Value Chain Analysis for Medicinal Plant based products in India: Case Study of Uttarakhand

Abstract

Value chain concepts and approaches can be used to understand the integration of producers of high value products in developing countries with regional and global markets. A value chain is a description of range of activities that involves processes of production, delivery and final disposal of the product after use. The value chain analysis involves the study of the structure, actors, and dynamics of value chains that connect farm and forest products. The participants, linkages, structure of cost and benefit and dynamics of the value chain are studied.

The standardization of the production procedures in case of medicinal plant industry is important to develop a uniformity and acceptability in all parts of the world. The various processes of the value chain i.e. cultivation, maintenance, harvesting, processing, storage, packaging of the medicinal and aromatic plant industry are required to be standardized to meet the criteria for the certification as well as for the assessment of the quality and safety norms of the product and extracts thus produced. Certifications and the standardization define the safety and quality of the product that are essential in the international markets for the commodities to be traded abroad. The analysis discusses about the current scenario of value chain of the medicinal plant industry and how the standardization of the value addition contributes in the trade of medicinal and aromatic plants.

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Lupine Publishers | Battle Against Solid Waste: Contribution of University Belt Barangays Towards Clean and Disaster-Prepared City

Abstract

Solid waste is one of the major problems in the urban communities due to congestion and improper garbage disposal. This problem may lead to some health and disaster-related issues. University Belt Area (UBA), a congested place in Manila City, Philippines generate tons of solid waste materials daily. Given this condition, it is significant to know the response of the local government units (LGUs) in addressing this type of problem. Thus, this study investigated the solid waste management programs (SWMP) implemented by UBA barangays and its problems encountered in implementing the said programs. The awareness of the residents on SWMP and their suggestions for effective implementation of these programs were also determined. An in-depth interview was conducted among barangay officials. Small group discussion (SGD) was conducted among the selected residents. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the qualitative data while descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the quantitative data. Findings revealed that programs implemented by ten barangays in UBA are categorized into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, and regular cleaning activity. These programs are known to most of the residents who participated in the study. In the process of implementation, the LGUs are facing some constraints. These constraints include lack of discipline among the residents, lack of funds, irregular collection of waste materials, location of the barangay, and poor segregation practices. To effectively implement the afore-mentioned programs, the residents suggested some important recommendations. These encompass implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions, raising public awareness, and imposition of penalties for the violators. Stakeholders should provide strong support for SWM agenda of UBA barangays. Policy makers should consider these data to formulate sound policies which can address the problems on solid waste. The barangay council should review Republic Act 9003 and consider collaboration with Ferris Wheel Project for better implementation of the programs.

Keywords: Barangays; Solid waste; Solid waste management programs; University belt area; Urbanized areas

Introduction

Every day the world is getting more urbanized. The rate of urbanization is increasing at an alarming rate. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) reported that 34% of the world’s total population in 1960 was living in the urban centers. In 2014, this rate increased to 54% [1]. This increase in urban population is brought by the natural increase due high fertility rate of the urban population and rapid rural to urban migration [2]. The rapid rate of migration is attributed to the pull factors inherent to the urban environment itself [3] like better job opportunities, access to health and educational facilities, and high standard of living. University Belt (U-Belt) area (Figure 1) in Manila, Philippines (Figure 2) is an area where colleges and universities are concentrated, hence the name implies. This area is the home of more than fifty higher educational institutions. The Central University Belt (CUBE) area is a seat for twenty universities and colleges. As Filipinos put a high regard for quality and responsive education, population over in this place has increased tremendously. This rise in population then is considered as contributing factors in the escalation of the amount of waste materials generated in the urban setting. According to National Solid Waste Management Commission Reports (2015). the estimated the amount of solid waste generated in 2010 in Manila City alone was 2,990,814 metric tons. In 2014, this figure increased to 3,595, 593 metric tons. There is, however, no specific information that pertains to the case of U-Belt area.

The rise in population in the U-Belt area also resulted to the emergence of additional commercial establishments, dormitories, and other infrastructure development. This infrastructure development resulted to changes in the land use and the increase in the urban surface sealing which increases the amount of surface run-off and decreases the ground water recharge [4]. This condition serves as a challenge to the Local Government Units (LGUs) on how to deal with this problem. The problems on improper waste management and high percentage of impermeable land make U-Belt area highly vulnerable to the devastating effects of flood. High amount of waste materials and improper disposal of these items make people highly prone to the diseases (National Solid Waste Management Commission Reports, 2015) [5]. From the prevailing condition of this place, the researchers came up with the framework on the goals of the implementation of solid waste management programs in U-Belt area (Figure 3). The current modified framework focuses on how the dirty, disaster-prone, and disorder U-Belt area can be converted into clean, disaster-prepared and orderly place (Figure 1). This framework was modified from the framework of Discipulo [6] on urban renewal study.

From the existing problems on solid waste management in the U-Belt area, this study investigated the contribution of the U-Belt barangays towards a clean and disaster-prepared city. Specifically, this study determined the solid waste management programs implemented by the barangays around the University Belt, identified the problems encountered by the communities pertaining to the implementation of the programs, determined the awareness of the residents in the said programs, and identified the suggestions of the residents for effective solid waste management programs implementation. Data obtained from this study is vital in policy making and urban planning of LGUs. This will also agitate the stakeholders to support and participate in the program implementation.

Materials and Methods

Research design

The research design employed both descriptive and qualitative approaches. Qualitative research aims to interpret meanings, descriptions, and symbols [7]. The goals of this type of research are to provide answers to the why’s and how’s. On the other hand, descriptive approach was used to describe characteristics of the population being studied [8]. This approach answers the question of “what” in the study. Objectives 2 and 4 were answered using qualitative approach while objective 3 was answered using descriptive method. Both qualitative and descriptive approaches were used to answer objective 1.

Research locale

The study was conducted in the U-Belt area. The name was given to this area because of the high concentration of the colleges and universities in this place. Originally, this name was given only to San Miguel district but technically it includes the nearby districts such as Quiapo, Santa Cruz. This area covers Mendiola Street, Morayta Street (now Nicanor B. Reyes Street), eastern end of Azcarraga Street (now Recto Avenue), Legarda Street, western end of España Boulevard, and the different side streets (Figure 4). This study covers the 10 barangays as given in Table 1.

Respondents of the study

The participants of the study were the 7 chairperson, 3 barangay councilors, and randomly selected residents of the ten barangays in the U-Belt Area. Ten barangay chairpersons and several barangay councilors were asked about the solid waste management programs implemented by their respective barangays and the problems they encountered during the implementation of the said program in an in-depth interview. The councilors interviewed in this study were the heads of the committee on health and sanitation. Selected residents were asked about their awareness on solid waste management programs of their respective barangays and their recommendations for effective implementation of the said programs during the small-group discussion (SGD).

Research instruments

Two research instruments were used to gather the data needed in this study. These instruments were the interview guide questions for in-depth interview and guide questions for small group discussion. The contents of these instruments were validated by the experts in the field of research and solid waste management.

Data collection procedure

In order to gather the data needed for the study, the researchers did an in-depth interview with the barangay chairpersons and barangay councilors, focus-group discussion with the randomly selected residents, and regular observation was also conducted to validate the results. The methods in the in-depth interview and small group discussion were patterned from the suggestions of Yukalang et al. [7]. The items in the questionnaires were based from the ideas of Yukalang et al. [9] and McAllister [10].

In-depth interview

An in-depth interview with eight barangay captains, 1 barangay councilor, and 1 barangay secretary was conducted by the researchers to determine the solid waste management programs implemented by the barangays around the U-Belt area and the problems encountered by the communities in the process of implementation of the said programs. The researchers prepared the guide questions for interview ahead of time. The guide questions were validated by the expert in the field of research and environmental issues and concerns. The English version of the guide questions was translated into Tagalog so that the respondents can understand better and they can freely engage in the conversation. The researchers asked permission to record the conversations from the barangay captains, barangay councilor, and barangay secretary. Field notes were also utilized to record pertinent information during the interview.

Small group discussion

Eight small group discussions were conducted during the duration of the study. The number of participants and date of discussion in the selected barangays in the U-Belt areas during the discussion are reflected in Table 1. The demographic profile of the participants such as age, occupation, and highest educational attainment were noted during the onset of the activity. Each participant was asked regarding his/her awareness about the implemented solid waste management programs in his/her barangay.

Observation

In order to counter-check the information disclosed by the barangay chairpersons and councilors, regular observations were conducted by the researchers. A weekly observation on the implementation of the solid waste management programs and the difficulties associated with the implementation of these programs was done from March to September 2017.

Data analysis procedure

After the collection of data, the data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and thematic analysis. The quantitative data were interpreted using the descriptive statistical tools such as frequency counts and relative frequency. Meanwhile, the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. In this method, patterns or themes within data were identified, analyzed, and reported [7]. Patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research questions are referred as themes [11]. The themes generated from the data were validated by the experts in the field of research and solid waste management.

Results and Discussion

Solid waste management programs in the U-belt areas Results of the in-depth interview indicated that the programs implemented by ten barangays in the U-Belt areas are categorized into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, and regular cleaning activity (Figure 5). Under educational programs, barangays implemented waste segregation campaign and information campaign. Also, they strictly imposed the “No segregation, No Collection Policy.” They also conducted the massive information campaign about proper ways of segregating of the waste materials as mandated by Republic Act 9003. Barangays are actively allotting budget for infrastructure which will counter the disaster which may be brought about by improper solid management. They have been allocating budget for repairing drainage system and constructing material recovery facilities. Material recovery facility serves as an area to store non-biodegradable materials prior to disposal.

In terms of waste reduction, barangays are now passionate in campaigning for the recycling activities. They encourage their residents to turn waste materials to raw materials for producing valuable products like lanterns and decorative stuffs. Regular cleaning activity, such as regular clean-up drive and street sweeping has been practiced by the local government units (LGUs) as a support to the solid management programs. The specific programs implemented ten barangays in the U-Belt areas is indicated in Table 2. Findings showed that out of ten barangays, seven of them, excluding barangays 395, 398 and 401 are currently implementing the clean-up drive program in their areas. Interestingly, ten barangays practice waste segregation program (Figure 6a). In addition, it was also revealed e that barangays 395, 396, 398 and 402 are implementing the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) program (Figure 6b). Moreover, the results showed that barangays 395, 396, 397, 399 and 400 are active in implementing the information campaign program concerning the battle against solid waste. Barangay 400 is the sole barangay which is regularly doing drainage maintenance (Figure 6c). Findings also showed that all the barangays in the U-Belt are currently implementing a daily street sweeping activity (Figure 6d) in their barangays. Barangays 400 and 402 are the only barangays which are implementing the recycling activities in the University Belt (Figure 6e & Figure 6f).

Over the years rapid urbanization is taking place in Manila City, Philippines. This phenomenon was due to economic and social reasons. Consequently, the amount of waste materials generated also increases. Bernardo [12] showed that the households in the city generated an average of 3.2Kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50Kg/capita/day. In 2010, the estimated amount of solid waste generated in Manila was 2,990,814 metric tons and it increased to 3,595, 593 metrics in 2014 [4]. The existence of the different programs on solid waste management in ten barangays in the U-Belt area are the response of the various communities to the alarming problems associated with the elevating amount of solid waste generated in the congested communities. These programs are the manifestations that these barangays are abiding to the important provisions stipulated in Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the “Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

During the SGD, all participants were asked about their awareness on the programs implemented by the barangays in the U-Belt area on solid waste management. Findings of the investigation showed that 89% (31) of the participants are aware about the programs while 11% (4) participants are unaware (Figure 7). Generally, the results manifest that most of them have an idea about the implementation of the aforementioned programs. Awareness of the people about the programs is the outcome of the massive information drive and visibility of the infrastructure projects of the local government units. The high percentage of awareness on solid waste management programs among the residents in the U-Belt barangays is an indication that people are vigilant and participative in the programs and projects of the communities. Their participation ranges from attending the general assembly of the barangays up to abiding the proper segregation policy. On the hand, there are residents that remain not ware about the programs and policies of the barangays on solid waste management. Perhaps, they are not watchful regarding what is going to their communities and at the same time they are not participative to the activities of their barangays.

Constraints on solid waste management

Constraints encountered in the course of the implementation of every project and program makes the implementation itself very challenging. The problems encountered by the barangays in the U-belt areas in the implementation of the solid waste management programs are given in Figure 8. Findings showed that all ten barangays are currently facing the problem on the lack of discipline among the residents. They throw their garbage anywhere. They are particular of the designated places for their waste materials. Barangay 399 and Barangay 404 consider deficiency of funds as a major problem in the implementation of the program on solid waste management. Furthermore, it is also indicated above that 7 out of 10 barangays except for barangays 399, 402 and 403 are experiencing problem in terms of irregular collection of wastes. Findings also show that the barangays 395 and 397 are facing a problem on their location, which causes these barangays to produce more solid waste materials.

The constraints experienced by the U-Belt barangays in connection with the implementation of solid waste management programs in their communities are typical issues observed also in the other urbanized cities in the Philippines. For instance, Reyes & Arturo [13] observed several problems encountered by the community people in the implementation of solid waste management practices in the different barangays in Batangas City, Philippines. In their study, they found that the increasing population, inadequate government policies, public indifference (public don’t care), inefficient collection of garbage, rapid urbanization, non-operation of a good disposal facility, irresponsible government officials, lack of awareness among the people regarding the effects of solid waste management practices to their health and the environment, and lack of training on proper solid waste management practice are major barriers in implementing effective and efficient solid waste management programs.

In the developing countries however, there are constraints associated with solid waste management implementation. These constraints are categorized into culture, education, and microeconomics; infrastructure and technology; and policy, institutions, and macroeconomics [10]. In terms of culture, education, and microeconomics, the major constraints comprise the attitude and behavior gap of the people and lack of campaign on education and awareness. Major constraints under infrastructure and technology include budgetary constraints, inadequate service and operational inefficiencies, ineffective technologies and equipment inadequacy, lack of landfill disposal, and limited utilization of waste reduction activities. Under policy, institutions, and macroeconomics, the major constraints encompass lack of policy, poor enforcement and responsibility, and lack of monitoring and regulation.

Recommendations of the residents for effective implementation of solid waste programs

Some of the programs on solid waste management are not effectively implemented due to the political, educational, and socio-economic reasons. During the focus group discussion, the residents suggested some recommendations to the barangay officials for effective and efficient implementation of the solid waste management programs in the U-Belt Areas. These include implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions, raising public awareness, and imposition of penalties for the violators.

Implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions

One of the best strategies in order to ensure the effective implementation of the solid waste programs is to pass the appropriate barangay resolutions. The residents said that the existing resolutions are not enough to support the implementation of the aforementioned programs. Hence, the barangay council needs to pass some additional resolutions aside from “No Segregation; No Collection Policy.” These resolutions once passed should be disseminated to the general public. According to the respondents, in order for the residents to become fully aware of these resolutions, the council should ensure maximum attendance of the residents during the barangay assembly. In the era of rapid urbanization in the cities of the third world countries (e.g. Manila), appropriate policies should be implemented to address the problems associated with high urbanization growth [14]. In the case of the barangays in the U-Belt Areas, in order make solid waste management programs effective the policies and resolutions that may focus on allotting budget for the implementation of the programs, improving the linkages to the non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private sectors, and cause-oriented groups and proper spatial planning.

Raising public awareness

The success of the programs and projects on solid waste management strongly depends on the support of the stakeholders and the general public. The participation of these groups of people can be maximized if they have been properly informed. As revealed by the residents, the barangay should boost the awareness of the people through educational campaign and massive public information dissemination drive. The campaign for solid waste management programs in the U-Belt area can be disseminated well through posting in the bill boards and other public places. Campaign can be done during the barangay assembly; hence, the barangay officials should ensure the maximum attendance of the residents. Cultural and literary programs through songs and poetry can also be explored in order to boost the awareness of the people thriving in the U-Belt Area.

Imposition of penalties for the violators

According to the participants in the SGD, there is a need to impose penalties to the violators in order to make implementation of the solid waste management more effective. Violators, in the context of this study; refers to the residents who are not abiding with the policies and resolutions about management of solid waste. For instance, these people don’t dump their garbage materials in the right bins and throw their waste materials in bodies of water. Those who are doing such should be penalized by the barangay councils. The penalty could be letting them engage on community service or pay offenders can pay a certain amount of money. Community service, on the other hand, could include cleaning the public places such plaza, streets, and bodies of water and repairing of the drainage system. Imposing these types of penalties will create a culture of discipline and support among the residents.

The success of the implementation of solid waste management can be attributed by three major factors. These factors include people’s orientation and strong political leadership, strong collaboration among the different sectors of the community, mass information, education, and communication campaign, and linkage and networking with different agencies and organizations [15,16]. Mc Allister [10] considered potential interventions in order to implement solid waste management programs effectively and efficiently. These interventions include intensified education and awareness campaign, enhancement of public participation, promotion of the incentive scheme, improvements in service operations, improvements in the accessibility of the technologies, utilization of the recycling initiatives, improvements in disposal system, creation of landfill, enhancement in the funding management, and proper enactment and enforcement of the policies and programs.

Conclusion

The programs implemented by ten barangays in the U-Belt areas are categorized into educational, infrastructure, waste reduction, and regular cleaning activity. These programs are known to most residents of the area. In the process of implementation, the LGUs are facing some constraints. These constraints are: lack of discipline of among the residents: lack of funds: irregular collection of waste; location of the barangay; and lack of segregation. To effectively implement the aforementioned programs, the residents suggested some important recommendations. These include implementation of the appropriate barangay resolutions, raising public awareness, and imposition of penalties for the violators (Figure 9).

Furthermore, the concept of eco-city [17,18] should be integrated by the U-Belt barangays in their campaign for effective solid waste management programs. The idea of composting [19] in the urban setting like enzyme-enhanced compositing and vermicomposting [20-24] should also be considered for the aforementioned program. For the future research endeavor, a greater number of respondents should be considered. Hence, the entire University Belt area should be covered in the succeeding research activity. From the major findings acquired in this study, the authors came up with the extension program of SHS Department of UE Manila known as “FERRIS WHEEL PROJECT” (Figure10). It is a holistic, multi-sectoral, and multi-disciplinary project which aims to further raise the awareness of all sectors in the U-Belt community about problems associated with solid waste management. These sectors include business, youth, local government unit, academe, and people with disabilities.

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Prevention of Negative Impact of Pesticides and OtherToxic Substances on Reproductive Function of Animals

Introduction In acutely facing the problem of remote consequences of influence on an organism of chemical substances, impact on reproductive function is important. In recent years, in farms and private farms specializing in the cultivation of cattle and small cattle, as well as rabbits, there are violations of reproductive function, manifested in infertility and spontaneous abortions, pre - and postimplantation developmental delay, physiological and behavioral changes in the offspring, malformations and transplacental effects, and often their etiology remains unclear. Our long-term production and experimental studies allow us to conclude that one of the leading factors in the development of these violations is the unfavorable environmental situation in many regions of Uzbekistan as a result of various anthropogenic influences, including: the significant use of chemicals to protect plants and animals from pests and diseases, as well as other toxic substances. Currently, the most widespread as a means of protection of plants and animals from various pests have synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, karate) and organophosphorus pesticides (basudin, aktellik, etapas, location) [1-3]. The use of these drugs helps to increase the yield of food and industrial crops, reduce production costs, protects productive animals from ecto - and endoparasites – carriers of various infections and invasions. However, their irrational use often causes environmental pollution (soil, water sources, feed) and causes poisoning, other negative consequences and, in particular, violations of the reproductive function of animals. Among other toxic substances that adversely affect the reproductive function of animals, gossypol cotton feed deserves some attention.

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Lupine Publishers |GLS-1027 to Treat Anterior Uveitis in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dog

Abstract

Non-infectious, autoimmune anterior uveitis is a significant cause of ocular disease in both dogs, horses, and humans with the potential for significant vision loss. The mainstay of treatment is topical and/or systemic corticosteroids, however, animals, similar to humans, are not uncommonly resistant to therapy. Additionally, prolonged corticosteroid treatment may cause systemic and ocular toxicity. We describe here a case of steroid-resistant uveitis successfully treated with GLS-1027, an immunomodulatory compound that inhibits Th17 maturation and release of multiple inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of uveitis. GLS-1027 may provide an alternative as a steroid-sparing therapeutic option.

Introduction

Non-infectious, anterior uveitis is a significant cause of ocular disease in dogs, horses, humans, and other species that has the potential to lead to vision loss and blindness. While the disease is most commonly considered as autoimmune for humans and the most common etiology in dogs [1,2] infectious disease neoplastic etiologies must also be considered [2,3]. In all species, the primary goal of treatment is sight preservation with secondary goals to limit pain, discomfort, photophobia, and in dogs minimizing secondary sequelae such as posterior synechia [3]. In animals, topical corticosteroid treatment combined with topical mydriatics with or without the use of systemic anti-inflammatory medications represents the standard of care for anterior uveitis [2,4]. While immunosuppressives are considered the standard for steroidresistant disease in humans [5], these are seldom used in animals due to toxicity and cost. Studies in animals have reported that approximately 1-35% of the total topical corticosteroid dose is systemically absorbed, [4] and may result in systemic side effects, including endocrinopathies [3]. Steroid-induced ocular pathology, including the development of glaucoma, cataract formation, and keratopathy are not uncommon in dogs with prolonged corticosteroid use [4] with a similar side effect profile for humans. Therefore, a safe and effective alternative to corticosteroid treatment for chronic recurrent idiopathic uveitis is warranted. Autoimmune uveitis in humans [6] and horses [7,8] has been attributed to Th17 mediated pathology with a complex interplay between a number of inflammatory cytokines including TNFα and IL-6. GLS-1027, [S,R]-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazoleacetic acid, is a small molecule compound with anti-inflammatory activity currently in clinical development. GLS-1027 is a potent inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation characterized by normalization of levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 1β, and IL-6 both in vitro and in murine animal models [9-12]. Additional unpublished data has shown that GLS-1027 inhibits IL-17 and IL-23 mediated activation and downregulates Th17 T cells.

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FGFR Gene Mutation and Pfeiffer Syndrome

Abstract

Pfeiffer syndrome is a genetic disease caused by a defect in the FGFR-1 or FGFR-2 genes. This syndrome affects the skeleton, whether it is a protrusion of the skull bone or problems in the limbs. Not only this, but also affects the eyes, leading to their protrusion, in addition to the possibility of hydrocephalus, and internal viscera imbalance. There are 3 types of the syndrome classified according to the clinical examination of the case, where the symptoms range from mild to severe, which requires surgical intervention. It is easy to diagnose the fetus early through ultrasound examination, which shows ossification in the bones of the skull and deformities of the fingers. The incidence of Pfeiffer syndrome is limited, as it affects one child in 100,000 cases. Genetic testing facilitates early diagnosis and thus helps in rapid treatment and prevention of deterioration of the condition.

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Lupine Publishers | Food Sources and Bioavailability of Calcium

Abstract

The identification of the calcium ration by self-questionnaires validated in the region of Blida and the Wilayas of approximately is one of the rare studies in Algeria. She was interested in a part of the Algerian population with characteristics that do not seem very different from the general population; however, this dietary survey must be supplemented by a study on a representative sample of the general population. The study showed insufficient calcium intake mainly secondary to low consumption of milk and dairy products. This low calcium intake was objectified by the two questioning methods (Fardellone and CERIN), however, it will be desirable to establish Algerian self-questionnaires validated and verified by our learned society. The results obtained are worrying, which obliges us to immediately introduce a prevention and control strategy against the multiple pathologies linked to this low calcium intake, the main one being osteoporosis with its serious fracture complications.

Keywords:Calcium; Milk ; Oxalic Acid; Self-Questionnaire ; Bioavailability

Introduction

The role of calcium in nutritional balance and its importance in the proper functioning of the

body are widely accepted [1]. Calcium is very common in the diet, however it is milk and its derivatives that exhibit optimal bioavailability [2]. The interest of studying the factors influencing this bioavailability is capital for better management of dietary advice to cover calcium needs; calcium absorption depending on the source of calcium and the nature of the diet [3,4]. Our study aims to define the dietary sources of calcium, the factors influencing the absorbability and its bioavailability in order to adapt the diets to calcium needs.

Patients and Methods

100 volunteers of both sexes aged between 20 and 60 years, from the regions of central Algeria (Médéa, Chlef and Ain Defla) participated in the cross-sectional study for 3 months in 2021.

Inclusion Criteria

a) Healthy subjects, without specific and active medical or surgical history.

Non-Inclusion Criteria

a) subjects with, in particular, a digestive pathology with repercussions on the absorption of calcium

b) subjects with an endocrine (goiter) or metabolic disorder (diabetes, obesity)

c) pregnant or breastfeeding women

d) subjects under calcium supplementation

The survey carried out is based on a validated frequency self-questionnaire (Fardellone) as a model for questioning the main dietary sources of calcium, the level of daily calcium intake and factors reducing its bioavailability. This frequency self-questionnaire comprises 20 items whose calcium content is assessed using Fardellone equivalence tables; each item is associated with a multiplying coefficient making it possible to obtain a result in mg / day.

Foods are divided into 6 groups

a) Dairy products group

b) Group of cereals, starches and pulses

c) Group of meats, fish and eggs

d) Confectionery group and particularly chocolate factories

e) Group of drinks (water, fruit juice, coffee and tea)

The descriptive analysis of the population is based on the calculation of means and standard deviations for quantitative variables and percentages for those which are qualitative. Data entry and statistical analysis are performed using SPSS4 statistical software.

Results

The study workforce was 60% women and 40% men. Subjects over 60 years of age represented 60% of the total population. The work revealed an insufficient calcium intake (calcium intake of 659, 12 mg / d in men and 736.62 mg / d) essentially linked to a low consumption of milk and dairy products and a high consumption of foods containing oxalic acid: beetroot, spinach, coffee and tea in 96% of the study population.

Discussion

The population who participated in the study is predominantly female (60%) and relatively young (71% of the subjects surveyed had an average age of 28.71 years). We have adopted the WHO references for daily consumption levels, i.e.: low intake level for consumption <500 mg / d, mediocre intake level for calcium inputs of 500-999 mg / d and a suitable level for an intake> 1000 mg / d [4]. Based on the Fardellone frequency self-questionnaire, easily performed, reliable and adapted to our eating habits, the low absorbability of calcium has been associated with the current consumption of products rich in oxalic acid (contained in beets, spinach, tea and coffee) which affects the digestive relay of calcium bioavailability [5]. Overall, our results are similar to those obtained in Morocco [6] where the average calcium intake is 699 mg / d in a population aged between 16 and 59 years, and, also to those found in Tunisia [7] in the survey which concerned premenopausal Tunisian women whose calcium intake was greater than 800 mg / day in only 4% of those concerned.

Conclusion

The results will be alarming, which encourages the immediate implementation of a prevention program for poor calcium status linked to the low calcium content of the food intake or its poor bioavailability in order to deal with the resulting pathological consequences such as osteoporosis exposing to major fracture risks. This survey must be reinforced by a study on a representative sample of the Algerian population.

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Evaluation of Molecular Methods to Be Used in Sensors for The Detection of Bacteria in Water

Abstract

Waterborne E. coli and E. faecalis remain a major economic problem worldwide because of their significant impact on health and disease. There is a constant need for new diagnostic tools that can detect low bacterial concentrations in a more cost- and timeeffective manner. The development of rapid and simple molecular detection in situ is required where specialized laboratory services are limited. Hereby, the recovery of DNA from artificially contaminated water samples of three different DNA extraction methods was investigated. Two commercial kits (DNeasy Ultraclean Microbial Kit, Dynabeads™ DNA DIRECT™ Universal Kit) and a boiling method were evaluated. All methods produced DNA in sufficient concentration ranging 64.55-184.7 ng/μL for E. coli and E. faecalis, respectively.

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Lupine Publishers | Lymphocele after Renal Transplantation: A Contemporary Review and a Modern Approach for Prevention and Treatment

Abstract

A lymphocele is a common finding after renal transplantation. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. However, once a lymphocele has become symptomatic, this condition has to be treated. Lymphoceles may originate either from the lymphatic system of the recipient or the transplanted kidney. The most sensible measures to prevent their occurrence therefore seems to be to restrict the transplant bed to the smallest permissible level with careful ligature of the lymphatic vessels in the area of the kidney hilum.

Therapy of a lymphocele after renal transplantation should commence with minimally invasive measures and continue with invasive procedures only if these are unsuccessful, namely, puncture and drainage then sclerotization, and then laparoscopic or open marsupialization.

Keywords: Lymohocele; kidney; transplantation; recipient

Introduction

Lymphocele is a well-known complication of renal transplantation occurring in 0,6% to 22% of the recipients [1- 4]. Lymphocele may require surgical intervention because of the complications they cause urinary obstruction, leg edema, deep vein thrombosis, pelvic discomfort, herniation, and lymph leakage through the wound [5]. There are many contributing factors to lymphocele occurrence after kidney transplantation. One of these is donor renal lymphatics. It has been proposed that meticulous ligation of severed lymphatics of the kidney graft in the back table especially in the laparoscopically procured kidneys may decrease the lymphatic complications after transplantation [6]. Although various methods of diagnosis, management, and prevention have been discussed in the literature, the primary focus has been on treatment and no review has summarized all issues together. The aim of this study was to summarize the current strategies for the prevention and management of lymphoceles.

Etiologies and surgery related factors

The development of lymphoceles after renal transplantation is well documented. The etiology of lymphoceles remains unclear, although they are present in all kidney transplant experiences [7]. The old controversy whether lymphocele is the result of lymph leakage from either the severed recipient iliac lymphatic vessels or the grafted kidney lymphatics seems to favor the latter [8]. A physiological review shows that lymphatic capillaries are more abundant in the kidney cortex compared to the medulla. They run along the intralobular, arcuate and interlobar arteries; not only beside theses arteries but also within their walls [9]. At the renal hilum, 2 to 5 lymphatic ducts are found in close proximity to the main vessels (renal artery and vein).

The well-known and commonly cited contributing factors for lymphocele formation include: the type of immunosuppression used [10], high dose steroid use, use of diuretics, extensive perivascular dissection of the iliac vessels, acute rejection episodes, delayed graft function, source of graft (cadaveric vs living related donor), the etiology of the patient’s renal failure such as adult polycystic kidney disease, re transplantation, and some pediatric population [2, 7, 11]. Concerning the pediatric population, in a retrospective single institution review of 241 pediatric kidney transplants performed from 2000 to 2013; Giuliani et al. showed that older age (≥11 yr), male gender, BMI percentile for age ≥95%, and multiple transplantations were Significant risk factors for lymphocele formation [12]. The formation of post-transplant lymphoceles obviously originates in the surgical transection of lymphatic ducts. As demonstrated by lymphangiography two sources of lymphatic leak have been proposed: injured lymphatics in recipient’s iliac space and injured lymphatics in the kidney graft [13,14].

A possible distinction between these two origins is feasible by analyzing their composition. In fact, reports showed higher levels of creatine kinase in lower limbs lymphatics vessels compared to renal lymphatics [15-17]. It was believed that the perivascular lymphatics dissection along the iliac vessels was a determining factor for lymphocele development, and that lymphocele could be prevented by ligation of these vessels. Despite many reports showing absence of lymphocele after an accurate ligation of the iliac lymphatics [18], things are still unclear. Many studies were published concerning the influence of some surgical aspects in decreasing the lymphocele incidence. Indeed, one prospective study suggested a cephalad implantation of the renal graft using vascular anastomoses on the common iliac vessels to minimize lymphocele incidence, but this technique has not yet gained wide exposure [11]. The same concept was reevaluated in another study. This time, a significant reduction of the incidence of lymphocele from 8.5% to 2.1% was noted in 140 patients operated with the new technique versus 140 patients in the control group operated with the standard method [14].

Another retrospective study done by Saidi et al, evaluated the impact of laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy on lymphatic complications after kidney transplantation. They concluded that the incidence of prolonged lymphatic leak is higher in recipients who received kidney grafts procured laparoscopically. These observations may indicate that the major source of persistent lymphatic leakage is lymphatics of the allograft rather than severed recipient lymphatics. More meticulous ligation of severed lymphatics of the kidney graft in the back table, especially in the laparoscopically procured kidneys, may decrease the lymphatic complications after kidney transplantation [13]. To our date, many researchers are still questioning whether surgical preparation of the kidney with accurate ligature of the hilar lymphatic vessels would effectively reduce its incidence. Hence, a clear answer is reported in our study favoring lymphatic vessels ligation over non preparation of the kidney graft on lymphocele incidence. Indeed, acute rejection rates dropped significantly from 15 to 6.3%, and incidence of symptomatic lymphocele decreased from 17.5% to 0%.

Diagnosis and Clinical Aspects

Ultrasound is currently the preferred method for diagnosis of lymphoceles after the renal transplantation. In complicated cases, radioisotope imaging, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are additional methodologies commonly used [5]. Lymphoceles may lead to deterioration of renal function and the patient with a lymphocele may be inappropriately treated for allograft rejection. Other clinical findings associated with lymphoceles in renal allograft recipients include lower abdominal swelling or mass, edema over the allograft or of the ipsilateral leg, hypertension, drainage from the incision, enlarged allograft, fever without an obvious source of infections, urinary frequency, ipsilateral ileo femoral thrombo phlebitis, and weight gain [4].

Prevention

Prevention of lymphocele formation primarily involves the best method for controlling perivascular lymphatic leaks. A study comparing surgical ties to ultrasonic devices in the surgical dissection technique for control of lymphatics failed to show a statistical advantage to either technique when groups were compared based on patient age, gender, graft source, or repeat transplant [19]. Berardinelli et al. demonstrated the effectiveness of a synthetic polyethylenglycol(PEG) sealant to prevent lymphocele formation after kidney transplantation [20].

Treatment

Lymphoceles are usually asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally by ultrasound. In most cases, lymphocele disappear spontaneously without any need for a treatment. Several important factors can guide our choice of treatment: severity of the symptoms, lesion size, potential post-therapeutic complications, and the clinical condition of the patient. For the conservative treatment of posttransplant lymphoceles, percutaneous needle aspiration, continuous drainage over a period of time via various kinds of catheters, and sclerotherapy with various agents have been proposed [21].

Aspiration

Ultrasound-guided aspiration can be used as a diagnostic tool or treatment. to both diagnose and treat a lymphocele. It can be used as the initial treatment modality to relieve urinary obstruction, recover kidney function, and prevent emergency situations. Although simple, safe, and economical, a repeated treatment may be necessary with a low a low risk of infection in each aspiration. A systematic review by Lucewicz et al. [4] looking at over 20 studies, reported that simple aspiration alone has a recurrence rate ranging between 10% and 95% [ 22].

External drain placement

A lymphocele can also be treated by external drainage by placing a drain. However, this procedure takes a long time and can cause problems related to major fluid loss and secondary infection (particularly in immunosuppressed transplant recipients). External drainage has an efficacy of 50% and a recurrence rate of 20%–60% [23].

Sclerotherapy

The instillation of a sclerosing agent is another treatment approach. These include povidone iodine, fibrin glue, 95% ethanol, fibrinogen, bovine protease inhibitor, human thrombin, calcium chloride, gentamy sodium tetradecyl sulphate and tetracycline]. The sclerosing agent has been instilled and kept in situ for varying periods ranging from 5 min to 24 h [24,25]. Tasar et al., reported a mean therapy duration of 17 days and a mean alcohol volume of 30 cm3 per session. Out of 18 cases, there was one recurrence, one graft loss, and ten minor complications including local discomfort and low- grade fever. The authors concluded that this method of sclerotherapy was safe and cost effective [25]. Another analysis of 30 lymphocele patients demonstrated that alcohol injection was a safe and cost-effective treatment, with a success rate of 94%. The authors reported two cases of recurrence and all complications were minor, including catheter-induced infections and catheter displacements [26]. Povidone iodine has been used also as a sclerotherapy agent with a failure rate of less than11%, but it takes 20–30 days for leaking to cease and iodine induced acute kidney failure may occur [27]. Limited success has been reported using tetracycline as a sclerosing agent [28].

Instillation of sclerosing agents improves the rate of success of percutaneous management; however, it may cause a dense scar around the renal transplant with potential problems in the longterm [21]. Continuous drainage as well as repeated instilling of sclerosants could be done if needed, by placing a percutaneous drain. However, the main problem encountered during repeated installation of sclerosants is the risk of introducing infection. Furthermore, several case reports have reported direct graft injury and graft loss as a result of sclerosant installation [25]. Hence, with the cost of repetition, it is worthwhile emphasizing that external drainage or sclerosing therapy are not correct options. Post-transplant lymphoceles have also been treated with a combination of percutaneous aspiration and sclerotherapy. Although this reduced the recurrence rate, recurrences were still reported in 20% of cases [22].

-Surgery: Byron et al. [29] first described open surgical internal drainage in 1966, and these techniques have successfully been used in many patients; however, they still reflect an invasive procedure. The operative strategy is to perform a peritoneal fenestration through a laparotomy, minilaparotomy, or via a laparoscopic approach. Some authors suggest the use of an omentum flap to decrease the risk of lymphocele relapse, but others do not [30]. Open surgical drainage of lymphocele is required in the presence of infection (external drainage) or where laparoscopic fenestration is not possible (internal drainage to the peritoneum). The open procedure is safe and 100% effective because the lymphocele can be localized accurately. However, the recurrence rate is still 15%. This may be attributed to the high rate of lymph vessel injuries incurred during the open method. The recurrence rate of the laparoscopic method is lower (0%– 10%) because the rate of lymph vessel injuries is lower. Also, the hospitalization period is shorter in this method [31]. In a meta-analysis, Lucewicz et al reported that 12% of laparoscopic operations had to be converted to open surgery, due to technical difficulty in reaching the lymphocele, peritoneal adhesions, thick, impenetrable lymphocele capsule and injury to abdominal viscus [21]. Indeed, it would be helpful in some cases to use an intra-operative ultrasound can avoid organ injury during laparoscopy. Schips et al reported a technique by which the lymphocele was laparoscopically fenestrated under diaphanoscopic guidance and the lymphocele cavity was dilated through the injection of a sterile fluid. Using this approach, the authors were able to determine the exact site of the incision by detecting the light of the cystoscope [32]. Laparoscopic fenestration can cause intestinal herniation into the peritoneal window leading sometimes to strangulation requiring urgent intervention. However, in this era of laparoscopy, open drainage is only of historical importance. in addition, the effectiveness of the laparoscopic approach along with its, low recurrence rate, and low complication rate make it the treatment of choice when other methods fail [28].

Conclusions

Lymphoceles are common and well-known complications that occur in up to 26% of kidney transplant recipients. The cause of lymphocele formation is unclear, but it is believed to result from transection of the lymphatic vessels accompanying the external iliac vessels during transplantation surgery and subsequent lymph accumulation in a nonepithelialized cavity in the extra-peritoneal plane adjacent to the transplanted kidney. In order to prevent the formation of a lymphocele, preparative steps should be kept to the necessary minimum, and lymph vessels in the vicinity of the kidney hilus carefully ligatured. Therapy of a lymphocele after renal transplantation should commence with minimally invasive measures and continue with invasive procedures only if these are unsuccessful, namely, puncture and drainage then sclerotization, and then laparoscopic or open marsupialization.

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Happy Thanksgiving 2022!!!

This year yields it's harvest sharing aboundant blessings may your thanksgiving be blessed with fruitfullness and overflowing love.

                May your Thanksgiving be full of peace, love and joy.

Lupine Publishers|Health Maintenance by Balanced Psyche, Spiritual Life, Hygiene, Endoecology and Ecological Nature

       Lupine Publishers | Journal of Health Research and Reviews

Abstract

Purity of the person is guarantee of his health. Spiritual and also mental (sincere), power, physiological and anatomic purity is criterion of health of each person. The hygiene maintains anatomic health. The endoecology maintains physiological health. The natural ecology and physical culture provide power purity. The orthodox psychology helps to provide mental purity. Spiritual life provides spiritual purity. The hygiene and endoecology, physical culture and natural ecology, balanced mentality (quiet mind and quiet heart) and spiritual life are a healthy lifestyle. The healthy lifestyle maintains purity and a healthy condition of the person.

Keywords: Hygiene; Endoecology; Natural ecology; Balanced mentality; Spiritual life; Healthy lifestyle

Introduction

Definition of health by World Health Organization: Health is a condition of full physical, mental and social well-being. Definition of health in the law on health protection: Health is a condition of physical, mental and social wellbeing at which there are no diseases, and disorders of functions of bodies and systems of an organism. The medical reference book describes symptoms more than one thousand diseases. To carry out periodically diagnostics on all possible diseases and frustration of bodies and systems of an organism for all population it is almost impossible, and, therefore, to hold preventive events. The genetic passport of health indicates predisposition to various diseases, as hereditary conditionality under adverse environmental conditions. The word HEALTH in the name of the genetic passport has donozological character. The genetic passport indicates predisposition to various diseases. It is the donozological passport. Predisposition to diseases demands from the person of constant attention to environmental conditions and to control of the relevant vital systems which are inclined to these diseases under adverse environmental conditions. Based on the genetic passport the complex of preventive and diagnostic actions for prevention of developing of a disease is formed. Health – category not only medicobiological, but also social. Performance by the individual of the biological and social functions can be treated as manifestation of health. Ability of the individual to realize the biological and social functions indicates his health. Not ability to show the health – in other words to realize the biological and social functions – indicates a disease or an illness of the person.

Hygiene of External Purity of an Organism

Care of Skin

Skin constantly becomes soiled. On its surface skin fat, sweat, the disappearing scales of a horn layer, dust accumulate; all this mixes up and turns into dirt. Dirt causes the naggers, and it conducts to raschesa and appearance of pustulous diseases of skin. Violation of integrity of an integument can be caused also by other reasons – touch to the heated objects, excessive influence of sunshine or cold, impact on skin of alkalis or acids, can be a consequence of a bruise, blow, etc. The main thing in care of skin – maintenance of its purity and maintaining integrity and acid-base balance. The human health, its working capacity, resilience to various diseases depends on a condition of an integument. Skin represents the difficult and important member of the body performing many functions: protection of the internal environment of an organism, allocation from an organism of products of a metabolism, thermoregulation, etc. In skin there is many the nervous terminations and therefore it provides constant information of an organism on all irritants operating on a body. It is counted that on 1, the cm2 of a surface of a body is necessary about 100 painful, 12 - 15 colds, 1 - 2 thermal and about 25 points perceiving atmospheric pressure.

All these functions are performed in full only by healthy, strong, pure leather. The impurity of skin, skin diseases weaken its activity that negatively affects the state of health of the person. Basis of care of skin - regular washing of a body hot water with soap and a bast. It is carried out at least once in 4 - 5 days in soul, a bathtub or a bath. It is obligatory to change underwear after that. Care of skin of hands requires special attention as on it pathogenic microbes and eggs of helminths which then will be postponed for food and ware can get. Especially there are a lot of microbes (about 95%) which are on skin of brushes, accumulates under nails. After a toilet, performance of various works and before food it is necessary to wash hands with soap. Hands it is necessary before going to bed, in the morning after rise. At least once a week it is necessary to cut shortly nails that under them dirt did not accumulate. The bacteria and fungi causing infectious diseases get into skin at violation of its integrity. When receiving small wounds, the damaged places need to be greased with iodine tincture.

Care of Hair

In skin of a hairy part of the head, as well as in face skin, there is a lot of grease and sweat glands. The horny cells of epidermis disappearing in the form of scales and the dust which got on skin from air mix up with then and skin fat which at non-compliance with rules of care of hair decays that leads to emergence of an unpleasant smell from hair; hair at the same time become grease, brilliant. It is necessary to wash the head at least once a week. After washing hair should be dried a clean towel and to comb. It is better to use a rare crest for hair, without sharp teeth not to scratch head skin; it is not necessary to use others hairbrush. Care of hair provides a timely hairstyle and washing. It is inadmissible to use the laundry soap or synthetic detergents intended for washing of linen for washing of hair. It is recommended to use toilet soap or shampoo. At appearance of dandruff an oily hair of 1 - 2 time a month can be washed with shampoos.

Care of Teeth

In the absence of due care of teeth and an oral cavity under the influence of microbes there is a decomposition of the remains of the food which got stuck between teeth; at the same time various acids which lead to damage of tooth enamel are formed. On it there are dot dark stains, and gradually going deep defects are formed eventually – caries develops. In the absence of treatment, the pulp located in tooth is involved in process. Inflammation of a pulp is followed by sharp pains. If in due time not to take measures, there is a pulp necrosis that leads to full loss of tooth. In the absence of daily care of teeth the so-called scale is postponed. It is necessary to brush teeth not less once a day. Completely to remove the remains of food and the raid which is formed on teeth and gums in a night when toothbrushing it is necessary to drive a brush in the horizontal and vertical directions on the external and internal surfaces of teeth. The brush needs to be kept clean. For removal of the remains of food it is necessary several times during the day, to rinse after each meal a mouth of clear water. Systematic care of an oral cavity and teeth - one of mandatory hygienic requirements. Through an oral cavity and because of decayed teeth pathogenic microorganisms get into an organism. In the morning, before going to bed and after each meal it is necessary to brush carefully within 2 - 3 min. teeth paste, as from external, and from the inside. The toothbrush needs to be directed from gums to teeth, and not vice versa and only vertically. At mealtime it is desirable to avoid fast alternation of hot and cold dishes.

Care of Legs

The main thing here – continuous care of the maintenance of legs in purity. In skin of a sole of legs and palms there is many sweat glands in comparison with other parts of the body therefore on skin of legs sweating plentiful. The emitted sweat mixes up with dust owing to what legs become soiled. At bad care of legs on them an intertrigo, cracks pleated between fingers can be formed that creates prerequisites for appearance of pustulous and fungal diseases. Occupations barefoot, perspiration promote emergence of scrapes, local inflammatory processes and callosities. That is why it is necessary to wash daily legs with soap, to change socks more often. Dry callosities should be deleted in due time by means of pumice, a corn plaster. The correct adjustment and observance of rules of wearing footwear are of great importance. Purpose of footwear consists in protection of the legs against dampness, cold, against influence heated by the sun of paving against mechanical damages. Footwear has to meet certain fiziologo-hygienic requirements: it is good to absorb and carry out outside sweat, to have small heat conductivity, not to lose the properties when drying.

Footwear has to correspond to a form and the sizes of a leg, i.e. to be correctly adjusted; behind footwear leaving is required. At correctly adjusted footwear the leg should not be under pressure anywhere, and big and second fingers should not rest against part of sock of footwear. Between toes and edge of footwear there has to be a gap which can be determined by pressing from the outer side of a sock. In order that footwear kept the hygienic properties, permanent care of it and careful attitude to it is necessary. It is necessary to remember that crude, not dry-through leather boots lose the heat-shielding properties. Dirt and excess of shoe cream also worsen quality of footwear. Wet and dirty footwear should be cleaned first from dirt and to dry up. Footwear needs to be dried evenly and gradually; at fast drying its hygienic properties worsen. Shoe cream should be applied on the dried-up footwear with a uniform thin layer and to pound dry as the excess of cream reduces air permeability and porosity of material of which footwear is made, than its hygienic properties decrease.

Choice of Clothes

The clothes protect an organism from adverse effects of the external environment, mechanical damages and pollution. From the hygienic point of view, she has to help to adapt to various environmental conditions, to promote creation of a necessary microclimate, to be easy and convenient. Heat-shielding properties of clothes, its air permeability, naturalness matter. At exercises on the street in the summer the form can consist of an undershirt, short and also a cotton or woolen knitted suit. During the occupations in the winter on the street sportswear with high heat-shielding and wind-shelter properties is used. Usually this cotton linen, a woolen suit or a sweater with trousers, a hat. At strong wind the windshelter jacket from above is put on. Different types of sportswear from synthetic fabrics are recommended to be applied only to protection against wind, a rain, snow, etc. It is unhygienic to use sportswear in everyday life. Footwear has to be easy, elastic and well ventilated. It is necessary that its heat-shielding and waterproof properties corresponded to weather conditions. Best of all the footwear from genuine leather having small heat conductivity, good elasticity and durability and also having ability to keep a form after soaking meets these requirements.

Endoecology of Purity of The Internal Environment of An Organism

The endoecology is the methods and means allowing to maintain purity of the internal environment of an organism thereby providing normal activity of all bodies and fabrics. Purity of the internal environment of an organism is a basis of bases of its normal activity. The person - an integral part of the nature therefore each cage of our organism sensitively reacts to any changes of state of environment. The biochemical processes proceeding in living cells of which all consists live on our planet including the person, were created long ago, millions of years ago. And all these millions of years evolution of the live world happened in ideal conditions of primitive ecological purity. But in the 20th century technical progress to unrecognizability changed the image of our planet. For the last decades we is imperceptible for itself kind of became inhabitants of other planet. Unfortunately, most of us lives in the distance from untouched corners of the nature, in an environment of numerous chemicals, the toxins getting to an organism with food, water, air to which we breathe. Chemicals break work of the immune system, contributing to the development of allergic diseases, immunodeficiencies, oncological processes. More than 80% of toxins accumulate in intercellular space–a lymph. And in this environment, there are also all our cages, and the polluted space has the most negative impact on them. At indispositions, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to work of lymphatic system. She makes cleaning of “garbage” - is responsible for a conclusion of toxins from an organism. She throws out through the capillary’s slags directly in intestines, and then outside. And it is natural, from that, lymphatic system how well works, also purity of the internal environment of an organism and consequently our health and health depend. Very well stimulate work of lymphatic system cowberry - it cleans walls of vessels, parsley strengthens a lymphatic drainage of bodies and fabrics, blackcurrant favorably influences a liver and provides antirheumatic action. Also, excellent limfostimulyator are the melissa, a dogrose brown. Traditional medicine for clarification of a lymph recommends to drink horseradish infusion on water in the ratio 1:1 (on a teaspoon three times a day) or within one day in each hour to accept a little juice, prepared from carrots, beet and a cucumber (a ratio 6:1:3). Besides, advise all who show consideration for a condition of the organism there are a sea cabbage salad and Russian cabbage soup from young leaves of a nettle more often.

The good procedure is clarification of an organism in a bath or a sauna. Heat dissolves fats and opens a time, and thus together with then harmful substances and excess of liquid are removed from an organism. By the way, for this reason many women notice that regularly visiting a sauna, begin to grow thin quickly. It is very useful to carry out lymphatic drainage massage to time of visit of a bath. It is for this purpose recommended to rub 10-15 times a body a rigid brush or a bast: from below up and outside inside – in pelvic, belly and chest areas and also on legs and hands; from top to down and behind forward - on the head and a neck. These movements correspond to the direction of a lymph flow and by that stimulate work of lymphatic system. Today all know, the good ecology is how important for human health. And if not always in our forces to take care of improvement of ecological space around, then the ecology in our organism depends only on ourselves. To normalize the mechanism of cellular updating (regeneration) it is necessary to customize daily vital systems and complete functioning of an organism at the spiritual, power, physiological and anatomic levels, according to the vibration field nature of life and self-organization of biosystems of the person through a biofield.

Vibration Field Nature of Life

Everything that exists, vibrates. The matter is slowly vibrating energy. The spirit, thought, idea – is the energy vibrating with the highest speed. All types of life show fluctuations, frequencies and which amplitudes various. According to spiritual truth of creation of life, God in 6000 years created power information vibration fields and, on their basis, generated life. According to the physical theory of explosion, there were power information vibration fields from which by self-organization there was a life. The latest discoveries of modern physics confirm this fact. Life is a perpetual motion. In the Universe nothing can stop. Distinctions in manifestation of a matter and energy are explained by that they variously vibrate. According to definition of modern physics, vibration or fluctuation are processes of radiation of energy through identical periods. Fluctuation is a fundamental form of the movement. The perception of a sound requires a certain frequency of fluctuation, for light higher speed of fluctuation of energy. Then energy is more perfect – that with greater speed it vibrates. Any vibration has property to extend and have impact on environment. It is possible to present, what changes in the space surrounding us and in us cause vibrations of anger, hatred, rage, and what vibration changes are caused by fine music, the feeling of love shown by us or to us. From the highest spiritual spheres of vibration of spirit and thought consistently astral worlds, and then physical get, recovering them and extending in all the Divine Providence. Any matter (dense low-frequency energy) interacts with high-frequency energiya and generates information (shows consciousness). Beginning from the elementary cage and to space structure, for example stars, everything is absolute in the universe contains energy and generates information (shows consciousness). The energy which is in everything is radiated from everything in the form of vibrations, radiations. Everything in the Universe radiates round itself power vibrations. Vibrations differ on frequency. The consciousness is more shown, the energy is stronger and the more so highly this energy vibrates. That is, then the consciousness in the person is shown above, especially, strong highly vibration energy is radiated by this person. The person who reached high spiritual development, radiates very thin vibrations. At its presence it is comfortable. Its vibrations very strongly energetically feed. For this reason the highest energy of love is called as divine love.Beginning from corpuscles, electrons, atoms, smaller particles of energy not known to science, to the worlds, solar systems, galaxies so far, everything is absolute in the Universe is in a condition of fluctuation, perpetual motion. All material forms of the nature differ from each other in a vibration condition of energy.

We will present the Universal scale of power vibrations, that is a life scale, on extent of manifestation of energy and frequency of vibrations. On one limit pole - inner worlds, energy forming them, show the highest vibrations and the highest consciousness, and come nearer to the Absolute. Here vibrations of energy happen to such intensity and to such speed limit that are represented being at rest. On other, opposite end of a scale there are dense forms of a material world (stone) which vibrations are so low, slowed so down that too seem motionless, though it not so. Between them the huge range of vibration life, huge range of the shown consciousness. Everything in the universe moves, everything vibrates, nothing is based, the stop means disappearance in the universe. Everything vibrates variously and in various directions. From extent of vibration, extent of manifestation of life depends. The vibration of energy which contains in a form is higher, this form will be more vital. Both the stone and fiery elements vibrate, both the live. The fiery elements are more vigorous. Different manifestation of vibrations - different manifestations of life. With change of speed of vibrations manifestation of life and manifestation of consciousness changes. The frequency of vibrations is higher, the life is shown more actively, and the consciousness is higher. In the Universe there is an infinite set of forms of life, a set of the forms of existence differing on the level of consciousness and level of energy. The person is identical to the Universe, we are triple, as well as the Universe. We have a physical body which vibrates. The radio body shows higher vibrations and it more power saturated, than a physical body. The radio double who supplies it with energy has each body. Higher body, a body thin or astral - vibrations thinner, energy mightier and strong. The consciousness of this body is shown as feeling. The thinnest on vibrations is the mental body. We are the feeling and conceiving beings therefore constantly we radiate these or those vibrations of feelings and thoughts in environment. The world around very much depends on our impact on it. Flowers if we often are at rest, pleasure or love can blossom. Relatives if we often are in a condition of anger, irritations, rage can be ill. The disease is the low frequency destroying vibrations. To change the vibrations, change the state. To change the destroying vibrations, it is necessary to concentrate on positive thoughts, desires and feelings. To contact with the astral world means that your astral body has to vibrate in the range of frequencies, as the astral world. It is reached by creative occupations at people of art, at poets, musicians, artists. Depending on that with what plan of the astral world his astral body enters a resonance, there are these or those works of art. If there is a resonant accord with high plans of the astral world, its art transfers vibrations of this plan. The person of art is only the conductor of influence of vibrations of the highest worlds on the terrestrial world. If more often it is adjusted on vibration of the lowest subplans of the astral world, there is Bosch’s painting. Remember two different in influence on the viewer of pictures Chagall. One pictures when it was in love, and then his astral body vibrated in unison with the highest plans of the thin world since radiated very high vibrations of love. And others, gloomy, disturbing, sated in the brown flowers when he endured arrival of fascism.

A condition of alarm, fear are conditions of low vibrations. His astral body could be adjusted only on vibration of low subplans of the astral world. From here such colors in pictures and such impact on the viewer. On influence on us of pictures, music, poetry, we can always define, in what emotional states there was their founder. The most power, the most effective is the thought. The thinnest on vibrations is our mental body. Thought the strongest, most effective manifestation of consciousness which is available to the person. The person with a spiritual mental body is spiritually imperious, mighty being. We exist at the ocean of vibrations. Everything vibrates around, any space vibrates. We catch any vibration background, having entered the apartment, establishment, communicating with any person, being outdoors. Everything is absolute in the world bears information on itself since all vibrates. Unfortunately, we, ordinary people, are capable to feel very small range of vibrations. Spiritual development is an ability to feel more highly frequency range of vibrations of the world in which we exist. For us the most important are states of mind and ability to control the emotions and the thoughts.

Any state of mind is the vibration radiation therefore it is necessary to trace the states of mind and if it is necessary to change the sincere manifestations consciously. To transfer itself or other person to a kind state of mind it is possible to use highly vibrating music, it is that tool which influences our state of mind. It is better to form spiritual consciousness which constantly holds a kind state of mind. The government, which is anxious with development of the people, has to pay more attention to development of art and spiritual culture, and not just to development of the industry. High art and culture spiritualize and improve and raise a power state. The correct prayer as expression of love for God, as gratitude for life, is a power method of management of a power state, method of an eminence of a state of mind. It is possible to lower the vibration state, to enter the person into a condition of anger, art it too can do. The martial music adjusts the person on eagerness to fight and aggression. Metal music causes aggression in youth. At communication with the person angry, angry other person experiences vibration influence and too starts being irritated. It is possible to catch not only an infection; it is possible to catch low vibrations for this reason don’t allow at the presence of low manifestations. The person radiating low energy is a destruction source, it is really dangerous. Everything that is near it, with is adjusted with its vibration. Notice that near the angry person involuntarily you become itself angry. Involuntarily each person enters a resonance with stronger vibration. Therefore, well influences the world around of people radiating high vibrations. It too adjusts people around, but does them more friendly, quiet, peaceful. The intensive radiator of lowfrequency energy is the dangerous destroyer of world around. The person with high-frequency vibration harmonizes environment. Near it sincerely quietly, comfortably, people unconsciously seek to be near it. Such person involuntarily inspires love as possesses huge attractive force. It spiritualizes and raises a vibration condition of the environment. Low states of mind show low vibration. Such states of mind as rage, hatred, irritation is very low vibrations. The highest state of mind on vibrations, so on energy the strongest is a condition of love. The thinnest state - a condition of love. It is pleasant to us to communicate with the person who loves us. Vibrations which are radiated by this person very high, means the very strong. Contact with the person loving us is a most powerful power feed. The best power protection is a condition of love.

There is nothing in the Universe that wouldn’t radiate energy of various frequencies. Each blade, each tree, each living being belonging to a kingdom of plants in our nature radiates energy. Similarly, with fauna. All living beings of this world too radiate various on energy vibrations. The person constantly radiates energy in world around. His physical body, his astral body and a mental body radiates energy. The energy radiated by each person corresponds to the level of its development, corresponds to its emotional and mental condition. Each person possesses the vibration passport, much more essential, than the legal document. It precisely characterizes the level of its development. This quality of vibrations which it radiates. If near the person it is disturbing, there is a desire quicker to leave it, it occurs because the person radiates low vibrations. Its level of consciousness is still very low. It is necessary to learn to perceive the world appreciably, that is to perceive vibration radiations of all in world around. For this purpose, it is necessary to restore and develop a feeling-knowledge. When we think, we show these or those emotions, feelings, states, we radiate energy, various vibration states. Knowing it, and that our vibrations have impact on people around, it is necessary to learn to control the positive creating vibrations. The person influences the vibrations the nature, people, the dwelling, the city, Space. Everything in the world bears information on itself. These are vibrations. We now exist at that level of development when we think that verbal information is more important. Verbal information is only data. Very often false. The modern person is capable to feel very big range of vibrations of environment, people, animals, plants, stones, rooms, etc.

The person knows about it or not, he always reacts to vibrations which perceives. Any person should react to vibrations of world around. All of us inevitably perceive and we react to vibration influence of environment. We are shipped by living conditions in the ocean of the energy influencing our feelings, a state of health, a thinking orientation. So, spiritual development is a development of ability to feel wider range of vibration influence of world around. Then more, the person is spiritually developed, especially he is capable to apprehend high vibrations. And the more so high vibrations are radiated by him. The less, the person is spiritually developed, the less he is capable to perceive vibrations of world around, he is capable to perceive only low vibrations. Also radiates too only such. So, nothing is based, everything moves, everything vibrates. The Universe moves on the basis of two vibration principles - the movements circular and oscillatory. In the universe everything moves around and fluctuates. Planets move around, all solar system moves around. The Universe makes two types of the movement: circular and oscillatory. Activity of the person proceeds around and fluctuates. Sincere and mental manifestations of the person exist according to these principles, including. Each person radiates energy when thinks or feels. Sincere and thought processes at women and men happen differently. That is why two women well understand each other, but the woman and the man difficult understand each other. The principle of thinking at them various. The principle of thinking at women irrational associative, that is circular. Thinking of men – rational oscillatory. A feelingknowledge at women too are longer, flowing, mutually influencing. Men feel much less, sincere processes proceed quicker.

So, all our thoughts, emotions, states are no other than manifestation of astral and mental bodies and manifestation of their energy of various vibrations. With spiritual development of the person not only the range of the energy radiated by it extends, not only manifestation of consciousness of his body’s changes, but also there is an ability to control and change the vibrations. But it is always necessary to remember that we exist at the ocean of vibrations that radiates energy everything absolutely and everything influences us. Any person should react to vibrations of world around. All of us are simply doomed to perceive and react to vibration influence of environment, to control positive creative vibrations.

Person as Object of Research

Development of an organism goes under the influence of mental energy. Mental energy gets into all cages. The biochemical carrier of mental energy are structural components of a cover of nervous fibers of the lipidic nature. Mental energy influences an electromagnetic homeostasis. Quality of mental energy depends on consciousness, feelings and desires. Arriving justly on conscience, the person produces mental energy of tranquility, which provides an electromagnetic homeostasis, differently mental energy of frustration which breaks an electromagnetic homeostasis is produced. Destructive vibrations appear at the person as a result of action of its negative spiritual qualities or emotions: *the grief gives vibrations - from 0,1 to 2 hertz; *fear from 0,2 to 2,2 hertz; *offense - from 0,6 to 3,3 hertz; *irritation - from 0,9 to 3,8 hertz; *indignation - from 0,6 to 1,9 hertz; *the egoism - gives vibrations of at most 2,8 hertz; *irascibility (irascibility) - 0,9 hertz; *rage flash - 0,5 hertz; anger - 1,4 hertz; *arrogance - 0,8 hertz; pride - 3,1 hertz; *neglect - 1,5 hertz; *superiority - 1,9 hertz; * pity - 3 hertz. Throughout the millennia the frequency of vibrations (i.e. fluctuations in a second) our planet made 7,8-8,2Hz. Physicists call it Schuman’s frequency. It fluctuates within 8 hertz. Researchers on physical medicine noticed long ago that positive people who led a healthy lifestyle, weren’t ill when the frequency of vibrations of their power field was included into a resonance with a frequency of vibrations of the planet.

The healthy condition of an organism is provided and supported by a resonance of standing electromagnetic waves of a biofield.

Health of the Person

Is a psycho-physiological state with balanced mentality and functioning of an organism at an electromagnetic frequency of cages of 8 hertz and with a wavelength of 8 meters in the resonance mode in environmentally friendly internal and environment. Electromagnetic frequency of cages of 8 hertz forms a light biofield.

The Valuable Realization of Counterbalancing Mentality

Requirements are in deep communication with outlook and the system of values. The system of values focuses the personality on this or that strategy of vital behavior. The system of values is set of estimates by the person of objects and phenomena of the world around - directly indicates how it is necessary to treat the existing requirements how it is necessary to form them and to correct. Value is assessment of the phenomena and events as I am kind or angry, useful or harmful, fine or ugly, admissible or forbidden, fair or unfair, etc. The possibility of comparison of the world around to requirements and values of the person with a brilliant accuracy is painted in an aphorism of the Ancient Greek sophist Protagor (490 - 420 BC): “The person is a measure of all things”. In this statement valuable approach to the world is brightly shown. Requirements and values penetrate literally all spheres of public life, all social structures and the relations. Requirements and values act as an important link between society, the social environment and the individual, the personality, her inner world. Values represent beliefs of people about life and acceptable behavior. Moral value is acceptance on itself responsibility for the acts. Cultural wealth, love, the truth, good and beauty, are values of spiritual life of the personality. The spirituality - is internal installation of the individual to work according to the conscience.

Spiritual life of society is inconceivable without connection of spiritual production and spiritual consumption. Nobody will be able to enjoy music which isn’t created! In spiritual life of society, the activity directed to creation, preservation and distribution of cultural wealth spiritual needs and spiritual consumption represents indissoluble unity.

Spiritual consumption is a special kind of activity and, therefore, it has the focus, demands certain efforts, use of appropriate means. In the course of spiritual consumption as means of achievement of the goal material resources, perform with another – the corresponding knowledge and skills, on the one hand, (to read the book, it is necessary to have an opportunity to receive it in library or to buy.) The education level and the general culture of the personality directly influences consumption of cultural wealth. Spiritual needs of the person represent internal motives to creativity, creation of cultural wealth and their development, to spiritual communication. Spiritual needs are set socially. This requirement in itself doesn’t arise. It has to be created and developed by a social context, the individual’s environment in difficult and long process of his education and education. At the same time at first society forms only the most elementary spiritual needs providing his socialization at the person. Spiritual needs of higher order - development of richness of world culture, participation in their creation, etc. - society can form only indirectly, through the system of the cultural wealth serving as reference points in spiritual self-development of individuals. Spiritual needs have essentially unlimited character. Limits of growth of requirements of spirit don’t exist. Only volumes of the spiritual riches which are already saved up by mankind, opportunities and the power of desire of the person to participate in their production can act as natural limiters of such growth. Spiritual activity is a basis of spiritual human life and society. Spiritual activity – a form of the active relation of human consciousness to the world around of which are result:

a) The new ideas, images, representations, values which are embodied in philosophical systems, scientific theories, works of art, moral, religious, legal and other views. b) Spiritual public relations of individuals. c) The person.

Ideal educations as a product of spiritual activity and production have the general nature of their consumption. Any spiritual value ideally can be property of all. From consumption they don’t decrease as material, on the contrary, then more people seize cultural wealth, that high probability of their increment. Special type of spiritual activity is distribution of cultural wealth for the purpose of assimilation by their perhaps large number of people. The special role belongs to institutions of science, culture, church, education systems and education here. Cultural wealth – the category indicating human, social and cultural value of various spiritual educations (the ideas, theories, images) considered in the context of “good and evil”, “the truth or a lie” “fine or ugly”, “fair or unfair”. In cultural wealth the public nature of the person and a condition of his life is expressed. The person is a being spiritual, a part of the inner world created by God. The person allocated with ability to feel spiritual needs more precisely and better perceives the world around in all its variety. Such person easier and quicker understands that the behavior coinciding with moral standards except other, gives feeling of emotional satisfaction and internal tranquility, makes balanced psyche [1], transfers to a spiritual healthy lifestyle [2-15].

Conclusion

To be favorable by the spiritual person. Clever desire and a kind thought are born in the soul from love for God. Only the person allocated with a possibility of achievement of God’s similarity has a balanced and perfect system of mental forces (hearts, mind, will) and their manifestations (feelings, thoughts, strong-willed acts). This magnificent system is property of human mentality. Her basic feature is the moral and spiritual orientation. Bringing up and leaning on true moral and spiritual desires of people it is capable to reach balanced mentality in realization of necessary material and spiritual needs.

Hygiene and endoecology, light bioenergy and natural ecology, balanced mentality and spiritual life are criterion of maintenance of a healthy state.

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Lupine Publishers | Geology and Petrology of Metavolcanic Rocks in the Neoarchean Mundo Novo Greenstone Belt, Eastern São Francisco Craton, NE Brazil: Tectonic Setting Considerations

Abstract

Field and petrological data of metakomatiite, eastern and western metabasalts and metadacite were used to propose an intraoceanic or intracontinental provenance for the Neoarchean Mundo Novo Greenstone Belt (MNGB), eastern São Francisco Craton. Despite deformation, the metakomatiite preserves the spinifex texture and the eastern metabasalt’s pillow lava structure. The metavolcanics are recovered by an ocean floor lithological association composed of chemical metasedimentary rocks and the western metabasalt hosts ocean floor hydrothermal alteration zones. The eastern metabasalt plots in the IAT and MORB fields and western metabasalt is mainly in the MORB field in the Zr vs. Zr/Y diagram, suggesting nearby oceanic settings. Heterogeneous crustal assimilation and metamorphism during the Rhyacian-Orosirian explain the mineralogical differences between the two metabasalts. The metakomatiite and metabasalts feature a vector from the MORB-OIB array to the volcanic arc array in the Nb/Yb vs. Th/Yb diagram, similar to the intraoceanic arc-basin system of the Archean greenstone belts. The average (La/Yb) N ratio of 8.87 for the metadacite indicates a crustal contamination in subducting oceanic crust. An intraoceanic provenance in arc-basin settings and oceanic crust assimilations are proposed for the Neoarchean MNGB, which was posteriorly compressed between cratonic blocks during the Rhyacian-Orosirian and lies in the Contendas-Jacobina Lineament.

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Prediction of Physico-Chemical Properties for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Based on Electronic Characteristics of Molecules

Abstract

QSPR models have been developed to predict of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on quantum chemical and integral spectroscopic descriptors. The first ionization potentials calculated from the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), relative autocorrelation empirical parameters and the total number of electrons of non-ionized molecules were used as quantum chemical descriptors. Ionization potentials, electron affinities, boiling points, molecular masses, saturation vapor pressure of PAHs were studied as physical-chemical properties. Ionization potentials and electron affinities (IPs and EAs) are calculated by the use of density functional theory (DFT). The predictive power of resulting model is demonstrated by testing it on unseen data that were not used during model generation. The obtained models make it possible to estimate physical and chemical properties with sufficient accuracy for practical applications.

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Lupine Publishers | Can Dimple on Face is Affected by Blood Group?

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to correlate dimples on face with blood group system in humans. Total 180 subjects were participated in this activity. The subjects were student at Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. Blood is to be checked against three types of antibodies, antibody A antibody B and –Rh serum. I took the blood group of the subjects and checked their blood type. Then we made list of subjects with their blood group types and asked them do they have dimple on their face or not one by one. Then we mentioned whether they have dimples or not after their blood group type in the list. It was concluded from the present study that O+ blood group people have maximum chance of having dimples and AB- have minimum chance of having dimples.

Keywords: ABO blood group system; Face dimples; Dimples and Blood grouping

Introduction

The most important blood group system in human blood transfusion is ABO blood group system. It is also present in some other animals like chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. ABO blood group system is discovered by Karl Landsteiner who discovered three different blood types in 1900. Our blood contains white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma. A person with blood group A, he have antigen A on red blood cells surface and antibodies B on his blood plasma. On the other hand a person with blood group B have B antigen on red blood cells surface and A antibodies in his plasma. If he have blood type AB, then he have both antigen A and B on his red blood cells surface and no antibodies. If he has O blood group than neither he have antigen A nor B on red blood cells and both A and B antibodies present in plasma. A person having blood group A can donate blood to the person having blood group A. B blood group can only be donates to a person having blood group B and so on. If a person receive another type of blood or donate blood to a person with another type of blood than antibodies will match to the donors blood antigen. Red blood cells will clump in donated blood. Antibodies bind with the foreign red blood cells which cause agglutination.

Agglutinated red blood cells will break after a while and their content will leak out. Persons having AB blood are universal receivers and they receive blood from all blood groups. Persons with O blood group are universal donors and they donate blood to all types of blood groups. Rh blood group system is another and important blood group system after ABO [1]. Term Rh is abbreviation of “Rhesus factor” discovered in 1937 in rhesus monkey red blood cells. Rh blood group system related with many antigens, one of which is antigen D. Rh+ blood type have antigen but Rh- do not have antigen. Those individuals who lack antigen D do not make it naturally. Rh+ antigen lack the antigen and pose a danger for Rh- persons. Adverse effects may not be occur the after first time when blood with Rh+ is given to the person having Rh blood group. But the immune system produces anti Rh antibodies by responding to the foreign Rh antigen. If we give again Rh+ blood then after forming antibodies they cause agglutination because foreign red blood cells cause them to clump together. Hemolysis occur which cause destruction of red blood cells and also cause serious illness [2].

Dimple is a small hollow area on a part of human body mostly noticed on the cheek or on chin. There are two kinds of dimples, chin and cheek dimples. Cheek dimples shown when a person make a face expression. But in the case of chin dimple there is a small line on the chin that stays without making any face expression. Dimples may be appear or disappear for an extended period of time. Some researchers conclude that dimples are genetically inherited and as a dominant trait. But some said that they are irregular dominant trait controlled by one gene that may be influenced by some other genes. It is a genetic defect that cause irregular growth of certain facial muscles during embryonic development. They are formed by structural variation in facial muscle which is zygomaticus major. Presence of double zygomaticus major muscle form cheek dimples. The muscle that is shortened is responsible for stretching or pulling our lips behind into corners when we smile. They occur in those persons having dominant dimple gene. If both parents have dimples than there would be 50% chance that this deformity passed into next generation. Dimples are incredibly attractive and so many people wish that they could have dimples. If a person feels uncomfortable with their dimples than there are some ways to help them. They can never be removed but there are procedures that can reduce dimple size. The objective of present study was to correlate dimple on face with blood group system in humans.

Materials and Methods

Blood Grouping

In order to check blood group of any person, a blood sample is needed. First of all sterilize finger with alcohol wipes then take blood from fingertip by pricking it. Blood is checked by mixing it with three types of antibodies in test tube against Antibody A, Antibody B and anti-Rh serum. Cells clumps, or blood clotting tells about the type of Blood group. Then I Put blood group sample in test tube then add antibodies in it. After adding antibodies to blood sample wait for few seconds to observe precipitates formation. If blood is clot it means one of the antibody will react to the blood. If blood cells do not clot on antibodies A or Antibodies B then it is blood group O, If it clots on both antibodies A and B then Blood group is AB. If blood cells clot against Antibodies A then it is Blood Group B and if blood cells clot against Antibodies B then it is Blood Group A. After this blood sample is checked against anti-Rh serum which confirms the positivity and negativity of that blood group. Drop anti-Rh serum on blood sample if blood cells clot on Rh antibodies then blood group type is positive and if do not clot then it is negative blood group type.

Project Designing

Firstly, we took consent from each subject to take their blood sample and collected information by making questionnaire that do they have dimples on their face or not? Then we took blood sample of each subject and checked their blood group type by the procedure mentioned above. Then we made list of subjects with their blood group types and asked them do they have dimple on their face or not one by one. Then we mentioned whether they have dimples or not after their blood group type in the list. Total 180 subjects were participated in this activity. The subjects were students in Bahauddin Zkariya University Multan, Pakistan.

Statistical Analysis

MS Excel is used to perform statistical analysis.

Results and Discussion

Following Table 1 shows the percentage of dimples in A+ males is 11.76% while in A+ females is 20%. Percentage of dimples in both A- males and females is 0%. B+ males have 10% and B+ females 21.81% dimples. B- males and females both have 0% dimples. AB+ males have 0% dimples while AB+ females have 12.50%. AB both males and females have 0% dimples. O+ males have 16.66% and females have 26.83% dimples. O- males have 0% and females have 40% dimples on their face. Questionnaire based studies have given an important advancement in recent studies. Four scientists in 2015 work on five different Genetic Traits in Association with the Distribution Pattern of ABO and Rhesus Phenotypes among Families in Calabar and Nigeria one of which was dimples [3-10].

Conclusion

It was concluded from the present study that O+ blood group people have maximum chance of having dimples and AB- have minimum chance of having dimples.

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Employees’ Sense of Entitlement Toward Their Supervisors and its Association with Burnout and Job Satisfaction: Assessing A Multidimensional Construct

There has been increased interest on the part of both organizations and the academy in the entitlement attitudes of employees. The vast majority of studies on employee entitlement have construed it as a unidimensional dispositional trait and have generally revealed strong correlations between sense of entitlement and negative workplace behaviors, suggesting significant implications for organizational outcomes. The goal of the current study was to develop and validate a self-report measure that views employees’ sense of relational entitlement toward their supervisors (SRE-es) as multifactorial. Findings indicated initial evidence of the validity of the SRE-es three-factor structure, reflecting employees’ adaptive (assertive) as well as pathological (restricted or exaggerated) attitudes regarding the assertion of their needs and rights toward their supervisors. Findings also indicated that an assertive sense of entitlement was linked with high job satisfaction and low burnout. Conversely, an exaggerated sense of entitlement was associated with high burnout and low job satisfaction. Restricted sense of entitlement revealed a mixed trend, being linked with both burnout and job satisfaction. The potential uses of the SRE-es scale are discussed.

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Prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Ischemic Heart Disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases affect younger population in developing countries like India and carry a higher mortality rate. Common risk factors responsible for myocardial infarction in India are dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, physical inactivity, low fruits and vegetables intake, and psychosocial stress. Other risk factors account for lesser number of cases, one such risk factor being hypothyroidism. A retrospective study was done using hospital records who were admitted with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome during the period January 2021 to February 2022 Department of Cardiology , Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total number of 326 patients were admitted with acute coronary syndrome, out of these patients 93 (28.53%) were screened with thyroid profile(male 30, female 63). Female patients were more likely to be screened with thyroid profile than male patients (p value <0.0001). 17.2% (16) of the patients had thyroid abnormality. Three female patients had subclinical hypothyroidism. Four male and nine female patients had ‘low T3 syndrome’. Of the 93 patients there were 7 deaths (7.5%). In the low T3 group the mortality was 38.5%. The mortality in the low T3 group was significantly higher and statistically significant (p value 0.0062), compared to euthyroid subjects. The study highlights the fact that low T3 syndrome in patients with acute coronary syndrome (NSTEMI and STEMI) acts has a poor prognosis factor. The study also highlights to the fact that, screening is less commonly utilized in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

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