the lowest number of affected panicle hill-1 and highest yield at Baraigram location. Finally it was observed that rice yield increased with the decreased of insect infestation. Neem cake was suitable practiced management option to control rice yellow stem borer.

Get the original articles in Source: Effectiveness of practiced management option to control rice stem borer

Journal Name: International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)

Published By: International Network for Natural Sciences

#Rice #Stem borer #Gonabum #Neem Cake

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olivawinters967-blog · 6 years

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Âœ ... NFL Network Computer Programming.

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