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ezeilmae · 10 months

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LESSON 2 BLOG

EZEIL MAE C. JAPOS- AB-ENG 2A

ELS126 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION- A31

LESSON 2 BLOG

Cultural Differences and Human Factors Affecting Communication.

In the previous session, we discussed many forms of cultural communication. We will now go deeper into the details of culture and the interpersonal aspects of communication. The first component in verbal communication is linguistic, meaning that problems or misunderstandings between cultures are caused by their comprehension levels, mishearing words, and the complexity of the word/sentence structure and grammar encountered by the communicators. It will be based on the different communication styles, such as low-context or high-context, direct or indirect, self-enhancing or self-effacing, and elaborate or understated. In nonverbal communication, there may be intended or unintended instances of disparities that operate as a means of expression or of creating an impression. Nonverbal behaviors can be unclear; they are influenced by a variety of elements, including cultural universals and expressions that are distinctive or unmistakable.

Accordingly, some codes appear in nonverbal behavior. It has universal components that can serve as a foundation for how we view appearance and how it affects how we treat other people. There are types of codes namely: (1) Proxemics which is relational, contextual and negotiated because it is a use of interpersonal space and distance in communication, (2) Chronemics which looks at the meaning, usage, and communication of time for different cultures have different concepts of time, (3) Kinesics which is a behaviour that includes posture, gestures, and facial expressions that differs from culture to culture, (4) Haptics or the tactile communication that varies in amount, location, type and public or private act which has a specific emotions related, (5) Oculesics which studies on messages sent by the eyes like eye contact, blinking, eye movements, and pupil expansion for a reason that some cultures value direct eye contact while others practice nominal eye contact, (6) Vocalics or Paralangauge which describes the nonverbal elements of the voice, or the voice tone and has 3 categories, namely: vocal qualities, vocal characterizers, and vocal segregates, (7) Oflactics that studies interpersonal communication through sense of smelling, and (8) Silence which considered as a background of speech, a complex and powerful element of human contact culturally determined and which communicates certain aspects of cultures.

If you study linguistics, you must possess knowledge in this area of expertise because it will, for whatever reason, enable you to communicate with everyone better and more thoroughly, regardless of whether you are part of the same culture or not. With this knowledge, one may comprehend and exercise caution when communicating in both verbal and nonverbal ways to prevent miscommunication and other cultural issues. It is excellent if we practice some of these types in situations similar to this one so that we can practice and adjust which will help us have a successful conversation.

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vincesspace21 · 1 year

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ELS 126A Intercultural Communication

Vince Ace P. Tapia

AB-ENG 2B

Lesson 2 Blog

Cultural Differences and Human Factors Affecting Communication.

We have tackled about the types of cultural communications in the previous lesson. Now, we will be digging in the cultural differences and human factors affecting communication. Issues in communications in the same group of culture may also occur in some ways. By the introduction about the intercultural communication concepts, cognitive markers, and principles, it will help us develop styles of thinking, being, and acting in responding to the complex mandate of intercultural/cultural interaction.

In verbal communication, the first factor is the linguistic in nature which means that problems or misunderstanding among cultures is due to their comprehension levels, mishearing utterances, and the complexity of the word/sentence structure and grammar experienced by the communicators. It will be based on the different styles of communications, whether it is low-context or high-context, direct or indirect, self-enhancing or self-effacing, and elaborating or understated.

In nonverbal communication, it could be intentional or unintentional where factors of differences occur which serves as a vehicle of expression or impression. Non-verbal behaviours can be ambiguous, shaped by multiple factors not limited to cultural background, and it includes cultural universals and expressions, distinctive or unique.

Nonverbal behaviour has codes appearance. It carries universal elements which can be a basis on how we perceive appearance influences actions towards others. There are types of codes namely: (1) proxemics which is relational, contextual and negotiated because it is a use of interpersonal space and distance in communication, (2) Chronemics which looks at the meaning, usage, and communication of time for different cultures have different concepts of time, (3) Kinesics which is a behaviour that includes posture, gestures, and facial expressions that differs from culture to culture, (4) Haptics or the tactile communication that varies in amount, location, type and public or private act which has a specific emotions related, (5) Oculesics which studies on messages sent by the eyes like eye contact, blinking, eye movements, and pupil expansion for a reason that some cultures value direct eye contact while others practice nominal eye contact, (6) Vocalics or Paralangauge which describes the nonverbal elements of the voice, or the voice tone and has 3 categories, namely: vocal qualities, vocal characterizers, and vocal segregates, (7) Oflactics that studies interpersonal communication through sense of smelling, and (8) Silence which considered as a background of speech, a complex and powerful element of human contact culturally determined and which communicates certain aspects of cultures.

It is important if you study linguistics to have knowledge in this field of expertise for some reason that it will help you have a better and more comprehensive delivery of communication through anyone even if you are whether in the same culture or in other groups. Having these learning can be able to grasp and be cautious on both the verbal and nonverbal categories of communication to avoid misunderstanding and further problems related to culture. It is best if we will practice on some of these mentioned types in situations related with this one in order for us to be able to practice and adjust that will help us to have an effective communication.

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jenishreads · 4 years

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What the Heck is Paralinguistic? 🧐

Yes, The same question I asked myself when I came across this word while reading an extremely interesting book (Becoming Bulletproof: Lessons in fearlessness from a former Secret Service Agent by Evy Poumpouras). So taking the help from the divine Google search,(dictionary.cambridge.org) I found that it means

connected with the ways in which people show what they mean other than by the words they use, for example by their tone of voice, or by making sounds with the breath

And also from other website (www.teachingenglish.org.uk)

Paralinguistics are the aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words. These may add emphasis or shades of meaning to what people say. Some definitions limit this to verbal communication that is not words.

Thus, started my obsession with this word and hunger to know How and when it evolved and where it is used the most or the importance of it. Turn out it was invented by George L. Trager in the 1950s, while he was working at the Foreign Service Institute of the Department of State. The colleagues that collaborated with him were Henry Lee Smith, Charles F. Hockett (descriptive linguistics as a model for paralanguage), Edward T. Hall developing proxemics, and Ray Birdwhistell developing kinesics. George L. Trager published his conclusive papers in 1958,1960 and 1961. When we talk about expression, it comes under Paralanguage. Because sometimes we say through our expression without uttering a word and it can be consciously or unconsciously. If a person on the receiving end has the paralinguistic skills, he/she can identify the real intention or truth of the speaker. Even if the speaker is saying the truth, with the help of paralinguitic skills the listener can identify the truth or lie based on the frequecy, picth or continuity of the speech. And this is absolutely amazing. Where it s used? It is used mostly by the people in Scurity forces like Police, Militaries or Intelligence agancies to get the truth out of the suspects. Also, unconsciously it is used by many people who wants to evaluate the other person, it ca be an HR personnel, a sales person or an downright genius. This skill can be helpful to many people and it can be only developed with practice. The best way you can understand it, is by this Youtube Video. If you are a F.R.I.E.N.D.S series fan like me then definitely you are gonna enjoy it (I am literally LMAO).

youtube

You saw in video how the characters expresses themselves even when the meant completely else. This type of basic distortion in the human beings really impresses me and all other distortion in the cosmos too. Its not like that we have this phenomena in recent times but it has been going on from ages. We are just able to focus, study and work on it now. There are various computational algorithms are also made to detect the lie or the hidden truth based on the initial study done by Trager.

Book Recommendation: Becoming Bulletproof: Lessons in fearlessness from a former Secret Service Agent

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nonlinonlin · 7 years

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more definition connections

from Isogram on wikipedia Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought is a 1967 book written by Dmitri Borgmann.

Like Borgmann's first book, Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities, Beyond Language is a treatise on recreational linguistics, and indeed is based in part on material excised from early drafts of Language on Vacation.[1] Unlike its predecessor, however, the main part of the book is presented as a series of 119 self-contained "Problems" with accompanying "Hints" and "Resolutions".

In many cases the problems are bona fide word puzzles, such as challenges to deduce orthographic, phonetic, semantic, or etymological patterns in word lists, or to generate word lists of a given pattern. More often than not, however, the format is simply a conceit which enables the author to expound the results of his lexicographic and logological discoveries. For example, Problem 94 challenges the reader to trace the origin of the word FEAMYNG, a purported collective noun for ferrets. Borgmann's solution, which spans four pages, shows the term to be a ghost word; it was the result of a centuries-long chain of typographical errors (from BUSYNESS to BESYNESS to FESYNES to FESNYNG to FEAMYNG) propagated through various dictionaries.

The book is notable for having introduced and popularized the use of the word logology to mean recreational linguistics, or the study and practice of wordplay.[6][8] Borgmann has since been referred to as the "Father of Logology" and his book is credited with ushering in a "golden age of wordplay"

> ghost word > semantics > word play (actually from Language on Vacation) > lexicography > logology > recreational mathematics... (in another post) > transpositional ciphers Logology is the field of recreational linguistics, an activity that encompasses a wide variety of word games and wordplay. The term is analogous to the term "recreational mathematics." > recreational mathematics... (in another post)

Lexicography is divided into two separate but equally important groups:

Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries. Theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language, developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries, the needs for information by users in specific types of situations, and how users may best access the data incorporated in printed and electronic dictionaries. This is sometimes referred to as 'metalexicography'.

There is some disagreement on the definition of lexicology, as distinct from lexicography. Some use "lexicology" as a synonym for theoretical lexicography; others use it to mean a branch of linguistics pertaining to the inventory of words in a particular language.

> semantics > paradigmatic

In mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, dictionary order, alphabetical order or lexicographic(al) product) is a generalization of the way the alphabetical order of words is based on the alphabetical order of their component letters. This generalization consists primarily in defining a total order over the sequences (often called words in computer science) of elements of a finite totally ordered set, often called alphabet. > alphabet

Alphabetical order is a system whereby strings of characters are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. > collation

Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order. Many systems of collation are based on numerical order or alphabetical order, or extensions and combinations thereof. Collation is a fundamental element of most office filing systems, library catalogs, and reference books.

Collation differs from classification in that classification is concerned with arranging information into logical categories, while collation is concerned with the ordering of items of information, usually based on the form of their identifiers.

< ? Kinship terminology is the system used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship. Different societies classify kinship relations differently and therefore use different systems of kinship terminology; for example, some languages distinguish between consanguine and affinal uncles (i.e. the brothers of one's parents and the husbands of the sisters of one's parents, respectively), whereas others have only one word to refer to both a father and his brothers.

Word play or wordplay[1] (also: play-on-words) is a literary technique and a form of wit in which the words that are used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement. Examples of word play include puns, phonetic mix-ups such as spoonerisms, obscure words and meanings, clever rhetorical excursions, oddly formed sentences, double entendres,

Some techniques often used in word play include interpreting idioms literally and creating contradictions and redundancies, as in Tom Swifties:

"Hurry up and get to the back of the ship," Tom said sternly.

Linguistic fossils and set phrases are often manipulated for word play, as in Wellerisms:

"We'll have to rehearse that," said the undertaker as the coffin fell out of the car.

Another use of fossils is in using antonyms of unpaired words – "I was well-coiffed and sheveled," (back-formation from "disheveled").

> fossilization

from Fossilization on wikipedia

In linguistic morphology, fossilization refers to two close notions. One is preserving of ancient linguistic features which have lost their grammatical functions in language. Another is loss of productivity of a grammatical paradigm (e.g. of an affix), which still remains in use in some words.[1]

Examples of fossilization include fossilized morphemes and fossil words.

Semantics (from Ancient Greek: σημαντικός sēmantikos, "significant")[1][2] is primarily the linguistic, and also philosophical, study of meaning—in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics. It focuses on the relationship between signifiers—like words, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what they stand for, their denotation....The formal study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology and others.... In the philosophy of language, semantics and reference are closely connected.

> reference > proxemics

Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, communication, and social interaction.[1] Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of nonverbal communication, including haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalics (paralanguage), and chronemics (structure of time).[2]

Interpersonal distance

Hall described the interpersonal distances of man (the relative distances between people) in four zones: intimate space, personal space, social space, and public space.

> paralanguage

Paralanguage is a component of meta-communication that may modify or nuance meaning, or convey emotion, such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously.

> meta-communication

Meta-communication -/kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/ (Etymology: Gk, meta + L, communicare, to inform), or metacommunication, is a secondary communication (including indirect cues) about how a piece of information is meant to be interpreted. It is based on idea that the same message accompanied by different meta-communication can mean something entirely different, including its opposite, as in irony.[1] The term was brought to prominence by Gregory Bateson to refer to "communication about communication", which he expanded to: "all exchanged cues and propositions about (a) codification and (b) relationship between the communicators."

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. The second object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the referent of the first object.References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other,[1]spacetime coordinate, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography.

> antecedent

An antecedent in grammar is an expression (word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) that gives its meaning to a pro-form (pronoun, pro-verb, pro-adverb, etc.).[1] A proform takes its meaning from its antecedent, e.g. Ava arrived late because traffic held her up. The noun her refers to and takes its meaning from Ava, so Ava is the antecedent of her. Proforms usually follow their antecedents, but sometimes they precede them, in which case one is, technically, dealing with postcedents instead of antecedents.

The ante- in antecedent means 'before, in front of'. Thus when a proform precedes its antecedent, the antecedent is technically not an antecedent, but rather it is a postcedent, post- meaning 'after, behind'. The following examples illustrate postcedents:

a. When it is ready, I'll have a cup of coffee.

- Noun as postcedent

b. In her bed, my friend spends the entire morning.

- Noun phrase as postcedent

c. It bothered me that she did not call.

- Clause as postcedent, example of it-extraposition

from Transposition Cipher on wikipedia

The Rail Fence cipher is a form of transposition cipher that gets its name from the way in which it is encoded. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downwards on successive "rails" of an imaginary fence, then moving up when we get to the bottom. The message is then read off in rows. For example, using three "rails" and a message of 'WE ARE DISCOVERED. FLEE AT ONCE', the cipherer writes out:

W . . . E . . . C . . . R . . . L . . . T . . . E . E . R . D . S . O . E . E . F . E . A . O . C . . . A . . . I . . . V . . . D . . . E . . . N . .

#research #link #nonlinear #reading #definition #linguistics #system #language

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