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crimechannels · 8 months

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By • Olalekan Fagbade Some are wealthier than thier states- Clark blasts Governor's FORMER Federal Commissioner for Information and South South Leader, Chief Edwin Clark has brutally accused State Governors that they spend their security votes as they will and no one knows how much it amounts to. Clark who noted this in his 688 page Brutally Frank, his autobiography, said that corruption is the great tragedy of Nigeria. Recall that the book which has twenty-five, unveiled at the International Conference Centre, ICC, Abuja on Thursday this week, revolves round the journey of Clark as a classroom teacher, a Commissioner, a Minister, a Senator and a National activist spanning over seven decades. In Chapter 23, titled, Kleptocracy in our society from Pages 539 to 542, Clark who took a swipe at the Governors, said that they were nowhere yesterday and have now become so rich and powerful overnight because they were elected as Governors, just as he accused them that some of the State executives have become so wealthy that they are wealthier than their states. The Elderstatesman also accused President Bola Tinubu and the President of the Senate, Senator Godswill Akpabio of introducing what he described as two irresponsible laws when they were Governors of Lagos and Akwa Ibom respectively, adding that the Life Pension Law was introduced by Tinubu, while the Former Governor and Deputy Governor’s Pension Bill 2014 was introduced by Akpabio. Clark in the book said, “It is most regrettable and disappointing that corruption has eaten so deep into all facets of the Federal Government, to the extent that those we expected to eradicate corruption in their States and the Attorney-General under whom anti-corruption agencies operate, seem to be involved in scandalous practices over the Paris Club repayment of loan. A situation whereby some lawyers bargain with the Governors Forum as to how much they are entitled to in the repayment being made to them by the local government even though it is not possible to follow all the exchanges. “Corruption is the great tragedy of Nigeria. It is defined as “a form of dishonesty or criminal offence undertaken by a person or an organisation entrusted with a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse of power for one’s private gain.” “It can rightly be said that the British colonial government was the first to introduce corruption to Nigeria in their scramble for Africa with other European countries after the Berlin Conference of 1884 through the traditional chiefs who acted as their agents. A typical case which affected my people is the role played by the British colonial government in using a powerful local chief in the Niger Delta, Chief Dore Numa, to remove other local chiefs from office when they refused to cooperate with the colonial government. A good example is Chief Nana Olomu of Koko Benin River. An expedition war was staged Bainst him in 1892 and he was later deported to Accra in the Gold Coast. “This gave the colonial government uninterrupted entry into the interior land. “Similarly, they used the same Chief Dore Numa against His Royal Highness, Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi of Benin Kingdom in 1897. He too was deported, but this time to Calabar, where he spent the rest of his life. This gave the British Oficers room to loot local artifacts and monuments. The looting of artefacts in 1897 was carried out by Capt. Philip, who further sold them to various countries in Europe. It is remarkable that today, a lot of these artifacts sold to Germany are being voluntarily returned by the German government after 124 years. “The same British government rewarded Chief Dore Numa by making him a Paramount Chief of the Itsekiri people and the political agent of the British. “This gave him enormous power over others. The British government used him to acquire extensive

land in Warri township which was leased to prominent businessmen in the same Warri township. In fact, there was much to be said of British corrupt practices as in the famous 1925 case of Omenta v. Chief Dore Numa – a case which Chief Omenta brought in defence of Agbasa people. Chief Dore Numa had fraudulently leased to the British a portion of Agbasa land. An intelligence report stated that the case went on to Appeal in 1934; whereas, Chief Dore Numa had died in 1932. “It was expected, based on the foregoing, that this trend of corrupt practices would be handed over to Nigerians when eventually they became part of government. There was one of such alleged corruption cases involving the Premier of Eastern Nigeria, Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, the foremost politician at the time. A Nigerian Tribunal of Enquiry was appointed to enquire into allegations of improper conduct (on the 4th of August, 1956), by the Premier of Eastern Region and certain other persons holding ministerial and other public offices in the Eastern Region of Nigeria. The alleged improper conduct was in connection with the affairs of the African Continental Bank (ACB) Ltd. and other relevant matters with the minutes of evidence taken before the Tribunal by Nigeria. “A statement was made by the Hon. Premier in the House of Assembly on the 8th of August, 1956 during the debate on a motion to appoint a Judge of the High Court of the United Kingdom and independent persons to serve in a Commission of Enquiry to investigate the relationship of the Hon. Premier with ACB. This enquiry was going on at this particular time when Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was the pre-eminent champion for the struggle for Nigeria’s independence. He was indeed very popular all over Nigeria. “Once again, I want to re-emphasise that corruption has eaten deep into the fabric four society and unless corruption is reduced, it will destroy Nigeria. As said earlier, Nigerian Governors have enormous powers. But what have they done with these powers? Nothing, except to enrich themselves. “It is a pity that Governors who were nowhere yesterday, become so rich and powerful overnight because they were elected Governors. Their powers as Governors and the money they have access to allow them to do anything, except that which God has not permitted them to do. In fact, some Governors have become so wealthy that they are wealthier than their states. Contracts are awarded at inflated prices and the governor has to take 80% of the project for himself and only 20% goes to the state which he serves. This is illicit and criminal. Governors are now demi-gods because they own almost everything imaginable. “Governors spend their security vote as they will and no one knows how much the security vote amount to. The elected members of the House of Assembly are their nominees and dare not challenge them. I think an inspection should be done to limit the amount of security vote governors and every other person in government are entitled to. “A situation where governors are driven in a convoy of cars, all the food they eat in the Government House is free, and everything they do in the Government House is at the expense of the masses who live in deplorable conditions. The communities in their territories do not have access to basic amenities, yet these governors, in spite of the recession that is in this country, are comfortable in the Government Houses they occupy. “They have not shown their remorse. It is not enough to say “I will earn only half of my salary”; there must be a re-organisation and a restructuring of these Government Houses to reflect the economic situation in the country. I recall watching the Senate debate on the 2017 budget on television and what were the Senators debating? In the Government Houses, cutlery is bought every year at millions of naira. Then one Senator asked the question, “What happened to the cutlery that was bought the previous year or even two years ago?” Nobody cares about that.

This is very unfair and not good enough. A new twist to corruption is the unnecessary laws which governors get their stooges in the State Houses of Assembly to make so as to give them (the governors) life pension. I consider this the height of their recklessness. What they get in terms of benefits in just four years is more than what any ‘faithful’ civil or public servant can get in 30 or 35 years of active service. “Two examples of such irresponsible laws are: The Life Pension Law introduced by Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu, former Governor of Lagos State and The Former Governor and Deputy Governor’s Pension Bill 2014 introduced by the former Governor of Akwa Ibom State, Godswill Obot Akpabio. “It will be recalled that Asiwaju Bola Tinubu who was Governor of Lagos State for eight years was the first Governor to introduce this obnoxious pension law prior to leaving office, despite all he had acquired in his eight years as the unchallenged Governor of Lagos State. It will be necessary to reproduce the full text of the law, which gave Tinubu, free houses in Lagos and Abuja. In fact, his house on Bourdillon Street, Ikoyi is indeed a good example. “One would have expected that former Governor Fashola, a more refined and educated person and a lawyer would have abrogated such a law, but it seems he too benefited from it hook, line and sinker. Therefore, it would be asking for too much from Governor Ambode who took over from Fashola to abrogate the law. “Credit should go to the present Governor, Babajide Sanwolu, and all Nigerians must applaud him, because no one expected him to adopt the radical position he took in abrogating the obnoxious law. He was truly selfless and courageous taking that decision because he would have benefitted from it too in the long run. “The Life Pension Law gave a former Governor 100% of his basic salary as life pension, in addition to two houses, one in Lagos and one in Abuja. The Governor should have completed two terms in office. He is entitled to six brand new cars every three years and domestic servants. 300% of annual basic salary as furniture allowance, 100% of annual basic salary as house maintenance allowance, 20% of annual basic salary as car maintenance allowance. This includes entertainment allowance and free health care for the former Governor and family. He is also entitled to eight policemen, two Department of Stale Security (DSS) operatives and a personal assistant for life #Governor #wealthy

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aci25 · 2 years

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Black History month. Here is your 1st black history heroine.

The lady circled in the photo was Lucy Higgs Nichols. She was born into slavery in Tennessee, but during the Civil War she managed to escape and found her way to 23rd Indiana Infantry Regiment which was encamped nearby. She stayed with the regiment and worked as a nurse throughout the war.

After the war, she moved north with the regiment and settled in Indiana, where she found work with some of the veterans of the 23rd.

She applied for a pension after Congress passed the Army Nurses Pension Act of 1892 which allowed Civil War nurses to draw pensions for their service. The War Department had no record of her, so her pension was denied. Fifty-five surviving veterans of the 23rd petitioned Congress for the pension they felt she had rightfully earned, and it was granted.

The photograph shows Nichols and other veterans of the Indiana regiment at a reunion in 1898. Beloved by the troops who referred to her as “Aunt Lucy,” Nichols was the only woman to receive an honorary induction into the Grand Army of the Republic, and she was buried in an unmarked grave in New Albany with full military honors in 1915.

#black history month #black history #african american history #african american #civil war #Lucy Higgs Nichols #Civil War nurses #in history #educate yourselves #educational #educate yourself #Army Nurses Pension Act of 1892 #black history heroine #black women

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akonoadham · 2 years

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The lady circled in red was Lucy Higgs Nichols. She was born into slavery in Tennessee, but during the Civil War she managed to escape and found her way to 23rd Indiana Infantry Regiment which was encamped nearby. She stayed with the regiment and worked as a nurse throughout the war.

After the war, she moved north with the regiment and settled in Indiana, where she found work with some of the veterans of the 23rd.

The photograph shows Nichols and other veterans of the Indiana regiment at a reunion in 1898. She died in 1915 and is buried in a cemetery in New Albany, Indiana.

#uploads #black history

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todaysdocument · 3 years

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During his claim for a pension based on his service as a scout, White Mountain Apache chief Tsájń--or William Alchesay--gave this deposition to verify his identity and service. 6/4/1926.

Series: Case Files of Indian Wars Pension Applications, 1892 - ca. 1926

Record Group 15: Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, 1773 - 2007

Image description: Photo portrait of Tsájń (William Alchesay), a 73-year-old Apache man wearing a wide-brimmed hat, a white shirt, dark vest, and a squash blossom necklace, probably silver.

Transcription:

3-289a

(For typewriter)

Case of William Alchesay

No. 20440

On this 4 day of June, 1926, at Whiteriver county of Navajo, State of Arizona before me, G. M. Milburn, an inspector of the Bureau of Pensions, personally appeared William Alchesay, who, being by me first duly sworn to answer truly all interrogatories propounded to him during this special examination of aforesaid claim for pension, deposes and says:

I am a claimant for pension. I have heretofore testified, My Indian name is Chuzzin. I was known by that name when I was a boy, was so called by that name by all Indians when I was a scout and I am this day called Chuzzin by the Indians. I was given the name "Alchesay" (or similar spelling), by old man Cooley (dead), a white man. I was known under the name "Alchesay" (or similar spelling) throughout all of my service as scout. I am now known, to the white man, as Alchesay, and most, if not all, of the Indians on this reservation know me as Alchesay. Yet, however, when an Indian makes any reference to me, he will always refer to me as Chuzzin, in speaking with another Indian. In talking with a white man, they will understand the name "Alchesay" as referring to me. Many of the more intelligent Indians will refer to me as Alchesay when speaking with a white man.

I have never, in all my life, known another Indian by the name of Alchesay, nor have I ever known an Indian by the name of "Alchisea" (as variously pronounced by Inspector and Interpreter). I am a very old man, and as a leader of my people I have known practically every Indian who has ever lived in this vicinity. I have never known an Indian, scout or other, having the name Alchesay or Alchisea (or similar pronunciation). All during my service I was either 1st Sgt. or Sgt. If I ever held the rank of Private or Corpl. I have no recollection of it. When I enlisted the first time, General Crook was the white officer. I do not know the name of another white officer. I do not speak nor understand the English language, and cannot carry on conversation with the white man, other than through an interpreter, except for a very few

Page 5 Deposition A

[page 2]

Page 6

simple words (but no complete sentence), and I did not learn the names of my white officers, other than General Crook with whom I was associated for so many years.

The first time I enlisted, I was made 1st Sgt. That was at a time when the Indians below San Carlos had killed a number of white men and stole many horses. Another bunch of Indians over by Ft. Grant committed similar acts.

I was serving as a scout at the time "Chies" was a chief. He was called "Cochise" by the white man. (Note: Cochise died in 1874). This Chief had 2 sons, Taza and Nachies. Taza took Chies' place after he died, and later Nachies was made Chief.

During the forepart of my service, I recall that we had a gight [fight] "down in the valley". I do not know name of place. Many Indians were killed at that time, and we captured a number of the enemy.

There are very few of the old scouts living who served with me when I enlisted the first time. So far as I now recall, the following are the only ones alive, living on this reservation;

Che ne to en (20994, Cheney), It e gay ah, now called General Crook (20465, Crook Danford), Yaz nan cha (Jack), Yuen (John or Johnny). It is my recollection that all 4 of these were with me in same Co, on my second enlistement, and after that, I recall that Yas nan cha (Jack) was the only one who remained. Then, later on I recall that Yuen (John) was with me again. I am unable to be more accurate, only to my many terms of service. My brother, Esh kay clenny (dead), who was called "Mike" also served with me, and my recollection is that he was with me on my second enlistment, and he continued to serve with me until he was finally discharged. I am quite certain that all of these scouts were with me before the death of "Cochise". I remember another, Ilth to eh (or El to ay) who was with me during my early service, but just when he first enlisted, I am unacertain. I think it was after Cochise died, but do not know how long after, whether 1,2,3,4 years. I am unable to figure the time in that way.

No, I never deserted at any time. No, I never ran away and then return and surrender. I remember one time that General Crook told me to stay at Forrest Dale and watch the Indians over there, as they

his

William X Alchesay

mark "Alchesay"

Deponent

Carter Johnson

Witness to mark

#archivesgov #June 4 #1926 #1920s #White Mountain Apache #Apache #Indian Wars #Indian Scouts #Native American history #Indigenous American history #American Indian history

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blackpinups · 2 years

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After the war, she moved north with the regiment and settled in Indiana, where she found work with some of the veterans of the 23rd.

#blackhistorymonth #civilwar

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hoke53 · 2 years

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After the war, she moved north with the regiment and settled in Indiana, where she found work with some of the veterans of the 23rd.

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ltwilliammowett · 3 years

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Admiral Sir Sidney Smith

Well, Sidney Smith was one of the most colourful personalities of his time. He was arrogant, wilful, pompous, energetic, extravagant, capable, brave, theatrical and boastful. A flamboyant genius who could not stop talking about himself, and who claimed that he was perhaps the best English-Frenchman that ever lived , he was nonetheless always happy to dispense praise on others, generally after they had been inspired to great deeds by his over-brimming self-confidence, diligence and determination. He had a reputation for being kind-tempered, kind-hearted, and generally agreeable, but in warfare took more risks with the lives of his men than his contemporary, Lord Cochrane.

Admiral Sir Sidney Smith,by Louis-Marie Autissier 1823

If you listened to original voices from the time. Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge declared that Smith made him sick, while Admiral Lord Exmouth called him gay and thoughtless. And even Nelson is reported to have said he was the gayest man in the Navy who behaved like one. Well he was of a slight build, penetrating dark eyes, a high-arched nose, striking and sharp looks and dark curly hair. Smith, like his father who had been a rake, was a lady s man, with very good manners and a razor-sharp mind, proficient in several languages and artistic talents. All in all, Sir Sidney Smith, whose real name was William Sidney Smith, was an interesting man.

He was born on 21 June 1764 in Park Lane, London, joined the Royal Navy in 1777 and soon distinguished himself in combat. He first distinguished himself in the American Revolutionary War, as a result of which he was promoted to lieutenant in 1780. This was despite the fact that he was not yet 19 years old. He served on HMS Alcide 74- guns, under Captain Charles Thompson, on which he was present at the Battle of Chesapeake on 5 September 1781, at St Kitts on 25 and 26 January 1782 and at the Saintes on 12 April. These successes led to his promotion to Master and Commander as early as 1782, and only one year later on 7 May to Post Captain. At that time he was only 18 years old. During this time he had built up a reputation as one of the most successful prize bringers, having managed to capture several prizes with his Sloop Fury, 16-guns and earning a sum of around 30,000 pounds. (By today's standards, that would be about 5 million pounds.) After that, his luck ran out, because he was discharged from the service and was then on half- pay, because of peace.

Now unemployed, he moved to Bath to study French, but when he heard in 1787 that there might be a war with Morocco, he secretly went there to study the coast and the language. In short, he tried his hand at being a spy. But when he returned home to present his findings to the admiralty, he was not able to do so. Because there was no more talk of a possible war and he was once again empty-handed. After his efforts to take up an ambassadorial role in China had been unsuccessful, Smith took six months' leave in Sweden in 1789. The following January, he reappeared in London with an embassy from King Gustav III of Sweden and a request to be allowed to serve in the monarch's fleet. The government did not approve of this unofficial emissary and so he returned to Sweden claiming to be in possession of dispatches for the King to serve as a volunteer in the war with the Russians. Assigned as commander of the light squadron, his fleet of a hundred galleys and gunboats dislodged the Russians from the islands protecting Vyborg Bay, where they had blockaded the Swedish fleet in June, thus leading to their relief.

Battle of Vyborg Bay June 25, 1790 , by Ivan Aivazovsky 1846

Although he did not act officially, he was knighted by the King of Sweden in 1790 for his actions, which caused great amusement in England. Yet he returned home briefly, only to try his luck at the Prussian court for the next two years. Initially tolerated and advised against the Russians at court, his political views became more and more disapproved of and in 1892 he tried to enter Turkish service. When he heard in 1793 that there was going to be a war between England and France, he tried to come back home and although he was still under half-pay, he was given a new commission. Although he did not act officially, he was knighted by the King of Sweden in 1790 for his actions, which caused great amusement in England. Yet he returned home briefly, only to try his luck at the Prussian court for the next two years. Initially tolerated and advised against the Russians at court, his political views became more and more disapproved of and in 1892 he tried to enter Turkish service.

When he heard in 1793 that there would be a war between England and France, he tried to return home. He obtained a felucca and, dressed in Arab robes and turban, sailed to Toulon to offer his services to Admiral Lord Hood, who was trying to support the French royalist forces. It was on this occasion that Sydney Smith and Horatio Nelson first met. The young revolutionary Colonel of Artillery Napoleon Bonaparte was rapidly decimating the royalist forces. Admiral Hood asked Sidney Smith, who was serving as a volunteer, to destroy as many royalist ships in the harbour as possible to protect them from the revolutionaries. He succeeded in destroying about half the fleet, despite the lack of supporting forces. In July 1795, again officially in the service of the Royal Navy, his squadron captured and fortified a small island off the coast of Normandy, which served as a forward base for the British blockade of Le Havre for the next seven years. On 19 April 1796, he used his ship's boats to take out a French ship anchored in Le Havre.

Sir Sidney Smith Transferred from thence to the Tower of the Temple on the 3rd July 1796

As he sailed out of the harbour, the wind suddenly died and Captain Sidney Smith and his crew were captured. He himself was taken to Temple Prison in Paris. Despite all offers from the British government to buy him out or exchange him for a French captain, the French refused. Sidney's reputation had preceded him and he was known to be a keen spy. He stayed in prison for two years until he managed to free himself with forged release papers. On his return to London, Smith was received by Earl Spencer, First Lord of the Admiralty, for a private audience with the King, and as a sign of goodwill, His Majesty sent the esteemed Captain Bergeret back to France in exchange. He was sent to the Mediterranean in 1799 and charged with reinforcing the defences in the Levant for protection against Napoleon, who was moving his army east and north from Egypt. When Napoleon laid siege to Acre in the same year, Sidney Smith used his guns to support the defenders and his fleet to supply them, and did so as an independent commander . This arrogance with which he performed earned him a sharp rebuke from both Admiral the Earl of St Vincent and Rear Admiral Lord Nelson, who as the next flag officer was particularly outraged that Smith had taken the right to hoist a broad pennant as commodore when he should have been under his command. The situation was only resolved when the broad pennant was brought down and Smith submitted to Nelson .

Napoleon eventually abandoned the siege and said of Sidney Smith, "This man made me miss my destiny." Smith's success in halting the French advance was rewarded a pension of 1,000 guineas, along with many other awards, including a coveted Chelengk and a sable coat from the Turkish Sultan. For their part, the French were so annoyed with him that Buonaparte apparently tried to have him assassinated. From 1799- 1806 he had small operations in the Mediterranean and in 1800 even tried to conclude an agreement with French General Jean-Baptiste Kléber to evacuate French troops on British ships. However, Admiral Lord Keith did not agree, so there were disputes in Keiro until the agreement was reached in 1802. Sidney had been back in London since 1801. Where he was elected to the British House of Commons as MP for Rochester in 1802. He held this mandate until 1806.

Commodore Smith at Acre

Unlike most senior naval officers in home waters, Smith did not attend Vice Admiral Lord Nelson's funeral in London on 9 January 1806. Instead, after a brief stay in Bath, he arrived in Plymouth on 14 January to sail with a small squadron to the Mediterranean to join Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood. Were he land forces commanded in southern Italy trying to defeat a superior French force. Despite a great victory, he was replaced by a British Army officer, largely because he once again could not control his famous arrogance. On the one hand, he had exceeded his command, even though he had been rear- admiral since 1805, and on the other, he had antagonised the French generals by sending them newspaper cuttings about his great successes.

In October 1807, he cruised off the mouth of the Tagus and in November escorted Prince Regent John of Portugal, who had been expelled by the French, and the royal family to Rio de Janeiro in the Portuguese colony of Brazil. There, the Prince Regent decorated him as a Grand Knight of the Order of the Tower and the Sword. In February 1808, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British fleet off South America and, contrary to his orders, subsequently planned an attack on the neighbouring Spanish colonies together with the Portuguese. Before these plans could be implemented, he was ordered back home in July 1809.

Sir William Sidney Smith, by William Say 1802

On 31 July 1810, he was promoted to Vice Admiral of the Blue. Between 1812 and 1814 he operated in the Mediterranean as Admiral Pellew's second-in-command, during which time he was decorated in Sicily by King Ferdinand as a Grand Knight of the Cross of the Order of St Ferdinand and of Merit. After Napoléon Bonaparte was defeated in 1814 and exiled on Elba, he returned to England. On 2 January 1815, in recognition of his services, he was struck Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath by King George III, and thus at last received a British knighthood.

On 15 June 1815, he attended the Duchess of Richmond's ball in Brussels. Three days later, hearing gunfire, he rode out and met the Duke of Wellington, who had just defeated the returning Napoléon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo. Smith then accepted the surrenders of the French garrisons at Arras and Amiens and ensured the Allies entry into Paris without a fight, as well as King Louis XVIII's safe return there.

After the war, he lived mainly in Paris with his wife. He took part in the Congress of Vienna and campaigned for the abolition of slavery and debt bondage, and in particular for the raising of funds to free Christian slaves from the Barbary pirates. He was promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Red on 19 July 1821, and Lieutenant-General of the Royal Marines on 28 June 1830, but did not hold a naval command of his own after 1814. His wife died in 1826 and on 20 July 1838 he was raised by Queen Victoria to the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. Smith died on 26 May 1840 at his residence of No. 9 Rue d Auguesseau in Paris, he was 75 years old.

#naval history #persons of the navy #admiral sidney smith #it is a very long post #i had to put it under the read further line #age of sail

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nouraalali · 3 years

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The Progress of LGBT representation in American

Before the events of Before Stonewall that took place in 1969, members of the gay, lesbian and transgender community endured constant attacks and harassment from police raids. At the time, members of the LGBTQ did not know that their sexuality had political implications or that there would ever be a new way of life other than in hiding in shame and wishing the police did not attack them. However, since there was little to no media coverage at the time because the LGBTQ community was not yet identified and categorized, the media did not spend their time, technology, and space covering their events in footage or writings in newspapers or magazines. During the early 1960s, even the word lesbian hardly surfaced in mainstream conversations. Gayism, on the other hand, was considered slang, and the term homosexual had not been coined at the time. The first known use of the term homosexual was in Charles Gilbert Chaddock’s 1892 translation of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis, a study of sexual practices. During the 1960s, there was old-fashioned homophobia that revolved around homosexuality, and this would explain why there was little to no media coverage of such topics by the media despite the LGBTQ community's continued harassment by members of the police force. The grassroots riots by the drag queens, butch lesbians, male sex workers, and androgynous youths were deemed so insignificant that neither the Life magazine nor the Time magazine dared to cover them. Even the three main TV stations at the time bothered to send camera operators to record the riots.

In 1969 at a dingy, Mafia-owned bar in Greenwich Village, the LGBTQ community reached a breaking point due to their continued harassment by the police. Unlike previous raids, on this day, they refused to be herded into a police van for their umpteenth arrests. This was the beginning of a six-day route that started in Stonewall Inn to Christopher Street and the neighboring areas.

With such an outbreak, the media could no longer turn a blind eye to the LGBTQ community. The media coverage started helping the public visibility of same-sex sexuality. By airing and publishing interviews and protests of famous LGBTQ members, the public started to accept same-sex orientation as part of their societal sexual preference, and names like gay and lesbian were not as frowned upon as before. The media made it easier for the LGBTQ community by increasing same-sex orientation's visibility and perceived legitimacy. At the time, the idea of being LGBTQ had begun to gradually weaken the predominance of the heteronormative discourse and the formation of homonormative lessons. This means that the media was at the forefront of portraying how gay and lesbian individuals should appear and behave.

Identity Politics and Impact of Grassroots Organization in Redefining the Status of LGBTQ

The post-Stonewall gay liberation movements restored radical energies seeking to align politics with radical social change in American society. Legendary activists such as Barbara Gittings from Philadelphia and Franck Kameny from Washington DC understood that there needed to be a radical change that was big enough to overturn the laws that kept embers of the LGBTQ stuck in their second-class status. After the uproar of the Stonewall resistance, it became a symbol that would inspire solidarity among many homosexuals’ groups worldwide. While historians agree that the Stonewall riots were not the first to initiate the gay rights movement, they agree that it did serve as a catalyst for a new era of political activism, especially those campaigning for equal rights for members of the LGBTQ.

Historians recognize older groups such as the Mattachine society founder in California and flourished in the 1950s. Lilli Vincenz and Frank Kameny, two members of the Mattachine Society of Washington, participated in the discussions, planning, and protection of the first Ride along with activists in New York. Additionally, the Mattachine were enlisted as stalwart Cold Warriors, and they used these anti-communist credentials to push for citizenship rights. However, since the riots, new groups appear such as the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) and the Gay Liberation Front (GLF). These groups launched numerous public demonstrations whose main goal was protesting the lack of civil rights for members of the LGBTQ. Although the lesbian community was not as affected as the gay community, they shared the desire to have a secure place in the world community at large. Unchallenged by the fear of violence, they ganged up with the gay community to voice their desires for equal treatment under the law and their unwillingness to be considered second-class citizens. These alliances, in many cases, resulted in such tactics as the disruption of public meetings and public confrontation with political officials to force them to recognize members of the gay community. Unlike before, when gay protests were frowned upon by both the media and the public, members of the gay community demanded respect and acceptance after the Stonewall uprising. Many gay and lesbian communities’ members demanded equal treatment in employment, public policy, and housing. Through continued radical activism, a new motion was set in place, one that discourages discrimination against members of the LGBTQ by government policies. I

t was not until December 1973 that the vote to remove homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual was cast, and the motion passed. Historians consider this one of the most significant early achievements of the post-Stonewall LGBTQ movement, especially since the new law undercut all forms of discrimination against members of the LGBTQ. The nondiscriminatory trend was also forced to educate society on the significance and contributions of the gay community. In response to their activism, any jurisdictions in the United States enforced laws banning any form of discrimination against homosexuals. They also increased the number of employment and agreed to offer "domestic partner" benefits similar to life insurance, health care, and in some cases, pension benefits to heterosexual married couples.

AIDS Crisis in Redefining the status of LGBTQ

In the United States, AIDS was particularly prevalent in the urban gay community, especially during its first discovery phase. For this reason, the public developed a somewhat negative perception of lesbians and gay individuals. Although there were not publicly prosecuted, bt members of the lesbians and gay community were singled out and discriminated against, particularly because they were blamed for the transmission of HIV. Gay and lesbian couples were losing their loved ones to this new disease that only seemed to affect the gay and lesbian community; it drove a shockwave of fear of death from contracting the disease in the community. As a result, there was an increased stigma, violation of human rights, discrimination, and physical violence against members of the LGBTQ. Most of the LGBTQ members at the time adopted "social homophobia." They unknowingly contracted and lived with the virus for fear of societal discrimination whenever they thought of testing or healthcare treatment. One research reports that due to this "social homophobia," members of LGBTQ exhibited adverse mental issues such as depression and anxiety, and many were driven into substance abuse and addiction.

For this reason, gays and lesbians were at the forefront of advocacy for research into the disease and the provision of better support for its victims. One such group recognized for this effort was the Gay Men's Health Crisis located in New York City. AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), founded by Larry Kramer, was another group that actively campaigned to promote political action against the disease through his writing in local chapters in cities such as Washington D.C, Los Angels, Paris, San Francisco, and New York.

Many members of ACT UP were sick with the virus themselves, and they engaged in civil disobedience in protest for increased research on HIV/AIDS in the attempt to find a cure for the virus. Activists such as Kramer made good use of the media when they established AIDS organizations. These organization's central role was to increase media exposure on the risks that members of the LGBTQ were facing as well as encouraging them to come out in huge numbers to fight for their rights. Through such organization and media coverage, it forced the government and private drug companies to pursue research that led to the discovery of ARVs as a treatment for HIV/AIDS and saved the lives of not only the gay community but infected heterosexuals as well.

References

Butler, I. (n.d.). This remarkable history of the fight against AIDS is a guide to the battle yet to come. Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/culture/2016/12/david-frances-how-to-survive-a-plague-reviewed.html

Corry, J. (1985, June 27). Film: Documentary on homosexuals (Published 1985). The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/27/movies/film-documentary-on-homosexuals.html

Heiko Motschenbacher, H. (2019, November 18). Language use before and after Stonewall: A corpus-based study of gay men’s pre-Stonewall narratives - Heiko Motschenbacher, 2020. SAGE Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1461445619887541

History. (2018, June 1). How the Stonewall Riots Sparked a Movement | History. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9wdMJmuBlA

Holden, S. (2013, February 20). They wouldn’t take no for an answer in the battle against AIDS (Published 2012). The New York Times - Breaking News, US News, World News and Videos. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/movies/how-to-survive-a-plague-aids-documentary-by-david-france.html

John-Manuel, A. (2019, June 14). Film: "Before Stonewall" Explores LGBTQ pain and resilience. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/stonewall-strong/201906/film-stonewall-explores-lgbtq-pain-and-resilience

Lecklider, A. S. (2021, June 10). The push for LGBTQ equality began long before Stonewall. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/06/10/push-lgbtq-equality-began-long-before-stonewall/

Weiss, A. (2019, June 30). Creating the first visual history of queer life before Stonewall. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/06/before-stonewall-documentary-archives-history-invisible/592675/

Winik, M. (2016, November 28). David France’s eyewitness account of AIDS activism. Newsday. https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/books/how-to-survive-a-plague-review-david-france-s-exhaustive-history-of-aids-activism-1.12667430

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skippyv20 · 3 years

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What happened today in History?

1643 Isaac Newton was baptized in St Johns Church in Colsterworth England

1801 Giuseppe Piazzi discovered 1st asteroid named Ceres

1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Established

1804 Haiti gains independence From France

1808 US Congress prohibits importation of slaves

1848 Britain takes Mosquito Coast from Nicaragua

1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln

1892 Brooklyn merges with NY to form present City of NY

1892 Ellis Island became reception center for new immigrants to US

1894 Manchester Ship Canal in England opened to traffic

1898 Lightship replaces whistling buoy at mouth of San Francisco Bay

1899 Cuba liberated from Spain by US

1901 Commonwealth of Australia established

1902 1st Rose Bowl game held in Pasadena California

1908 News Year Eve Times Square Ball Drop

1912 1st running of San Francisco’s famed “Bay to Breakers” race (763 miles)

1912 Republic of China (Taiwan) created

1913 Post office begins parcel post deliveries+

1915 Formidable a British Ship Sunk

1919 Henry Ford Stands Down

1920 United Kingdom becomes member of ECC with Ireland and Denmark

1934 Alcatraz officially becomes a Federal Prison

1934 Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (US Bank guarantees) effective

1936 1st newspaper to microfilm its current issues NY Herald Tribune

1937 Great Britain glass manufacturers required to make safe glass

1937 Old Age Pensions Started

1942 US Government stops civilian car production and manufacturers military vehicles only

1942 United Nations established

1946 Emperor Hirohito of Japan announces he is not a god

1946 Japanese Soldiers surrendered on the Island of Corregidor

1947 Coals Mines Nationalized in Great Britain

1947 Canadian Citizenship Act First Person to become Canadian Citizen was Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie

1948 1st newsreel in color Pasadena CA

1948 British Railways Nationalization

1951 Pay Per View Movies tested

1953 Hank Williams Dies

1954 Rose & Cotton Bowl are 1st sport colorcasts

1956 Sudan gains independence from Britain

1957 International Geophysical Years begins

1958 European Economic Community (Common Market) starts operation

1959 Bastista Flees Cuba and Castro Takes Over

1960 Cameroon gains independence from France

1962 United States Navy Seals created

1962 Beatles Decca Audition and were turned down

1962 Western Samoa gains independence from New Zealand

1965 International Cooperation Year

1966 Vietnam War

1966 Subway Strike in New York

1966 Canada Pension Plan Started

1966 Early Adopter of Warnings on Cigarette Packets

1971 Cigarette advertisements banned on TV

1972 International Book Year

1973 Britain Ireland & Demark join Common Market

1974 World Population Year

1974 Watergate

1975 International Women’s Year

1978 Pres. Ford Signs 1st major revision of copyright law since 1909

1979 International Year of the Childe

1980 Decade of Water and Sanitation

1981 Palau (Trust Territory of Pacific Is.) becomes self-governing

1981 International Year for Disabled

1983 World Communications Year

1984 AT&T broken up into 8 companies

1984 Brunei gains complete independence from Britain

1985 International Youth Year

1985 British Comedian Ernie Wise makes first Mobile Phone Call

1986 Spain & Portugal become 11th and 12th members of Common Market

1986 International Peace Year

19687 International Year of Shelter

1988 NY Carnegie Deli’s owner Leo Steiner dies

1989 Montreal Protocol phase out for hydrocarbons

1991 Canada Goods and Services Tax Introduced

1993 Czech Republic and Slovakia Created

1994 North American Free Trade Agreement

1995 Fred West Serial Killer found hanged

1995 World Trade Organization successor to the GATT Organization established

1998 European Central Bank Created

1998 California implements Anti-Smoking Laws

1999 Eleven nations make the Euro their currency

2000 New Millennium

2000 US hands over the Panama Canal to Panama

2002 12 of 15 European Unions have the new Euro currency today

2004 Property Prices Boom in the UK

2005 Tsunami Death Toll

2006 Australia temp the hottest on record hits 45 degrees Celsius

2007 Adam Air Flight 574 disappears near Polamalu in Sulawesi 102 dead

2008 Kenya Ethnic Violence

2008 Cyprus and Malta Adopt the Euro

2008 France implements Anti-Smoking Laws

2009 Slovakia adopts the Euro

2009 Russa Ukraine Gas Talks collapse

2010 Pakistan Suicide Bombing

2010 Norwegian grandmaster Magnus Carlsen #1 Chess Player

2011 Tornadoes hit Sothern Midwest States

2012 Ethnic Clashes in Nigeria

2013 North Korean Leader gives Speech

2014 Latvia Joins the Eurozone using the Euro

2014 Colorado Sells Marijuana

Who knew so much happened in History? And I bet other Anons will have other things that happened that I missed.

Wow, thank you....very cool!😊❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️

01/21

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soberscientistlife · 2 years

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After the war, she moved north with the regiment and settled in Indiana, where she found work with some of the veterans of the 23rd.

Lucy Higgs Nichols aka Aunt Lucy

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opera-ghosts · 3 years

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Victor Capoul & Cécile Ritter-Ciampi

Victor Capoul (1839-1924) was a French lyric tenor whose thirty-five-year career spanned the latter part of the 19th century. Born Joseph Victor Amédée Capoul in Toulouse, he received his musical education at the Paris Conservatory, where he studied with renowned French tenor Alphonse Révial (1810-1871). Following his graduation, Capoul made his debut at the Opéra-Comique as Daniel in Adam’s Le Châlet in 1861. The young tenor became a popular artist with the theater and remained a regular member of the company for the next nine seasons. In 1871 he made his first appearance in London as Gounod’s Faust at Drury Lane and made his American debut later that year at the New York Academy of Music as Wilhelm Meister in Mignon. In 1877, Capoul made his Covent Garden debut as Auber’s Fra Diavolo, also singing Almaviva in Barbiere di Siviglia, Ernesto in Don Pasquale and Elvino in La Sonnambula that same season. Capoul returned to New York in 1879 to sing the role of the poet Ange-Pitou in Charles Lecocq’s La Fille de Madame Angot at Grau’s French Opera Company. The tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut occurred during the company’s inaugural season, on October 27, 1883 as Faust. Capoul sang 25 performances of six roles during his first season with the Met…the aforementioned Faust, Wilhelm Meister, Almaviva, Alfredo in La Traviata, Edgardo in Lucia di Lammermoor and (although one wonders how he negotiated the demands of the role) Enzo in La Gioconda. Although his acting and stage deportment were praised, critics complained of the tenor’s “almost inaudible half voice” and remarked that “ his singing was often short of the enjoyable.” It is not surprising that when Capoul returned to the Met for the 1891/92 season, he was relegated to the secondary roles of Tybalt in Roméo et Juliette and Cassio in Otello. His final appearance with the company was a concert on April 24, 1896. During a Testimonial Performance to Henry E. Abbey and Maurice Grau, Capoul sang as part of the Soldiers’ Chorus from Gounod’s Faust. Considering that he had made his debut with the company in the title role of this same opera some thirteen years previously, this seems something of a sad comedown. Capoul remained in New York for several years, having been appointed opera coach and professor of voice at The National Conservatory of Music of America in 1892. His singing days now behind him, Capoul returned to Paris in January of 1900, making a bid for the position of General Director of the Opéra-Comique. When he was declined, his old friend and colleague Pierre Gailhard appointed him Director of Theatrical Studies at the Opéra de Paris. Now regarded as one of the leading stage directors for French and Italian opera, Capoul returned to New York in 1906 to direct productions for Hammerstein’s Manhattan Opera Company. Sadly, he was plagued by increasing deafness that greatly hampered his artistic activities. He retired to the south of France and lived quite comfortably until wartime investments stripped him of his fortune. To raise a bit of capital, the tenor tried to auction off some of the mementos from his career. When there were no takers, he angrily burned all of his costumes, scores and photographs. Capoul lived out his final years on his little farm near the village of Pujaudran-du-Gers, subsisting on a small pension. Penniless, bitter and forgotten, he passed away on February 18, 1924, just a week shy of his 85th birthday, a tragic end for such a great artist. Victor Capoul boasted a diverse repertoire of nearly 40 roles in opera and operetta, including Tonio in La Fille du Régiment, Georges in La Dame Blanche, The Duke in Rigoletto, des Grieux in Manon, Lionel in Martha and the title roles in Meyerbeer’s Robert le Diable and Méhul’s Joseph. He created the tenor leads in a number of works such as Gounod’s La Colombe and Offenbach’s Vert-Vert. In addition to Paris, London and New York (the cities where he spent most of his career), Capoul travelled to Monte Carlo, Brussels, Moscow,

St. Petersburg, Vienna and Quebec. He also co-authored the librettos for Godard’s opera Jocelyn and Camondo’s operetta Le Clown. Although the tenor never possessed an extraordinary voice, he did cultivate a remarkable technique and built his reputation on artistry, musicality and magnetism. His recorded legacy consists of a single aria, “Oh! Ne t'éveille pas encore” from Godard’s Jocelyn. Four takes were recorded for Fonotipia in Paris in 1905, two of which are known to survive. Although Capoul’s vocal resources are greatly diminished…not to mention the fact that he was nearly stone deaf…he manages to give a fascinating performance, leaving us something of a time capsule from the world of 19th century French opera.

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trylonandperisphere · 4 years

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From woundedwarriorproject.org:

A Soldier’s Story: Cathay Williams Defied Her Time to Become the Only Known Female Buffalo Soldier

“…That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?” – Excerpt from Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I A Woman,” delivered at the 1851 Women's Convention in Akron, OH

A Human Commodity

Today, we use the term “contraband” to refer to forbidden merchandise of any kind: illicit drugs. Exotic birds. Twinkies® hidden under a bunk.

But imagine being labeled as “contraband.” Illegal goods. A stolen thing. Property that is in a place it should not be.

The Merriam-Webster dictionary includes this history-specific definition: “a slave who during the American Civil War escaped to or was brought within the Union lines.”

Born in Independence, Missouri, in 1844 to a slave mother and a free father, her name was Cathay Williams before she was known as William Cathay. She is the only documented black woman to serve in the Army in the 19th century. She is the only known black female Buffalo Soldier.

Her primary label? Contraband.

Before her voluntary enlistment, her status as contraband – a captured slave – meant she was “pressed” into serving. At 17, her role as Army cook and washerwoman meant she accompanied the infantry all over the country. During these travels under the service of General Philip Sheridan, Williams witnessed the Red River Campaign and the Battle of Pea Ridge.

Post-war job opportunities for newly freed slaves – and for African-Americans in general – were all but nonexistent. Inequality and lack of access bore down on African-Americans to a smothering degree, particularly in the southern states. Many had no choice but to turn to military service to afford themselves not only employment stability, but newfound access to health care, education, and post-war benefits by way of a pension.

Captain of Her Fate

It is no mystery why Williams joined the Army after her stint as a Jefferson City house slave: the lure of independence for a young, female, unmarried former slave held an undeniable attraction.

Williams said, “The regiment I joined wore the Zouave uniform and only two persons, a cousin and a particular friend, members of the regiment, knew that I was a woman. They never ‘blowed’ on me. They were partly the cause of my joining the Army. Another reason was I wanted to make my own living and not be dependent on relations or friends.”

Her enlistment started in November of 1866 in St. Louis, Missouri. A cursory examination by an Army surgeon should have outed Williams as a woman, but since the Army didn’t require full medical exams at the time, Williams successfully continued her masquerade as a man.

She performed regular garrison duties, but it wasn’t combat that cut Williams’ military career short: health struggles plagued her. Smallpox was the most debilitating, but back-to-back hospitalizations dealt the most devastating, ironic blow of all in October 1868: “The post surgeon found out I was a woman and I got my discharge. The men all wanted to get rid of me after they found out I was a woman. Some of them acted real bad to me,” Williams said.

‘She Can, She Will’

Her disability discharge meant the end of her tenure in the Army, but not the end of the adventure of being Cathay Williams. When the war ended, Williams signed up with an emerging all-black regiment: the 38th U.S. Infantry – which would eventually become part of the legendary Buffalo Soldiers.

These units dotted the landscape of the American West and showed tremendous skill and valor in a range of duties. They fought in skirmishes with Native Americans, escorted vulnerable wagon trains, built forts, mapped the territory, and protected white settlers – all with sub-par equipment.

For a while in her post-military career, Williams was adrift while she moved around to recapture the stability granted by the Army. She headed to Fort Union in New Mexico territory with her original name to work as a cook. A brief marriage ended with the arrest of her husband, who had stolen money and horses from her. She also took on jobs as a seamstress and laundress under the name Kate Williams in Pueblo, Colorado – where her mother ran an orphanage – and Trinidad, Colorado.

In trying to make a life for herself, Williams could not have known her story had traveled. It landed with a St. Louis reporter whose ears were on fire with rumors of the first black woman to serve in the Army. In the Jan. 2, 1876 edition of the St. Louis Daily Times, Williams officially became a headline when her story was published.

Poor health overwhelmed Williams after serving in the military. Toe amputations from diabetes, neuralgia, deafness, and rheumatism forced her to apply for a military disability pension. A doctor concluded she didn’t qualify. It is estimated that Williams died between 1892 and 1900.

Many women accomplish extraordinary feats in the process of simply trying to live their lives, unaware of the far-reaching impact their determination will have. They do not cut boldly through barriers to become heroes, legends, icons, or models of pioneering tenacity – but they often become them anyway as they try to right the ship for themselves and future generations.

It is no different for Cathay Williams, the first known woman to enlist in the United States Army, and the only known female Buffalo Soldier.

#cathay williams #black history #women's history #u.s. history #civil war #woc #black lives matter #civil war monuments

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scotianostra · 5 years

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Margaret Skinnider, feminist schoolteacher and sniper, was born October 10th 1892 in Coatbridge

Skinnider was only female seriously wounded during The Easter Rising, she was not the only Scot in Ireland fighting the British at this time, she was possibly the only Scottish Woman though.

Soon after she was born, her family were on their way up in the world.

Her parents moved in the 1900s to the west end of Glasgow where they ran second-hand goods shops and educated their daughters as teachers. The boys in the family travelled abroad for work, leaving Margaret to grow up in a highly-educated and female-dominated household.She became a school teacher and a militant suffragette.

Margaret was involved in the pickets at Perth Prison where hunger-striking suffragists were force-fed. She was happy to take a shift picketing at the prison gates during the royal visit to Perth in 1914 for she “cared not for Kings and Queens”.

Nevertheless, when war broke out she joined a rifle club for the “defence of the British empire”, probably the City of Glasgow Women’s Rifle Club. This club practised not far from the school where she taught in Maryhill, the idea being for women to defend themselves against atrocities in the event of a German invasion. She became a crack shot, a skill she’d employ later in ways that would have caused her feather-hatted instructors to reach for the smelling salts.

It was around this time that Margaret joined the Glasgow-based Ann Devlin branch of Cumann na mBan, the women’s section of the Irish Volunteers, and helped their efforts to steal weapons and explosives.Soon she became a smuggler, crossing the Irish Sea with detonators hidden in her hat.

This was dangerous stuff, and not just from the risk of getting caught - one false move could have set them off.

From this it was a short step to joining her heroine Countess Markievicz in the Irish Citizen Army, under fellow-Scot James Connolly, and taking part in the rising on Easter Monday 1916. Margaret served initially with the group positioned around St Stephen’s Green, first of all cycling around Dublin braving rifle and machine gun fire to carry dispatches to the occupied GPO, then as a sniper herself in the Royal College of Surgeons.She recorded that several times she shot at men and saw them fall.

By Wednesday of Easter Week, she was arguing with male commanders that she should be involved in the riskiest missions. The proclamation of the Irish Republic guaranteed equal rights to women and Margaret was willing to face equal dangers.However while on a fire-raising mission, a member of her group tried to force open the door of a house with his loaded gun.It went off, betraying their position and they drew fire from British troops.Margaret was hit three times.She was carried back to the College of Surgeons where her comrades dug the bullets out of her back and tried to disinfect her wounds with “corrosive sublimate” (mercuric chloride).Only they got it wrong and badly burned her skin.

After the surrender, in agony from her wounds and suffering from pneumonia, she was taken to St Vincent’s Hospital. She lived, but it was close. Her severe injuries spared her a prison sentence and her “loyal Scots accent” helped her get a permit to go home to Scotland.

But by December she was in New York. Here she joined the PR effort for the Irish Republican cause with her book Doing My Bit for Ireland.

Eventually she moved back to Ireland where in 1925 her pension application was rejected because she was told that the Army Pensions Act was “only applicable to soldiers as generally understood in the masculine sense”.It must have been a galling piece of sexism for the veteran suffragette and republican, but she persevered and in 1938 was finally awarded her pension. She died on 10 October, 1971.Although she is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, near Countess Markievicz, her name is still remembered today in her native Coatbridge.

Read more on the life of Margaret Skinnider here https://www.storiesfrom1916.com/1916-easter-rising/margaret-skinnider

#Scotland #Ireland #easter rising #scottisih #sufferagette #History

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